31:
269:
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356:, similar to many other African ducks. The number of courtship displays the yellow-billed ducks perform is greater than many other African ducks. Ornithologists have noted seven major displays of courtship similar African ducks perform; most species do not perform all seven, however, the yellow-billed duck will engage in all seven forms of courtship. The lack of sexual dichotomy and generally bland
344:
given year while only 72% of females do. While the juvenile survival rate is highly variable year to year, on average 67% of juveniles survive. Highest mortality for the yellow-billed duck occurs in the summer months with
December typically having the highest death rate out of any month of the year closely followed by January.
343:
Male and female yellow-billed ducks have a statistically significant difference in life spans. Male ducks live for 4 years and 4 months on average while female ducks only live for just over 3 years. As such the difference in survival rate is statistically significant as well. 79% of males survive any
376:
difficult. Yellow-billed ducks lose considerable (about a quarter) body mass during the first half of molting, similar to many waterfowl, but are able to regain all that mass by the end of the molt unlike most other
African waterfowl which end the molt lighter than beforehand. This suggests that the
410:
Even when genetics have been used, it is still difficult to understand if hybridization is occurring. If hybridization between mallards and yellow-billed ducks is occurring is still debated. Two recent (2019 and 2020) DNA sequencing studies reached opposite conclusions on if hybridization between
291:
It is a bird of freshwater habitats in fairly open country and feeds by dabbling for plant food mainly in the evening or at night. It nests on the ground in dense vegetation near water. Rarely, it is found in suburban areas, in close proximity to golf courses, parks and lakes or dams. The clutch
406:
The fear of possible hybridization between mallards and yellow-billed ducks has been exacerbated by casual observations that suggest possible hybridization of the yellow-billed duck with other native ducks is occurring, however, no genetic tests have been done to shine additional light on these
390:
While yellow-billed ducks are protected by the
Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds Agreement, the species can be hunted as long as lead shot is not used. Hunting seasons for the yellow-billed duck are planned so as not to overlap with the breeding season, which is around July.
411:
mallards and yellow-billed ducks is happening. Nevertheless, scientists agree that changes to the gene pool of yellow-billed ducks from possible hybridization, even in the long term, is likely to be negligible. This is because even if mallard and yellow-billed duck hybridization is occurring,
284:-sized mainly grey ducks with a darker head and bright yellow bill. The wings are whitish below, and from above show a white-bordered green speculum. Sexes are similar, and juveniles are slightly duller than adults. The north-eastern race is darker and has a brighter bill and blue
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However, the exact breeding season varies annually based on the climate. Hunting is a major cause of death for the yellow-billed duck with past analysis showing over 25% of duck deaths were due to shooting.
403:
with the yellow-billed duck have occurred. This fear is fueled by other examples of invasive mallards causing localized extinction of other native ducks around the world because of hybridization.
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mobility of partially molted yellow-billed ducks is greater than other waterfowl, allowing them to effectively gather food even before the new flight feathers are fully developed.
1318:
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process in which they lose all flight feathers at one time leaving them flightless for three to four weeks. This leaves them especially vulnerable to predators and makes
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Stephens; Measey; Reynolds; Le Roux (2020). "Occurrence and extent of hybridisation between the invasive
Mallard Duck and native Yellow-billed Duck in South Africa".
1153:
1205:
1298:
1127:
1166:
727:"Minimal evidence of interspecific hybridisation between the Yellow-billed Duck and introduced Mallard in central and northwestern South Africa"
1218:
598:"Comparative study of the courtship displays of Meller's DuckAnas melleri, Yellowbilled DuckA. undulataand Northern MallardA. platyrhynchos"
1308:
260:, but wanders in the dry season to find suitable waters. It is highly gregarious outside the breeding season and forms large flocks.
927:
914:
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In the mid-20th century, mallards were introduced to Africa and as the invasive population size has grown, concerns over possible
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30:
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859:"Strong population structure and limited gene flow between Yellow-billed Ducks and Mallards in southern Africa"
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is mainly occurring to the mallards’ gene pool, keeping the yellow-billed ducks genetics fairly intact.
169:
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Oettle (2000). "Assessing the reproductive status of yellowbilled duck in the Boland, Western Cape".
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de Souza, Stacey G; Symes, Craig T; Smit-Robinson, Hanneline; Mollett, Jean M (20 November 2019).
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Brown, Joshua I; Lavretsky, Philip; Cumming, Graeme S; Peters, Jeffrey L (5 September 2019).
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Rhymer, Judith M. (2006): Extinction by hybridization and introgression in anatine ducks.
310:(southern yellow-billed duck). The yellow-billed duck is one of the species to which the
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Agreement on the
Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds. (2006).
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646:"Body Mass and Pectoral Muscle Size Changes in African Waterfowl During Moult"
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morphological observations to confirm if these individuals are truly hybrids.
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Ndlovu, Mduduzi; Cumming, Graeme S.; Hockey, Philip A.R. (April 2017).
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Agreement on the
Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds
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may be the driving factor for the elaborate displays of courtship.
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Jensen; Dean (1974). "A wild Cape teal-yellowbill duck hybrid".
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which is an abundant resident breeder in southern and eastern
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The male yellow-billed duck performs multiple displays of
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Like most other waterfowl, yellow-billed ducks undergo a
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whistle, whereas the female has a mallard-like quack.
497:"Survival and Recovery Rates of Yellow-Billed Ducks"
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There are two subspecies of the yellow-billed duck:
960:
940:
Species text in The Atlas of
Southern African Birds
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473:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22680221A92850226.en
905:Ian Sinclair, Phil Hockey and Warwick Tarboton,
494:Dean, W. R. J.; Skead, D. M. (January 1989).
8:
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705:South African Journal of Wildlife Research
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20:
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549:"Mortality of Ringed Yellow-Billed Duck"
692:Official Journal of the European Union.
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1319:Taxa named by Charles Frédéric Dubois
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292:numbers between six and twelve eggs.
7:
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650:African Journal of Wildlife Research
322:is declining due to competition and
1299:IUCN Red List least concern species
459:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
502:The Journal of Wildlife Management
306:(northern yellow-billed duck) and
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595:Young, H. Glyn (September 1999).
546:Siegfried, W. R. (January 1970).
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448:BirdLife International (2016).
907:SASOL Birds of Southern Africa
1:
751:10.2989/00306525.2019.1642252
623:10.1080/00306525.1999.9634525
574:10.1080/00306525.1970.9634358
1309:Birds of Sub-Saharan Africa
225:southern yellow-billed duck
213:northern yellow-billed duck
1337:
826:10.1007/s10530-019-02122-6
244:) is a 51–58 cm long
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70:Scientific classification
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466:: e.T22680221A92850226.
318:) applies. The southern
1314:Birds described in 1839
899:(Supplement): 583–585.
277:
894:Acta Zoologica Sinica
872:10.1093/condor/duz042
304:A. undulata rueppelli
271:
806:Biological Invasions
662:10.3957/056.047.0024
308:A. undulata undulata
818:2020BiInv..22..693S
743:2019Ostri..90..285D
615:1999Ostri..70..117Y
566:1970Ostri..41..136S
320:nominate subspecies
40:Conservation status
24:Yellow-billed duck
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236:yellow-billed duck
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127:Anseriformes
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1141:iNaturalist
986:Wikispecies
788:(1): 75–76.
479:12 November
326:with feral
264:Description
194:Subspecies
1293:Categories
1271:Xeno-canto
863:The Condor
508:(1): 119.
435:References
280:These are
881:0010-5422
844:207911960
767:213326340
759:0030-6525
670:2410-7220
631:0030-6525
582:0030-6525
522:0022-541X
354:courtship
348:Courtship
297:teal-like
258:migratory
155:Species:
93:Kingdom:
87:Eukaryota
1185:22680221
1159:11409003
1032:22680221
1027:BirdLife
971:Wikidata
921:Wildfowl
711:(1): 62.
678:90211775
374:foraging
328:mallards
286:speculum
252:. This
137:Anatidae
133:Family:
107:Chordata
103:Phylum:
97:Animalia
83:Domain:
60:IUCN 3.1
1133:2498156
1094:1048466
1081:yebduc1
1042:yebduc1
1014:Avibase
977:Q535206
814:Bibcode
782:Madoqua
739:Bibcode
731:Ostrich
611:Bibcode
603:Ostrich
562:Bibcode
554:Ostrich
530:3801317
419:Gallery
386:Hunting
381:Threats
370:molting
358:plumage
334:Biology
282:mallard
256:is not
209:, 1855)
143:Genus:
123:Order:
113:Class:
58: (
1263:212713
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1172:175116
1115:EURING
1107:ANAXUN
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250:Africa
188:, 1838
186:Dubois
1258:WoRMS
1237:30855
1211:75862
1154:IRMNG
1120:30210
1076:eBird
1039:BOW:
840:S2CID
763:S2CID
674:S2CID
526:JSTOR
207:Blyth
1304:Anas
1250:1745
1219:OBIS
1206:NCBI
1180:IUCN
1167:ITIS
1146:6965
1128:GBIF
1102:EPPO
1055:DGPN
924:ISBN
911:ISBN
877:ISSN
755:ISSN
666:ISSN
627:ISSN
578:ISSN
518:ISSN
481:2021
464:2016
364:Molt
316:AEWA
254:duck
234:The
148:Anas
117:Aves
1245:TSA
1193:NBN
1089:EoL
1063:CMS
1050:CoL
1001:ADW
867:doi
830:hdl
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205:(
62:)
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