539:'s decree against them and their religion. As a consequence, they spoke Greek, the language of the overwhelming majority of the populace in the beginning of the Byzantine era and that of the Greek élite thereafter, until the fall of the Ottoman Empire. Some communities in Northern Greece and Crete maintained their specific Romaniote practices since these communities were either geographically apart from the Sephardim or had different synagogues, and because their liturgies differed greatly. At the end of the 19th century, the Romaniote community of Greece made an effort to preserve the Romaniote liturgical heritage of Ioannina and Arta, by printing various liturgical texts in the Hebrew printing presses of Salonika.
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have some knowledge of the Judaeo-Greek language. The language is highly endangered and could completely die out. There are no preservation programs to promote or to revive the language, but starting in April, 2022, the Oxford School for Rare Jewish languages will be offering a beginner's course. In
426:
The immigration of
Italian and Spanish-speaking people into Greece in the late 15th century altered the culture and vernacular of the Greek Jews. A lot of locales picked up on Judeo-Spanish language and customs, however some communities in Epirus, Thessaly, the Ionian Islands, Crete, Constantinople
514:
have been the main reasons of the decline of Judaeo-Greek. The survivors were too scant to continue an environment in which this language was dominant and more recent generations of the survivors have moved to new locations such as Greece, Israel, and the United States and now speak the respective
443:
still spoke a form of Greek that slightly differentiated the Greek of their
Christian neighbors. These differences, semantically, do not go beyond phonetic, intonational, and lexical phenomena. It is different from other Jewish languages, in that there is no knowledge of any language fragmentation
422:
Greece, Constantinople, Asia Minor, Southern Italy, the
Balkans and Eastern Europe had originally a Greek-speaking Jewish community. After the arrival of Jewish refugees into these areas from the Iberian Peninsula, Northern Italy, and Western Europe, the Greek-speaking Jewish communities began to
534:
and employed the current colloquial vernacular which they then transcribed in Hebrew letters. The
Romaniotes were Jews settled in the Eastern Roman Empire long before its division from its Western counterpart, and they were linguistically assimilated long before leaving the Levant after
4819:
598:קֵאִ יטוֹן פְרוֹפִיטִיאָה קִירִיאוּ פְּרוֹשׁ יוֹנָה אִיוּ אֲמִתָּי טוּ אִיפִּין׃ אַנַשְׁטָא פּוֹרֶבְגוּ פְּרוֹשׁ נִנְוֶה טִין בּוֹלִי טִין מֶגָלי יאָלָלִישֶידִֿקֶ אִיפִּי אַפְטִין אוֹטִי אֶנֶבִין קָקִיאָהאִי אַפְטִין אֶנוֹפִּיאוֹמוּ
427:
and Asia Minor kept the old, so-called "Romaniote minhag" and the Judaeo-Greek language. During the 19th century
Yevanic switched from Hebrew to letters to Greek letters. By the early 20th century, the Jews living in places such as
566:) translation on one side and a Yevanic translation on the other. In its context, this exceptional cultivation of the vernacular has its analogue in the choice of Hellenistic Greek by the translators of the
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to write Greek and
Yevanic texts. Judaeo-Greek has had in its history different spoken variants depending on different eras, geographical and sociocultural backgrounds. The oldest
659:
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Vlachou, Evangelia, Papadopoulou, Chrysoula, Kotzoglou, Georgios. Before the flame goes out: documentation of the
Yevanic dialect. 2014. Sponsored by the Latsis Foundation.
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The word of the Lord came to Jonah the son of
Amittai saying, "Arise, go to Nineveh the great city and cry against it, for their wickedness has come up before Me."
601:
Ke itοn prοfitía Kiriu pros Iona iu Amitaï tu ipin: "Anásta, pοrevghu pros Ninve tin poli tin megháli ke dialálise epi aftin oti enevin i kakia aftin enopion mu."
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There is a small amount of literature in
Yevanic dating from the early part of the modern period, the most extensive document being a translation of the
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Johannes
Niehoff-Panagiotidis. Language of Religion, Language of the People: Medieval Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, p. 31, Wilhelm Fink Verlag, 2006
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Naveh, Joseph, Soloman Asher Bimbaum, David Diringer, Zvi Hermann Federbsh, Jonathan Shunary & Jacob Maimon. 2007. "Alphabet, Hebrew." In
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almost disappear while integrating into the group of the newcomers, which did not constitute in every area of their new homeland the majority.
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1963:
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Bowman, Steven (1985). "Language and Literature". The Jews of Byzantium 1204-1453. Tuscaloosa, Alabama: University of Alabama Press. p. 758.
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Yevanic has some samples on the internet but it lacks translations or spell checking, unlike larger more established languages.
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974:(2011). Jews in Byzantium: Dialectics of Minority and Majority Cultures. Jerusalem Studies in Religion and Culture. Brill.
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71:"A few semi-speakers left in 1987 , and may be none now . There may be a handful of elderly speakers still in Turkey."
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478:. It also used a different alphabet than Greek using Hebrew letters instead of Greek letters. The languages also has
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elements. It was mutually intelligible with the Greek dialects of the Christian population. The Romaniotes used the
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of many of the Romaniotes to the United States and Israel, and the murder of many of the Romaniotes during the
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The Jewish Museum of Greece, The Jewish Community of Ioannina: The Memory of Artefacts, p. 40 (Booklet). 2017
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853:"Greece's Romaniote Jews remember a catastrophe and grapple with disappearing - Jewish Telegraphic Agency"
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Spolsky, B., S. B. Benor. 2006. "Jewish Languages." In Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics, 120-124.
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Dalven, R. Judeo-Greek. In: Encyclopaedia Judaica, vol. 10, pp. 425–227, Jerusalem: Keter. 1971
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http://legacy.huc.edu/faculty/faculty/benor/Spolsky%20and%20Benor%20jewish_languages%20offprint.pdf
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The Inclusion of Invisible Minorities in the EU Member States: The Case of Greek Jews in Greece
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1233:, 2014). Ch. 11, "The Yavanic area: Greece and Italy" (pp. 159–170; notes on pp. 295
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alone had ten thousand speakers, but the language was almost totally annihilated during the
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and the lands that the Greeks inhabited. The term is an overextension of the Greek word
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The Jews have a place of note in the history of Modern Greek. They were unaffected by
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788:"'They Claimed I Was Connected to the Mossad': Meet Greece's First-ever Jewish Mayor"
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in English) from the (then) easternmost Greeks to all Greeks. The word for Greece in
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Lockwood, W. B. 1972. "A Panorama of Indo-European Languages." Hutchinson. London.
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Gold, David L. (1989). "A sketch of the linguistic situation in Israel today".
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Wexler, P. Jewish and Non-Jewish Creators of "Jewish" Languages, p. 17. 2006
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180:
148:
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Yevanic is based on Greek, but it contains large amounts of influence from
1036:
The Septuagint in Context: Introduction to the Greek Versions of the Bible
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155:
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Krivoruchko, Julia G. (2011). "Judeo-Greek in the era of globalization".
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in 1547 has the Hebrew text in the middle of the page, with a Ladino (
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Zunz, Leopold "Ritus. 1859. Eine Beschreibung synagogaler Riten".
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1349:
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Luzzato, S. D. Introduction to the Mahzor Bene Roma, p. 34. 1966
877:
Avigdor Levy; The Jews of the Ottoman Empire, New Jersey, (1994)
4844:
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1322:
1038:(2000) p 180. The Greek text is published in D. C. Hesseling,
342:
332:
414:
As of 2021 there is a small population of speakers in Iran.
709:
Dalven, R. Judeo-Greek. In: Encyclopedia Judaica. 1971:426
367:
is used to refer to the modern Greek language in Hebrew.
1274:
1093:
Balodimas-Bartolomei, Angelyn, Nicholas Alexiou. 2010. "
1220:
The Languages of Israel: Policy, Ideology, and Practice
677:"¿Sabías que el Yevanic es una lengua clasificada como"
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Yevanic Language Endangered Languages Project Website
326:
41:
1227:
The Languages of the Jews: A Sociolinguistic History
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1218:Spolsky, Bernard, Elana Goldberg Shohamy. 1999.
1067:"Yevanic alphabet, pronunciation and language"
4856:
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1334:
1253:Jewish Language Research Website: Judeo-Greek
923:Jewish Community of Rhodes - Official Website
742:Oxford Centre for Hebrew & Jewish Studies
36:
8:
4759:Institute for Language and Speech Processing
305:and is actually a Jewish translation of the
2823:Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation
617:History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire
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4830:Comparison of Ancient Greek dictionaries
1370:Index of Jewish history-related articles
738:"Oxford School of Rare Jewish Languages"
581:
2869:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
633:
1117:Judeo-Greek: The Language, The Culture
786:Peklaris, Achilles M. (11 June 2019).
253:(in whose case the language is called
1110:The Slavonic and East European Review
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404:. This population may have died out.
396:1987, there were 35 speakers left in
7:
1275:The Greek Bible in Byzantine Judaism
498:of the Romaniote communities by the
327:
321:is an artificial creation from the
285:throughout the region, and includes
1145:Bibliography on the Romaniote Jewry
411:, Greece still speak the language.
2816:YIVO Institute for Jewish Research
2796:American Jewish Historical Society
458:with only 149 speakers surviving.
407:As of 2019, a few elderly Jews in
14:
261:). The Romaniotes are a group of
4872:
3047:
3029:
2980:
2967:
2966:
1270:Hebrew Writing System of Yevanic
5074:Critically endangered languages
4749:Hellenic Foundation for Culture
1134:Yiddish and the Jewish Identity
1119:. Jay Street Publishing, 2003.
1099:Changing Educational Landscapes
681:Idiomas en peligro de extinción
37:
2888:Relations with other religions
943:"Holocaust - Jewish languages"
515:languages of those countries;
1:
5079:Endangered diaspora languages
4754:Center for the Greek Language
4312:
4299:
4286:
4273:
4260:
4145:Algerian Jewish Sign Language
3305:Jewish Museum of Thessaloniki
2875:Encyclopedia of the Holocaust
1201:10.1016/j.langcom.2010.08.004
1106:The Jewries of Eastern Europe
3340:Don Pacifico affair and case
2806:Leo Baeck Institute New York
2801:American Sephardi Federation
1189:Language & Communication
554:. A polyglot edition of the
333:
42:
5059:Extinct languages of Europe
1629:Constantinopolitan Karaites
1287:on Turkish newspaper Shalom
1222:. Multilingual Matters. UK.
1104:BimBaum, Soloman A. 1951. "
1012:"Yevanic | Ethnologue Free"
363:
357:
251:Constantinopolitan Karaites
5095:
5044:Jews and Judaism in Greece
3535:Jewish Palestinian Aramaic
3295:Holocaust Museum of Greece
2857:National Library of Israel
1498:Zionism, race and genetics
1034:Natalio Fernandez Marcos,
400:, the majority located in
343:
5034:Varieties of Modern Greek
4158:
3364:
2955:
2811:Yeshiva University Museum
2791:Center for Jewish History
1360:
1172:10.1017/S0047404500013658
1040:Les cinq livres de la Loi
371:Geographical distribution
32:
31:
26:
3975:Judeo-Hamedani–Borujerdi
3356:National Union of Greece
1403:Ancient Israel and Judah
269:is documented since the
16:Endangered Greek dialect
4785:Greek language question
4106:Portuguese-based Creole
3310:Jewish Museum of Rhodes
3300:Jewish Museum of Greece
1779:North African Sephardim
1752:Jewish tribes of Arabia
277:lineage stems from the
27:Romaniyot, Judaeo-Greek
3213:Hebrew Political Union
2882:Holocaust Encyclopedia
2852:Jewish Virtual Library
822:Jewish Voice for Labor
818:"Six Jewish languages"
301:text was found in the
5064:Romaniote Jews topics
4149:village sign language
4135:Israeli Sign Language
3315:Kehila Kedosha Janina
2829:Encyclopaedia Judaica
2611:Sefer Raziel HaMalakh
1796:Sephardic Bnei Anusim
1546:Udmurt and Tatar Jews
1209:Encyclopaedia Judaica
1132:Davis, Barry. 1987. "
1016:Ethnologue (Free All)
517:Standard Modern Greek
418:Historical background
361:; likewise, the word
353:modern Israeli Hebrew
245:formerly used by the
4795:Morphemes in English
4780:Eteocypriot language
4212:Origin and genealogy
3625:Judaeo-Tripolitanian
3218:Maccabi Thessaloniki
1408:Second Temple period
947:www.projetaladin.org
307:Book of Ecclesiastes
281:spoken primarily by
5069:Languages of Israel
5054:Languages of Turkey
5049:Languages of Greece
4955:Greek Sign Language
4879:Languages of Greece
4800:Terms of endearment
4775:Eteocretan language
4742:Promotion and study
4229:Pre-Greek substrate
3985:Judeo-Yazdi–Kermani
3345:1891 riots in Corfu
3096:Hellenistic Judaism
2846:Jewish Encyclopedia
2591:Hekhalot literature
2402:Religious movements
1937:Judeo-Tripolitanian
1213:vol. 1, pp. 689-728
1160:Language in Society
583:
444:ever taking place.
337:) referring to the
57:, recently Israel,
4820:Greek Language Day
4450:Jewish Koine Greek
4239:Hellenic languages
4013:Jewish Koine Greek
3873:Judaeo-Piedmontese
3620:Judaeo-Palestinian
3465:Reading traditions
3335:Rhodes blood libel
3198:Jewish Koine Greek
2987:Judaism portal
2923:Jews and Halloween
2918:Jews and Christmas
2308:Rabbinic authority
2060:Judaeo-Piedmontese
1493:Xueta Christianity
1398:Origins of Judaism
1365:Outline of Judaism
1297:2018-07-13 at the
1258:2005-10-23 at the
1225:Spolsky, Bernard.
1115:Connerty, Mary C.
1112:, 29(73), 420-443.
891:"Jewish Languages"
662:2018-10-03 at the
582:
375:A small number of
265:whose presence in
5021:
5020:
4981:Macedonian Slavic
4886:Official language
4838:
4837:
4644:Cypriot syllabary
4571:
4570:
4445:Hellenistic Koine
4171:
4170:
4165:extinct languages
4102:Judaeo-Papiamento
4056:
4055:
3934:Judaeo-Portuguese
3832:
3831:
3695:
3694:
3505:
3504:
3375:
3374:
3181:
3180:
3119:
3118:
2996:
2995:
2962:extinct languages
2863:YIVO Encyclopedia
2638:Hebrew literature
2606:Sefer HaEtz Chaim
2446:Reconstructionist
2124:Judaeo-Portuguese
1813:
1812:
1769:Eastern Sephardim
1413:Synagogal Judaism
646:(13th ed., 1996).
608:
607:
480:loan translations
220:
219:
5086:
5039:Jewish languages
4986:Megleno-Romanian
4877:
4876:
4865:
4858:
4851:
4842:
4563:Greco-Australian
4336:
4317:
4314:
4304:
4301:
4291:
4288:
4278:
4275:
4265:
4262:
4198:
4191:
4184:
4175:
4082:Judaeo-Malayalam
3996:Judeo-Golpaygani
3941:Judaeo-Aragonese
3859:Judaeo-Livornese
3715:
3706:
3431:
3422:
3409:Jewish languages
3402:
3395:
3388:
3379:
3369:
3327:
3254:Mordechai Frizis
3203:Yevanic language
3146:Internment camps
3121:
3086:
3081:
3051:
3044:
3038:
3033:
3023:
3016:
3009:
3000:
2985:
2984:
2983:
2970:
2969:
2102:Judeo-Golpaygani
1703:Palestinian Jews
1678:Alexandrian Jews
1634:Crimean Karaites
1551:Unterlander Jews
1504:
1418:Rabbinic Judaism
1343:
1336:
1329:
1320:
1204:
1183:
1138:History Workshop
1081:
1080:
1078:
1077:
1071:www.omniglot.com
1063:
1052:
1049:
1043:
1032:
1026:
1025:
1023:
1022:
1008:
1002:
999:
993:
990:
984:
981:
975:
969:
963:
962:
960:
958:
949:. Archived from
939:
933:
932:
930:
929:
915:
906:
905:
903:
902:
893:. Archived from
887:
878:
875:
869:
868:
866:
864:
849:
843:
840:
834:
833:
831:
829:
814:
803:
802:
800:
798:
783:
777:
776:
774:
772:
758:
752:
751:
749:
748:
734:
728:
725:
719:
716:
710:
707:
701:
698:
692:
691:
689:
687:
673:
667:
653:
647:
638:
622:Jewish languages
590:Transliteration
584:
447:At the start of
366:
360:
346:
345:
336:
330:
329:
283:Hellenistic Jews
271:Byzantine period
225:, also known as
216:
190:
174:
158:
151:
127:
81:
45:
40:
39:
34:
19:
5094:
5093:
5089:
5088:
5087:
5085:
5084:
5083:
5024:
5023:
5022:
5017:
4991:Pomak Bulgarian
4964:Other languages
4959:
4943:
4902:Greek varieties
4897:
4881:
4871:
4869:
4839:
4834:
4825:Trojan language
4815:Minoan language
4763:
4737:
4709:
4637:Writing systems
4632:
4628:Standard Modern
4606:
4602:Standard Modern
4567:
4521:Greco/Calabrian
4454:
4431:
4327:
4315:
4302:
4289:
4276:
4270:Mycenaean Greek
4263:
4243:
4234:Graeco-Phrygian
4224:Graeco-Armenian
4207:
4202:
4172:
4167:
4154:
4121:
4092:Judaeo-Georgian
4052:
4001:
3946:
3913:Judeo-Provençal
3828:
3800:
3691:
3644:
3635:Judaeo-Tunisian
3615:Judaeo-Moroccan
3608:Judaeo-Baghdadi
3598:Judaeo-Egyptian
3593:Judaeo-Algerian
3579:
3570:Lishanid Noshan
3501:
3460:
3411:
3406:
3376:
3371:
3367:
3360:
3350:Campbell pogrom
3325:
3319:
3283:
3244:Avraam Benaroya
3234:Mary the Jewess
3222:
3208:Ladino language
3177:
3115:
3079:
3073:
3052:
3042:
3036:
3027:
2997:
2992:
2981:
2979:
2951:
2777:
2642:
2514:
2388:
2282:
2097:Judeo-Borujerdi
2072:Judeo-Malayalam
2018:Judeo-Aragonese
1989:Lishanid Noshan
1821:
1809:
1541:Oberlander Jews
1502:
1432:
1374:
1356:
1347:
1299:Wayback Machine
1281:On Karaeo-Greek
1260:Wayback Machine
1247:On Judaeo-Greek
1244:
1186:
1157:
1090:
1088:Further reading
1085:
1084:
1075:
1073:
1065:
1064:
1055:
1050:
1046:
1033:
1029:
1020:
1018:
1010:
1009:
1005:
1000:
996:
991:
987:
982:
978:
970:
966:
956:
954:
941:
940:
936:
927:
925:
917:
916:
909:
900:
898:
889:
888:
881:
876:
872:
862:
860:
851:
850:
846:
841:
837:
827:
825:
824:. March 4, 2021
816:
815:
806:
796:
794:
785:
784:
780:
770:
768:
760:
759:
755:
746:
744:
736:
735:
731:
726:
722:
717:
713:
708:
704:
699:
695:
685:
683:
675:
674:
670:
664:Wayback Machine
654:
650:
639:
635:
630:
613:
580:
548:
492:
464:
452:Northern Greece
420:
373:
315:
295:Hebrew alphabet
212:
186:
170:
167:
154:
147:
134:
132:Hebrew alphabet
128:
123:
117:
82:
79:Language family
77:
68:
67:Native speakers
61:, United States
17:
12:
11:
5:
5092:
5090:
5082:
5081:
5076:
5071:
5066:
5061:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5026:
5025:
5019:
5018:
5016:
5015:
5010:
5009:
5008:
5003:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4967:
4965:
4961:
4960:
4958:
4957:
4951:
4949:
4948:Sign languages
4945:
4944:
4942:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4905:
4903:
4899:
4898:
4896:
4895:
4889:
4887:
4883:
4882:
4870:
4868:
4867:
4860:
4853:
4845:
4836:
4835:
4833:
4832:
4827:
4822:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4771:
4769:
4765:
4764:
4762:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4745:
4743:
4739:
4738:
4736:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4719:
4717:
4711:
4710:
4708:
4707:
4702:
4701:
4700:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4674:Greek numerals
4671:
4669:Attic numerals
4666:
4661:
4654:Greek alphabet
4651:
4646:
4640:
4638:
4634:
4633:
4631:
4630:
4625:
4620:
4614:
4612:
4608:
4607:
4605:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4579:
4577:
4573:
4572:
4569:
4568:
4566:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4529:
4528:
4523:
4513:
4511:Constantinople
4508:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4492:
4491:
4479:
4472:
4464:
4462:
4456:
4455:
4453:
4452:
4447:
4441:
4439:
4433:
4432:
4430:
4429:
4424:
4423:
4422:
4421:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4397:
4389:
4388:
4387:
4386:
4385:
4375:
4367:
4366:
4365:
4364:
4363:
4353:
4344:
4342:
4333:
4329:
4328:
4326:
4325:
4319:
4309:Medieval Greek
4306:
4293:
4280:
4267:
4253:
4251:
4245:
4244:
4242:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4215:
4213:
4209:
4208:
4205:Greek language
4203:
4201:
4200:
4193:
4186:
4178:
4169:
4168:
4159:
4156:
4155:
4153:
4152:
4142:
4131:
4129:
4127:Sign languages
4123:
4122:
4120:
4119:
4109:
4099:
4089:
4079:
4064:
4062:
4058:
4057:
4054:
4053:
4051:
4050:
4043:Judaeo-Marathi
4036:
4024:
4009:
4007:
4003:
4002:
4000:
3999:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3956:
3954:
3952:Judaeo-Iranian
3948:
3947:
3945:
3944:
3937:
3930:
3923:
3916:
3909:
3902:
3901:
3900:
3899:
3898:
3886:Judaeo-Spanish
3883:
3882:
3881:
3876:
3869:
3866:Judaeo-Mantuan
3862:
3853:Judaeo-Italian
3850:
3847:Judaeo-Catalan
3842:
3840:
3838:Judaeo-Romance
3834:
3833:
3830:
3829:
3827:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3810:
3808:
3806:Jewish English
3802:
3801:
3799:
3798:
3793:
3792:
3791:
3784:
3782:Judeo-Alsatian
3774:
3773:
3772:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3734:
3732:
3712:
3703:
3697:
3696:
3693:
3692:
3690:
3689:
3679:
3663:
3652:
3650:
3646:
3645:
3643:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3611:
3610:
3600:
3595:
3589:
3587:
3581:
3580:
3578:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3546:
3545:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3515:
3513:
3511:Judaeo-Aramaic
3507:
3506:
3503:
3502:
3500:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3468:
3466:
3462:
3461:
3459:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3437:
3435:
3428:
3419:
3413:
3412:
3407:
3405:
3404:
3397:
3390:
3382:
3373:
3372:
3365:
3362:
3361:
3359:
3358:
3353:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3331:
3329:
3321:
3320:
3318:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3291:
3289:
3285:
3284:
3282:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3230:
3228:
3227:Notable people
3224:
3223:
3221:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3189:
3187:
3183:
3182:
3179:
3178:
3176:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3149:
3148:
3138:
3133:
3127:
3125:
3117:
3116:
3114:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3101:Byzantine Jews
3098:
3092:
3090:
3083:
3075:
3074:
3072:
3071:
3069:Sephardic Jews
3066:
3064:Romaniote Jews
3060:
3058:
3054:
3053:
3028:
3026:
3025:
3018:
3011:
3003:
2994:
2993:
2991:
2990:
2976:
2956:
2953:
2952:
2950:
2949:
2948:
2947:
2946:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2929:non-Christian
2927:
2926:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2885:
2878:
2871:
2866:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2825:
2820:
2819:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2787:
2785:
2779:
2778:
2776:
2775:
2770:
2769:
2768:
2763:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2732:
2731:
2721:
2720:
2719:
2714:
2704:
2699:
2698:
2697:
2687:
2686:
2685:
2675:
2670:
2669:
2668:
2663:
2652:
2650:
2644:
2643:
2641:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2628:Shulchan Aruch
2625:
2624:
2623:
2618:
2616:Sefer Yetzirah
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2596:Pardes Rimonim
2593:
2586:Kabbalah texts
2583:
2582:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2556:
2555:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2530:
2524:
2522:
2516:
2515:
2513:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2476:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2464:
2463:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2432:
2431:
2426:
2425:
2424:
2419:
2398:
2396:
2390:
2389:
2387:
2386:
2381:
2379:Land of Israel
2376:
2375:
2374:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2353:
2352:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2331:
2330:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2304:
2303:
2292:
2290:
2284:
2283:
2281:
2280:
2275:
2274:
2273:
2272:
2271:
2266:
2265:
2264:
2257:
2255:Judeo-Alsatian
2247:
2246:
2245:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2182:
2181:
2176:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2120:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2107:Judeo-Hamedani
2104:
2099:
2094:
2084:
2082:Judaeo-Occitan
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2063:
2062:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2041:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2023:Jewish English
2020:
2015:
2014:
2013:
2012:
2011:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1954:Judaeo-Aramaic
1951:
1950:
1949:
1944:
1942:Judeo-Tunisian
1939:
1934:
1932:Judeo-Moroccan
1929:
1928:
1927:
1925:Judeo-Baghdadi
1912:
1907:
1902:
1901:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1829:
1827:
1815:
1814:
1811:
1810:
1808:
1807:
1806:
1805:
1804:
1803:
1793:
1792:
1791:
1781:
1776:
1774:Livornese Jews
1771:
1761:
1756:
1755:
1754:
1744:
1743:
1742:
1741:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1665:
1664:
1663:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1637:
1636:
1631:
1621:
1616:
1615:
1614:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1593:
1592:
1587:
1577:
1576:
1575:
1570:
1560:
1559:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1521:Afrikaner-Jode
1512:
1510:
1501:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1489:
1488:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1442:
1440:
1434:
1433:
1431:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1384:
1382:
1376:
1375:
1373:
1372:
1367:
1361:
1358:
1357:
1348:
1346:
1345:
1338:
1331:
1323:
1317:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1289:
1278:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1243:
1242:External links
1240:
1239:
1238:
1223:
1216:
1205:
1195:(2): 119–129.
1184:
1166:(3): 361–388.
1155:
1141:
1140:, 23, 159-164.
1130:
1127:
1113:
1102:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1082:
1053:
1044:
1027:
1003:
994:
985:
976:
972:Bonfil, Robert
964:
953:on 2 July 2017
934:
907:
879:
870:
844:
835:
804:
778:
766:ethnologue.com
753:
729:
720:
711:
702:
693:
668:
648:
632:
631:
629:
626:
625:
624:
619:
612:
609:
606:
605:
602:
599:
595:
594:
591:
588:
579:
576:
564:Judaeo-Spanish
560:Constantinople
547:
544:
491:
490:Current status
488:
463:
460:
419:
416:
377:Romaniote Jews
372:
369:
314:
313:Origin of name
311:
218:
217:
210:
204:
203:
198:
192:
191:
184:
176:
175:
168:
163:
160:
159:
152:
144:
143:
142:Language codes
139:
138:
136:Greek alphabet
129:
125:Writing system
122:
119:
118:
116:
115:
114:
113:
112:
111:
110:
109:
85:
83:
76:
73:
72:
69:
66:
63:
62:
51:
50:Native to
47:
46:
29:
28:
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5091:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5031:
5029:
5014:
5011:
5007:
5004:
5002:
5001:Balkan Romani
4999:
4998:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4968:
4966:
4962:
4956:
4953:
4952:
4950:
4946:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4906:
4904:
4900:
4894:
4891:
4890:
4888:
4884:
4880:
4875:
4866:
4861:
4859:
4854:
4852:
4847:
4846:
4843:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4772:
4770:
4766:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4746:
4744:
4740:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4720:
4718:
4716:
4712:
4706:
4703:
4699:
4695:
4694:Cyrillization
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4664:Archaic forms
4662:
4660:
4657:
4656:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4641:
4639:
4635:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4615:
4613:
4609:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4592:
4588:
4584:
4581:
4580:
4578:
4574:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4527:
4526:Griko/Apulian
4524:
4522:
4519:
4518:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4490:
4489:
4485:
4484:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4477:
4473:
4471:
4470:
4466:
4465:
4463:
4461:
4457:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4442:
4440:
4438:
4434:
4428:
4425:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4400:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4392:
4390:
4384:
4381:
4380:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4370:
4368:
4362:
4361:Arcadocypriot
4359:
4358:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4348:
4346:
4345:
4343:
4341:
4337:
4334:
4330:
4323:
4320:
4310:
4307:
4303: 300 BC
4297:
4294:
4284:
4283:Ancient Greek
4281:
4271:
4268:
4258:
4255:
4254:
4252:
4250:
4246:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4216:
4214:
4210:
4206:
4199:
4194:
4192:
4187:
4185:
4180:
4179:
4176:
4166:
4162:
4157:
4150:
4146:
4143:
4140:
4136:
4133:
4132:
4130:
4128:
4124:
4117:
4113:
4110:
4107:
4103:
4100:
4097:
4093:
4090:
4087:
4083:
4080:
4077:
4073:
4069:
4066:
4065:
4063:
4059:
4048:
4044:
4040:
4037:
4034:
4030:
4029:
4025:
4022:
4018:
4014:
4011:
4010:
4008:
4004:
3998:
3997:
3993:
3991:
3990:Judeo-Kashani
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3980:Judeo-Shirazi
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3970:Judeo-Persian
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3957:
3955:
3953:
3949:
3943:
3942:
3938:
3936:
3935:
3931:
3929:
3928:
3927:Judaeo-French
3924:
3922:
3921:
3917:
3915:
3914:
3910:
3908:
3907:
3903:
3897:
3894:
3893:
3892:
3889:
3888:
3887:
3884:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3874:
3870:
3868:
3867:
3863:
3861:
3860:
3856:
3855:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3848:
3844:
3843:
3841:
3839:
3835:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3811:
3809:
3807:
3803:
3797:
3796:Scots-Yiddish
3794:
3790:
3789:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3779:
3778:
3775:
3771:
3770:
3769:Klezmer-loshn
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3740:
3739:
3736:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3729:
3724:
3720:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3701:Indo-European
3698:
3687:
3683:
3682:Judaeo-Berber
3680:
3677:
3673:
3672:
3667:
3664:
3661:
3657:
3654:
3653:
3651:
3647:
3641:
3640:Judaeo-Yemeni
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3630:Judaeo-Syrian
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3609:
3606:
3605:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3590:
3588:
3586:
3585:Judaeo-Arabic
3582:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3544:
3543:
3539:
3538:
3537:
3536:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3516:
3514:
3512:
3508:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3469:
3467:
3463:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3438:
3436:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3414:
3410:
3403:
3398:
3396:
3391:
3389:
3384:
3383:
3380:
3370:
3363:
3357:
3354:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3332:
3330:
3328:
3322:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3292:
3290:
3286:
3280:
3279:Salamo Arouch
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3264:Roza Eskenazi
3262:
3260:
3259:Raphaël Salem
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3249:Gina Bachauer
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3239:Sabbatai Zevi
3237:
3235:
3232:
3231:
3229:
3225:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3190:
3188:
3184:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3147:
3144:
3143:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3128:
3126:
3122:
3112:
3111:The Holocaust
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3093:
3091:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3076:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3061:
3059:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3039:
3032:
3024:
3019:
3017:
3012:
3010:
3005:
3004:
3001:
2989:
2988:
2977:
2975:
2974:
2965:
2964:
2963:
2959:
2954:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2930:
2928:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2913:Protestantism
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2895:
2894:
2891:
2890:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2883:
2879:
2877:
2876:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2864:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2847:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2830:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2793:
2792:
2789:
2788:
2786:
2784:
2780:
2774:
2771:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2758:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2730:
2727:
2726:
2725:
2722:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2709:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2696:
2693:
2692:
2691:
2688:
2684:
2681:
2680:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2658:
2657:
2654:
2653:
2651:
2649:
2645:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2601:Sefer HaBahir
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2588:
2587:
2584:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2561:
2560:
2557:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2539:
2538:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2528:Sifrei Kodesh
2526:
2525:
2523:
2521:
2517:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2462:
2459:
2458:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2430:
2427:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2414:
2413:
2410:
2409:
2408:
2405:
2404:
2403:
2400:
2399:
2397:
2395:
2391:
2385:
2384:Who is a Jew?
2382:
2380:
2377:
2373:
2370:
2369:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2351:
2348:
2347:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2329:
2326:
2325:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2313:Chosen people
2311:
2309:
2306:
2302:
2299:
2298:
2297:
2294:
2293:
2291:
2289:
2285:
2279:
2276:
2270:
2269:Scots-Yiddish
2267:
2263:
2262:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2252:
2251:
2248:
2244:
2243:
2242:Klezmer-loshn
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2223:
2222:
2219:
2218:
2217:
2214:
2213:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2171:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2112:Judeo-Shirazi
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2089:
2088:
2087:Judeo-Persian
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2077:Judeo-Marathi
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2061:
2058:
2057:
2056:
2055:Judeo-Italian
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2010:
2007:
2006:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1956:
1955:
1952:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1926:
1923:
1922:
1921:
1918:
1917:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1910:Judeo-Amazigh
1908:
1906:
1903:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1835:
1834:
1831:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1820:
1816:
1802:
1799:
1798:
1797:
1794:
1790:
1787:
1786:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1766:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1753:
1750:
1749:
1748:
1745:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1733:Hadhrami Jews
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1720:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1698:Mountain Jews
1696:
1694:
1693:Egyptian Jews
1691:
1689:
1688:Bukharan Jews
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1670:
1669:
1666:
1662:
1659:
1658:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1626:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1613:
1610:
1609:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1582:
1581:
1578:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1565:
1564:
1561:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1518:
1517:
1514:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1505:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1487:
1484:
1483:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1476:Lists of Jews
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1443:
1441:
1439:
1435:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1377:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1362:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1344:
1339:
1337:
1332:
1330:
1325:
1324:
1321:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1296:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1284:
1283:
1282:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1257:
1254:
1251:
1250:
1249:
1248:
1241:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1221:
1217:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1156:
1154:
1153:9783741273360
1150:
1146:
1142:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1125:1-889534-88-9
1122:
1118:
1114:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1091:
1087:
1072:
1068:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1054:
1048:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1031:
1028:
1017:
1013:
1007:
1004:
998:
995:
989:
986:
980:
977:
973:
968:
965:
952:
948:
944:
938:
935:
924:
920:
914:
912:
908:
897:on 2005-10-23
896:
892:
886:
884:
880:
874:
871:
858:
854:
848:
845:
839:
836:
823:
819:
813:
811:
809:
805:
793:
789:
782:
779:
767:
763:
757:
754:
743:
739:
733:
730:
724:
721:
715:
712:
706:
703:
697:
694:
682:
678:
672:
669:
665:
661:
658:
652:
649:
645:
644:
637:
634:
627:
623:
620:
618:
615:
614:
610:
603:
600:
597:
596:
592:
589:
586:
585:
577:
575:
573:
572:New Testament
569:
565:
561:
558:published in
557:
553:
545:
543:
540:
538:
533:
528:
526:
522:
518:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
489:
487:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
461:
459:
457:
453:
450:
445:
442:
438:
434:
430:
424:
417:
415:
412:
410:
405:
403:
399:
394:
390:
386:
382:
381:United States
378:
370:
368:
365:
359:
354:
350:
340:
335:
324:
320:
312:
310:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
243:Greek dialect
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
215:
211:
209:
205:
202:
199:
197:
193:
189:
185:
183:
182:
177:
173:
169:
166:
165:Linguist List
161:
157:
153:
150:
145:
140:
137:
133:
130:
126:
120:
108:
105:
104:
103:
100:
99:
98:
95:
94:
93:
90:
89:
88:
87:Indo-European
84:
80:
74:
70:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
38:γεβανί γλώσσα
30:
25:
20:
4938:
4929:Romano-Greek
4698:Romanization
4557:
4548:Romano-Greek
4538:Mariupolitan
4486:
4476:Katharevousa
4474:
4467:
4324:(since 1453)
4322:Modern Greek
4219:Graeco-Aryan
4160:
4112:Judaeo-Malay
4026:
4016:
3994:
3939:
3932:
3925:
3920:Judeo-Gascon
3918:
3911:
3904:
3879:Judaeo-Roman
3871:
3864:
3857:
3845:
3786:
3767:
3726:
3669:
3660:Ethiosemitic
3603:Judaeo-Iraqi
3565:Lishán Didán
3560:Lishana Deni
3540:
3533:
3326:Antisemitism
3274:Albert Cohen
3269:Karolos Koun
3202:
3193:Greek citron
3168:Thessaloniki
3106:Ottoman Jews
3046:
3034:
2978:
2971:
2957:
2880:
2873:
2861:
2844:
2827:
2661:perspectives
2495:Samaritanism
2456:Neo-Hasidism
2436:Conservative
2350:Names of God
2259:
2240:
2050:Judaeo-Greek
2049:
2045:Judeo-Gascon
1984:Lishán Didán
1979:Lishana Deni
1947:Judeo-Yemeni
1915:Judeo-Arabic
1789:Meshuchrarim
1708:Persian Jews
1641:Kurdish Jews
1619:Kaifeng Jews
1568:Beta Abraham
1531:Galitzianers
1486:Antisemitism
1461:Israeli Jews
1446:Assimilation
1292:pdf-document
1280:
1279:
1246:
1245:
1234:
1229:(Cambridge:
1226:
1219:
1208:
1192:
1188:
1163:
1159:
1144:
1143:Gkoumas, P.
1137:
1116:
1109:
1098:
1074:. Retrieved
1070:
1047:
1039:
1035:
1030:
1019:. Retrieved
1015:
1006:
997:
988:
979:
967:
955:. Retrieved
951:the original
946:
937:
926:. Retrieved
922:
899:. Retrieved
895:the original
873:
861:. Retrieved
859:. April 2014
856:
847:
838:
826:. Retrieved
821:
795:. Retrieved
791:
781:
769:. Retrieved
765:
756:
745:. Retrieved
741:
732:
723:
714:
705:
696:
684:. Retrieved
680:
671:
651:
641:
636:
549:
541:
529:
496:assimilation
493:
465:
449:World War II
446:
425:
421:
413:
406:
374:
318:
316:
303:Cairo Geniza
299:Modern Greek
279:Jewish Koine
259:Karaeo-Greek
258:
254:
238:
234:
230:
227:Judaeo-Greek
226:
222:
221:
208:Linguasphere
179:
106:
43:yevani glosa
33:יעואני גלוסא
5006:Vlax Romani
4914:Cappadocian
4805:Place names
4679:Orthography
4488:Misthiotika
4482:Cappadocian
4296:Koine Greek
4277: 1600
4264: 2900
4257:Proto-Greek
4139:German Sign
3906:Judeo-Latin
3788:Lachoudisch
3417:Afroasiatic
3124:By location
3057:Communities
2903:Catholicism
2485:Hellenistic
2323:Eschatology
2261:Lachoudisch
2186:Lotegorisch
2164:Lachoudisch
2154:Koiné Greek
2067:Judeo-Latin
2004:Palestinian
1898:Palestinian
1747:Mustaʿravim
1673:Afghan Jews
1661:Berber Jews
1585:Bene Israel
1573:Falash Mura
1563:Beta Israel
1481:Persecution
1423:Middle Ages
1314:A recording
857:www.jta.org
828:January 20,
640:Yevanic at
578:Sample Text
570:and in the
309:(Kohelet).
249:and by the
53:Originally
5028:Categories
4976:Arvanitika
4715:Literature
4684:Diacritics
4427:Pamphylian
4418:Macedonian
4399:Northwest
4316: 330
4290: 800
4096:Kartvelian
4047:Indo-Aryan
4039:Judeo-Urdu
3368:Synagogues
2898:Anabaptism
2840:Jew (word)
2707:Leadership
2520:Literature
2505:Secularism
2451:Humanistic
2318:Conversion
2288:Philosophy
2129:Judeo-Urdu
1893:Babylonian
1738:Saada Jews
1723:Adeni Jews
1516:Ashkenazim
1471:Samaritans
1438:Population
1393:Israelites
1101:, 155-182.
1076:2024-01-20
1021:2024-01-20
928:2024-01-20
919:"Language"
901:2004-09-22
747:2021-09-26
643:Ethnologue
628:References
568:Septuagint
552:Pentateuch
546:Literature
508:emigration
506:Jews, the
502:-speaking
275:linguistic
267:the Levant
263:Greek Jews
247:Romaniotes
239:Yevanitika
4971:Aromanian
4934:Tsakonian
4728:Byzantine
4705:Greeklish
4576:Phonology
4553:Tsakonian
4506:Himariote
4356:Mycenaean
4332:Varieties
4279:–1100 BC)
4266:–1600 BC)
4163:indicate
4086:Dravidian
3965:Judeo-Tat
3814:Yeshivish
3763:Udmurtish
3758:Ukrainish
3743:Galitzish
3472:Ashkenazi
3173:Zakynthos
2960:indicate
2908:Mormonism
2893:Christian
2773:Symbolism
2761:Synagogue
2741:Mythology
2702:Education
2673:Astronomy
2656:Astrology
2473:relations
2278:Zarphatic
2226:Galitzish
2028:Yeshivish
1905:Catalanic
1868:Samaritan
1843:Ashkenazi
1824:Diasporic
1819:Languages
1764:Sephardim
1759:Romaniote
1646:Krymchaks
1580:Desi Jews
1456:Buddhists
1309:On a blog
1304:On a blog
1180:143028333
762:"Yevanic"
512:Holocaust
456:Holocaust
402:Jerusalem
317:The term
255:Karaitika
235:Romaniote
231:Romaniyot
214:56-AAA-am
181:Glottolog
149:ISO 639-3
35:,
4810:Proverbs
4649:Linear B
4591:teaching
4347:Central
4305:–AD 330)
4292:–300 BC)
4068:Krymchak
4021:Hellenic
3819:Yinglish
3723:dialects
3710:Germanic
3676:Cushitic
3575:Betanure
3542:Galilean
3529:Talmudic
3519:Biblical
3497:Tiberian
3492:Yemenite
3477:Sephardi
3451:Medieval
3446:Mishnaic
3441:Biblical
3158:Kastoria
3153:Ioannina
2973:Category
2943:Hinduism
2933:Buddhism
2835:Genetics
2751:Politics
2724:Marriage
2683:Holidays
2678:Calendar
2559:Rabbinic
2535:/Hebrew
2480:Haymanot
2407:Orthodox
2394:Branches
2367:Kabbalah
2362:Haskalah
2340:Holiness
2216:dialects
2196:Shassagh
2159:Krymchak
2139:Kayliñña
2033:Yinglish
2009:Galilean
1999:Talmudic
1994:Biblical
1969:Betanure
1888:Biblical
1883:Mishnaic
1878:Medieval
1863:Tiberian
1858:Yemenite
1848:Sephardi
1784:Paradesi
1728:Ḥabbanim
1718:Teimanim
1683:Baghdadi
1656:Maghrebi
1624:Karaites
1602:Gruzínim
1590:Kochinim
1508:Diaspora
1466:Karaites
1451:Atheists
1388:Timeline
1295:Archived
1256:Archived
1147:, 2016.
660:Archived
611:See also
593:English
587:Yevanic
532:Atticism
504:Sephardi
462:Features
441:Chalkida
429:Ioannina
409:Ioannina
323:Biblical
188:yeva1238
92:Hellenic
5013:Turkish
4939:Yevanic
4790:Exonyms
4723:Ancient
4689:Braille
4659:History
4618:Ancient
4611:Grammar
4583:Ancient
4558:Yevanic
4516:Italiot
4501:Cypriot
4469:Demotic
4413:Locrian
4408:Epirote
4403:Achaean
4383:Homeric
4340:Ancient
4249:Periods
4161:Italics
4116:Malayic
4028:Knaanic
4017:Yevanic
3960:Bukhori
3896:Tetuani
3891:Haketia
3824:Heblish
3777:Western
3753:Poylish
3748:Litvish
3738:Eastern
3719:Yiddish
3555:Hulaulá
3550:Barzani
3487:Italian
3482:Mizrahi
3288:Museums
3186:Culture
3089:General
3080:History
3037:Judaism
2958:Italics
2783:Studies
2729:Divorce
2695:Kashrut
2690:Cuisine
2648:Culture
2579:Midrash
2574:Tosefta
2564:Mishnah
2552:Ketuvim
2547:Nevi'im
2510:Schisms
2500:Science
2490:Karaite
2461:Renewal
2422:Litvaks
2417:Hasidic
2372:Sefirot
2357:Halakha
2328:Messiah
2301:Mitzvah
2296:Beliefs
2250:Western
2236:Poylish
2231:Litvish
2221:Eastern
2211:Yiddish
2206:Shuadit
2191:Qwareña
2179:Tetuani
2174:Haketia
2149:Knaanic
2144:Kivruli
2092:Bukhori
2038:Heblish
1974:Hulaulá
1964:Barzani
1920:Yahudic
1853:Mizrahi
1713:Urfalim
1668:Mizrahi
1612:Neofiti
1607:Italkim
1536:Lita'im
1428:Zionism
1380:History
1354:Judaism
1042:(1897).
957:3 April
863:3 April
797:12 June
792:Haaretz
771:3 April
686:3 April
537:Hadrian
525:English
476:Aramaic
437:Preveza
379:in the
364:yevanit
319:Yevanic
291:Aramaic
241:, is a
223:Yevanic
201:Yevanic
107:Yevanic
22:Yevanic
4996:Romani
4924:Maniot
4919:Pontic
4909:Cretan
4733:Modern
4587:accent
4543:Pontic
4533:Maniot
4496:Cretan
4460:Modern
4351:Aeolic
4318:–1453)
4076:Turkic
4072:Karaim
4061:Others
4033:Slavic
4006:Others
3728:argots
3686:Berber
3649:Others
3524:Targum
3456:Modern
3426:Hebrew
3163:Rhodes
3141:Cyprus
3136:Athens
3043:Greece
2766:Hazzan
2756:Prayer
2633:Siddur
2569:Talmud
2533:Tanakh
2468:Neolog
2441:Reform
2429:Modern
2412:Haredi
2335:Ethics
2201:Shassi
2169:Ladino
2134:Karaim
2117:Juhuri
1959:Targum
1873:Signed
1838:Modern
1833:Hebrew
1801:Xuetes
1597:Dönmeh
1556:Yekkes
1178:
1151:
1136:." In
1123:
1108:." In
1097:." In
523:, and
521:Hebrew
500:Ladino
484:Ladino
474:, and
472:Arabic
468:Hebrew
439:, and
398:Israel
393:Turkey
391:, and
389:Greece
385:Israel
339:Greeks
287:Hebrew
273:. Its
237:, and
59:Turkey
55:Greece
4893:Greek
4768:Other
4623:Koine
4597:Koine
4437:Koine
4395:Doric
4391:West
4378:Ionic
4373:Attic
4369:East
3671:Qwara
3666:Kayla
3656:Geʽez
2938:Islam
2746:Names
2736:Music
2717:Rebbe
2712:Rabbi
2666:Monen
2621:Zohar
2542:Torah
2537:Bible
1651:Lemba
1526:Chuts
1176:S2CID
556:Bible
482:from
358:Yavan
349:Ionia
344:Ἰωνία
334:Yāwān
325:word
102:Attic
97:Greek
4696:and
3434:Eras
3131:Arta
1352:and
1350:Jews
1149:ISBN
1121:ISBN
959:2018
865:2018
830:2024
799:2019
773:2018
688:2018
494:The
433:Arta
289:and
3040:in
2345:God
1237:.).
1231:CUP
1197:doi
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355:is
328:יון
257:or
196:ELP
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