1097:. Prior to the destruction of the Temple in 70, Jews were divided into different sects, each promoting different interpretations of the law. Rabbinic Judaism domesticated and internalized conflicts over the law, while vigorously condemning any sectarianism. In other words, rabbis are encouraged to disagree and argue with one another, but these activities must be carefully contained, or else they could lead to a schism. Although this story may not present a historically accurate account of Jesus' life, it does use a fiction about Jesus to communicate an important truth about the rabbis. Moreover, Rubenstein sees this story as a rebuke to overly harsh rabbis. Boyarin suggests that the rabbis were well aware of Christian views of the Pharisees and that this story acknowledges the Christian belief that Jesus was forgiving and the Pharisees were not (see Mark 2:1–2), while emphasizing forgiveness as a necessary rabbinic value.
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different interpretations of the law. Rabbinic
Judaism domesticated and internalized conflicts over the law, while vigorously condemning any sectarianism. In other words, rabbis are encouraged to disagree and argue with one another, but these activities must be carefully contained, or else they could lead to a schism. Although this story may not present a historically accurate account of Jesus' life, it does use a fiction about Jesus to communicate an important truth about the rabbis. Moreover, Rubenstein sees this story as a rebuke to overly harsh rabbis. Boyarin suggests that the rabbis were well aware of Christian views of the Pharisees and that this story acknowledges the Christian belief that Jesus was forgiving and the Pharisees were not (see Mark 2), while emphasizing forgiveness as a necessary rabbinic value.
422:
1402:. They agree that the accounts offer little independent or accurate historical evidence about Jesus. Herford argues that writers of the Talmud and Tosefta had only vague knowledge of Jesus and embellished the accounts to discredit him while disregarding chronology. Klausner distinguishes between core material in the accounts which he argues are not about Jesus and the references to "Yeshu" which he sees as additions spuriously associating the accounts with Jesus. Recent scholars in the same vein include Peter Schäfer,
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Onkelos said to him: What is the punishment of that man, a euphemism for Jesus himself, in the next world? Jesus said to him: He is punished with boiling excrement. As the Master said: Anyone who mocks the words of the Sages will be sentenced to boiling excrement. And this was his sin, as he mocked the words of the Sages. The Gemara comments: Come and see the difference between the sinners of Israel and the prophets of the nations of the world. As
598:
whether it was permissible to use a whore's money to build a retiring place for the High Priest? (Who spent the whole night preceding the Day of
Atonement in the precincts of the Temple, where due provision had to be made for all his conveniences.) When Rabbi Eliezer did not reply, Jacob quoted Micah 1:7, "For they were amassed from whores' fees and they shall become whores' fees again." This was the teaching that had pleased Rabbi Eliezer.
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Yannai, Salome
Alexandra, and Joshua b. Peraḥyah indicate that according to the Jewish legends the advent of Jesus took place just one century before the actual historical date; and some medieval apologists for Judaism, as Naḥmanides and Salman Ẓebi, based on this fact their assertion that the "Yeshu'" mentioned in the Talmud was not identical with Jesus; this, however, is merely a subterfuge.
278:, that "Yeshu" was always such a deliberately insulting term for Jesus. Eisenmenger claimed that Jews believed that they were forbidden to mention names of false gods and instead were commanded to change and defame them and did so with Jesus' name as they considered him a false god. He argued that Jesus' original name was "Yeshua" and as Jews did not recognize him as saviour (
1941:
sincerity of the multiple Jesus theory, R. Yehiel found a way to neutralize some dangerous rabbinic statements, and yet the essential
Ashkenazic evaluation of Jesus remains even in the text of this disputation.…In the fourteenth century, Moses ha-Kohen de Tordesillas made much stronger use of the theory of two Jesuses in defending Judaism and the Talmud against renewed attack.
391:, p. 15) who argue that it was the Galilean pronunciation. The views of these theological scholars however are contradicted by the studies of Hebrew and Aramaic philologist E. Y. Kutscher, Professor of Hebrew Philology at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, and member of the Hebrew Language Academy, who noted that although the
567:) interrogated him, the rabbi answered that he "trusted the judge." Although Rabbi Eliezer was referring to God, the judge interpreted him to be referring to the judge himself, and freed the Rabbi. The remainder of the account concerns why Rabbi Eliezer was arrested in the first place. Rabbi Akiva suggests that perhaps one of the
1152:, thus a Midrashic meaning for the term Stada is obtained. Real historical relationships between the figures mentioned cannot be inferred due to the Midrashic nature of the debate. Pappos and Miriam might have been introduced simply as a result of their being remembered in connection with a theme of a woman having gone astray.
1148:) and that the mother was named Stada. This is then refuted by the claim that the mother was named Miriam, the dresser of women's hair, but that she had gone astray from her husband (a Miriam the daughter of Bilgah, is mentioned elsewhere as having had an affair with a Roman soldier). In Aramaic, "gone astray" is
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According to them the account also reveals that there was greater contact between
Christians and Jews in the 2nd century than commonly believed. They view the account of the teaching of Yeshu as an attempt to mock Christianity. According to Dr. Rubenstein, the structure of this teaching, in which a biblical
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just as in the narrative of Mar Saba, Christianity is seen as only a true form of
Judaism. Close reading of some rabbinic texts will suggest that a couple of centuries earlier, the boundaries on the ground were drawn even less firmly, for all the desire of the "official" text to obscure this ambiguity.
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More to my point, however, the fact that the Talmud, in what seems clearly to be a late tradition, still reports on the founding of
Christianity in this particular thematological vein connotes that in their eyes, Christianity was still seen structurally as a Jewish heresy indeed as a deviant Judaism,
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While not accepting the full, radical approach of Maier, I think we can agree with him on one basic point: in the earliest rabbinic sources, there is no clear or even probable reference to Jesus of
Nazareth. Furthermore, I favor the view that, when we do finally find such references in later rabbinic
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27b) The name Yeshu is not mentioned in the Hebrew manuscripts of these passages but reference to "Jeshu ben
Pandira" is interpolated by Herford's in his English paraphrasing of the Jerusalem Talmud text. Similarly the Rodkinson translation of the Babylonian Talmud account interpolates "with the name
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who was sent away for misinterpreting a word that in context should have been understood as referring to the inn; he instead understood it to mean the innkeeper's wife. His teacher said "Here is a nice inn", to which he replied "Her eyes are crooked", to which his teacher responded "Is this what you
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is used to answer a question about
Biblical law, is common to both the rabbis and early Christians. The vulgar content, however, may have been used to parody Christian values. Dr. Boyarin considers the text to be an acknowledgment that rabbis often interacted with Christians, despite their doctrinal
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story; rather, various medieval versions existed that differ in attitudes towards the central characters and in story details. It is considered unlikely that any one person wrote it, and each version seems to be from a different set of storytellers. In these manuscripts, the name "Yeshu" is used as
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in the Babylonian Talmud, a passage is found that some have interpreted as equating ben Pandera with ben Stada. The passage is in the form of a Talmudic debate in which various voices make statements, each refuting the previous statement. In such debates the various statements and their refutations
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107b recognizes the kinship between Christians and Jews, since Jesus is presented as a disciple of a prominent rabbi. But it also reflects and speaks to an anxiety fundamental to Rabbinic Judaism. Prior to the destruction of the Temple in 70, Jews were divided into different sects, each promoting
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where you are now? Jesus said to him: The Jewish people. Onkelos asked him: Should I then attach myself to them in this world? Jesus said to him: Their welfare you shall seek, their misfortune you shall not seek, for anyone who touches them is regarded as if he were touching the apple of his eye.
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2:24 about Rabbi Eliezer and adds additional material. It tells that Jacob quoted Deuteronomy 23:19: "You shall not bring the fee of a whore or the price of a dog into the house of the Lord your God in fulfillment of any vow." Jacob says that he was taught this by Yeshu. Jacob then asked Eliezer
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The Jewish legends in regard to Jesus are found in three sources, each independent of the others—(1) in New Testament apocrypha and Christian polemical works, (2) in the Talmud and the Midrash, and (3) in the life of Jesus ("Toledot Yeshu'") that originated in the Middle Ages.…The references to
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approach to domination, which he contrasts to the strategy of many early Christians, who proclaim their beliefs in spite of the consequences (i.e. martyrdom). Although Rabbi Eliezer was referring to God, the Governor interpreted him to be referring to the Governor himself, and freed the rabbi.
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sought to establish Rabbinic Judaism as the normative form of Judaism. Like the rabbis, early Christians claimed to be working within Biblical traditions to provide new interpretations of Jewish laws and values. The sometimes blurry boundary between the rabbis and early Christians provided an
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It is well known that when R. Yehiel of Paris was confronted in 1240 with the argument that the Talmud should be banned partly because of blasphemies against Jesus, he maintained that the Jesus of the Talmud and the Jesus of the Christians are two different people.…Whatever one thinks of the
1806:. "Scholars debate whether there may be obscure references to Jesus in some of the collections of ancient Jewish writings, such as the Talmud, the Tosefta, the targums, and the midrashim... 'On the eve of Passover, they hanged Yeshu and the herald went before him 40 days... (Sanhedrin 43a)."
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is however found as a secondary marginal gloss to the first passage in the Leiden manuscript which together with the Midrashic version show that the account was understood to be about a follower of Yeshu ben Pandera. (Herford again takes liberty and adds "in the name of Jeshu Pandera" to his
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translation of the Talmud passages despite these words not being in the original text. Schäfer similarly provides a paraphrased translation mentioning "Jesus son of Pandera" which he admittedly has constructed himself by combining the Talmudic and Midrashic texts and the marginal glosses.)
1791:, 2005, p. 294. "... the rest of the baraita, which states he was first stoned, and that his execution was delayed for forty days while a herald went out inviting anyone to say a word in his favour, suggest that it may refer to a different Yeshu altogether." footnote citing Jeremias 1966.
1531:, reflecting the setting of the account of Yeshu the student of Yehoshuah ben Perachiah in the Talmud. Due to the Gospel parallels, the Toledot Yeshu narratives are typically viewed as a derogatory account of the life of Jesus resulting from Jewish reaction to persecution by Christians.
1078:, but there the person in question is not given any name.) After several returns for forgiveness he mistook Perachiah's signal to wait a moment as a signal of final rejection, and so he turned to idolatry (described by the euphemism "worshipping a brick"). The story ends by invoking a
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The surname ben Pandera is not found in the Talmud account. (Rodkinson's translation drawing on the Tosefta account paraphrases the reference to Yeshu having taught Jacob by "so taught Jeshu b. Panthyra", in this case not translating "Yeshu" as "Jesus".) The name is found again in the
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as an arrest by the Romans for practising Christianity (the text uses the word for heretic). When the Governor (the text uses the word for chief judge) interrogated him, the rabbi answered that he "trusted the judge." Boyarin has suggested that this was the Jewish version of the
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Whatever one thinks of the number of Jesuses in antiquity, no one can question the multiplicity of Jesuses in Medieval Jewish polemic. Many Jews with no interest at all in history were forced to confront a historical/biographical question that bedevils historians to this
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reveal an ambivalent relationship between rabbis and Christianity. In his view the tosefta account reveals that at least some Jews believed Christians were true healers, but that the rabbis saw this belief as a major threat. Concerning the Babylonian Talmud account in
3244:ʻAtiqot: 29-30 Israel. Rashut ha-ʻatiḳot (1996). "The name yeshua (Yeshua = Jesus), a derivative of Yehoshua (Joshua), has been found on five ossuaries in the Israel State Collections, yeshu (Yeshu) on one, yehoshua (Yehoshua) on one (Rahmani 1994:293-295)."
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who held the view that the Jesus of Christianity had been derived from the figure of Yeshu the student of ben Perachiah. Ibn Daud was nevertheless aware that such an equation contradicted known chronology but argued that the Gospel accounts were in error.
970:. His five disciples, named Matai, Nekai, Netzer, Buni, and Todah, are then tried. Word play is made on each of their names, and they are executed. It is mentioned that excessive leniency was applied because of Yeshu's influence with the royal government (
1009:, but encourages Onkelos to convert to Judaism, prompting the Talmud to praise "the sinners of Israel." The current standard text does not name the individual Onkelos summons, but a footnote cites a textual variant that identifies the tormented spirit as
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Steinsaltz The essential Talmud - Page 105 2006 "Wherever the Talmud makes derogatory reference to Jesus or to Christianity in general, the comment was completely erased, and the name of Christ was systematically removed, even when the reference was not
1140:. The debate then follows. It begins by asking if this was not ben Pandera rather than ben Stada. This is refuted by the claim that it is both, his mother's husband was Stada but her lover was Pandera. This is countered with the claim the husband was
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considers this a legitimate, if rare, form of the name in use at the time, and writes that this ossuary shows that the name Yeshu "was not invented by the rabbis as a way of avoiding pronouncing the real name of Jesus of Nazareth".
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the king of Judah, infamous for having turned to idolatry and having persecuted the Jews (2 Kings 21). It is part of a larger discussion about three kings and four commoners excluded from paradise. These are also discussed in the
1579:, a depository for holy texts which are not usable due to age, damage or errors. Flusser takes this as evidence of the term being a name; however, the standard text of the Jerusalem Talmud refers to one of the numerous Rabbi
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has challenged the view that the term refers to Jesus at all and argues that Jewish tradition knew of no historical Jesus. Similar views have been expressed by skeptical science writer Frank R. Zindler in his polemical work
124:
However, a probable answer is that rabbinic literature is often not literal but allegorical, thus stories can be made up to conjure a deeper meaning or a secret message that requires insider knowledge to fully understand.
803:, Pandaros betrays the Greeks and breaks a truce confirmed by solemn oath. He argues that the name came to be used as a generic term for a betrayer and was borrowed by Hebrew. The name is indeed found in
167:
There are some modern scholars who understand these passages to be references to Christianity and the Christian figure of Jesus, and others who see references to Jesus only in later rabbinic literature.
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as spurious explanations of the Hebrew Pandera as they do not match phonetically. He noted that Hebrew would have represented the sounds correctly if any of these were the origin. The interpolated form
1820:, 2008, p. 20. "Similarly controversial is the Babylonian Talmud's account of Jesus' death (to the extant that some Rabbinic experts do not think the reference is to the Jesus of the New Testament!)".
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are often of a Midrashic nature, sometimes incorporating subtle humour and should not always be taken at face value. The purpose of the passage is to arrive at a Midrashic meaning for the term Stada.
527:'s text) "on behalf of Yeshu ben Pandera". (A variant text of the Tosefta considered by Herford reads "Yeshua" instead of "Yeshu". This together with anomalous spellings of Pandera were found by
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passages were removed from subsequently published editions of the Talmud and Tosefta. Nevertheless, several church writers would refer to the passages as evidence of Jesus outside the Gospels.
2066:. p. 124. "This is likely an inference from the Talmud and other Jewish usage, where Jesus is called Yeshu, and other Jews with the same name are called by the fuller name Yehoshua, "Joshua""
1773:, Leipzig, 1922), 89, rightly supposed, the often quoted passage b. Sanh. 43a (Bar.): 'on the day of preparation Jeshu was hanged' does not refer to Jesus but to a namesake, a disciple of R.
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6 February:'The religious public in Israel is in many cases aware of the traditional interpretation of the term “Yeshu”: an acronym in Hebrew for “may his name and memory be blotted out.” .'
1451:, who argues that most of these stories were not originally about Jesus, but were incorporated into the Talmud in the belief that they were, as a response to Christian missionary activity.
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to him and that it had pleased him. Rabbi Eliezer recalls that this was indeed the case, he had met Jacob of the town of Sakhnin in the streets of Sepphoris who spoke to him a word of
395:
became a silent letter it is never dropped from written forms nor is its effect on the preceding vowel lost (the change of the "u" to the diphthong "ua") as would have had to occur if
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1093:
107b recognizes the kinship between Christians and Jews, since Jesus is presented as a disciple of a prominent rabbi. But it also reflects and speaks to an anxiety fundamental to
1415:
Recently, some scholars have argued that Yeshu is a literary device, and that the Yeshu stories provide a more complex view of early Rabbinic-Christian interactions. Whereas the
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translates "Yeshu" as "Jesus" in his translation of the Talmud. Elsewhere he has pointed out that Talmudic passages referring to Jesus had been deleted by the Christian censor.
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in 1931, and catalogued by L. Y. Rahmani in 1994. Although Sukenik considered this the same as the term in the Talmud, he also entertained the possibility that the final letter
904:
showing that regardless of what meaning had been intended in the Talmudic occurrences of this term, Maimonides understood it as an equivalent of Nazarene. Late additions to the
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of the Hebrew University in 1931 (but purchased by the Palestine Archaeological Museum in 1926), is twice inscribed – once simply Yeshu (Jesus) and then Yeshua bar Yehosef."
1683:(1937). As with Bauckham's observation of medieval sources, the name Yeshu is still never applied to any of the other Joshuas in modern Hebrew, and lexicographers such as
355:.) The term "Yeshu" is not undisputedly attested prior to the Talmud and Tosefta, let alone as a Hebrew original for "Jesus". (In the case of the Jesus of Christianity,
1374:. These views reflect the theosophical stance and criticism of tradition popular at the time but was rejected by later scholars. It has been revived in recent times by
1895:
1624:
A similar legend was reported by a Spanish monk when he visited Safed in 1555, with the difference in that the place was not where he was buried but where he hid.
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whether Yeshu is a genuine Hebrew equivalent for the name Jesus, a pun on the name Jesus or unrelated to the name Jesus (e.g. Klausner vs Eisenmenger vs McKinsey)
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Modern critical scholars debate whether Yeshu does or does not refer to the historical Jesus, a view seen in several 20th-century encyclopedia articles including
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from the root meaning "to save". Eisenmenger's book against Judaism was denounced by the Jews as malicious libel, and was the subject of a number of refutations.
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500 CE). The anecdotes appear in the Babylonian Talmud during the course of broader discussions on various religious or legal topics. The Venice edition of the
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Frank R. Zindler, The Jesus the Jews Never Knew: Sepher Toldoth Yeshu and the Quest of the Historical Jesus in Jewish Sources, American Atheist Press, 2003
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era teaching that Yeshu practised black magic, deceived and led Israel astray. This quote is seen by some as an explanation in general for the designation
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The Messiah Jesus and John the Baptist according to Flavius Josephus' recently rediscovered 'Capture of Jerusalem' and other Jewish and Christian sources
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whether the core material is derivative of Christian accounts of Jesus, a forerunner of such accounts or unrelated (e.g. Herford vs Ibn Daud vs McKinsey)
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is sent to call for witnesses in his favour for forty days before his execution. No one comes forth and in the end he is stoned and hanged on the eve of
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The meaning and etymology of this name are uncertain. Besides the form Pandera, variations have been found in different Tosefta manuscripts for example
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narratives contain elements resembling the story of Pandareus in Greek mythology, namely stealing from a temple and the presence of a bronze animal.
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conceded that one of the Yeshu stories in the Talmud referred to Jesus of Nazareth, but that the other passages referred to other people. In 1372,
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Johann Maier, Jesus von Nazareth in der talmudischen Uberlieferung (Ertrage der Forschung 82; Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1978)
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he is mentioned as an example of someone caught by hidden observers and subsequently stoned. This information is paralleled in the Tosefta in
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A medieval account of Jesus, in which Jesus is described as being the son of Joseph, the son of Pandera (see translation of the 15th-century
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710:. Saul Lieberman's investigation of Tosefta variations revealed Pandera to be the original form. (Some authors such as Herford spell it
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814:(literally "voice of Pandaros" denoting false promises of a betrayer) used as a derogatory placeholder name for a judge of Sodom. The
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1398:(Israel). R. Travers Herford based his work on the understanding that the term refers to Jesus, and it was also the understanding of
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relates the trial and execution of Yeshu and his five disciples. Here, Yeshu is a sorcerer who has enticed other Jews to apostasy. A
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This article is about an individual or individuals found in Jewish literature. For the similar-sounding Hebrew or Aramaic name, see
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Onkelos then went and raised Jesus the Nazarene from the grave through necromancy. Onkelos said to him: Who is most important in
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Sefer Toledot Yeshu: or The Book of the rising and origin of Jesus from the Wagenseiliana edition: Transcription and Explanation
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367:(19th century), aware of the problem but believing the term to be a reference to Jesus, argued that it was a shortened form of
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whether the core material in the accounts regardless of the name was originally about Jesus or not (e.g. Herford vs Klausner)
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do not form part of Orthodox Jewish interpretation. The only classical Jewish commentator to equate Yeshu with Jesus was the
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797:. He also argued that it may not have been a real name but instead as a generic name for a betrayer. He notes that in the
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has numerous problems, as most of the individuals are said to have lived in time periods far detached from that of Jesus;
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The Universal Jewish encyclopedia: an authoritative and popular presentation of Jews and Judaism since the earliest times
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writes that due to this, Neusner treats the name as a gloss and omitted it from his translation of the Jerusalem Talmud.
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are not part of rabbinic literature and are considered neither canonical nor normative. There is no one authoritative
944:, who was a prophet, wished Israel harm, whereas Jesus the Nazarene, who was a Jewish sinner, sought their well-being.
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was left out due to lack of space between the decorations between which it was inscribed. The fully spelled out name
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talk about a Yeshu who burns his food in public, possibly a reference to pagan sacrifices. The account is discussing
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claimed that the Greek form itself was his original name and that it was not a transliteration of a Hebrew form.)
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Ada Yardeni Textbook of Aramaic, Hebrew and Nabataean documentary texts 2000 "(Rahmani 9) Yeshua son of Yehosef"
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136:, referred to Yeshu narratives to support his accusation that the Jewish community had attacked the virginity of
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the husband of Mary on account of his father, Jacob, being called Panther. An alternative claim was made in the
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argued that the Yeshu narratives referred to different people and could not have referred to Jesus of Nazareth.
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A critical Edition with a Translation and Notes of the Book of Tradition (Sefer haKabbalah) by Abraham Ibn Daud
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56b, 57a it is used for one of three foreign enemies of Israel, the other two being from past and present with
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who compared early manuscripts, to be erroneous attempts at correction by a copyist unfamiliar with the terms.)
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Allegorical Interpretations of Biblical Narratives in Rabbinic Literature, Philo and Origen: Some Case Studies
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Sefer Toledot Yeshu: sive Liber de ortu et origine Jesu ex editione wagenseiliana transcriptus et explicatus
1888:"On the Uses of History in Medieval Jewish Polemic against Christianity: The Quest for the Historical Jesus"
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summons up the spirit of a Yeshu who sought to harm Israel. He describes his punishment in the afterlife as
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The Jesus the Jews Never Knew: Sepher Toldoth Yeshu and the Quest of the Historical Jesus in Jewish Sources
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The Jesus the Jews Never Knew: Sepher Toldoth Yeshu and the Quest of the Historical Jesus in Jewish Sources
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and Wheeler considered that the name "Yeshu" was simply a shortened form of the name "Yehoshua" or Joshua.
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designation of the central character. The stories typically understand the name "Yeshu" to be the acronym
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2293:. Ninth North American Coordinating Committee Meeting of the Lausanne Consultation on Jewish Evangelism.
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and others translated it as "the Nazarene". The term does not appear consistently in the manuscripts and
666:, Dr. Boyarin views Jacob of Sechania as a Christian preacher and understands Rabbi Eliezer's arrest for
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relates that a ben-Stada was caught by hidden observers and hanged in the town of Lod on the eve of
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shortly before the rabbi's execution, an event which occurred in c. 134 AD. During the Middle Ages,
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is the modern Hebrew equivalent for "Jesus the Nazarene" although in Christian texts the spellings
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in the name of Yeshu ben Pandera, which had pleased him. (A variant reading used by Herford has
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authorities were forced to interpret these passages in relation to the Christian beliefs about
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in Greek. This name is not known from any graves or inscriptions, but the surname Pantera (a
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3665:
3633:
3628:
3593:
3573:
3507:
3224:
3160:
2443:
2308:
1754:
1744:
1665:
1572:
1564:
1436:
argue that it was through the Yeshu narratives that rabbis confronted this blurry boundary.
1408:
1263:
1243:
1094:
1071:
859:
819:
647:
464:
384:
161:
149:
1583:
s of the Talmud and moreover the fragment has the latter name at other points in the text.
379:
argued in a similar fashion that it was the northern pronunciation resulting from a silent
4179:
4142:
3729:
3707:
3562:
3459:
3123:
2869:
2665:
2167:
1809:
1661:
1459:
1399:
1354:
as a proto-Jesus first seen in Abraham ibn Daud's work would be revisited by Egyptologist
1339:
1323:
1283:
843:
443:
The earliest undisputed occurrences of the term Yeshu are found in five anecdotes in the
219:
Another explanation given is that the name "Yeshu" is actually an acronym for the formula
133:
34:
1523:, but justify its usage by claiming that it is wordplay on his real name, Yehoshua (i.e.
759:
being a lustful animal and thus have the meaning of "whore", additionally being a pun on
672:
1212:
107b uses it for a Hasmonean era individual who in an earlier account (Jerusalem Talmud
4234:
4174:
4033:
3934:
3794:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3258:
3220:
2940:
2294:
2235:
1684:
1669:
1645:
1637:
1433:
1267:
1034:
1006:
928:
847:
528:
524:
364:
129:
104:
2113:
1428:
important site for distinguishing between legitimate debate and heresy. Scholars like
4249:
3993:
3978:
3756:
3734:
3702:
3527:
3430:
3254:
3232:
2877:
2865:
1987:
1824:
1762:
1736:
1704:
1617:
1548:
1524:
1501:
1363:
1355:
1234:
1129:
1059:
880:
805:
790:
719:
685:
609:
520:
505:
260:
20:
1761:, 1935, 3rd German Ed. 1960, English 1966 p. 19, footnote 7. "On the other hand, as
1290:, began the accusation echoed in numerous subsequent anti-Jewish pamphlets that the
4116:
4094:
4067:
3939:
3896:
3535:
3364:
A Rivalry of Genius: Jewish and Christian Biblical Interpretation in Late Antiquity
3080:
2600:
2268:
1901:
1448:
1404:
1330:'s writings also show an understanding that the Yeshu of the Talmud was not Jesus.
1255:
744:
265:
2156:
1864:
literature, they are most probably reactions to Christian claims, oral or written.
1599:
208:
was intended to distinguish Jesus from rabbis bearing the biblical name "Joshua",
3443:
One version of the Toledot Yeshu commonly dated to approximately the 6th century.
3425:
2557:
2229:
767:
meaning father-in-law, however he dismissed all of these forms including Celsus'
536:
The account is also mentioned in corresponding passages of the Jerusalem Talmud (
4100:
3961:
3951:
3685:
1995:
1587:
1467:, deliberately published outside the realm of Christian and Jewish scholarship.
1327:
1305:
and other Jewish texts deemed offensive and blasphemous to Christians. Thus the
1259:
694:), gives a contemporary view of Jesus and where he is portrayed as an impostor.
164:
also asserted that the Yeshu of the Talmud is unrelated to the Christian Jesus.
141:
100:
16:
Individual(s) mentioned in rabbinic literature in reference to Jesus of Nazareth
2411:
776:
appearing in the Rodkinson translation of the Talmud suffers the same problem.
4121:
3621:
3407:
Dennis McKinsey, Biblical Errancy, A Reference Guide, Prometheus Books, (2000)
3068:
2288:
1904:
preview). The Tauber Institute for the Study of European Jewry. Vol. 29.
1560:
1475:
Writers have thus differed on several distinct but closely related questions:
1298:
875:
452:
306:
3198:
3089:. Vol. 20 (2nd ed.). Detroit: Macmillan Reference. pp. 28–29.
2706:
A critical and exegetical commentary on the gospel according to Saint Matthew
2342:
1858:
1796:
Jesus as a Figure in History: How Modern Historians View the Man from Galilee
625:
40 in the Jerusalem Talmud, but there ben Pandera is not mentioned. The word
4186:
3282:
3135:
2980:
2481:
2025:
1935:
1590:'s "Book of the Reincarnations", chapter 37. Within the long list of Jewish
1479:
whether Yeshu was intended to mean Jesus or not (e.g. Herford vs Nahmanides)
1416:
1318:
1063:
780:
677:
250:
92:
2373:
The History of Jewish Christianity, From the First to the Twentieth Century
1897:
Jewish History and Jewish Memory: Essays in Honor of Yosef Hayim Yerushalmi
3420:
3143:
2589:
3357:
The Nations Know Ye Not: Ancient Jewish Attitudes towards Other Religions
3264:
1488:
whether Yeshu is a real name or an acronym (e.g. Flusser vs Kjaer-Hansen)
1266:
explicitly repudiated the equation of the Yeshu of the Talmud and Jesus.
1251:
1239:
1137:
978:
967:
905:
794:
756:
310:
255:
3435:
3394:(The Classics of Western Spirituality) New York: The Paulist Press, 2002
4127:
4011:
2144:
2038:
1576:
1540:
1424:
1420:
1189:
1185:
1002:
986:
604:
444:
433:
173:
3325:
2853:
Jesus – One Hundred Years Before Christ: A Study In Creative Mythology
1037:
where the son who burns his food is explicitly stated to be Manasseh.
593:, 16b-17a in the Babylonian Talmud essentially repeats the account of
204:
in relation to Jesus, but that it may still be that rabbinical use of
4191:
4147:
3764:
2563:
2290:
An Introduction to the Names Yehoshua/Joshua, Yeshua, Jesus and Yeshu
2119:
2042:
1714:
1591:
1326:
held that Yeshu the student of Yehoshua ben Perachiah was not Jesus.
1302:
1106:
1079:
963:
941:
736:
667:
559:
348:
194:
64:
is also used in other sources before and after the completion of the
57:
3404:
Peter Schäfer, Jesus in the Talmud, Princeton University Press, 2007
2506:. The Classics of Western Spirituality. New York: The Paulist Press.
1224:
representing a third not identified with any past or present event.
927:) as a character who was sentenced by God to spend his afterlife in
617:
is described as being of ben Pandera. The source of this account is
3350:
Dying for God: Martyrdom and the Making of Christianity and Judaism
3007:
Dying for God: Martyrdom and the Making of Christianity and Judaism
2946:
Dying for God: Martyrdom and the Making of Christianity and Judaism
2943:(1999). "1. The Close Call; Or, Could a Pharisee Be a Christian?".
1159:
he is mentioned as having learnt by cutting marks in his flesh. In
3496:
3190:
2473:
1613:
1058:
are occupied in?" (This happened during their period of refuge in
889:
799:
728:
437:
420:
347:
in the Septuagint in one of the three places where it referred to
69:
50:
3163:(2008). "The Names on the Ossuaries". In Quarles, Charles (ed.).
2581:
1419:
were one sect among several others in the Second Temple era, the
1192:
who recorded the accounts in the Talmud and Tosefta use the term
519:
2:22-23 tells how Rabbi Eleazar ben Damma was bitten by a snake.
258:. The earliest known example of this theory comes from medieval
188:
is found on one ossuary, Rahmani 9, which supports that the name
75:
The identification of Jesus with any number of individuals named
2972:
2691:
2257:
2017:
1927:
1850:
1831:. A marginal Jew: rethinking the historical Jesus. Vol. 1.
264:
narratives. This has led to the accusation, first voiced by the
3469:
248:
instances in the Talmud where the name "Yeshu" is written with
751:(634 CE) where Panther is said to be the grandfather of Mary.
88:
3436:
Did Jesus of Nazareth Exist? (The Talmud) by Dennis McKinsey
2142:'How Israeli Jews' Fear of Christianity Turned Into Hatred,'
892:
in a passage later censored by the Church. He uses the name
403:
in such a manner. Kutscher noted moreover that the guttural
321:
is the standard Greek translation of the common Hebrew name
3462:
by Eric J. Greenberg, The Jewish Week, USA, October 3, 2003
2816:, Star Publishing Company, Springfield, Massachusetts, 1886
1527:, a Hebrew equivalent of "Jesus"). The story is set in the
818:
at the end of the form Pandera can be understood to be the
471:
has a name deleted, and "Yeshu" added in a marginal gloss.
244:), meaning "may his name and memory be obliterated". There
192:
was not invented as a way of avoiding pronouncing the name
45:) is the name of an individual or individuals mentioned in
3431:
The (alleged) Jesus Narrative In The Talmud by Gil Student
3421:
The Sepher Toldoth Yeshu and its Links to the Gospel Jesus
3378:
Jésus dans le Talmud et la littérature rabbinique ancienne
3165:
Buried Hope or Risen Savior: The Search for the Jesus Tomb
981:
manuscript of the Talmud (1177 CE) an addition is made to
2115:
The Jewish Life of Christ: Being the Sepher Toldoth Jeshu
1636:
was used in Hebrew texts in the Middle Ages then through
1539:
The name Yeshu has also been found on the 1st-century CE
297:, pp. 37–38) and Klausner assume that references to
23:. For references to Jesus of Nazareth in the Talmud, see
3465:
2764:, The Universal Jewish Encyclopedia inc., 1941, article
1620:, passing a carob tree, Yeshu Ha-Notzri is buried there.
1571:
The name Yeshu has also been found in a fragment of the
1155:
Ben-Stada is also mentioned in the Jerusalem Talmud. In
309:
and Greek language Jewish texts such as the writings of
2915:
Encyclopaedia Judaica CD-ROM Edition 1.0 1997, article
3426:(Refutations about) Jesus in the Talmud by Gil Student
1777:(c. 100 BC), cf. b.Sanh. 107b ( Bar.) par. b.Sot 47a."
1644:(1869) who identified Jesus with the character of the
1274:
attached to Yeshu in many instances was a late gloss.
739:(c. 248 CE) responded to Celsus' claim by saying that
731:
rendering) is known from the 1st-century tombstone of
339: which originated in the Second Temple period.
896:
for Jesus (an attested equivalent of the name unlike
863:
as "Nazarene" meaning a person from Nazareth (Hebrew
1517:
830:
In the surviving pre-censorship Talmud manuscripts,
225:
4157:
4076:
4002:
3925:
3882:
3825:
3755:
3521:
2640:
Mediaeval Jewish Chronicles and Chronological Notes
1982:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1660:are preferred, as per the Hebrew New Testaments of
931:for having “mocked the words” of the Jewish sages:
653:Jeffrey Rubenstein has argued that the accounts in
3155:
3153:
2651:Robert Eisler, Alexander Haggerty Krappe, trans.,
763:meaning virgin. Herford also considered the Greek
642:as in the Tosefta passage but others instead read
3063:
3061:
2202:) (in Hebrew and Latin). C. A. Leffler. p. 8
1751:, 1935, 3rd German ed. 1960, English 1966, p. 19.
850:(1249 – c. 1310) in his commentary on the Talmud
2708:, Continuum International Publishing Group, 1997
2670:Jesus of Nazareth: His life, times, and teaching
1439:According to Jeffrey Rubenstein, the account in
95:who returned to Israel from Egypt in 74 BC, and
2829:, Theosophical Publishing Society, London, 1903
1596:
1301:ordered the removal of all references from the
985:saying that Yeshu was hanged on the eve of the
933:
407:was still pronounced in most parts of Galilee.
117:
4271:Christianity and Judaism related controversies
3817:Names and titles of Jesus in the New Testament
3231:. p.59. "One of these, published by Professor
755:(1840) suggested that the name may refer to a
305:in the Talmud relate to Jesus. Indeed, in the
3481:
2523:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 141–.
2497:
2495:
2493:
2491:
1785:Calendar and Chronology, Jewish and Christian
613:10:5 where a healer of the grandson of Rabbi
8:
3132:Jewish Graves of Jerusalem at Christ's Birth
3128:Jüdische Gräber Jerusalems um Christi Geburt
1294:passages were derogatory accounts of Jesus.
1128:relates that a ben Stada brought magic from
1089:According to Dr. Rubenstein, the account in
68:. It is also the modern Israeli spelling of
1992:The Historical Jesus: A Comprehensive Guide
634:also relates the account of Rabbi Eliezer (
3812:New Testament places associated with Jesus
3807:Historical background of the New Testament
3488:
3474:
3466:
3366:trans. Baya Stein. Albany: SUNY PRess 1996
3310:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3009:. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
2780:, ed. Leṿin-Epshṭein ṿe-M. Ḳalinberg, 1867
2548:
2546:
2544:
2542:
2540:
2438:
2436:
2434:
2432:
2430:
1894:; Efron, John M.; Myers, David N. (eds.).
1743:, London and New York, 1922, 89, cited in
1017:Yeshu the son who burns his food in public
498:2:22-24 there are two anecdotes about the
3447:Did Jesus Live 100 B.C.? By G. R. S. Mead
3352:Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1999
3024:. Littman Library of Jewish Civilisation.
2282:
2280:
2278:
1041:Yeshu the student of Joshua ben Perachiah
871:and did not mean a person from Nazareth.
4139:Jacob (paternal grandfather per Matthew)
3449:, a classic work dedicated to this topic
3359:New York: New York University Press 1998
2814:The Historical Jesus and Mythical Christ
2096:
1878:
1876:
1874:
1628:Use in modern Hebrew as a name for Jesus
1370:. The same view was reiterated by Rabbi
1360:The historical Jesus and Mythical Christ
1286:, in his anti-Jewish polemical treatise
1070:. The incident is also mentioned in the
332:sound, as well as of the shortened form
328: (Joshua), Greek having lost the
99:'s stepfather is noted as speaking with
3263:. English translation by John Glucker.
2927:
2721:, The Bialik Institute, Jerusalem, 1978
2704:William David Davies, Dale C. Allison,
1829:The Roots of the Problem and the Person
1725:
1105:Another title found in the Tosefta and
919:Among other passages, the Talmud names
793:considered the name to be derived from
638:1:24) in this case some copies mention
472:
388:
294:
80:
3303:
2356:Jewish Controversy and the Pugio Fidei
96:
87:which lost legal authority in 63 BCE,
3385:Judaism in the Matrix of Christianity
3298:Yerushalmi Fragments from the Genizah
2075:
1471:Points on which writers have differed
1313:Later Jewish commentators (Acharonim)
1053:a Yeshu is mentioned as a student of
854:regarded it as a late interpolation.
834:is sometimes followed by the epithet
7:
3260:Jewish sources in early Christianity
2642:, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1887–1895
1675:is used for Jesus of Nazareth as in
1228:Early Jewish commentators (Rishonim)
176:nor the two Talmuds refer to Jesus.
3037:Biblical Errancy, A Reference Guide
2791:The Talmud: The Steinsaltz Edition.
2287:Kjær-Hansen, Kai (March 23, 1992).
2157:Hebrew punctuation guidelines, § 31
1769:, London and New York, 1922 (ET of
1616:toward the North to the village of
779:Neubauer understand the name to be
650:equivalent to English "so-and-so".
557:was once arrested and charged with
293:Early-20th-century writers such as
83:is noted for being executed by the
4130:(traditional maternal grandfather)
4124:(traditional maternal grandmother)
3399:Christianity in Talmud and Midrash
2719:The Josippon (Josephus Gorionides)
2559:Christianity in Talmud and Midrash
14:
3387:Philadelphia: Fortress Press 1986
2226:"Shem-Tob and the Tol'doth Yeshu"
1232:These accounts of Celsus and the
540:2:2 IV.I) and Babylonian Talmud (
467:contains the name Yeshu, but the
184:Bauckham notes that the spelling
4230:
4229:
3453:Jesus' Death Now Debated by Jews
2388:, Gütersloh, 1973, vol. I, p. 13
2122:: Progressive Publishing Company
1606:, דרך אילן אחד של חרוב, שם קבור
1447:An intermediate view is that of
698:Meaning and etymology of Pandera
371:resulting from the final letter
4281:Religious perspectives on Jesus
4136:(paternal grandfather per Luke)
2760:Simon Cohen, Isaac Landman ed.
2343:Origin of the Name Jesus Christ
2056:Jesus outside the New Testament
1814:The Historical Jesus in Context
1563:are also found on the ossuary.
1254:, namely Rabbi Jacob ben Meir (
523:came to heal him (according to
479:The Talmudic accounts in detail
3840:Quest for the historical Jesus
2161:Academy of the Hebrew Language
2112:; Wheeler, J.M., eds. (1885).
1679:'s novel "On the narrow path"
1334:Contemporary Orthodox scholars
1001:a story is mentioned in which
49:, thought by some to refer to
1:
3111:Jesus in the Jewish Tradition
2884:. In Gotthard Deutsch (ed.).
2401:, Ramat-Gan, 1976 pp. ??
2313:"Eisenmenger, Johann Andreas"
1346:Theosophists and esotericists
733:Tiberius Julius Abdes Pantera
286:) himself, they left out the
282:) or that he had even saved (
158:Moses ha-Kohen de Tordesillas
91:is described being among the
3343:Understanding Jewish History
2502:Rubenstein, Jeffrey (2002).
2345:in The Catholic Encyclopedia
1113:(son of Stada). However, in
375:no longer being pronounced.
4276:Judaism and other religions
2617:, Feltrinelli, Milano, 1966
2399:Studies in Galilean Aramaic
2386:Neutestamentliche Theologie
1586:Yeshu is also mentioned in
1518:
1132:in incisions in his flesh.
1062:during the persecutions of
383:. This view was shared by
343:was also used for the name
226:
97:Yeshu ben Pandera/ben Stada
4304:
3790:Five Discourses of Matthew
3380:, Turnhout (Brepols), 2014
3296:Ginzberg, L., ed. (1909).
2566:: Williams & Norgate.
2456:Princeton University Press
2412:"Remote linking forbidden"
2198:] (Original copy from
1818:Princeton University Press
1759:Eucharistic Words of Jesus
1749:Eucharistic Words of Jesus
1499:
1316:
1270:observed that the epithet
487:
414:
270:Johann Andreas Eisenmenger
18:
4256:Criticism of Christianity
4225:
3503:
3054:. American Atheist Press.
3050:Frank R. Zindler (2003).
2955:Stanford University Press
2520:Judaism and Enlightenment
2166:October 15, 2007, at the
1910:Brandeis University Press
1789:Brill Academic Publishers
1101:Ben Pandera and ben Stada
993:Yeshu summoned by Onkelos
336:
325:
220:
38:
4017:In comparative mythology
3035:Dennis McKinsey (2000).
3005:Boyarin, Daniel (1999).
2840:Zeramim VeKitot Bayahdut
2827:Did Jesus Live 100 B.C.?
2674:Bloch Publishing Company
2628:According to the Hebrews
2626:Hugh Joseph Schonfield,
2517:Sutcliffe, Adam (2005).
2231:Hebrew Gospel of Matthew
1990:; Merz, Annette (1998).
1368:Did Jesus Live 100 B.C.?
753:Friedrich August Nitzsch
717:Celsus in his discourse
563:. When the chief judge (
512:(Yeshu son of Pandera).
172:argued that neither the
4170:Interactions with women
2554:Herford, Robert Travers
2375:London, Duckworth, 1936
2240:Mercer University Press
2200:Harvard Divinity School
1519:Y'mach Sh'mo V'Zichrono
1388:The Jewish Encyclopedia
908:also refer to Jesus as
888:11:4 briefly discusses
4180:Mary, sister of Martha
3800:Oral gospel traditions
2655:, The Dial Press, 1931
2054:Robert E. Van Voorst.
1622:
1394:(1972, 1997). and the
1350:The interpretation of
1216:2:2) is anonymous. In
952:
900:) and follows it with
743:was the patronymic of
440:
361:St. Cyril of Jerusalem
132:, with the support of
122:
4261:Hebrew-language names
3907:Life of Christ Museum
3902:Life of Christ in art
3124:Sukenik, Eleazar Lipa
3086:Encyclopaedia Judaica
2452:Princeton, New Jersey
2362:, no. 7, 1888, p. 24)
1800:Westminster John Knox
1648:narratives. Likewise
1602:לצד צפון ללכת אל כפר
1396:Encyclopedia Hebraica
1392:Encyclopaedia Judaica
1204:17b in place of King
1066:88–76 BCE ordered by
571:had spoken a word of
424:
357:Clement of Alexandria
3723:Sayings on the cross
3681:Entry into Jerusalem
3397:R. Travers Herford,
3373:(Beacon Books), 1964
3169:Nashville, Tennessee
3020:Hyam Maccoby (ed.).
2951:Stanford, California
2371:Hugh J. Schonfield,
2242:. pp. 206–211.
1656:(i.e. "Joshua") and
1390:, Joseph Dan in the
1382:Critical scholarship
1242:(early commentator)
1196:as a designation in
1055:Joshua ben Perachiah
1007:boiling in excrement
275:Entdecktes Judenthum
146:Disputation of Paris
85:Hasmonean government
4212:Race and appearance
4150:(traditional uncle)
4056:Jesus the Splendour
3698:Agony in the Garden
3613:Sermon on the Mount
3390:Jeffrey Rubenstein
3355:Robert Goldenberg,
3326:"אגודת אהלי צדיקים"
3134:] (in German).
3039:. Prometheus Books.
2892:Funk & Wagnalls
2887:Jewish Encyclopedia
2882:"Jesus of Nazareth"
2448:Jesus in the Talmud
2323:Funk & Wagnalls
2318:Jewish Encyclopedia
1892:Carlebach, Elishiva
1833:Anchor Bible Series
1794:Mark Allan Powell,
1710:Jesus in the Talmud
1677:Aaron Abraham Kabak
1545:Yeshua bar Yehoseph
1180:Tannaim and Amoraim
417:Jesus in the Talmud
315:Philo of Alexandria
47:rabbinic literature
25:Jesus in the Talmud
4197:Rejection of Jesus
3874:Christ myth theory
3691:Farewell Discourse
3458:2016-03-04 at the
3109:Morris Goldstein,
3077:Berenbaum, Michael
2793:Random House, 1989
2789:Steinsaltz, Adin.
2613:Marcello Craveri,
2188:Edman, L. (1857).
2140:David M. Neuhaus,
2002:. pp. 74–76.
1681:Ba-Mishcol Ha-Tsar
1430:Jeffrey Rubenstein
955:Yeshu the sorcerer
925:Jesus the Nazarene
840:R. Travers Herford
822:definite article.
810:in the expression
723:gives the name as
508:naming his mentor
441:
411:Talmud and Tosefta
399:were derived from
377:Hugh J. Schonfield
154:John of Valladolid
81:Yeshu the sorcerer
4243:
4242:
4165:Language of Jesus
4112:Brothers of Jesus
3984:Session of Christ
3860:Mara bar Serapion
3661:Great Commandment
3556:Flight into Egypt
3371:Jesus of Nazareth
3369:Joseph Klausner,
3182:978-0-8054-4717-0
3161:Bauckham, Richard
3113:, Macmillan, 1950
3096:978-0-02-866097-4
2964:978-0-8047-3704-3
2930:, pp. 37–38.
2776:Jehiel Heilprin,
2683:978-0-8197-0590-7
2630:, Duckworth, 1937
2573:978-0-576-80168-3
2530:978-0-521-67232-0
2465:978-0-691-12926-6
2309:Deutsch, Gotthard
2178:Sanhedrin 107b:12
2064:978-0-8028-4368-5
2009:978-0-8006-3122-2
2000:Augsburg Fortress
1919:978-0-87451-871-9
1842:978-0-385-26425-9
1781:Roger T. Beckwith
1775:Joshua b. Peraiah
1642:Elias Soloweyczyk
1612:On your way from
1535:Other occurrences
1496:The Toledot Yeshu
1455:Skeptical writers
1146:Bar-Kokhba revolt
1142:Pappos ben Yehuda
1068:Alexander Jannæus
929:boiling excrement
749:Teaching of Jacob
640:Yeshu ben Pandera
615:Yehoshua ben Levi
510:Yeshu ben Pandera
490:Jacob the heretic
484:Yeshu ben Pandera
469:Leiden manuscript
457:Babylonian Talmud
221:ימח שמו וזכרו(נו)
142:divinity of Jesus
109:Jesus of Nazareth
89:Yeshu the student
66:Babylonian Talmud
4293:
4233:
4232:
4108:(alleged father)
3962:Person of Christ
3835:Historical Jesus
3666:Olivet Discourse
3594:Great Commission
3490:
3483:
3476:
3467:
3392:Rabbinic Stories
3376:Thierry Murcia,
3348:Daniel Boyarin,
3330:
3329:
3322:
3316:
3315:
3309:
3301:
3293:
3287:
3286:
3251:
3245:
3242:
3236:
3229:Brother of Jesus
3225:Ben Witherington
3218:
3212:
3209:
3203:
3202:
3173:B&H Academic
3157:
3148:
3147:
3138:: Azriel Press.
3120:
3114:
3107:
3101:
3100:
3065:
3056:
3055:
3047:
3041:
3040:
3032:
3026:
3025:
3022:Judaism on Trial
3017:
3011:
3010:
3002:
2996:
2995:
2989:
2987:
2937:
2931:
2925:
2919:
2913:
2907:
2906:
2900:
2898:
2874:Richard Gottheil
2862:
2856:
2851:Alvar Ellegård,
2849:
2843:
2842:, Tel Aviv, 1927
2838:Avraham Korman,
2836:
2830:
2823:
2817:
2810:
2804:
2800:
2794:
2787:
2781:
2774:
2768:
2758:
2752:
2746:
2740:
2739:
2732:"Gittin 57a:3-4"
2728:
2722:
2715:
2709:
2702:
2696:
2695:
2666:Klausner, Joseph
2662:
2656:
2649:
2643:
2637:
2631:
2624:
2618:
2611:
2605:
2604:
2598:
2596:
2550:
2535:
2534:
2514:
2508:
2507:
2504:Rabbinic Stories
2499:
2486:
2485:
2450:(3rd ed.).
2440:
2425:
2424:
2422:
2421:
2416:
2408:
2402:
2395:
2389:
2382:
2376:
2369:
2363:
2352:
2346:
2340:
2334:
2333:
2331:
2329:
2305:
2299:
2298:
2284:
2273:
2272:
2266:
2264:
2218:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2207:
2185:
2179:
2176:
2170:
2154:
2148:
2138:
2132:
2131:
2129:
2127:
2110:Foote, George W.
2106:
2100:
2094:
2088:
2085:
2079:
2073:
2067:
2052:
2046:
2036:
2030:
2029:
1984:
1971:
1970:
1968:
1966:
1950:
1944:
1943:
1880:
1869:
1866:
1755:Joachim Jeremias
1745:Joachim Jeremias
1730:
1666:Isaac Salkinsohn
1664:(BFBS 1875) and
1658:Yeshua Ha-Notzri
1573:Jerusalem Talmud
1565:Richard Bauckham
1521:
1412:
1409:David C. Kraemer
1264:Yechiel of Paris
1244:Abraham Ibn Daud
1161:Sanhedrin 7:12 I
1157:Shabbat 12:4 III
1095:Rabbinic Judaism
1072:Jerusalem Talmud
950:
886:Hilchos Melachim
648:placeholder name
504:(heretic) named
494:In the Tosefta,
465:Jerusalem Talmud
385:Joachim Jeremias
338:
327:
242:
222:
162:Asher ben Jehiel
150:Yechiel of Paris
105:Ashkenazi Jewish
40:
4303:
4302:
4296:
4295:
4294:
4292:
4291:
4290:
4246:
4245:
4244:
4239:
4221:
4153:
4072:
4004:In other faiths
3998:
3921:
3917:Transfiguration
3878:
3821:
3751:
3651:Transfiguration
3525:
3517:
3499:
3494:
3460:Wayback Machine
3417:
3383:Jacob Neusner,
3362:Mark Hirshman,
3338:
3336:Further reading
3333:
3324:
3323:
3319:
3302:
3295:
3294:
3290:
3275:
3253:
3252:
3248:
3243:
3239:
3219:
3215:
3210:
3206:
3183:
3159:
3158:
3151:
3122:
3121:
3117:
3108:
3104:
3097:
3073:"Toledot Yeshu"
3067:
3066:
3059:
3049:
3048:
3044:
3034:
3033:
3029:
3019:
3018:
3014:
3004:
3003:
2999:
2985:
2983:
2965:
2941:Boyarin, Daniel
2939:
2938:
2934:
2926:
2922:
2914:
2910:
2896:
2894:
2870:Kaufmann Kohler
2864:
2863:
2859:
2850:
2846:
2837:
2833:
2825:G. R. S. Mead,
2824:
2820:
2812:Gerald Massey,
2811:
2807:
2801:
2797:
2788:
2784:
2775:
2771:
2759:
2755:
2747:
2743:
2736:www.sefaria.org
2730:
2729:
2725:
2717:David Flusser,
2716:
2712:
2703:
2699:
2684:
2664:
2663:
2659:
2650:
2646:
2638:
2634:
2625:
2621:
2615:La vita di Gesù
2612:
2608:
2594:
2592:
2574:
2552:
2551:
2538:
2531:
2516:
2515:
2511:
2501:
2500:
2489:
2466:
2442:
2441:
2428:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2410:
2409:
2405:
2397:E.Y. Kutscher,
2396:
2392:
2383:
2379:
2370:
2366:
2353:
2349:
2341:
2337:
2327:
2325:
2307:
2306:
2302:
2286:
2285:
2276:
2262:
2260:
2250:
2220:
2219:
2215:
2205:
2203:
2187:
2186:
2182:
2177:
2173:
2168:Wayback Machine
2155:
2151:
2139:
2135:
2125:
2123:
2108:
2107:
2103:
2097:Bauckham (2008)
2095:
2091:
2086:
2082:
2074:
2070:
2053:
2049:
2037:
2033:
2010:
1986:
1985:
1974:
1964:
1962:
1954:Kister, Menahem
1952:
1951:
1947:
1920:
1882:
1881:
1872:
1843:
1823:
1810:Amy-Jill Levine
1733:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1701:
1691:("Joshua") and
1668:(TBS 1886). In
1662:Franz Delitzsch
1650:Yeshu Ha-Notzri
1630:
1594:it is written:
1575:from the Cairo
1547:, published by
1537:
1504:
1498:
1473:
1460:Dennis McKinsey
1457:
1403:
1400:Joseph Klausner
1384:
1348:
1340:Adin Steinsaltz
1336:
1324:Jehiel Heilprin
1321:
1315:
1284:Raymond Martini
1280:
1230:
1182:
1177:
1169:Sanhedrin 10:11
1103:
1043:
1019:
999:Gittin 56b, 57a
995:
957:
951:
948:
910:Yeshua HaNotzri
852:Beit HaBechirah
844:Joseph Klausner
828:
826:Yeshu Ha-Notzri
700:
553:2:24 tells how
492:
486:
481:
419:
413:
303:Yeshu ha Notzri
182:
134:Pope Gregory IX
111:. As historian
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4301:
4300:
4297:
4289:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4266:Names of Jesus
4263:
4258:
4248:
4247:
4241:
4240:
4238:
4237:
4226:
4223:
4222:
4220:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4183:
4182:
4177:
4175:Mary Magdalene
4167:
4161:
4159:
4155:
4154:
4152:
4151:
4145:
4140:
4137:
4131:
4125:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4103:
4098:
4097:(legal father)
4092:
4086:
4080:
4078:
4074:
4073:
4071:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4059:
4058:
4048:
4043:
4042:
4041:
4031:
4030:
4029:
4019:
4014:
4008:
4006:
4000:
3999:
3997:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3970:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3949:
3948:
3947:
3942:
3931:
3929:
3923:
3922:
3920:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3888:
3886:
3880:
3879:
3877:
3876:
3871:
3870:
3869:
3868:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3842:
3831:
3829:
3823:
3822:
3820:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3803:
3802:
3797:
3795:Gospel harmony
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3761:
3759:
3753:
3752:
3750:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3738:
3737:
3727:
3726:
3725:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3694:
3693:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3637:
3636:
3626:
3625:
3624:
3610:
3609:
3608:
3598:
3597:
3596:
3591:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3560:
3559:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3538:
3532:
3530:
3519:
3518:
3516:
3515:
3513:List of topics
3510:
3504:
3501:
3500:
3495:
3493:
3492:
3485:
3478:
3470:
3464:
3463:
3450:
3444:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3416:
3415:External links
3413:
3412:
3411:
3408:
3405:
3402:
3395:
3388:
3381:
3374:
3367:
3360:
3353:
3346:
3341:Steven Bayme,
3337:
3334:
3332:
3331:
3328:. 10 May 2020.
3317:
3288:
3273:
3255:Flusser, David
3246:
3237:
3221:Hershel Shanks
3213:
3204:
3181:
3175:. p. 81.
3149:
3115:
3102:
3095:
3057:
3042:
3027:
3012:
2997:
2963:
2957:. p. 26.
2932:
2928:Herford (1903)
2920:
2908:
2857:
2855:, London, 1999
2844:
2831:
2818:
2805:
2795:
2782:
2778:Seder ha-dorot
2769:
2753:
2741:
2723:
2710:
2697:
2682:
2657:
2644:
2632:
2619:
2606:
2572:
2536:
2529:
2509:
2487:
2464:
2444:Schäfer, Peter
2426:
2403:
2390:
2377:
2364:
2347:
2335:
2300:
2295:Jews for Jesus
2274:
2248:
2236:Macon, Georgia
2222:Howard, George
2213:
2180:
2171:
2149:
2133:
2101:
2089:
2080:
2068:
2047:
2039:Tosafot HaRosh
2031:
2008:
1988:Theissen, Gerd
1972:
1945:
1918:
1912:. p. 33.
1870:
1868:
1867:
1841:
1835:. p. 98.
1825:Meier, John P.
1821:
1807:
1792:
1778:
1752:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1718:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1700:
1697:
1685:Reuben Alcalay
1670:Israeli Hebrew
1646:Toledoth Yeshu
1638:Rahabi Ezekiel
1629:
1626:
1536:
1533:
1500:Main article:
1497:
1494:
1493:
1492:
1489:
1486:
1483:
1480:
1472:
1469:
1456:
1453:
1434:Daniel Boyarin
1383:
1380:
1376:Alvar Ellegård
1372:Avraham Korman
1347:
1344:
1335:
1332:
1314:
1311:
1279:
1276:
1268:Menachem Meiri
1229:
1226:
1208:'s real name.
1181:
1178:
1176:
1175:Interpretation
1173:
1171:respectively.
1102:
1099:
1047:Sanhedrin 107b
1042:
1039:
1035:Shulkhan Arukh
1022:Sanhedrin 103a
1018:
1015:
994:
991:
956:
953:
949:Gittin 57a:3-4
946:
921:Yeshu HaNotzri
914:Yeshu HaNotzri
848:Menachem Meiri
827:
824:
699:
696:
600:
599:
588:
547:
546:
533:
532:
529:Saul Lieberman
488:Main article:
485:
482:
480:
477:
473:Schäfer (2007)
415:Main article:
412:
409:
365:Adolf Neubauer
181:
178:
130:Nicholas Donin
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4299:
4298:
4287:
4286:Talmud people
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4253:
4251:
4236:
4228:
4227:
4224:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4207:Mental health
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4172:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4162:
4160:
4156:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4138:
4135:
4132:
4129:
4126:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4096:
4093:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4081:
4079:
4075:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4057:
4054:
4053:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4040:
4037:
4036:
4035:
4032:
4028:
4027:In the Talmud
4025:
4024:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4009:
4007:
4005:
4001:
3995:
3994:Cosmic Christ
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3979:Second Coming
3977:
3975:
3972:
3968:
3967:Pre-existence
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3954:
3953:
3950:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3937:
3936:
3933:
3932:
3930:
3928:
3924:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3889:
3887:
3885:
3881:
3875:
3872:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3847:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3837:
3836:
3833:
3832:
3830:
3828:
3824:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3767:
3766:
3763:
3762:
3760:
3758:
3757:New Testament
3754:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3736:
3733:
3732:
3731:
3728:
3724:
3721:
3720:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3692:
3689:
3688:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3635:
3634:Lord's Prayer
3632:
3631:
3630:
3627:
3623:
3620:
3619:
3618:
3614:
3611:
3607:
3604:
3603:
3602:
3599:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3586:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3569:Unknown years
3567:
3564:
3561:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3551:Date of birth
3549:
3547:
3544:
3543:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3533:
3531:
3529:
3524:
3520:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3505:
3502:
3498:
3491:
3486:
3484:
3479:
3477:
3472:
3471:
3468:
3461:
3457:
3454:
3451:
3448:
3445:
3442:
3441:Toldoth Yeshu
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3418:
3414:
3409:
3406:
3403:
3400:
3396:
3393:
3389:
3386:
3382:
3379:
3375:
3372:
3368:
3365:
3361:
3358:
3354:
3351:
3347:
3344:
3340:
3339:
3335:
3327:
3321:
3318:
3313:
3307:
3299:
3292:
3289:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3274:965-05-0466-4
3270:
3267:: MOD Books.
3266:
3262:
3261:
3256:
3250:
3247:
3241:
3238:
3234:
3233:E. L. Sukenik
3230:
3226:
3222:
3217:
3214:
3208:
3205:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3156:
3154:
3150:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3119:
3116:
3112:
3106:
3103:
3098:
3092:
3088:
3087:
3082:
3081:Skolnik, Fred
3078:
3074:
3070:
3064:
3062:
3058:
3053:
3046:
3043:
3038:
3031:
3028:
3023:
3016:
3013:
3008:
3001:
2998:
2994:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2947:
2942:
2936:
2933:
2929:
2924:
2921:
2918:
2912:
2909:
2905:
2893:
2889:
2888:
2883:
2879:
2878:Samuel Krauss
2875:
2871:
2867:
2866:Joseph Jacobs
2861:
2858:
2854:
2848:
2845:
2841:
2835:
2832:
2828:
2822:
2819:
2815:
2809:
2806:
2799:
2796:
2792:
2786:
2783:
2779:
2773:
2770:
2767:
2763:
2757:
2754:
2751:
2745:
2742:
2737:
2733:
2727:
2724:
2720:
2714:
2711:
2707:
2701:
2698:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2661:
2658:
2654:
2648:
2645:
2641:
2636:
2633:
2629:
2623:
2620:
2616:
2610:
2607:
2602:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2560:
2555:
2549:
2547:
2545:
2543:
2541:
2537:
2532:
2526:
2522:
2521:
2513:
2510:
2505:
2498:
2496:
2494:
2492:
2488:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2439:
2437:
2435:
2433:
2431:
2427:
2413:
2407:
2404:
2400:
2394:
2391:
2387:
2384:J. Jeremias,
2381:
2378:
2374:
2368:
2365:
2361:
2360:The Expositor
2357:
2354:A. Neubauer,
2351:
2348:
2344:
2339:
2336:
2324:
2320:
2319:
2314:
2310:
2304:
2301:
2296:
2292:
2291:
2283:
2281:
2279:
2275:
2270:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2249:0-86554-442-5
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2232:
2227:
2223:
2217:
2214:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2192:
2184:
2181:
2175:
2172:
2169:
2165:
2162:
2158:
2153:
2150:
2146:
2143:
2137:
2134:
2121:
2117:
2116:
2111:
2105:
2102:
2098:
2093:
2090:
2084:
2081:
2078:, p. 98.
2077:
2072:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2051:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2035:
2032:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1973:
1961:
1960:
1955:
1949:
1946:
1942:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1898:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1884:Berger, David
1879:
1877:
1875:
1871:
1865:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1808:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1779:
1776:
1772:
1771:Jesus-Jeschua
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1753:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1737:Gustaf Dalman
1735:
1734:
1729:
1726:
1720:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1705:Jacob the Min
1703:
1702:
1698:
1696:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1627:
1625:
1621:
1619:
1618:Ein al-Zeitun
1615:
1610:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1595:
1593:
1589:
1584:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1569:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1549:E. L. Sukenik
1546:
1542:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1529:Hasmonean era
1526:
1522:
1520:
1513:
1512:Toledot Yeshu
1509:
1508:Toledot Yeshu
1503:
1502:Toledot Yeshu
1495:
1490:
1487:
1484:
1481:
1478:
1477:
1476:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1461:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1445:
1442:
1437:
1435:
1431:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1413:
1410:
1406:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1364:G. R. S. Mead
1361:
1358:in his essay
1357:
1356:Gerald Massey
1353:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1325:
1320:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1295:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1248:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1236:
1235:Toledot Yeshu
1227:
1225:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1179:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1166:
1165:Shabbat 11:15
1162:
1158:
1153:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1134:Sanhedrin 67a
1131:
1127:
1123:
1120:
1119:Sanhedrin 67a
1116:
1112:
1108:
1100:
1098:
1096:
1092:
1087:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
992:
990:
988:
984:
983:Sanhedrin 43a
980:
975:
973:
969:
965:
961:
960:Sanhedrin 43a
954:
945:
943:
938:
932:
930:
926:
922:
917:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
882:
881:Mishneh Torah
877:
872:
870:
866:
862:
861:
855:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
825:
823:
821:
817:
813:
809:
807:
806:Genesis Rabba
802:
801:
796:
792:
791:Robert Eisler
788:
786:
785:Toledot Yeshu
782:
777:
775:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
721:
720:The True Word
715:
714:in English.)
713:
709:
705:
697:
695:
693:
692:
691:Toledot Yeshu
687:
682:
679:
674:
669:
665:
660:
656:
651:
649:
645:
641:
637:
636:Kohelet Rabba
633:
632:Kohelet Rabba
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
611:
610:Kohelet Rabba
606:
596:
592:
589:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
561:
556:
555:Rabbi Eliezer
552:
549:
548:
543:
539:
535:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
515:
514:
513:
511:
507:
503:
502:
497:
491:
483:
478:
476:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
418:
410:
408:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
389:Flusser (1989
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
335:
331:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
295:Herford (1903
291:
289:
285:
281:
277:
276:
271:
267:
263:
262:
261:Toledot Yeshu
257:
253:
252:
247:
243:
241:
239:
236:
234:
230:
217:
215:
211:
207:
203:
202:
197:
196:
191:
187:
179:
177:
175:
171:
165:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
126:
121:
116:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
73:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
52:
48:
44:
36:
32:
26:
22:
21:Yeshua (name)
4117:Holy Kinship
4068:Master Jesus
4046:Baháʼí Faith
3940:Christianity
3927:Christianity
3897:Christ Child
3892:Bibliography
3742:Resurrection
3656:Homelessness
3565:(apocryphal)
3546:Virgin birth
3536:Annunciation
3528:Jesus's life
3401:(KTAV), 1975
3398:
3391:
3384:
3377:
3370:
3363:
3356:
3349:
3345:(KTAV), 1997
3342:
3320:
3297:
3291:
3259:
3249:
3240:
3228:
3216:
3207:
3164:
3131:
3127:
3118:
3110:
3105:
3084:
3051:
3045:
3036:
3030:
3021:
3015:
3006:
3000:
2991:
2984:. Retrieved
2945:
2935:
2923:
2916:
2911:
2902:
2895:. Retrieved
2885:
2860:
2852:
2847:
2839:
2834:
2826:
2821:
2813:
2808:
2798:
2790:
2785:
2777:
2772:
2765:
2761:
2756:
2749:
2744:
2735:
2726:
2718:
2713:
2705:
2700:
2669:
2660:
2652:
2647:
2639:
2635:
2627:
2622:
2614:
2609:
2601:Google Books
2599:– via
2593:. Retrieved
2558:
2519:
2512:
2503:
2447:
2418:. Retrieved
2406:
2398:
2393:
2385:
2380:
2372:
2367:
2359:
2355:
2350:
2338:
2326:. Retrieved
2316:
2303:
2289:
2269:Google Books
2267:– via
2261:. Retrieved
2230:
2216:
2204:. Retrieved
2195:
2190:
2183:
2174:
2152:
2136:
2124:. Retrieved
2114:
2104:
2092:
2083:
2076:Meier (1991)
2071:
2055:
2050:
2034:
1991:
1963:. Retrieved
1958:
1948:
1939:
1902:Google Books
1896:
1862:
1828:
1813:
1795:
1784:
1770:
1767:Jesus-Jeshua
1766:
1758:
1748:
1741:Jesus-Jeshua
1740:
1728:
1692:
1688:
1687:distinguish
1680:
1672:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1633:
1631:
1623:
1611:
1597:
1585:
1580:
1570:
1556:
1552:
1544:
1538:
1516:
1511:
1507:
1505:
1474:
1464:
1458:
1449:Hyam Maccoby
1446:
1440:
1438:
1414:
1405:Steven Bayme
1395:
1391:
1387:
1385:
1367:
1366:in his work
1359:
1351:
1349:
1337:
1322:
1306:
1296:
1291:
1287:
1281:
1271:
1256:Rabbeinu Tam
1249:
1233:
1231:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1183:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1154:
1149:
1133:
1126:Shabbat 104b
1125:
1124:
1118:
1115:Shabbat 104b
1114:
1110:
1104:
1090:
1088:
1083:
1076:Chagigah 2:2
1075:
1050:
1046:
1044:
1026:Berachot 17b
1025:
1021:
1020:
1010:
998:
996:
982:
976:
971:
959:
958:
934:
920:
918:
913:
909:
901:
897:
893:
885:
879:
873:
868:
864:
858:
856:
851:
835:
831:
829:
815:
811:
804:
798:
789:
784:
778:
773:
768:
764:
760:
748:
740:
724:
718:
716:
711:
707:
703:
701:
690:
688:manuscript:
683:
673:Br'er Rabbit
663:
659:Avodah Zarah
658:
654:
652:
643:
639:
635:
631:
626:
623:Avodah Zarah
622:
618:
608:
601:
594:
591:Avodah Zarah
590:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
558:
550:
542:Avodah Zarah
541:
538:Avodah Zarah
537:
516:
509:
499:
495:
493:
460:
448:
442:
429:
425:
404:
400:
396:
392:
380:
372:
368:
344:
340:
333:
329:
322:
318:
302:
298:
292:
287:
283:
279:
273:
266:anti-Judaist
259:
249:
245:
237:
232:
228:
224:
218:
209:
205:
199:
193:
189:
185:
183:
170:Johann Maier
166:
127:
123:
118:
113:David Berger
76:
74:
61:
42:
30:
29:
4143:Descendants
4101:Holy Family
4084:Genealogies
4051:Manichaeism
3957:Incarnation
3952:Christology
3945:1st century
3827:Historicity
3718:Crucifixion
3686:Last Supper
3300:. New York.
3069:Dan, Joseph
2099:, p. .
1996:Minneapolis
1906:Hanover, NH
1695:("Jesus").
1640:(1750) and
1608:יש"ו הנוצרי
1588:Isaac Luria
1328:Jacob Emden
1288:Pugio Fidei
1260:Nachmanides
874:In 1180 CE
681:antipathy.
664:Avoda Zarah
621:14:4-8 and
583:instead of
101:Rabbi Akiva
60:. The name
4250:Categories
3989:Son of God
3884:Depictions
3622:Beatitudes
3579:Temptation
3523:Chronology
3191:2011282833
2986:August 14,
2803:negative."
2766:Censorship
2748:G. Cohen,
2474:2006050392
2420:2023-09-01
1721:References
1561:patronymic
1407:, and Dr.
1317:See also:
1299:papal bull
1297:In 1554 a
1278:The Church
937:that world
876:Maimonides
812:qol Pandar
545:of Jesus".
326:יְהוֹשֻׁעַ
307:Septuagint
115:observed,
4217:Sexuality
4202:Criticism
4187:Christmas
4063:Mandaeism
4039:Ahmadiyya
3747:Ascension
3671:Anointing
3606:Disciples
3589:Selecting
3306:cite book
3199:156832186
3136:Jerusalem
2897:August 2,
2668:(1989) .
2595:August 2,
2582:a17000325
2328:August 2,
2263:August 3,
2206:August 2,
2126:August 3,
1965:August 5,
1859:316164636
1763:G. Dalman
1632:The term
1604:עין זיתון
1441:Sanhedrin
1417:Pharisees
1362:, and by
1319:Acharonim
1272:Ha-Notzri
1210:Sanhedrin
1200:103a and
1198:Sanhedrin
1111:ben Stada
1091:Sanhedrin
1064:Pharisees
1051:Sotah 47a
836:Ha-Notzri
781:Pandareus
765:pentheros
761:parthenos
741:Pantheras
678:prooftext
605:Midrashic
525:Lieberman
251:gershayim
223: (
180:Etymology
144:. In the
128:In 1240,
93:Pharisees
54:when used
4235:Category
4106:Panthera
4091:(mother)
3850:Josephus
3703:Betrayal
3646:Miracles
3641:Parables
3601:Ministry
3584:Apostles
3541:Nativity
3456:Archived
3283:24082669
3265:Tel Aviv
3257:(1989).
3227:(2004).
3126:(1931).
3083:(eds.).
3071:(2007).
2981:41925527
2973:99040509
2880:(1906).
2692:25017357
2556:(1903).
2482:70823336
2446:(2007).
2311:(1906).
2258:95016849
2224:(1995).
2164:Archived
2026:38590348
2018:98016181
1956:(1991).
1936:44965639
1928:98-14431
1886:(1998).
1851:91010538
1827:(1991).
1802:, 1998,
1699:See also
1581:Yehoshua
1559:and the
1252:Rishonim
1214:Chagigah
1206:Manasseh
1202:Berakhot
1150:satat da
1138:Passover
1080:Mishnaic
1030:Manasseh
979:Florence
968:Passover
947:—
912:but not
906:Josippon
902:HaNotzri
795:Pandaros
774:Panthyra
769:Panthera
725:Panthera
686:Yemenite
436:name of
337:יֵשׁוּעַ
323:Yehoshua
311:Josephus
256:tractate
210:Yehoshua
201:Yehoshua
140:and the
41:
4158:Related
4128:Joachim
4022:Judaism
4012:Jesuism
3912:Statues
3865:Gospels
3855:Tacitus
3845:Sources
3770:Matthew
3765:Gospels
3676:Passion
3629:Prayers
3574:Baptism
3563:Infancy
3508:Outline
2145:Haaretz
2058:. 2000
1598:בלכתך מ
1592:Tzadiks
1577:Genizah
1541:ossuary
1425:Tannaim
1421:Amoraim
1190:Amoraim
1186:Tannaim
1003:Onkelos
987:Sabbath
977:In the
972:malkhut
878:in his
865:Natzrat
820:Aramaic
757:panther
712:Pandira
708:Pantera
704:Pantiri
655:Chullin
619:Shabbat
595:Chullin
585:Pandera
581:Pantiri
565:hegemon
551:Chullin
517:Chullin
496:Chullin
445:Tosefta
434:Aramaic
351:son of
284:hoshia`
280:moshia`
272:in his
268:writer
240:'Zichro
174:Mishnah
56:in the
4192:Easter
4148:Clopas
4095:Joseph
4077:Family
3974:Relics
3935:Christ
3730:Burial
3708:Arrest
3281:
3271:
3197:
3189:
3179:
3144:729079
3142:
3093:
2979:
2971:
2961:
2690:
2680:
2590:620683
2588:
2580:
2570:
2564:London
2527:
2480:
2472:
2462:
2256:
2246:
2120:London
2062:
2024:
2016:
2006:
1934:
1926:
1916:
1857:
1849:
1839:
1715:Yeshua
1689:Yeshua
1654:Yeshua
1557:Yeshua
1525:Joshua
1338:Rabbi
1303:Talmud
1282:Friar
1262:, and
1250:Other
1240:Rishon
1218:Gittin
1107:Talmud
964:herald
942:Balaam
894:Yeshua
869:Notzri
860:Notzri
783:. The
745:Joseph
737:Origen
668:minuth
644:peloni
577:minuth
573:minuth
560:minuth
455:) and
432:, the
401:Yeshua
369:Yeshua
349:Joshua
345:Hoshea
334:Yeshua
231:imach
195:Yeshua
58:Talmud
39:יֵשׁוּ
35:Hebrew
4034:Islam
3713:Trial
3617:Plain
3497:Jesus
3130:[
3075:. In
2917:Jesus
2415:(JPG)
2358:, in
2194:[
2043:Sotah
1890:. In
1804:p. 34
1693:Yeshu
1673:Yeshu
1634:Yeshu
1614:Safed
1543:of a
1352:Yeshu
1307:Yeshu
1292:Yeshu
1222:Yeshu
1194:Yeshu
1130:Egypt
1084:Yeshu
1060:Egypt
1011:Yeshu
898:Yeshu
890:Jesus
832:Yeshu
800:Iliad
729:Latin
627:Yeshu
607:text
569:minim
521:Jacob
506:Jacob
438:Jesus
430:Eesho
397:Yeshu
341:Jesus
319:Jesus
299:Yeshu
214:Foote
206:Yeshu
190:Yeshu
186:Yeshu
77:Yeshu
70:Jesus
62:Yeshu
51:Jesus
31:Yeshu
4134:Heli
4122:Anne
4089:Mary
3785:John
3780:Luke
3775:Mark
3735:Tomb
3312:link
3279:OCLC
3269:ISBN
3195:OCLC
3187:LCCN
3177:ISBN
3140:OCLC
3091:ISBN
2988:2011
2977:OCLC
2969:LCCN
2959:ISBN
2899:2011
2688:LCCN
2678:ISBN
2597:2011
2586:OCLC
2578:LCCN
2568:ISBN
2525:ISBN
2478:OCLC
2470:LCCN
2460:ISBN
2330:2011
2265:2011
2254:LCCN
2244:ISBN
2208:2011
2128:2011
2060:ISBN
2045:47a)
2022:OCLC
2014:LCCN
2004:ISBN
1967:2020
1932:OCLC
1924:LCCN
1914:ISBN
1855:OCLC
1847:LCCN
1837:ISBN
1732:See:
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