1025:
3777:
1325:
36:
3664:), came to be pronounced as just – that is, the final was dropped, but the velar quality of the nasal remained. The change took place in educated London speech around the end of the 16th century, and explains why there is no sound at the end of words like
7017:
3962:, positing a rule that deletes after a nasal before a morpheme boundary, after the nasal has undergone assimilation. A problem with this view is that there are a few words in which is followed neither by a velar nor a morpheme boundary (such as
4648:; if the raising of the soft palate (which converts a nasal to an oral sound) is completed before the release of the tongue tip (which enables a fricative sound), an intervening stop naturally results. The merger of
3389:
relatively recently; the change seems to have taken place in educated
English during the 17th century. Several German-language grammars of English from the late 17th and early 18th centuries transcribed English
6298:
and in the speech of some young
African Americans born in the Southern United States. It is reported to be a highly stigmatized feature, with children who use it often being referred to speech pathologists.
2655:
In some other words, the coalesced pronunciation is common in
English dialects around the world, but an older non-coalesced form still exists among some speakers of standard British English:
2572:
Unlike yod-dropping, yod-coalescence frequently occurs with clusters that would be considered to span a syllable boundary and so commonly occurs before unstressed syllables. For example, in
6388:
6081:
Another possibility is pre-glottalization (or glottal reinforcement), where a glottal stop is inserted before a syllable-final stop, rather than replacing it. That can happen before
4212:
which was presumably pronounced "shepherd, what art thou pursuin', heedless runnin' to thy ruin", although this would sound very odd in an opera today. Similarly, in the poetry of
3177:
942:
from certain syllable-initial clusters of the type described above. Particular cases of yod-dropping may affect all or some of the dialects that have the relevant clusters.
7564:
7551:
7543:
761:
333:
185:
180:
160:
7559:
155:
7698:
7579:
746:
175:
3864:. As this occurs around the mining area of Kent, it might be a result of large-scale migration by miners from other more northerly coalfields to Kent in the 1920s.
6212:, although it is not universal, one of the most stigmatized features of AAVE and often commented on by teachers. Examples of possible AAVE pronunciations include:
945:
The change of to in these positions (as described above) produced some clusters which would have been difficult or impossible to pronounce, which led to what
499:, a development that has affected the speech of the great majority of English speakers, causing them to pronounce ⟨wh-⟩ the same as ⟨w-⟩ (sometimes called the
7419:
3991:. The same may apply to those where NG-coalescence is extended to morpheme-internal position, since here a more consistent -deletion rule can be formulated.
3766:
do not rhyme in most modern varieties of
English, although they did in Middle English. The process of NG-coalescence might therefore be referred to as the
7594:
7569:
6438:
6383:
6358:
3743:, the is pronounced in most accents. The pronunciation with is thus possible only before a vowel; before a consonant, the only possibility is a bare .
203:
165:
57:
44:
2584:
is assigned to the previous syllable, but it commonly coalesces to . Here are a few examples of yod-coalescence universal in all
English dialects:
7667:
7648:
7628:
431:
283:
278:
258:
7528:
326:
140:
6100:. It can occur in RP in the same environments as those mentioned above, without the final restriction so a glottal stop may appear before the
7536:
7339:
4014:
150:
1051:
2860:(many speakers because of the influence by the phonology of their mother languages). That results in pronunciations such as the following:
6181:, 1386), and was considered acceptable in literary English until about 1600. It persists in some dialects of rural England as well as in
6127:
According to Wells, this pre-glottalization originated in the 20th century (at least, it was not recorded until then). Glottalization of
6269:
6209:
4371:
4168:
with greater frequency. It has also been found to be more common among men than women, and less common in more formal styles of speech.
4157:
125:
7372:
7174:
6566:
Mees, Inger M.; Collins, Beverley (1999). "Cardiff: A Real-time Study of
Glottalisation". In Foulkes, Paul; Docherty, Gerard (eds.).
4824:
Some originally epenthetic consonants have become part of the established pronunciation of words. This applies, for instance, to the
1050:
7122:
6801:
6750:
6677:
6575:
6532:
6500:
6468:
319:
4544:. This may happen within words or across word boundaries. Examples of stops that will often be elided in this way include the in
3494:
may always have been silent in
English, since this loanword did not enter the language until the late 18th century. The trumpeter
7412:
6600:
7516:
6378:
381:
372:
354:
115:
1415:, there is no yod-dropping. The same applies accordingly to British and other accents; the yod is often dropped after initial
819:, which had occurred in London by the end of the 17th century, did not take place in all dialects. A few dialects, notably in
3097:
1081:
The previously mentioned accents that did not have the → change were not subject to this process. Thus, for example, in much
3540:(or devoicing of the following approximant) in its new word-initial environment. Some examples of such pronunciations are:
2845:
130:
6413:
7439:
6198:
2817:
263:
7405:
7018:"Insertion and deletion in Northern English (ng): Interacting innovations in the life cycle of phonological processes"
3205:
697:
1247:
Yod-dropping in the above environments used to be considered nonstandard in
England but now also occurs by educated
6524:
5932:
3980:
for those speakers who pronounce them without ), and some in which the is not deleted before a morpheme boundary (
3657:
4148:
Today, G-dropping is a feature of colloquial and non-standard speech of all regions, including stereotypically of
1575:
can then be homophonous. A well-known series of
British television advertisements beginning in the 1980s featured
49:
7703:
6694:
6190:
4193:
4153:
3956:
1357:
828:
519:
4540:
is followed by another consonant or cluster in the next syllable, the final stop in the first syllable is often
7474:
7253:
6144:
3250:
105:
4187:). Further evidence that this pronunciation was once standard comes from old rhymes, as in this couplet from
7454:
7449:
7444:
4886:
3792:
Some accents, however, do not show the full effects of NG-coalescence as described above. In these accents,
2683:
645:
7553:
7545:
6366:
6362:
6315:
6288:
6280:
6276:
6255:
6244:
6233:
6222:
6202:
6194:
6186:
6156:
6152:
6140:
6128:
6117:
6101:
6097:
6090:
6086:
6082:
6055:
6039:
6035:
6023:
5971:
5967:
5956:
5952:
5940:
5913:
5893:
5880:
5860:
5847:
5827:
5807:
5785:
5763:
5750:
5737:
5717:
5709:
5695:
5675:
5662:
5647:
5634:
5614:
5594:
5574:
5561:
5548:
5535:
5515:
5502:
5489:
5476:
5463:
5443:
5430:
5410:
5397:
5384:
5371:
5358:
5345:
5332:
5319:
5306:
5291:
5271:
5251:
5238:
5218:
5204:
5195:
5181:
5177:
5168:
5155:
5135:
5115:
5100:
5087:
5067:
5054:
5034:
5021:
5008:
4995:
4980:
4967:
4954:
4941:
4928:
4915:
4900:
4880:
4825:
4810:
4795:
4791:
4779:
4775:
4761:
4757:
4743:
4739:
4729:
4725:
4721:
4713:
4709:
4689:
4685:
4661:
4657:
4653:
4649:
4626:
4622:
4593:
4589:
4580:
4343:
4317:
4313:
4290:
4286:
4255:
4251:
4221:
4172:
4165:
4142:
4138:
4134:
4130:
4106:
4102:
4056:
4048:
4044:
4010:
4006:
3988:
3959:
3928:
3916:
3901:
3891:
3661:
3649:
3645:
3537:
3529:
3525:
3521:
3517:
3466:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3407:
3386:
3382:
3375:
3365:
3351:
3343:
3331:
3316:
3312:
3305:
3289:
3285:
3262:
3219:
3199:
3163:
3150:
3137:
3124:
3111:
3091:
3078:
3065:
3052:
3039:
3026:
3013:
3000:
2987:
2974:
2955:
2950:
2914:
2878:
2849:
2663:
2636:
2610:
2601:
2588:
2581:
2577:
2554:
2536:
2523:
2510:
2497:
2484:
2471:
2458:
2445:
2432:
2419:
2406:
2393:
2380:
2367:
2352:
2339:
2326:
2313:
2300:
2287:
2274:
2261:
2248:
2228:
2215:
2202:
2189:
2176:
2163:
2150:
2137:
2118:
2113:
2099:
2086:
2073:
2060:
2047:
2034:
2021:
2008:
1989:
1984:
1963:
1950:
1935:
1922:
1909:
1896:
1876:
1861:
1848:
1835:
1818:
1805:
1786:
1781:
1767:
1754:
1741:
1728:
1715:
1702:
1689:
1676:
1663:
1650:
1637:
1624:
1605:
1600:
1588:
1584:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1490:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1439:
1428:
1416:
1412:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1337:
1329:
1300:
1293:
1286:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1263:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1241:
1234:
1228:
1221:
1215:
1208:
1202:
1195:
1187:
1172:
1168:
1161:
1154:
1146:
1139:
1131:
1124:
1114:
1110:
1034:
1015:
1008:
1002:
995:
988:
981:
975:
968:
961:
954:
939:
907:
855:
851:
844:
840:
836:
816:
812:
785:
781:
773:
769:
765:
757:
750:
742:
738:
718:
685:
610:
602:
598:
594:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
496:
461:
457:
449:
437:
419:
415:
411:
368:
364:
350:
4735:
Epenthesis of a stop between a nasal and a fricative can also occur in other environments, for example:
1969:
1882:
226:
7708:
7486:
6182:
3813:
2841:
100:
3987:
The above-mentioned accents which lack NG-coalescence may more easily be analyzed as lacking a phoneme
2234:
7316:
7635:
7496:
3418:
3266:
3203:
2837:
268:
7464:
6720:
4861:
4856:
3695:
or is compounded with another word, the pronunciation normally remains. For example, in the words
1478:
824:
715:
505:
306:
741:(the product of the merger of several Middle English vowel sequences) became the rising diphthong
7584:
7479:
7428:
7189:
6640:
6308:
5987:
4560:
4175:
pronunciation was formerly associated with certain upper-class speech is reflected in the phrase
4137:
variant appears to have been fashionable generally during the 18th century, with the alternative
4110:
4040:
3837:
3809:
3347:
2857:
2829:
2550:
1830:
1825:
1482:
1349:
389:
301:
3449:, this seems to have taken place during the seventeenth century. The change affected words like
7574:
7368:
7335:
7329:
7118:
6797:
6793:
6785:
6746:
6673:
6669:
6571:
6528:
6496:
6492:
6464:
6432:
6273:
5833:
5813:
5416:
5073:
4375:
4346:.) Both sounds are nonetheless still pronounced before vowels in certain derivatives, such as
4052:
3920:
3857:
3513:
2562:
832:
407:
170:
85:
7143:
6738:
6170:, and both forms continued into Middle English, the latter, metathesizing to "ask". The form
7640:
6632:
6063:
5999:
3868:
2853:
2776:
2747:
2718:
2689:
1576:
1353:
1310:
1267:
737:, which has the sound . Many such clusters arose in dialects in which the falling diphthong
511:
273:
4987:
7469:
7364:
7178:
7171:
6484:
6295:
6067:
5983:
5948:
5936:
4641:
4501:
4298:
3932:
3829:
3805:
3628:
3403:
2833:
2825:
1536:
1186:
Many varieties of
English have extended yod-dropping to the following environments if the
730:
410:
that have occurred in the history of English, involving consonant clusters beginning with
7088:
3342:
in Middle English, and this spelling survives in Modern English, despite the loss of the
1313:
area of Southern Ontario in 1994, over 80% of respondents under the age of 40 pronounced
6038:
in clusters is a feature even of standard accents, such as RP. There, may be heard for
3683:
The change in fact applies not only at the end of a word, but generally at the end of a
7620:
7501:
7491:
7160:
6849:
6027:
5964:
5899:
5866:
5791:
5769:
5723:
5701:
5681:
5620:
5600:
5580:
5521:
5449:
5277:
5257:
5224:
5141:
5121:
5040:
4537:
4379:
4213:
4071:
4066:, G-dropping does not involve the dropping of any sound, simply the replacement of the
3895:
3853:
3769:
3533:
3470:
3426:
3414:
3254:
489:
441:
253:
6608:
6174:
appears in Chaucer: "I axe, why the fyfte man Was nought housband to the Samaritan?" (
4090:
is sometimes used to indicate that a speaker uses the G-dropping pronunciation, as in
3947:, that analysis no longer appears to hold. Nevertheless, some linguists (particularly
7692:
6661:
6644:
6516:
6059:
5991:
5939:
with a following consonant. This can occur within or between words. For example, the
4161:
4133:
pronunciation may be inherited from the former distinct present participle form. The
3872:
3821:
3624:
3495:
2808:
In certain English accents, yod-coalescence also occurs in stressed syllables, as in
1372:
because, like in the Welsh English dialects discussed above, they retain a diphthong
1082:
946:
820:
673:
665:
657:
649:
515:
465:
453:
7089:"The Oddest and Dumbest English Spellings, Part 15, With a Note on Words and Things"
6919:
4660:
has been found to be often shorter (and the longer) than in the underlying cluster
3750:
does not show the effects of coalescence, and the pronunciation is retained, as in
6452:
6176:
6031:
4184:
3948:
3936:
3223:
3222:, apparently during the 17th century. An intermediate stage may have been an with
1532:
661:
7357:
7331:
Glocal English: The Changing Face and Forms of Nigerian English in a Global World
7112:
2580:
cluster would not usually be subject to yod-dropping in General American, as the
1049:
949:
calls Early Yod Dropping in which the was elided in the following environments:
7660:
7655:
7459:
7201:
6985:
4075:
4067:
3728:
3724:
3653:
2917:. It has certainly become established in words of the first group listed above (
2566:
1868:
669:
473:
7363:(1. publ., 4. print. ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p.
6904:
Elemente der Phonetik und Orthoepie des Deutschen, Englischen und Französischen
6636:
1328:
The areas marked in pink show where in the United States a distinction between
1309:
distinguishing Canadians from Americans. However, in a survey conducted in the
7612:
6820:
6417:
6393:
6147:, meaning that the order of the consonants is switched. For example, the word
4618:
4039:, etc. G-dropping speakers may pronounce this syllable as or (reducing to a
4000:
3833:
3825:
3817:
3246:
3181:
1306:
1305:
The lack of yod-dropping in those contexts has occasionally been held to be a
1073:
653:
629:
401:
248:
6944:
6866:
6725:
24. How is 'Pulitzer' pronounced? The correct pronunciation is 'PULL it sir.'
6094:
6071:
4672:
having or . The epenthesis does not occur between syllables, in words like
4645:
3976:
3924:
3849:
3841:
3776:
3249:
in practically all varieties of Modern English. They remain distinct in the
385:
17:
1587:
in words like "use", "unit", etc. only if there is no consonant before the
35:
1551:
but also to the position after nonalveolar consonants as well: pairs like
1324:
1270:, yod-dropping is found not only in the above environments but also after
7607:
4656:
is not necessarily complete, however; the duration of the epenthetic in
4188:
3879:
3684:
3500:
2682:
Coalescence can even occur across word boundaries, as in the colloquial "
2558:
1458:
respectively, but many American speakers keep the yod, realizing them as
360:
243:
6070:, and it is followed by another consonant except (normally) a liquid or
6019:
5970:. Other cases of assimilation also occur, such as pronunciation of the
4717:
4541:
4149:
3644:
NG-coalescence is a historical sound change by which the final cluster
3478:
3422:
3278:
2821:
1509:
935:
6318:
is rhotacized to in consonant clusters, causing pronunciations like:
7397:
7144:"Phonological Features of African American Vernacular English (AAVE)"
6460:
4598:
4586:
An earlier reduction that took place in early Middle English was the
4198:
4180:
4118:
3883:
3845:
3692:
648:, but it is much less widespread than wh-reduction, and is generally
3886:, NG-coalescence is extended to morpheme-internal position, so that
2933:
etc.), and it does not generally occur in those of the third group (
1579:, who was from Norfolk and described his turkeys as "bootiful" (for
1259:
is not normally dropped in RP in medial positions, however: compare
6712:
6623:
Chambers, J. K. (1998). "Social embedding of changes in progress".
4640:
The epenthesis is a natural consequence of the transition from the
4382:. The new final consonant may be slightly lengthened as an effect.
6002:(or vowel), but voiceless (, ) after a voiceless consonant, as in
5802:
5780:
5298:
5107:
4843:
For the insertion of glottal stops before certain consonants, see
3775:
1945:
1368:
1323:
238:
4141:
being adopted in educated speech around the 1820s, possibly as a
2929:
etc.), but it is not yet universal in those of the second group (
1109:
remain distinct: the first member of each pair has the diphthong
468:
characteristic of that environment). This occurred with the word
6311:
4907:
4579:, the sound later came to be re-inserted by some speakers as a
4285:
By analogy with words like these, certain other words ending in
4019:
3908:(although the is not dropped before a stressed syllable, as in
3861:
3359:
1362:
734:
714:
Y-cluster reductions are reductions of clusters ending with the
568:
562:
556:
492:(the latter words having had an unrounded vowel in Old English).
7514:
7401:
4005:
G-dropping is a popular name for the feature of speech whereby
2736:
5978:
as . Voicing assimilation determines the sound of the endings
4575:. This change took place around the 17th century. In the word
4062:
Relative to the great majority of modern dialects, which have
3746:
In other cases (when it is not morpheme-final), word-internal
2791:
2359:
29:
3281:
and in several varieties of Scots in the nineteenth century.
2759:
2701:
1023:
847:
and have not been subject to the reductions described here.
5951:
nasal by way of assimilation with the following velar stop
4164:
class of the speaker, with speakers of lower classes using
2877:
In certain varieties such as Australian, Ugandan, and some
2797:
2762:
2704:
6120:, pre-glottalization is common even before a vowel, as in
2785:
2756:
2727:
2698:
7359:
African American English : a linguistic introduction
6389:
Phonological history of English fricatives and affricates
4587:
4559:
Historically, similar reductions have taken place before
3421:
recorded it in parts of the Northern English counties of
2794:
2733:
2724:
2695:
6945:"Ellis Atlas survival of distinction between kn- and n-"
6867:"Ellis Atlas survival of distinction between wr- and r-"
6208:
S-cluster metathesis has been observed in some forms of
4597:(the sent-cent merger). This led to the modern sound of
4370:
General reduction of final consonant clusters occurs in
3596:
6601:"Changes in Progress in Canadian English: Yod-dropping"
2678:(also in RP ), the intermediate form being also common
1348:
General American thus undergoes yod-dropping after all
1043:
in a dialect that was not subject to early yod-dropping
6162:
This example has a long history: the Old English verb
6034:, ) regardless of what follows it, the glottaling of
4716:
described above, and in rapid speech may involve the
4664:. Some speakers preserve a clearer distinction, with
4625:, making it identical or very similar to the cluster
3381:
Most dialects of English reduced the initial cluster
2898:
That can lead to additional homophony; for instance,
2782:
2753:
2561:
respectively (for the meanings of those symbols, see
6307:
Yod-rhotacization is a process that occurs for some
5935:
of adjacent consonants is common, particularly of a
4258:(the plum-plumb merger). This affects words such as
3402:, implying that a stage of assimilation (or perhaps
2788:
2730:
1190:
is in the same syllable as the preceding consonant:
359:. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
7593:
7527:
7219:
The Origins and Development of the English Language
6914:
6912:
6743:
Varieties of English 3: The Pacific and Australasia
5998:(in verb forms): these are voiced (, ) following a
4109:is a long-established one. Old English verbs had a
4043:in some cases), while non-G-dropping speakers have
3229:As a result of this reduction, pairs of words like
2913:Yod-coalescence has traditionally been resisted in
2856:, and even some varieties of English in Asia, like
2779:
2750:
2721:
2692:
1539:extend yod-dropping not only to the position after
1419:, for example, but it is not dropped in words like
652:where it is found. Aside from accents with general
7356:
6745:. Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter. p. 60.
6695:"A Nation Divided on How to Say the Word "Coupon""
4708:. However, this is less common than the merger of
4266:, as well as derived forms with suffixes, such as
3878:On the other hand, in some accents of the west of
1360:, however, preserve the distinction in pairs like
843:– these dialects therefore lack the clusters with
729:, and is sometimes referred to as "yod", from the
6969:A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles
6891:A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles
6854:A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles
5963:likely becomes , assimilating with the following
4023:ending of verbs, but also in other words such as
3820:, and is also present in north-east varieties of
3486:and other silent letters in English. In fact the
7389:Black Communications: Breaking Down the Barriers
7065:, Blackwell 1936, cited in Wells (1982), p. 262.
3923:. In Middle English, the can be regarded as an
823:, as well as in some parts of northern England,
747:Phonological history of English high back vowels
373:IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters
7117:. Cambridge University Press. p. 353-354.
6457:An Introduction to the Pronunciation of English
4809:An epenthetic often intervenes in the cluster
3178:List of yod-dropping and coalescence homophones
749:.) They were thus often found before the vowel
4220:forms consistently rhyme with words ending in
3627:, these reductions occur only in the broadest
510:). The distinction is maintained, however, in
444:) has been subject to two kinds of reduction:
7413:
7256:, John Wells's Phonetic Blog, 25 August 2010.
6790:A Handbook of Varieties of English: Phonology
6741:. In Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd (eds.).
3680:in the standard varieties of Modern English.
3292:during Middle English. For example, the word
1512:speech, which continues to be the case after
858:are most commonly indicated by the spellings
660:this reduction is mostly found in accents of
327:
8:
7285:, John Benjamins Publishing 2008, pp. 77–78.
7114:Irish English: History and Present Day Forms
6984:in English dates back to 1777, according to
4337:
3369:
555:in Middle English. For example, Old English
7283:Phonology: A Cognitive Grammar Introduction
7172:List of AAVE features contrasting with MUSE
7161:HLW: Word Forms: Processes: English Accents
4250:In later Middle English, the final cluster
4129:, but not necessarily spoken as such – the
4125:. These merged into a single form, written
4078:consequence of replacing the sound written
3368:, and the cognate word in Modern German is
3354:. For example, the Old English ancestor of
7524:
7511:
7420:
7406:
7398:
6384:Phonological history of English consonants
4849:
4790:Epenthesis may also happen in the cluster
3723:, there is no sound. An exception is the
2943:
2106:
1977:
1774:
1593:
696:, etc. is often reduced from to just (a
334:
320:
76:
7206:Linguistics for Everyone: An Introduction
6108:. It can also occur before a pause as in
4637:have come to be homophones or nearly so.
3445:in Modern English. Like the reduction of
2108:Homophonous pairs after other consonants
1411:, etc., with a syllable break before the
644:. This is sometimes considered a type of
7264:
7262:
6131:spread rapidly during the 20th century.
4563:in certain words, leading to the silent
4342:, where the cluster has been reduced to
4228:, where "lining" rhymes with "fine in":
4160:. Its use is highly correlated with the
3469:sound. The cluster is preserved in some
3210:here), hence the spelling of words like
1595:Homophonous pairs after j, r, ʃ, and tʃ
1489:is mainly pronounced without the yod as
1171:does not appear in Welsh English before
991:(compare in some conservative dialects)
792:. They also occurred in words ending in
593:In some dialects of English the cluster
60:of all important aspects of the article.
7699:Splits and mergers in English phonology
7391:, African American Images, 1991, p. 44.
7293:
7291:
7138:
7136:
7134:
6664:; Ash, Sharon; Boberg, Charles (2006).
6656:
6654:
6607:. University of Toronto. Archived from
6405:
6139:Final consonant clusters starting with
6054:. More precisely, it occurs in RP when
3860:). This also occurs in a small area of
3804:. This is particularly associated with
3788:in various regional dialects of England
3465:being retained despite the loss of the
3410:) preceded that of complete reduction.
3202:cluster (note that /r/ does not denote
910:is commonly indicated by the spellings
292:
217:
194:
139:
114:
91:
84:
7082:
7080:
7063:A History of Modern Colloquial English
6437:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
6430:
6361:, which features the reverse process,
6151:may be pronounced like "ax", with the
6018:While there are many accents (such as
4850:
3198:Old and Middle English had an initial
2944:
2107:
1978:
1775:
1594:
1071:
709:
684:remain distinct; however, the cluster
56:Please consider expanding the lead to
7087:Liberman, Anatoly (21 October 2009).
6815:
6813:
4536:When a consonant cluster ending in a
4074:. The name derives from the apparent
3915:It is because of NG-coalescence that
2621:(also in words ending with consonant+
839:diphthong where standard English has
406:The H-cluster reductions are various
7:
7241:The Blackwell Companion to Phonology
6822:Why some say CHUBE and some say TOOB
6354:
6294:The form has been found to occur in
3935:, but in Modern English, in view of
3919:is now normally regarded one of the
1979:Homophonous pairs after d, n, and t
1525:
363:. For the distinction between ,
7016:Bailey, George (15 December 2020).
6980:The first recorded use of the word
6920:"Wir Ain Leed - Mid Northern Scots"
6666:The Atlas of North American English
6270:African American Vernacular English
6210:African American Vernacular English
4844:
4520:by the same rule that gives plural
4372:African American Vernacular English
4366:Generalized final cluster reduction
4158:African American Vernacular English
4063:
3437:The Middle English initial cluster
906:, while the historical monophthong
531:The Old English consonant clusters
6906:, 2nd ed., Heilbronn, 1887, p. 171
6737:Laurie Bauer; Paul Warren (2008).
6693:Duryee, Tricia (6 November 2011).
5931:In English as in other languages,
4297:added to their spelling by way of
3731:forms of adjectives: in the words
2906:come to be pronounced the same as
2549:Yod-coalescence is a process that
1508:was also a traditional feature of
25:
7270:Gimson's Pronunciation of English
6350:
5947:is often pronounced (becoming a
4621:is inserted in the final cluster
4205:Shepherd, what art thou pursuing,
4017:. This applies especially to the
4009:is used in place of the standard
3413:The cluster is preserved in some
2565:). The first two are examples of
1435:, but most Americans retain it.)
601:, leading to pronunciations like
527:Reduction of /hl/, /hr/ and /hn/
7208:, Cengage Learning 2012, p. 162.
6786:"New Zealand English: Phonology"
6739:"New Zealand English: phonology"
6357:, described above (and also the
4238:And, if she can but win a crown,
3867:It is also associated with some
3429:in the late nineteenth century.
3350:usually still sound the initial
3338:in Old English; this changed to
3315:is reduced in modern English to
3189:Other initial cluster reductions
2775:
2746:
2717:
2688:
1776:Homophonous pairs after l and s
1072:Problems playing this file? See
1047:
676:. In other dialects of English,
384:includes various changes in the
34:
7221:, Cengage Learning 2013, p. 49.
6495:: Harcourt College Publishers.
6379:Phonological history of English
4241:'Twill just new dye the lining.
4226:A Ballad on the Game of Traffic
4183:who frequently engaged in such
3284:Old English also had a cluster
2881:, stressed can also coalesce:
382:phonological history of English
355:International Phonetic Alphabet
48:may be too short to adequately
7315:Online Etymology Dictionary -
7254:"Some day my prints will come"
6784:Bauer, L.; Warren, P. (2005).
6701:. Dow Jones & Company Inc.
6625:Journal of English Linguistics
4316:occurred, this was reduced to
4232:But Weston has a new-cast gown
4179:(used in referring to country
3824:. This includes the cities of
3269:reported distinctions between
3098:intervocalic alveolar flapping
1113:, while the second member has
58:provide an accessible overview
1:
7074:Wells (1982), pp. 17, 19, 26.
7024:. Cambridge University Press.
6788:. In Schneider, E. W. (ed.).
6042:in such words and phrases as
4320:(the him-hymn merger), as in
4208:Heedless running to thy ruin?
4177:huntin’, shootin’ and fishin’
2844:, and to a certain extent in
1442:in British pronunciations of
1427:. (British speakers omit the
745:. (For more information, see
432:Pronunciation of English ⟨wh⟩
7190:Ebonics Notes and Discussion
6986:Merriam-Webster's dictionary
6463:: Edward Arnold Publishers.
6197:, from where it has entered
3921:phonemes of standard English
3758:. This means that the words
1583:). Such accents pronounce a
7334:. Peter Lang. p. 208.
7328:Kperogi, Farooq A. (2015).
7034:Wells (1982), pp. 189, 366.
4293:sound, had a silent letter
4246:Reduction of /mb/ and /mn/
4082:with that normally written
3536:is then subject to regular
3528:are reduced by the loss of
3498:wrote a composition titled
3218:. This was reduced to just
3194:Reduction of /wr/ and /wl/
1474:sound is widely incorrect.
698:voiceless palatal fricative
422:) in some or all dialects.
7725:
6637:10.1177/007542429802600102
6525:Cambridge University Press
6062:, is preceded by a vowel,
6022:) in which syllable-final
4728:rather than epenthesis in
4289:, which had no historical
3998:
3461:, etc., the spelling with
1438:Additionally, there is no
760:– which was in some cases
707:
429:
399:
80:History and description of
7523:
7510:
7435:
6264:Merger of /str/ and /skr/
4750:is often pronounced like
4692:is also possible, making
4629:. For example, the words
4532:Medial cluster reductions
4378:. It also appears in the
4235:On Sundays to be fine in,
4154:Southern American English
3808:accents in areas such as
3796:may be found with , and
3346:sound. Cognates in other
3296:derives from Old English
1376:in words in which RP has
1358:Southern American English
520:Southern American English
195:Development of consonants
7552:Changes before historic
7544:Changes before historic
7272:, Routledge 2013, p. 99.
7148:www.rehabmed.ualberta.ca
7111:Hickey, Raymond (2007).
7043:Wells (1982), pp. 60–64.
6283:. For example, the word
6112:spoken alone but not in
6074:in the same word, as in
4312:Where the final cluster
3951:) do regard a word like
3635:Final cluster reductions
3482:jokes about this silent
1356:, such as working-class
721:, which is the sound of
710:§ Yod-rhotacization
7455:Anglo-Frisian languages
7355:Green, Lisa J. (2002).
7217:Algeo, J., Butcher, C.
6792:. Vol. 1. Berlin:
6570:. Arnold. p. 192.
5922:Alterations of clusters
5203:may also be pronounced
5176:may also be pronounced
4887:Mary-marry-merry merger
4817:, making it rhyme with
4101:The pronunciation with
3984:etc., as noted above).
3597:final cluster reduction
3516:, the initial clusters
3504:, a pun on "new high".
3360:
3311:Middle English initial
1391:However, in words like
1167:Conversely, an initial
646:glide cluster reduction
569:
563:
557:
351:phonetic transcriptions
7243:, Wiley 2011, p. 1906.
7022:Journal of Linguistics
4617:For many speakers, an
4581:spelling pronunciation
4338:
4224:, as in this verse of
4143:spelling pronunciation
3789:
3687:. If a word ending in
3370:
3261:cluster is pronounced
2915:Received Pronunciation
2639:in words ending vowel+
1345:
1028:
1011:clusters, for example
418:(or become reduced to
348:This article contains
7487:Anglo-Norman language
7306:Wells (1982), p. 260.
7297:Wells (1982), p. 261.
7052:Wells (1982), p. 262.
7006:Wells (1982), p. 188.
6997:Wells (1982), p. 567.
6840:Wells (1982), p. 247.
6774:Wells (1982), p. 338.
6765:Wells (1982), p. 330.
6590:Wells (1982), p. 206.
6556:Wells (1982), p. 385.
6547:Wells (1982), p. 207.
6489:A Course in Phonetics
6287:may be pronounced as
6268:For some speakers of
4794:, which then becomes
4301:. Such words include
3904:), thus rhyming with
3779:
3595:→ (also affected by
2842:South African English
2613:in words ending with
2591:in most words ending
1327:
1027:
874:is any consonant and
460:being perceived as a
141:Development of vowels
86:English pronunciation
7517:Phonological history
7497:Early Modern English
7230:Wells (1982), p. 95.
6611:on February 29, 2008
6135:S-cluster metathesis
5009:ˈtʃæn(t)s,ˈtʃɑːn(t)s
4613:Prince–prints merger
4608:Consonant insertions
4380:Local Dublin English
4254:was reduced to just
3652:being realized as a
3508:S-cluster reductions
3419:Alexander John Ellis
3334:cluster was spelled
3319:, making pairs like
3267:Alexander John Ellis
2838:Newfoundland English
1528:is now more common.
934:Yod-dropping is the
772:before (historical)
704:Y-cluster reductions
668:; it also occurs in
440:(spelled ⟨wh⟩ since
408:consonant reductions
396:H-cluster reductions
7450:Proto-West-Germanic
7440:Proto-Indo-European
6856:, vol. 1, 12.81-82.
6721:Columbia University
6717:The Pulitzer Prizes
6093:or also before the
4852:
4786:becomes "kinkston")
4772:becomes "hampster")
4768:becomes "Sampson",
4561:syllabic consonants
4117:and a verbal noun (
3931:, occurring before
3648:, pronounced (the
3288:, which reduced to
2946:
2852:, many speakers in
2846:New Zealand English
2832:, some speakers of
2109:
1980:
1777:
1596:
1496:Yod-dropping after
1481:and to some extent
1352:. A few accents of
1350:alveolar consonants
716:palatal approximant
585:in Modern English.
414:that have lost the
116:General development
7585:Trisyllabic laxing
7565:Close front vowels
7429:History of English
7177:2006-06-22 at the
6521:Accents of English
6143:sometimes undergo
4851:Homophonous pairs
4336:. (Compare French
4197:, set to music by
4171:The fact that the
4111:present participle
4080:⟨ng⟩
3838:Manchester dialect
3790:
3782:⟨ng⟩
3737:stronger/strongest
3433:Reduction of /ɡn/
3348:Germanic languages
2945:Homophonous pairs
2858:Philippine English
2830:Zimbabwean English
2662:(also in standard
1483:Australian English
1346:
1029:
831:, still retain a (
426:Reductions of /hw/
390:consonant clusters
302:History of English
7686:
7685:
7682:
7681:
7678:
7677:
7575:Great Vowel Shift
7560:Close back vowels
7341:978-1-4331-2926-1
7268:Alan Cruttenden,
7150:. March 17, 2001.
6902:Vietor, Wilhelm:
6794:Mouton de Gruyter
6670:Mouton de Gruyter
6605:CHASS.UToronto.ca
6493:Fort Worth, Texas
6347:
6346:
6303:Yod-rhotacization
6279:is pronounced as
6274:consonant cluster
6261:
6260:
6166:also appeared as
6116:. In the case of
5919:
5918:
5834:wine-whine merger
5814:wine-whine merger
5417:cot-caught merger
5074:weak vowel merger
4601:⟨c⟩
4565:⟨t⟩
4498:
4497:
4376:Caribbean English
4295:⟨b⟩
4191:'s 1732 pastoral
4084:⟨n⟩
4053:weak vowel merger
3858:Potteries dialect
3780:Pronunciation of
3691:is followed by a
3621:
3620:
3514:Caribbean English
3512:In some types of
3169:
3168:
2816:. That occurs in
2563:English phonology
2542:
2541:
2105:
2104:
1976:
1975:
1970:foot–goose merger
1883:foot–goose merger
1773:
1772:
1516:, but now, after
1175:in words such as
1052:
811:This change from
780:, or weakened to
723:⟨y⟩
589:Reduction of /hj/
508:cluster reduction
501:wine–whine merger
476:period, and with
344:
343:
218:Variable features
204:Single consonants
171:Great Vowel Shift
92:Historical stages
75:
74:
16:(Redirected from
7716:
7704:Scottish English
7580:Open back vowels
7555:
7547:
7525:
7512:
7422:
7415:
7408:
7399:
7392:
7385:
7379:
7378:
7362:
7352:
7346:
7345:
7325:
7319:
7313:
7307:
7304:
7298:
7295:
7286:
7279:
7273:
7266:
7257:
7250:
7244:
7237:
7231:
7228:
7222:
7215:
7209:
7198:
7192:
7187:
7181:
7169:
7163:
7158:
7152:
7151:
7140:
7129:
7128:
7107:
7101:
7100:
7098:
7096:
7084:
7075:
7072:
7066:
7059:
7053:
7050:
7044:
7041:
7035:
7032:
7026:
7025:
7013:
7007:
7004:
6998:
6995:
6989:
6978:
6972:
6971:, vol. 1, 12.72.
6965:
6959:
6958:
6956:
6955:
6949:www.lel.ed.ac.uk
6941:
6935:
6934:
6932:
6930:
6916:
6907:
6900:
6894:
6893:, vol. 1, 12.71.
6887:
6881:
6880:
6878:
6877:
6871:www.lel.ed.ac.uk
6863:
6857:
6847:
6841:
6838:
6832:
6831:
6830:
6829:
6817:
6808:
6807:
6781:
6775:
6772:
6766:
6763:
6757:
6756:
6734:
6728:
6727:
6709:
6703:
6702:
6690:
6684:
6683:
6658:
6649:
6648:
6620:
6618:
6616:
6597:
6591:
6588:
6582:
6581:
6563:
6557:
6554:
6548:
6545:
6539:
6538:
6513:
6507:
6506:
6491:(4th ed.).
6485:Ladefoged, Peter
6481:
6475:
6474:
6459:(3rd ed.).
6449:
6443:
6442:
6436:
6428:
6426:
6425:
6416:. Archived from
6410:
6368:
6364:
6359:coil–curl merger
6321:
6320:
6317:
6314:speakers, where
6290:
6282:
6278:
6257:
6246:
6235:
6224:
6215:
6214:
6204:
6196:
6191:Jamaican English
6188:
6158:
6154:
6142:
6130:
6119:
6103:
6099:
6092:
6088:
6084:
6057:
6041:
6037:
6025:
6000:voiced consonant
5973:
5969:
5958:
5954:
5942:
5915:
5895:
5882:
5862:
5849:
5829:
5809:
5787:
5765:
5752:
5739:
5719:
5697:
5677:
5664:
5649:
5636:
5616:
5596:
5576:
5563:
5550:
5537:
5517:
5504:
5491:
5478:
5465:
5445:
5432:
5412:
5399:
5386:
5373:
5360:
5347:
5334:
5321:
5308:
5293:
5273:
5253:
5240:
5220:
5206:
5197:
5183:
5179:
5170:
5157:
5137:
5117:
5102:
5089:
5069:
5056:
5036:
5023:
5010:
4997:
4982:
4969:
4956:
4943:
4930:
4917:
4902:
4882:
4853:
4827:
4812:
4797:
4793:
4781:
4777:
4763:
4759:
4745:
4741:
4731:
4727:
4723:
4715:
4711:
4691:
4687:
4680:Other insertions
4663:
4659:
4655:
4651:
4628:
4624:
4602:
4595:
4591:
4566:
4388:
4387:
4345:
4341:
4319:
4315:
4296:
4292:
4288:
4257:
4253:
4223:
4194:Acis and Galatea
4174:
4167:
4140:
4136:
4132:
4108:
4104:
4085:
4081:
4058:
4050:
4046:
4012:
4008:
3990:
3961:
3933:velar consonants
3930:
3918:
3903:
3893:
3869:American English
3783:
3741:younger/youngest
3663:
3651:
3647:
3543:
3542:
3532:. The following
3531:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3468:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3409:
3388:
3384:
3377:
3373:
3367:
3363:
3353:
3345:
3333:
3318:
3314:
3307:
3291:
3287:
3264:
3221:
3209:
3201:
3165:
3152:
3139:
3126:
3113:
3093:
3080:
3067:
3054:
3041:
3028:
3015:
3002:
2989:
2976:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2854:Scottish English
2804:
2803:
2800:
2799:
2796:
2793:
2790:
2787:
2784:
2781:
2769:
2768:
2765:
2764:
2761:
2758:
2755:
2752:
2744:) and "whatcha"
2743:
2742:
2739:
2738:
2735:
2732:
2729:
2726:
2723:
2711:
2710:
2707:
2706:
2703:
2700:
2697:
2694:
2638:
2612:
2603:
2590:
2583:
2579:
2556:
2538:
2525:
2512:
2499:
2486:
2473:
2460:
2447:
2434:
2421:
2408:
2395:
2382:
2369:
2354:
2341:
2328:
2315:
2302:
2289:
2276:
2263:
2250:
2235:vile–vial merger
2230:
2217:
2204:
2191:
2178:
2165:
2152:
2139:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2101:
2088:
2075:
2062:
2049:
2036:
2023:
2010:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1965:
1952:
1937:
1924:
1911:
1898:
1878:
1863:
1850:
1837:
1820:
1807:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1769:
1756:
1743:
1730:
1717:
1704:
1691:
1678:
1665:
1652:
1639:
1626:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1590:
1586:
1577:Bernard Matthews
1550:
1546:
1542:
1535:accents such as
1523:
1519:
1515:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1492:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1441:
1430:
1418:
1414:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1354:American English
1339:
1331:
1311:Golden Horseshoe
1302:
1295:
1288:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1268:General American
1265:
1258:
1254:
1251:-speakers. (The
1243:
1236:
1230:
1223:
1217:
1210:
1204:
1197:
1189:
1174:
1170:
1163:
1156:
1148:
1141:
1133:
1126:
1116:
1112:
1054:
1053:
1026:
1017:
1010:
1004:
997:
990:
983:
977:
970:
963:
956:
941:
909:
857:
853:
846:
842:
838:
818:
814:
787:
783:
775:
771:
767:
759:
752:
744:
740:
724:
720:
687:
612:
604:
600:
596:
572:
566:
560:
554:
550:
546:
543:were reduced to
542:
538:
534:
498:
463:
459:
451:
439:
421:
417:
413:
370:
366:
336:
329:
322:
274:T-glottalization
77:
70:
67:
61:
38:
30:
21:
7724:
7723:
7719:
7718:
7717:
7715:
7714:
7713:
7689:
7688:
7687:
7674:
7644:-glottalization
7589:
7519:
7506:
7431:
7426:
7396:
7395:
7386:
7382:
7375:
7354:
7353:
7349:
7342:
7327:
7326:
7322:
7314:
7310:
7305:
7301:
7296:
7289:
7280:
7276:
7267:
7260:
7251:
7247:
7239:Yu, A.C.L., in
7238:
7234:
7229:
7225:
7216:
7212:
7199:
7195:
7188:
7184:
7179:Wayback Machine
7170:
7166:
7159:
7155:
7142:
7141:
7132:
7125:
7110:
7108:
7104:
7094:
7092:
7086:
7085:
7078:
7073:
7069:
7060:
7056:
7051:
7047:
7042:
7038:
7033:
7029:
7015:
7014:
7010:
7005:
7001:
6996:
6992:
6979:
6975:
6967:Jespersen, O.,
6966:
6962:
6953:
6951:
6943:
6942:
6938:
6928:
6926:
6918:
6917:
6910:
6901:
6897:
6889:Jespersen, O.,
6888:
6884:
6875:
6873:
6865:
6864:
6860:
6848:
6844:
6839:
6835:
6827:
6825:
6819:
6818:
6811:
6804:
6783:
6782:
6778:
6773:
6769:
6764:
6760:
6753:
6736:
6735:
6731:
6711:
6710:
6706:
6692:
6691:
6687:
6680:
6660:
6659:
6652:
6622:
6621:Excerpts from:
6614:
6612:
6599:
6598:
6594:
6589:
6585:
6578:
6565:
6564:
6560:
6555:
6551:
6546:
6542:
6535:
6527:. p. 207.
6523:. Vol. 1.
6515:
6514:
6510:
6503:
6483:
6482:
6478:
6471:
6451:
6450:
6446:
6429:
6423:
6421:
6414:"Archived copy"
6412:
6411:
6407:
6402:
6375:
6355:yod-coalescence
6305:
6266:
6137:
6058:appears in the
6030:(realized as a
6016:
5929:
5924:
4682:
4615:
4610:
4600:
4564:
4534:
4368:
4299:hypercorrection
4294:
4248:
4086:. The spelling
4083:
4079:
4003:
3997:
3871:accents in the
3806:English English
3800:may rhyme with
3781:
3660:with the velar
3642:
3637:
3510:
3435:
3404:debuccalization
3309:
3196:
3191:
2834:Hiberno-English
2826:Estuary English
2778:
2774:
2749:
2745:
2720:
2716:
2691:
2687:
2547:
2545:Yod-coalescence
1537:Norfolk dialect
1526:yod-coalescence
1079:
1078:
1070:
1068:
1067:
1066:
1065:
1064:
1055:
1048:
1045:
1030:
1024:
932:
878:is any vowel),
850:The diphthongs
722:
712:
706:
591:
529:
434:
428:
404:
398:
378:
377:
376:
340:
311:
288:
213:
190:
135:
110:
71:
65:
62:
55:
43:This article's
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7722:
7720:
7712:
7711:
7706:
7701:
7691:
7690:
7684:
7683:
7680:
7679:
7676:
7675:
7673:
7672:
7665:
7664:
7663:
7658:
7646:
7638:
7633:
7626:
7618:
7610:
7605:
7599:
7597:
7591:
7590:
7588:
7587:
7582:
7577:
7572:
7567:
7562:
7557:
7549:
7541:
7533:
7531:
7521:
7520:
7515:
7508:
7507:
7505:
7504:
7502:Modern English
7499:
7494:
7492:Middle English
7489:
7484:
7483:
7482:
7477:
7472:
7467:
7457:
7452:
7447:
7445:Proto-Germanic
7442:
7436:
7433:
7432:
7427:
7425:
7424:
7417:
7410:
7402:
7394:
7393:
7380:
7374:978-0521891387
7373:
7347:
7340:
7320:
7308:
7299:
7287:
7281:Nathan, G.S.,
7274:
7258:
7245:
7232:
7223:
7210:
7193:
7182:
7164:
7153:
7130:
7123:
7102:
7076:
7067:
7054:
7045:
7036:
7027:
7008:
6999:
6990:
6973:
6960:
6936:
6908:
6895:
6882:
6858:
6842:
6833:
6809:
6802:
6776:
6767:
6758:
6751:
6729:
6704:
6685:
6678:
6662:Labov, William
6650:
6592:
6583:
6576:
6558:
6549:
6540:
6533:
6517:Wells, John C.
6508:
6501:
6476:
6469:
6444:
6404:
6403:
6401:
6398:
6397:
6396:
6391:
6386:
6381:
6374:
6371:
6345:
6344:
6341:
6337:
6336:
6333:
6329:
6328:
6325:
6304:
6301:
6265:
6262:
6259:
6258:
6252:
6248:
6247:
6241:
6237:
6236:
6230:
6226:
6225:
6219:
6199:London English
6136:
6133:
6026:is frequently
6015:
6014:Glottalization
6012:
5965:bilabial nasal
5928:
5925:
5923:
5920:
5917:
5916:
5911:
5908:
5904:
5903:
5900:pen-pin merger
5896:
5891:
5888:
5884:
5883:
5878:
5875:
5871:
5870:
5867:pen-pin merger
5863:
5858:
5855:
5851:
5850:
5845:
5842:
5838:
5837:
5830:
5825:
5822:
5818:
5817:
5810:
5805:
5800:
5796:
5795:
5792:pen-pin merger
5788:
5783:
5778:
5774:
5773:
5770:pen-pin merger
5766:
5761:
5758:
5754:
5753:
5748:
5745:
5741:
5740:
5735:
5732:
5728:
5727:
5724:pen-pin merger
5720:
5715:
5712:
5706:
5705:
5702:pen-pin merger
5698:
5693:
5690:
5686:
5685:
5682:pen-pin merger
5678:
5673:
5670:
5666:
5665:
5660:
5657:
5653:
5652:
5650:
5645:
5642:
5638:
5637:
5632:
5629:
5625:
5624:
5621:pen-pin merger
5617:
5612:
5609:
5605:
5604:
5601:pen-pin merger
5597:
5592:
5589:
5585:
5584:
5581:pen-pin merger
5577:
5572:
5569:
5565:
5564:
5559:
5556:
5552:
5551:
5546:
5543:
5539:
5538:
5533:
5530:
5526:
5525:
5522:pen-pin merger
5518:
5513:
5510:
5506:
5505:
5500:
5497:
5493:
5492:
5487:
5484:
5480:
5479:
5474:
5471:
5467:
5466:
5461:
5458:
5454:
5453:
5450:pen-pin merger
5446:
5441:
5438:
5434:
5433:
5428:
5425:
5421:
5420:
5413:
5408:
5405:
5401:
5400:
5395:
5392:
5388:
5387:
5382:
5379:
5375:
5374:
5369:
5366:
5362:
5361:
5356:
5353:
5349:
5348:
5343:
5340:
5336:
5335:
5330:
5327:
5323:
5322:
5317:
5314:
5310:
5309:
5304:
5301:
5295:
5294:
5289:
5286:
5282:
5281:
5278:pen-pin merger
5274:
5269:
5266:
5262:
5261:
5258:pen-pin merger
5254:
5249:
5246:
5242:
5241:
5236:
5233:
5229:
5228:
5225:pen-pin merger
5221:
5216:
5213:
5209:
5208:
5198:
5193:
5190:
5186:
5185:
5171:
5166:
5163:
5159:
5158:
5153:
5150:
5146:
5145:
5142:pen-pin merger
5138:
5133:
5130:
5126:
5125:
5122:pen-pin merger
5118:
5113:
5110:
5104:
5103:
5098:
5095:
5091:
5090:
5085:
5082:
5078:
5077:
5070:
5065:
5062:
5058:
5057:
5052:
5049:
5045:
5044:
5041:pen-pin merger
5037:
5032:
5029:
5025:
5024:
5019:
5016:
5012:
5011:
5006:
5003:
4999:
4998:
4993:
4990:
4984:
4983:
4978:
4975:
4971:
4970:
4965:
4962:
4958:
4957:
4952:
4949:
4945:
4944:
4939:
4936:
4932:
4931:
4926:
4923:
4919:
4918:
4913:
4910:
4904:
4903:
4898:
4895:
4891:
4890:
4883:
4878:
4875:
4871:
4870:
4867:
4864:
4859:
4845:Glottalization
4828:in words like
4788:
4787:
4773:
4755:
4684:The merger of
4681:
4678:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4567:in words like
4533:
4530:
4524:from singular
4496:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4484:
4478:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4466:
4460:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4448:
4442:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4430:
4424:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4412:
4406:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4394:
4385:Examples are:
4367:
4364:
4247:
4244:
4243:
4242:
4239:
4236:
4233:
4214:Jonathan Swift
4210:
4209:
4206:
4072:alveolar nasal
4064:NG-coalescence
4015:weak syllables
3999:Main article:
3996:
3993:
3890:is pronounced
3854:Stoke-on-Trent
3768:singer–finger
3733:longer/longest
3641:
3640:NG-coalescence
3638:
3636:
3633:
3619:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3607:
3601:
3600:
3593:
3591:
3585:
3579:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3567:
3561:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3549:
3509:
3506:
3441:is reduced to
3434:
3431:
3427:Northumberland
3417:dialects, and
3308:
3302:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3186:
3185:
3167:
3166:
3161:
3158:
3154:
3153:
3148:
3145:
3141:
3140:
3135:
3132:
3128:
3127:
3122:
3119:
3115:
3114:
3109:
3106:
3102:
3101:
3094:
3089:
3086:
3082:
3081:
3076:
3073:
3069:
3068:
3063:
3060:
3056:
3055:
3050:
3047:
3043:
3042:
3037:
3034:
3030:
3029:
3024:
3021:
3017:
3016:
3011:
3008:
3004:
3003:
2998:
2995:
2991:
2990:
2985:
2982:
2978:
2977:
2972:
2969:
2965:
2964:
2961:
2958:
2953:
2896:
2895:
2889:
2875:
2874:
2868:
2680:
2679:
2673:
2667:
2653:
2652:
2634:
2608:
2599:
2546:
2543:
2540:
2539:
2534:
2531:
2527:
2526:
2521:
2518:
2514:
2513:
2508:
2505:
2501:
2500:
2495:
2492:
2488:
2487:
2482:
2479:
2475:
2474:
2469:
2466:
2462:
2461:
2456:
2453:
2449:
2448:
2443:
2440:
2436:
2435:
2430:
2427:
2423:
2422:
2417:
2414:
2410:
2409:
2404:
2401:
2397:
2396:
2391:
2388:
2384:
2383:
2378:
2375:
2371:
2370:
2365:
2362:
2356:
2355:
2350:
2347:
2343:
2342:
2337:
2334:
2330:
2329:
2324:
2321:
2317:
2316:
2311:
2308:
2304:
2303:
2298:
2295:
2291:
2290:
2285:
2282:
2278:
2277:
2272:
2269:
2265:
2264:
2259:
2256:
2252:
2251:
2246:
2243:
2239:
2238:
2231:
2226:
2223:
2219:
2218:
2213:
2210:
2206:
2205:
2200:
2197:
2193:
2192:
2187:
2184:
2180:
2179:
2174:
2171:
2167:
2166:
2161:
2158:
2154:
2153:
2148:
2145:
2141:
2140:
2135:
2132:
2128:
2127:
2124:
2121:
2116:
2103:
2102:
2097:
2094:
2090:
2089:
2084:
2081:
2077:
2076:
2071:
2068:
2064:
2063:
2058:
2055:
2051:
2050:
2045:
2042:
2038:
2037:
2032:
2029:
2025:
2024:
2019:
2016:
2012:
2011:
2006:
2003:
1999:
1998:
1995:
1992:
1987:
1974:
1973:
1966:
1961:
1958:
1954:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1939:
1938:
1933:
1930:
1926:
1925:
1920:
1917:
1913:
1912:
1907:
1904:
1900:
1899:
1894:
1891:
1887:
1886:
1879:
1874:
1871:
1865:
1864:
1859:
1856:
1852:
1851:
1846:
1843:
1839:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1822:
1821:
1816:
1813:
1809:
1808:
1803:
1800:
1796:
1795:
1792:
1789:
1784:
1771:
1770:
1765:
1762:
1758:
1757:
1752:
1749:
1745:
1744:
1739:
1736:
1732:
1731:
1726:
1723:
1719:
1718:
1713:
1710:
1706:
1705:
1700:
1697:
1693:
1692:
1687:
1684:
1680:
1679:
1674:
1671:
1667:
1666:
1661:
1658:
1654:
1653:
1648:
1645:
1641:
1640:
1635:
1632:
1628:
1627:
1622:
1619:
1615:
1614:
1611:
1608:
1603:
1282:, for example
1245:
1244:
1237:, for example
1231:
1224:, for example
1218:
1211:, for example
1205:
1198:, for example
1165:
1164:
1149:
1134:
1069:
1056:
1046:
1033:
1032:
1031:
1022:
1021:
1020:
1019:
1018:
1005:
998:, for example
992:
984:, for example
978:
957:, for example
931:
928:
829:American South
705:
702:
597:is reduced to
590:
587:
528:
525:
524:
523:
493:
490:Middle English
454:rounded vowels
442:Middle English
430:Main article:
427:
424:
397:
394:
371:⟩, see
347:
346:
345:
342:
341:
339:
338:
331:
324:
316:
313:
312:
310:
309:
304:
298:
295:
294:
293:Related topics
290:
289:
287:
286:
281:
276:
271:
266:
261:
256:
254:L-vocalization
251:
246:
241:
236:
223:
220:
219:
215:
214:
212:
211:
206:
200:
197:
196:
192:
191:
189:
188:
183:
178:
173:
168:
163:
158:
153:
147:
144:
143:
137:
136:
134:
133:
128:
126:In Old English
122:
119:
118:
112:
111:
109:
108:
106:Middle English
103:
97:
94:
93:
89:
88:
82:
81:
73:
72:
52:the key points
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7721:
7710:
7707:
7705:
7702:
7700:
7697:
7696:
7694:
7671:
7670:
7666:
7662:
7659:
7657:
7654:
7653:
7652:
7651:
7647:
7645:
7643:
7639:
7637:
7634:
7632:
7631:
7627:
7625:
7624:-vocalization
7623:
7619:
7617:
7615:
7611:
7609:
7606:
7604:
7601:
7600:
7598:
7596:
7592:
7586:
7583:
7581:
7578:
7576:
7573:
7571:
7568:
7566:
7563:
7561:
7558:
7556:
7550:
7548:
7542:
7540:
7539:
7535:
7534:
7532:
7530:
7526:
7522:
7518:
7513:
7509:
7503:
7500:
7498:
7495:
7493:
7490:
7488:
7485:
7481:
7478:
7476:
7473:
7471:
7468:
7466:
7463:
7462:
7461:
7458:
7456:
7453:
7451:
7448:
7446:
7443:
7441:
7438:
7437:
7434:
7430:
7423:
7418:
7416:
7411:
7409:
7404:
7403:
7400:
7390:
7387:Dandy, E.B.,
7384:
7381:
7376:
7370:
7366:
7361:
7360:
7351:
7348:
7343:
7337:
7333:
7332:
7324:
7321:
7318:
7312:
7309:
7303:
7300:
7294:
7292:
7288:
7284:
7278:
7275:
7271:
7265:
7263:
7259:
7255:
7252:Wells, J.C.,
7249:
7246:
7242:
7236:
7233:
7227:
7224:
7220:
7214:
7211:
7207:
7203:
7197:
7194:
7191:
7186:
7183:
7180:
7176:
7173:
7168:
7165:
7162:
7157:
7154:
7149:
7145:
7139:
7137:
7135:
7131:
7126:
7124:9781139465847
7120:
7116:
7115:
7106:
7103:
7090:
7083:
7081:
7077:
7071:
7068:
7064:
7058:
7055:
7049:
7046:
7040:
7037:
7031:
7028:
7023:
7019:
7012:
7009:
7003:
7000:
6994:
6991:
6987:
6983:
6977:
6974:
6970:
6964:
6961:
6950:
6946:
6940:
6937:
6925:
6921:
6915:
6913:
6909:
6905:
6899:
6896:
6892:
6886:
6883:
6872:
6868:
6862:
6859:
6855:
6851:
6850:Jespersen, O.
6846:
6843:
6837:
6834:
6824:
6823:
6816:
6814:
6810:
6805:
6803:9783110175325
6799:
6795:
6791:
6787:
6780:
6777:
6771:
6768:
6762:
6759:
6754:
6752:9783110208412
6748:
6744:
6740:
6733:
6730:
6726:
6722:
6718:
6714:
6708:
6705:
6700:
6696:
6689:
6686:
6681:
6679:3-11-016746-8
6675:
6671:
6667:
6663:
6657:
6655:
6651:
6646:
6642:
6638:
6634:
6630:
6626:
6610:
6606:
6602:
6596:
6593:
6587:
6584:
6579:
6577:0-340-70608-2
6573:
6569:
6562:
6559:
6553:
6550:
6544:
6541:
6536:
6534:0-521-22919-7
6530:
6526:
6522:
6518:
6512:
6509:
6504:
6502:0-15-507319-2
6498:
6494:
6490:
6486:
6480:
6477:
6472:
6470:0-7131-6287-2
6466:
6462:
6458:
6454:
6453:Gimson, A. C.
6448:
6445:
6440:
6434:
6420:on 2005-03-20
6419:
6415:
6409:
6406:
6399:
6395:
6392:
6390:
6387:
6385:
6382:
6380:
6377:
6376:
6372:
6370:
6360:
6356:
6352:
6342:
6339:
6338:
6334:
6331:
6330:
6326:
6323:
6322:
6319:
6313:
6310:
6302:
6300:
6297:
6292:
6286:
6275:
6271:
6263:
6253:
6250:
6249:
6242:
6239:
6238:
6231:
6228:
6227:
6220:
6217:
6216:
6213:
6211:
6206:
6200:
6192:
6184:
6180:
6178:
6173:
6169:
6165:
6160:
6150:
6146:
6134:
6132:
6125:
6123:
6115:
6111:
6107:
6096:
6079:
6077:
6073:
6069:
6065:
6061:
6060:syllable coda
6053:
6049:
6045:
6033:
6029:
6021:
6013:
6011:
6009:
6005:
6001:
5997:
5993:
5989:
5985:
5981:
5977:
5966:
5962:
5950:
5946:
5938:
5934:
5926:
5921:
5912:
5909:
5906:
5905:
5901:
5897:
5892:
5889:
5886:
5885:
5879:
5876:
5873:
5872:
5868:
5864:
5859:
5856:
5853:
5852:
5846:
5843:
5840:
5839:
5835:
5831:
5826:
5823:
5820:
5819:
5815:
5811:
5806:
5804:
5801:
5798:
5797:
5793:
5789:
5784:
5782:
5779:
5776:
5775:
5771:
5767:
5762:
5759:
5756:
5755:
5749:
5746:
5743:
5742:
5736:
5733:
5730:
5729:
5725:
5721:
5716:
5713:
5711:
5708:
5707:
5703:
5699:
5694:
5691:
5688:
5687:
5683:
5679:
5674:
5671:
5668:
5667:
5661:
5658:
5655:
5654:
5651:
5646:
5643:
5640:
5639:
5633:
5630:
5627:
5626:
5622:
5618:
5613:
5610:
5607:
5606:
5602:
5598:
5593:
5590:
5587:
5586:
5582:
5578:
5573:
5570:
5567:
5566:
5560:
5557:
5554:
5553:
5547:
5544:
5541:
5540:
5534:
5531:
5528:
5527:
5523:
5519:
5514:
5511:
5508:
5507:
5501:
5498:
5495:
5494:
5488:
5485:
5482:
5481:
5475:
5472:
5469:
5468:
5462:
5459:
5456:
5455:
5451:
5447:
5442:
5439:
5436:
5435:
5429:
5426:
5423:
5422:
5418:
5414:
5409:
5406:
5403:
5402:
5396:
5393:
5390:
5389:
5383:
5380:
5377:
5376:
5370:
5367:
5364:
5363:
5357:
5354:
5351:
5350:
5344:
5341:
5338:
5337:
5331:
5328:
5325:
5324:
5318:
5315:
5312:
5311:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5296:
5290:
5287:
5284:
5283:
5279:
5275:
5270:
5267:
5264:
5263:
5259:
5255:
5250:
5247:
5244:
5243:
5237:
5234:
5231:
5230:
5226:
5222:
5217:
5214:
5211:
5210:
5202:
5199:
5194:
5191:
5188:
5187:
5175:
5172:
5167:
5164:
5161:
5160:
5154:
5151:
5148:
5147:
5143:
5139:
5134:
5131:
5128:
5127:
5123:
5119:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5105:
5099:
5096:
5093:
5092:
5086:
5083:
5080:
5079:
5075:
5071:
5066:
5063:
5060:
5059:
5053:
5050:
5047:
5046:
5042:
5038:
5033:
5030:
5027:
5026:
5020:
5017:
5014:
5013:
5007:
5004:
5001:
5000:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4985:
4979:
4976:
4973:
4972:
4966:
4963:
4960:
4959:
4953:
4950:
4947:
4946:
4940:
4937:
4934:
4933:
4927:
4924:
4921:
4920:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4905:
4899:
4896:
4893:
4892:
4888:
4884:
4879:
4876:
4873:
4872:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4854:
4848:
4846:
4841:
4839:
4835:
4831:
4822:
4820:
4816:
4807:
4805:
4801:
4785:
4774:
4771:
4767:
4756:
4753:
4749:
4738:
4737:
4736:
4733:
4719:
4707:
4703:
4699:
4695:
4679:
4677:
4675:
4671:
4668:having , and
4667:
4647:
4643:
4638:
4636:
4632:
4620:
4612:
4607:
4605:
4603:
4596:
4584:
4582:
4578:
4574:
4570:
4562:
4557:
4555:
4551:
4547:
4543:
4539:
4531:
4529:
4527:
4523:
4519:
4515:
4511:
4507:
4503:
4493:
4491:
4489:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4479:
4475:
4473:
4471:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4461:
4457:
4455:
4453:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4443:
4439:
4437:
4435:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4425:
4421:
4419:
4417:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4407:
4403:
4401:
4399:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4389:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4377:
4373:
4365:
4363:
4361:
4357:
4353:
4349:
4340:
4335:
4331:
4327:
4323:
4310:
4308:
4304:
4300:
4283:
4281:
4277:
4273:
4269:
4265:
4261:
4245:
4240:
4237:
4234:
4231:
4230:
4229:
4227:
4219:
4216:(1667–1745),
4215:
4207:
4204:
4203:
4202:
4200:
4196:
4195:
4190:
4186:
4182:
4178:
4169:
4163:
4162:socioeconomic
4159:
4155:
4151:
4146:
4144:
4128:
4124:
4120:
4116:
4112:
4099:
4097:
4093:
4089:
4077:
4073:
4069:
4065:
4060:
4054:
4042:
4038:
4034:
4030:
4026:
4022:
4021:
4016:
4002:
3994:
3992:
3985:
3983:
3979:
3978:
3973:
3969:
3965:
3958:
3954:
3950:
3949:generativists
3946:
3942:
3938:
3937:minimal pairs
3934:
3926:
3922:
3913:
3911:
3907:
3900:
3897:
3889:
3885:
3881:
3876:
3874:
3873:New York City
3870:
3865:
3863:
3859:
3855:
3851:
3847:
3843:
3839:
3835:
3831:
3827:
3823:
3822:Welsh English
3819:
3815:
3814:West Midlands
3811:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3787:
3778:
3774:
3772:
3771:
3765:
3761:
3757:
3753:
3749:
3744:
3742:
3738:
3734:
3730:
3726:
3722:
3718:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3702:
3698:
3694:
3690:
3686:
3681:
3679:
3675:
3671:
3667:
3659:
3655:
3639:
3634:
3632:
3630:
3626:
3623:According to
3616:
3614:
3612:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3602:
3598:
3594:
3592:
3590:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3580:
3576:
3574:
3572:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3562:
3558:
3556:
3554:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3535:
3515:
3507:
3505:
3503:
3502:
3497:
3496:Kenny Wheeler
3493:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3480:
3474:
3472:
3464:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3432:
3430:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3411:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3379:
3374:, pronounced
3372:
3364:, pronounced
3362:
3357:
3349:
3341:
3337:
3328:
3326:
3322:
3304:Reduction of
3303:
3301:
3299:
3295:
3282:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3251:Doric dialect
3248:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3227:
3225:
3217:
3213:
3207:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3179:
3176:
3175:
3174:
3173:
3162:
3159:
3156:
3155:
3149:
3146:
3143:
3142:
3136:
3133:
3130:
3129:
3123:
3120:
3117:
3116:
3110:
3107:
3104:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3090:
3087:
3084:
3083:
3077:
3074:
3071:
3070:
3064:
3061:
3058:
3057:
3051:
3048:
3045:
3044:
3038:
3035:
3032:
3031:
3025:
3022:
3019:
3018:
3012:
3009:
3006:
3005:
2999:
2996:
2993:
2992:
2986:
2983:
2980:
2979:
2973:
2970:
2967:
2966:
2962:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2948:
2942:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2911:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2893:
2890:
2887:
2884:
2883:
2882:
2880:
2872:
2869:
2866:
2863:
2862:
2861:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2806:
2802:
2773:
2767:
2741:
2715:
2709:
2685:
2677:
2674:
2672:(also in RP )
2671:
2668:
2665:
2661:
2658:
2657:
2656:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2635:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2609:
2607:
2600:
2598:
2594:
2587:
2586:
2585:
2575:
2570:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2555:/dj,tj,sj,zj/
2553:the clusters
2552:
2544:
2535:
2532:
2529:
2528:
2522:
2519:
2516:
2515:
2509:
2506:
2503:
2502:
2496:
2493:
2490:
2489:
2483:
2480:
2477:
2476:
2470:
2467:
2464:
2463:
2457:
2454:
2451:
2450:
2444:
2441:
2438:
2437:
2431:
2428:
2425:
2424:
2418:
2415:
2412:
2411:
2405:
2402:
2399:
2398:
2392:
2389:
2386:
2385:
2379:
2376:
2373:
2372:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2357:
2351:
2348:
2345:
2344:
2338:
2335:
2332:
2331:
2325:
2322:
2319:
2318:
2312:
2309:
2306:
2305:
2299:
2296:
2293:
2292:
2286:
2283:
2280:
2279:
2273:
2270:
2267:
2266:
2260:
2257:
2254:
2253:
2247:
2244:
2241:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2227:
2224:
2221:
2220:
2214:
2211:
2208:
2207:
2201:
2198:
2195:
2194:
2188:
2185:
2182:
2181:
2175:
2172:
2169:
2168:
2162:
2159:
2156:
2155:
2149:
2146:
2143:
2142:
2136:
2133:
2130:
2129:
2125:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2111:
2098:
2095:
2092:
2091:
2085:
2082:
2079:
2078:
2072:
2069:
2066:
2065:
2059:
2056:
2053:
2052:
2046:
2043:
2040:
2039:
2033:
2030:
2027:
2026:
2020:
2017:
2014:
2013:
2007:
2004:
2001:
2000:
1996:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1982:
1971:
1967:
1962:
1959:
1956:
1955:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1941:
1940:
1934:
1931:
1928:
1927:
1921:
1918:
1915:
1914:
1908:
1905:
1902:
1901:
1895:
1892:
1889:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1866:
1860:
1857:
1854:
1853:
1847:
1844:
1841:
1840:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1823:
1817:
1814:
1811:
1810:
1804:
1801:
1798:
1797:
1793:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1779:
1766:
1763:
1760:
1759:
1753:
1750:
1747:
1746:
1740:
1737:
1734:
1733:
1727:
1724:
1721:
1720:
1714:
1711:
1708:
1707:
1701:
1698:
1695:
1694:
1688:
1685:
1682:
1681:
1675:
1672:
1669:
1668:
1662:
1659:
1656:
1655:
1649:
1646:
1643:
1642:
1636:
1633:
1630:
1629:
1623:
1620:
1617:
1616:
1612:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1598:
1592:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1538:
1534:
1529:
1527:
1511:
1494:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1475:
1473:
1469:
1464:/ˈpjuːlɪtsər/
1449:
1445:
1436:
1434:
1426:
1422:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1389:
1371:
1370:
1365:
1364:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1343:
1335:
1326:
1322:
1321:without yod.
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1303:
1299:
1292:
1285:
1269:
1262:
1250:
1240:
1232:
1227:
1219:
1214:
1206:
1201:
1193:
1192:
1191:
1184:
1182:
1178:
1160:
1153:
1150:
1145:
1138:
1135:
1130:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1118:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1083:Welsh English
1077:
1075:
1063:
1059:
1044:
1042:
1038:
1014:
1006:
1001:
993:
987:
979:
974:
967:
960:
952:
951:
950:
948:
943:
937:
929:
927:
925:
921:
917:
913:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
848:
834:
830:
826:
822:
809:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
779:
763:
756:
748:
736:
732:
728:
717:
711:
703:
701:
699:
695:
691:
683:
679:
675:
674:Irish English
671:
667:
666:New York City
663:
659:
658:United States
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
628:
624:
620:
617:, and making
616:
608:
588:
586:
584:
580:
576:
571:
565:
559:
526:
521:
517:
513:
509:
507:
502:
495:Reduction to
494:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
466:labialization
455:
448:Reduction to
447:
446:
445:
443:
433:
425:
423:
409:
403:
395:
393:
391:
387:
383:
374:
362:
358:
356:
352:
337:
332:
330:
325:
323:
318:
317:
315:
314:
308:
305:
303:
300:
299:
297:
296:
291:
285:
282:
280:
277:
275:
272:
270:
267:
265:
262:
260:
257:
255:
252:
250:
247:
245:
242:
240:
237:
235:
233:
229:
225:
224:
222:
221:
216:
210:
207:
205:
202:
201:
199:
198:
193:
187:
184:
182:
179:
177:
174:
172:
169:
167:
164:
162:
159:
157:
154:
152:
149:
148:
146:
145:
142:
138:
132:
129:
127:
124:
123:
121:
120:
117:
113:
107:
104:
102:
99:
98:
96:
95:
90:
87:
83:
79:
78:
69:
59:
53:
51:
46:
41:
37:
32:
31:
27:Sound changes
19:
7709:Phonotactics
7668:
7649:
7641:
7629:
7621:
7613:
7602:
7537:
7475:Northumbrian
7388:
7383:
7358:
7350:
7330:
7323:
7311:
7302:
7282:
7277:
7269:
7248:
7240:
7235:
7226:
7218:
7213:
7205:
7200:Denham, K.,
7196:
7185:
7167:
7156:
7147:
7113:
7105:
7093:. Retrieved
7070:
7062:
7061:Wyld, H.C.,
7057:
7048:
7039:
7030:
7021:
7011:
7002:
6993:
6981:
6976:
6968:
6963:
6952:. Retrieved
6948:
6939:
6927:. Retrieved
6924:Scots Online
6923:
6903:
6898:
6890:
6885:
6874:. Retrieved
6870:
6861:
6853:
6845:
6836:
6826:, retrieved
6821:
6789:
6779:
6770:
6761:
6742:
6732:
6724:
6716:
6707:
6699:All Things D
6698:
6688:
6665:
6628:
6624:
6613:. Retrieved
6609:the original
6604:
6595:
6586:
6568:Urban Voices
6567:
6561:
6552:
6543:
6520:
6511:
6488:
6479:
6456:
6447:
6422:. Retrieved
6418:the original
6408:
6351:yod-dropping
6348:
6306:
6293:
6284:
6267:
6207:
6183:Ulster Scots
6177:Wife of Bath
6175:
6171:
6167:
6163:
6161:
6148:
6138:
6126:
6121:
6113:
6109:
6105:
6080:
6075:
6051:
6047:
6043:
6032:glottal stop
6017:
6007:
6003:
5995:
5979:
5975:
5960:
5944:
5933:assimilation
5930:
5927:Assimilation
5200:
5173:
4842:
4837:
4833:
4829:
4823:
4818:
4814:
4813:in the word
4808:
4803:
4802:rhymes with
4799:
4789:
4783:
4769:
4765:
4751:
4747:
4734:
4705:
4701:
4697:
4693:
4683:
4673:
4669:
4665:
4639:
4634:
4630:
4616:
4585:
4576:
4572:
4568:
4558:
4553:
4549:
4548:and the in
4545:
4535:
4525:
4521:
4517:
4513:
4509:
4505:
4499:
4487:
4481:
4469:
4463:
4451:
4445:
4433:
4427:
4415:
4409:
4397:
4391:
4384:
4369:
4359:
4355:
4351:
4347:
4333:
4329:
4325:
4321:
4311:
4306:
4302:
4284:
4279:
4275:
4271:
4267:
4263:
4259:
4249:
4225:
4217:
4211:
4192:
4185:field sports
4176:
4170:
4147:
4126:
4122:
4114:
4105:rather than
4100:
4095:
4091:
4087:
4076:orthographic
4061:
4036:
4032:
4028:
4024:
4018:
4004:
3986:
3981:
3975:
3971:
3967:
3963:
3957:underlyingly
3952:
3944:
3940:
3914:
3909:
3905:
3898:
3887:
3877:
3866:
3801:
3797:
3793:
3791:
3785:
3784:in the word
3767:
3763:
3759:
3755:
3751:
3747:
3745:
3740:
3736:
3732:
3720:
3716:
3712:
3708:
3704:
3700:
3696:
3688:
3682:
3677:
3673:
3669:
3665:
3658:assimilation
3643:
3622:
3610:
3604:
3588:
3582:
3570:
3564:
3552:
3546:
3511:
3499:
3491:
3487:
3483:
3477:
3475:
3462:
3458:
3454:
3450:
3436:
3412:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3380:
3355:
3339:
3335:
3329:
3327:homophones.
3325:knight/night
3324:
3320:
3310:
3297:
3293:
3283:
3274:
3270:
3258:
3257:, where the
3242:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3228:
3224:lip rounding
3215:
3211:
3197:
3171:
3170:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2912:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2897:
2891:
2885:
2876:
2870:
2864:
2813:
2809:
2807:
2771:
2713:
2681:
2675:
2669:
2659:
2654:
2648:
2647:(also vowel+
2644:
2640:
2630:
2626:
2625:, consonant+
2622:
2618:
2614:
2605:
2596:
2592:
2573:
2571:
2548:
1580:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1533:East Anglian
1530:
1495:
1486:
1476:
1471:
1467:
1447:
1443:
1437:
1432:
1424:
1420:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1390:
1367:
1361:
1347:
1344:may be made.
1341:
1333:
1318:
1314:
1304:
1297:
1290:
1283:
1260:
1246:
1238:
1225:
1212:
1199:
1185:
1180:
1176:
1166:
1158:
1151:
1143:
1136:
1128:
1121:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1080:
1061:
1057:
1040:
1036:
1012:
999:
985:
972:
965:
958:
944:
933:
930:Yod-dropping
923:
919:
915:
911:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
849:
810:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
777:
754:
726:
713:
693:
689:
681:
677:
662:Philadelphia
641:
637:
633:
626:
622:
618:
614:
606:
592:
582:
578:
574:
530:
504:
500:
485:
481:
477:
469:
436:The cluster
435:
405:
379:
367:and ⟨
349:
231:
227:
208:
63:
47:
45:lead section
18:Yod-dropping
7460:Old English
6179:'s Prologue
6028:glottalized
5988:possessives
5955:), and the
5907:wyns, wynns
5887:wyns, wynns
5490:ˈprɛzən(t)s
5398:ˈpeɪʃən(t)s
4778:may become
4760:may become
4742:may become
4700:sound like
4512:may become
4068:velar nasal
3729:superlative
3725:comparative
3654:velar nasal
3245:, etc. are
2772:what're you
2567:affrication
1479:New Zealand
1466:, although
1382:/lut~lɪʊ̯t/
1085:pairs like
1007:After stop+
825:New England
672:accents of
650:stigmatized
518:, and some
474:Old English
161:Close front
101:Old English
7693:Categories
7595:Consonants
7570:Diphthongs
7480:West Saxon
7202:Lobeck, A.
7095:28 January
6954:2022-05-08
6876:2022-05-08
6828:2023-05-04
6668:. Berlin:
6424:2005-06-14
6400:References
6394:H-dropping
6159:switched.
6145:metathesis
6114:quite easy
6048:quite nice
6044:quite good
5992:verb forms
5910:winds (n.)
5877:winds (n.)
5844:winds (v.)
5824:winds (v.)
5760:winds (n.)
5292:ɪnˈtɛn(t)s
4619:epenthetic
4588:change of
4121:) form in
4041:syllabic
4037:Buckingham
4001:G-dropping
3995:G-dropping
3834:Manchester
3826:Birmingham
3818:Derbyshire
3810:Lancashire
3538:aspiration
3473:dialects.
3298:wlisp(ian)
3247:homophones
3182:Wiktionary
2818:Australian
2595:, such as
1460:/ˈkjuːpɒn/
1456:/ˈpʊlɪtsə/
1307:shibboleth
1264:/pəˈsjuːt/
1074:media help
1035:The words
947:John Wells
827:, and the
800:, such as
708:See also:
654:H-dropping
630:homophones
514:, most of
402:H-dropping
400:See also:
249:H-dropping
166:Diphthongs
156:Close back
66:April 2020
7636:Rhoticity
7616:-dropping
6645:144942447
6615:March 30,
6324:beautiful
6189:, and in
6095:affricate
6072:semivowel
5848:ˈwaɪn(d)z
5828:ˈwaɪn(d)z
5635:ˈstæn(d)z
5615:ˈspɪn(d)z
5503:ˈprɪn(t)s
5372:ˈmaɪn(d)z
5307:ˈkaɪn(d)z
5239:ˈhaɪn(d)z
5205:/ˈhaɪnts/
5196:ˈhaɪn(d)z
5156:ˈɡlæn(d)z
5088:ˈfaɪn(d)z
5068:ˈɛrən(d)z
4996:ˈbaɪn(d)z
4968:ˈbræn(d)z
4955:ˈbaɪn(d)z
4881:ˈɛrən(d)z
4862:affricate
4857:fricative
4646:fricative
4550:cold cuts
4360:solemnity
4356:damnation
4070:with the
4051:with the
3977:Singapore
3972:orangutan
3955:as being
3925:allophone
3850:Sheffield
3842:Liverpool
3476:The song
2559:sibilants
2557:into the
1581:beautiful
1491:/ˈdæebʉː/
1470:with the
1452:/ˈkuːpɒn/
1386:/du~dɪʊ̯/
1242:/ɛnˈθuːz/
955:/ʃ,tʃ,dʒ/
656:, in the
611:/ˈjuːmən/
464:with the
386:phonology
269:Rhoticity
176:Open back
50:summarize
7661:stopping
7656:fronting
7608:Flapping
7603:Clusters
7175:Archived
6929:21 March
6631:: 5–36.
6519:(1982).
6487:(2001).
6455:(1980).
6433:cite web
6373:See also
6349:Compare
6234:/ˈɡræps/
6155:and the
6106:mattress
6104:, as in
6076:mattress
5914:ˈwɪn(d)z
5894:ˈwɪn(d)z
5881:ˈwɪn(d)z
5861:ˈwɪn(d)z
5808:ˈwɪn(t)s
5786:ˈwɪn(t)s
5764:ˈwɪn(d)z
5751:ˈwɛn(d)z
5738:ˈwɑn(d)z
5718:ˈvɪn(t)s
5696:ˈtɪn(d)z
5676:ˈtɪn(t)s
5663:ˈtɛn(t)s
5648:ˈtɛn(d)z
5595:ˈsɪn(t)s
5575:ˈsɪn(t)s
5562:ˈsɛn(t)s
5549:ˈsɛn(t)s
5536:ˈsæn(d)z
5516:ˈrɪn(t)s
5486:presents
5483:presence
5477:ˈpɑn(d)z
5464:ˈpɑn(t)s
5444:ˈpɪn(d)z
5431:ˈpɛn(d)z
5411:ˈpɑn(d)z
5394:patients
5391:patience
5378:N's; ens
5359:ˈmɪn(t)s
5346:ˈmɛn(d)z
5333:ˈlɛn(d)z
5320:ˈlæn(d)z
5219:ˈhɪn(t)s
5182:/ˈhɑːns/
5178:/ˈhɑːnz/
5169:ˈhæn(d)z
5136:ˈfɪn(d)z
5116:ˈfɪn(d)z
5101:ˈfɛn(d)z
5035:ˈdɛn(t)s
5022:ˈdɛn(t)s
4981:ˈbʌn(t)s
4942:ˈbɛn(d)z
4929:ˈbæn(d)z
4916:ˈæn(t)si
4838:scramble
4784:Kingston
4748:pinscher
4674:consider
4554:band saw
4352:autumnal
4348:columnar
4189:John Gay
3945:sin–sing
3941:pan–pang
3939:such as
3902:/ˈvɪŋər/
3892:/ˈfɪŋər/
3880:Scotland
3685:morpheme
3501:Gnu High
3366:/kneːo̯/
3321:knot/not
3172:See also
2927:pressure
2643:such as
2619:pressure
2617:such as
1468:Pulitzer
1448:Pulitzer
1409:continue
1125:/tʃɪʊ̯z/
918:, as in
886:, as in
806:precious
790:argument
776:, as in
762:modified
753:, as in
512:Scotland
456:(due to
365:/ /
361:Help:IPA
307:Spelling
244:Flapping
209:Clusters
131:In Scots
7470:Mercian
7465:Kentish
6309:Memphis
6289:/skrit/
6256:/ˈɡæps/
6245:/ˈwɑps/
6203:/ˈɑːks/
6195:/ˈaːks/
6122:teacher
6020:Cockney
6008:knocked
5984:plurals
5982:(as in
5976:bad boy
5961:ten men
5385:ˈɛn(d)z
5288:intents
5285:intense
5272:ˈɪn(d)z
5252:ˈɪn(d)z
5064:errands
5055:-ən(t)s
4901:-ən(t)s
4877:errands
4874:Aaron's
4847:below.
4834:grumble
4830:thimble
4819:attempt
4770:hamster
4752:pincher
4720:of the
4718:elision
4644:to the
4546:postman
4502:plurals
4339:automne
4280:plumber
4276:plumbed
4272:lambing
4150:Cockney
4123:-ing(e)
4092:makin'
4033:ceiling
4029:nothing
4025:morning
3964:gingham
3830:Brummie
3721:hangman
3717:wrongly
3713:wronged
3705:singing
3611:'queeze
3605:squeeze
3571:'tomach
3565:stomach
3479:The Gnu
3455:gnostic
3423:Cumbria
3279:Cumbria
3092:ˈdʒuːɾi
3066:ˈdʒuːli
3040:ˈdʒuːəl
3014:ˈdʒuːəl
2941:etc.).
2931:educate
2923:soldier
2865:dew/due
2822:Cockney
2714:got you
2660:educate
2645:measure
2606:soldier
2574:educate
2498:ˈpʊə(r)
1738:through
1510:Cockney
1405:Matthew
1388:, etc.
1315:student
1287:/ˈtuːn/
1261:pursuit
1239:enthuse
1229:/ˈzuːs/
1216:/ˈluːt/
1159:through
1155:/θrɪʊ̯/
1132:/tʃuːz/
1107:through
976:/dʒuːs/
938:of the
936:elision
870:(where
833:falling
758:/kjuːb/
733:letter
603:/juːdʒ/
573:become
516:Ireland
472:in the
452:before
353:in the
7529:Vowels
7371:
7338:
7121:
6800:
6749:
6676:
6643:
6574:
6531:
6499:
6467:
6461:London
6296:Gullah
6285:street
6272:, the
6223:/ˈæks/
6187:/ˈaks/
6168:acsian
6164:áscian
6110:quite!
6064:liquid
6052:nights
5994:) and
5945:encase
5821:whines
5799:whence
5631:stands
5628:Stan's
5611:spends
5591:scents
5558:scents
5499:prints
5496:prince
5152:glands
5061:Erin's
5005:chants
5002:chance
4964:brands
4869:Notes
4815:dreamt
4766:Samson
4670:prints
4666:prince
4635:prints
4631:prince
4573:listen
4569:castle
4542:elided
4522:messes
4518:desses
4514:tesses
4334:solemn
4326:autumn
4322:column
4199:Handel
4181:gentry
4119:gerund
4096:making
3982:longer
3968:dinghy
3960:/sɪnɡ/
3910:engage
3906:singer
3899:vinger
3888:finger
3884:Ulster
3875:area.
3846:Scouse
3812:, the
3802:finger
3798:singer
3786:tongue
3764:singer
3760:finger
3752:finger
3709:singer
3693:suffix
3678:tongue
3629:creole
3524:, and
3376:/kniː/
3164:ˈtʃuːd
3160:chewed
3079:ˈdʒuːn
3053:ˈdʒuːk
3001:ˈdʒuːd
2975:ˈdʒuːs
2963:Notes
2919:nature
2894:(RP: )
2892:assume
2888:(RP: )
2886:resume
2873:(RP: )
2867:(RP: )
2684:gotcha
2615:-ssure
2597:nature
2576:, the
2504:Q; cue
2346:Hughes
2333:Hughes
2151:ˈbuːti
2144:beauty
2126:Notes
2035:ˈduːər
1997:Notes
1932:slough
1919:slough
1836:ˈluːɪs
1819:ˈgluːm
1806:ˈbluːm
1794:Notes
1764:you'll
1677:ˈdruːp
1651:ˈtʃuːz
1647:choose
1638:ˈbruːm
1625:ˈbruːd
1618:brewed
1613:Notes
1553:beauty
1504:, and
1444:coupon
1433:figure
1421:volume
1401:volume
1393:annual
1301:/ˈnuː/
1294:/ˈduː/
1266:.) In
1255:after
1233:After
1220:After
1207:After
1203:/suːt/
1194:After
1162:/θruː/
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4434:han'
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2203:ˈfuːd
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1946:Sioux
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7546:/l/
7365:122
7317:Ask
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6343:→
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4476:→
4458:→
4440:→
4422:→
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3989:/ŋ/
3929:/n/
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3912:).
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3840:),
3832:),
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3617:→
3577:→
3559:→
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3492:gnu
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3467:/ɡ/
3463:gn-
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3406:to
3400:dn-
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3387:/n/
3385:to
3352:/k/
3344:/k/
3340:kn-
3336:cn-
3317:/n/
3290:/l/
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2935:dew
2908:Jew
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2805:).
2666:: )
2604:in
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2533:coo
2520:coo
2517:que
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2468:poo
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1477:In
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1369:dew
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1144:you
1137:yew
1099:you
1095:yew
1062:yew
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1041:yew
1037:you
1009:/l/
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986:yew
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854:or
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815:to
786:/ə/
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782:/ʊ/
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727:yes
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420:/h/
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228:Cot
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