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the increased use of computerized typesetting and word processing software, most of which does not directly support right-to-left layout of East Asian languages. However, right-to-left horizontal writing is still seen in these scripts, in such places as signs, on the right-hand side of vehicles, and on the right-hand side of stands selling food at festivals. It is also used to simulate archaic writing, for example in reconstructions of old Japan for tourists, and it is still found in the captions and titles of some newspapers.
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1938:(World Wide Web Consortium) has been drafting Cascading Style Sheets properties to enable display on the Web of the various languages of the world according to their heritage text directions. Their latest efforts in 2011 show some revisions to the previous format for the Writing Mode property which provides for vertical layout and text display. The format "writing-mode:tb-rl" has been revised as "writing-mode: vertical-rl" in CSS, but the former syntax was preserved as a part of SVG 1.1 specification.
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1749:) are often printed vertically in Japanese on one side, and horizontally in English on the other. Postcards and handwritten letters may be arranged horizontally or vertically, but the more formal the letter the more likely it is to be written vertically. Envelope addresses are usually vertical, with the recipient's address on the right and the recipient's name in the exact centre of the envelope. See also
135:
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1475:'left horizontal writing'), the current standard. This resembled the right-to-left horizontal writing style of languages such as Arabic with line breaks on the left. It was probably based on the traditional single-row right-to-left writing. This form was widely used for pre-WWII advertisements and official documents (like banknotes), but has not survived outside of old-fashioned signboards.
38:
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1493:), while horizontal writing is used more often in other media, especially those containing English language references. In general, dialogue in manga is written vertically. However, in scenes where a character speaks a foreign language, the dialogue may be written horizontally. In this case, there is a mixture of vertical and horizontal writing on a single page.
1397:, the People's Republic of China decided to use horizontal writing. All newspapers in China changed from vertical to horizontal alignment on 1 January 1956. In publications, text is run horizontally although book titles on spines and some newspaper headlines remain vertical for convenience. Inscriptions of signs on most state organs are still vertical.
1813:
Vertical alignment is generally used for artistic or aesthetic purposes like in logos and on book covers, in scholarly works on
Literary Chinese works, or when space constraints demand it, like on the spines of books and when labelling diagrams. Naturally, vertical text is also used on signs that are
1135:
Today, the left-to-right direction is dominant in all three languages for horizontal writing: this is due partly to the influence of
English and other Western languages to make it easier to read when the two languages are found together—for example, on airport signs at a train station—and partly to
928:
may be oriented along either axis, as they consist mainly of disconnected logographic or syllabic units, each occupying a square block of space, thus allowing for flexibility for which direction texts can be written, be it horizontally from left-to-right, horizontally from right-to-left, vertically
996:
marks, for example the relative position of commas and full stops (periods), differ between horizontal and vertical writing. Punctuation such as the parentheses, quotation marks, book title marks (Chinese), ellipsis mark, dash, wavy dash (Japanese), proper noun mark (Chinese), wavy book title mark
1881:
Even though vertical text display is generally not well supported, composing vertical text for print has been made possible. For example, in Asian editions of
Windows, Asian fonts are also available in a vertical version, with font names prefixed by "@". Users can compose and edit the document as
1810:
right-to-left scripts like Arabic, in which case
Chinese may follow the right-to-left alignment. Right-to-left writing direction can also often be seen on the right side of tourist buses, as it is customary to have the text run (on both sides of the vehicle) from the front of the bus to its rear.
1735:
Horizontal writing is easier for some purposes; academic texts are sometimes written this way since they often include words and phrases in other languages, which are more easily incorporated horizontally. Scientific and mathematical texts are nearly always written horizontally, since in vertical
1850:
In modern Korea, vertical writing is uncommon. Modern Korean is usually written horizontally from left to right. Vertical writing is used when the writing space is long vertically and narrow horizontally. For example, titles on the spines of books are usually written vertically. When a foreign
1721:
Vertical writing is commonly used for novels, newspapers, manga, and many other forms of writing. Because it goes downward, vertical writing is invariably used on the spines of books. Some newspapers combine the two forms, using the vertical format for most articles but including some written
1389:
With the proliferation of horizontal text, both horizontal and vertical came to be used concurrently. Proponents of horizontal text argued that vertical text in right-to-left columns was smudged easily when written, and moreover demanded greater movement from the eyes when read. Vertical text
1866:) of South Korea, punctuation marks are used differently in horizontal and vertical writing. Western punctuation marks are used in horizontal writing and the Japanese punctuation marks are used in vertical writing. However, vertical writing using Western punctuation marks is sometimes found.
1433:, when the Japanese began to print Western language dictionaries. Initially they printed the dictionaries in a mixture of horizontal Western and vertical Japanese text, which meant readers had to rotate the book ninety degrees to read the Western text. Because this was unwieldy, the idea of
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in the right hand while continually unrolling the sheet of paper or scroll with the left. Since the nineteenth century, it has become increasingly common for these languages to be written horizontally, from left to right, with successive rows going from top to bottom, under the influence of
1809:
is now comparatively rare, more so in print than in writing and signage. Most publications are now printed in horizontal alignment, like
English. Horizontal writing is written left to right in the vast majority of cases, with a few exceptions such as bilingual dictionaries of Chinese and
1337:
Text on the sides of China Post vehicles runs from the front of the car to the rear, i.e. from left to right on the vehicle's left side, and from right to left on its right side. English text on the right side is also in reverse order. This arrangement is common on tour buses in China as
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magazine), while other publishers may reverse the page flow with use of mirrored pages. When manga was first released in
Anglophone countries, it was usually in the reversed format (also known as "flipped" or "flopped"), but the non-reversed format eventually came to predominate.
1536:
was the last major newspaper to publish in vertical right-to-left writing; it published its last issue in vertical right-to-left writing on 1 March 1999, four days before its 79th anniversary. Other major newspapers had already switched to horizontal writing by 1 January 1998;
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Where a text is written in horizontal format, pages are read in the same order as
English books, with the binding at the left and pages progressing to the right. Vertical books are printed the other way round, with the binding at the right, and pages progressing to the left.
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longer than they are wide; such signs are the norm at the entrances of schools, government offices and police stations. Calligraphy – in simplified or traditional characters – is invariably written vertically. Additionally, vertical text may still be encountered on some
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communities, horizontal writing has been gradually adopted since the 1990s. By the early 2000s, most newspapers in these areas had switched to left-to-right horizontal writing, either entirely or in a combination of vertical text with horizontal left-to-right headings.
1385:
In the subsequent decades, the occurrence of words in a
Western script became more frequent, and readers began to appreciate the unwieldiness of rotating the paper at each occurrence for vertically set texts. This accelerated acceptance of horizontal writing.
1118:
in Taiwan is usually written vertically regardless of the direction of the main text. Text in the Latin alphabet is usually written horizontally when it appears in vertical text, or else it is turned sideways with the base of the characters on the left.
1878:. Today, most computer programs do not fully support the vertical writing system; however, most advanced word processing and publication software that target the East Asian region support the vertical writing system either fully or to a limited extent.
1598:
Traditionally, Vietnamese writing was vertical, with columns running right to left as the language used a mixture of
Chinese characters and independently developed characters derived from Chinese ones to write the native language in a script called
1739:
Similarly, English language textbooks, which contain many
English words, are usually printed in horizontal writing. This is not a fixed rule, however, and it is also common to see English words printed sideways in vertical writing texts.
1555:
on 14 September 1996. Announcements about the impending change in these newspapers in the days preceding often shared a common theme of "appealing to younger audiences". Today, major Korean newspapers hardly ever run text vertically.
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tend to flow in a vertical direction. Page ordering is the same as books that use vertical direction: from right to left. Frames that are chronologically before or after each other use less spacing in between as a visual cue.
1945:
was the first one that had been supporting vertical text and layout coded in HTML. Starting with IE 5.5 in 2000, Microsoft has enabled the writing mode property as a "Microsoft extension to Cascading Style Sheets (CSS)".
1127:
Historically, vertical writing was the standard system, and horizontal writing was only used where a sign had to fit in a constrained space, such as over the gate of a temple or the signboard of a shop. Before the end of
1380:
This magazine is printed sideways from the top left, and marked with Western punctuation. This is to convene the insertion of mathematical, physical and chemical formulae, rather than hunt novelty. We ask for readers'
55:
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in a few limited contexts, such as some books on ancient literature, or as an aesthetic choice for some signs on shops, temples, etc. In those contexts, both horizontal and vertical writing are used as well.
1821:
Since 2012, street markings are written vertically, but unusually from bottom to top. This is so that the characters are read from nearest to furthest from the drivers' perspective.
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1281:-derived script, originally written right to left, 90 degrees counter-clockwise to emulate Chinese writing, but without changing the relative orientation of the letters.
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normal horizontal text. When complete, changing the text font to a vertical font converts the document to vertical orientation for printing purposes. Additionally,
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are written vertically in columns going from top to bottom and ordered from right to left, with each new column starting to the left of the preceding one. The
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1671:, are aimed at the international market and strive to optimize for translation and localization, therefore make use of horizontal text and speech bubbles.
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in Japanese which provides a phonetic guide for unusual or difficult-to-read characters, follow the direction of the main text. Example in Japanese, with
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Chinese characters, Japanese kana, Vietnamese chữ Nôm and Korean hangul can be written horizontally or vertically. There are some small differences in
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Example of a newspaper article written vertically in Traditional Chinese with a horizontal headline from left to right. The Latin letters and
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2010: – Typesetting of Chinese characters (used in China, Japan and (traditionally) Vietnam. Also by the Chinese diaspora around the world)
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1489:) is still commonly used in Japan in novels, newspapers and magazines, including most Japanese comics and graphic novels (also known as
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1610:, influenced by the Portuguese alphabet, started to be used nationwide to replace chữ Nôm, vertical writing style fell into disuse.
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property in version 38.0, later enabled by default in version 41.0. Starting with Google Chrome version 48 in 2016, the unprefixed
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In some cases, horizontal writing in text bubbles may be used to indicate that a translation convention is in use – for example,
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Some publishers that translate manga into European languages may choose to keep the original page order (a notable example is
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all facilitate writing in this manner. In addition, writing in vertical columns from right to left facilitated writing with a
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1918:"feature tags" to define glyphs that can be transformed or adjusted within vertical text; they can be enabled or disabled in
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Both horizontal and vertical writing are used in Japan, Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan. Traditional characters are also used in
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uses Japanese text arranged horizontally to imply that a character is actually speaking in a foreign language, like English.
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language film is subtitled into Korean, the subtitles are sometimes written vertically at the right side of the screen.
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tend to use vertical direction for text. Manga frames tend to flow in right-to-left horizontal direction. Frames in
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such as English, although vertical writing is still frequently used in Hong Kong, Japan, Korea, Macau, and Taiwan.
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At the beginning of the change to horizontal alignment in Meiji era Japan, there was a short-lived form called
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are Chinese characters glossed with their equivalent chữ Nôm characters alongside the Vietnamese alphabet.
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Early computer installations were designed only to support left-to-right horizontal writing based on the
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2007:
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Grinols, Mark. "Using vertical layout in Internet Explorer 5.5" (Microsoft Corporation, October 2000)
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2504:"Explaining why Chinese characters move vertically (tb-rl)" (a passage from Ishikawa Kyuyo's book)
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There are only two types of vertical scripts known to have been written from left to right: the
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mark (Japanese) are all rotated 90 degrees when switching between horizontal and vertical text.
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written vertically on the model of Mongolian to supplant those writing systems current in the
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The earliest widely known Chinese publication using horizontal alignment was the magazine
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156:(1037–1101). The calligraphy is read in columns from top to bottom, from right to left.
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Traditionally, Korean writing has been vertical, with columns running right to left.
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Most text in manga is written vertically, which dictates the vertical shapes of the
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2022: – Order in which the strokes of a Chinese character are traditionally written
2019:
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Vietnamese is shown here written right to left, top to bottom. Characters shown in
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is written from right to left, while the plaques on the sides use vertical writing.
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1452:'pocket illustrated German to Japanese dictionary') published in 1885 (Meiji 18).
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proponents considered horizontal text to be a break from established tradition.
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writing equations must be turned sideways, making them more difficult to read.
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György Kara, "Aramaic Scripts for Altaic Languages", in Daniels & Bright
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Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London
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In East Asian calligraphy, vertical writing remains the dominant direction.
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In Singapore, vertical writing has also become rare. In Taiwan, Hong Kong,
1184:) written from right to left on the right-hand side of a festival stall in
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Two examples of right-to-left characters on a Chinese postcard from 1901,
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60, no. 1 (1997): 86–94 (available in the JSTOR online journal archive).
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uses right-to-left vertical writing. It uses hanja and small hangul for
1370:). Its first issue in January 1915 explained the (then) unusual format:
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2452:. Translated by Waku Miller. Tokyo: International House of Japan, 2011.
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2228:"Manga Answerman – How Come Some Manga Are Still Published "Flopped"?"
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station in Seoul. The Korean texts were written vertically. The sign
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featuring Chinese text written vertically along the strips of bamboo.
1293:. Of these, only traditional Mongolian still remains in use today in
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came to be accepted. One of the first publications to partially use
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2191:"Manga critic calls for Japanese comics to read from left to right"
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Highway markings are read from bottom to top. The right lane reads
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Many East Asian scripts can be written horizontally or vertically.
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became the first Korean newspaper to use horizontal writing. The
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Styling vertical Chinese, Japanese, Korean and Mongolian text
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from top-to-bottom, and even vertically from bottom-to-top.
1777:") are written in simplified characters from left to right.
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on 6 April 1997 (the day before its 50th anniversary), and
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The first printed Chinese text in horizontal alignment was
2473:. International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics,
1277:. The former developed because the Uyghurs rotated their
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282:
2521:
Unicode Technical Annex #50 Unicode Vertical Text Layout
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Taction: The Drama of the Stylus in Oriental Calligraphy
1465:, literally "right horizontal writing"), in contrast to
2003:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
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published its last vertical issue on 31 December 1997,
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and stroke direction of Chinese characters, Vietnamese
71:"Horizontal and vertical writing in East Asian scripts"
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Unicode Technical Note #22 Robust Vertical Text Layout
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Vertical or Horizontal? Reading Directions in Japanese
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2437:(in Japanese), chapter 9, deals with the change from
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2209:"Flipped and Flopped: Manga Fandom In The Mid-1990s"
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Characters on a Vietnamese edict written vertically.
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Differences between horizontal and vertical writing
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1846:requires two columns which run from right to left.
981:. In horizontal writing it is more common to use
3039:Comprehensive Economic Partnership for East Asia
2001: – Text that contains both LTR and RTL text
1717:are rotated when written with the vertical text.
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3183:Association of East Asian Research Universities
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1132:in Japan, those signs were read right to left.
2489:W3C Internationalization Article 13 March 2017
2420:
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1775:Long live the unity of the people of the world
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1376:本雜誌印法，旁行上左，並用西文句讀點之，以便插寫算術及物理化學諸程式，非故好新奇，讀者諒之。
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3034:China–Japan–South Korea trilateral summit
122:Learn how and when to remove this message
1791:'slow lane' while the middle lane reads
1771:Long live the People's Republic of China
1722:horizontally, especially for headlines.
1421:Meiji-era playing card manufacturies of
2471:The Mathematics of Direction in Writing
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3054:East Asian Bureau of Economic Research
521:
159:
1441:was a German to Japanese dictionary (
1425:, with its sign written right-to-left
7:
2278:Kaplan, Michael S. (4 August 2005).
1978:browsers, with the exception of the
60:adding citations to reliable sources
1835:Dongdaemun History and Culture Park
1355:, published in 1815–1823 in Macau.
992:In these scripts, the positions of
2495:W3C Working Draft 15 November 2012
2493:"CSS Writing Modes Module Level 3"
2062:Janhunen, Juha (27 January 2006).
1974:property is now also supported by
1352:Dictionary of the Chinese language
1154:in Beijing. The plaque at the top
989:are more common in vertical text.
25:
2016: – Japanese manuscript paper
3218:Ludwigshafen East Asia Institute
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1697:Japanese and Traditional Chinese
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1241:were written from right to left.
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1123:Right-to-left horizontal writing
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1958:(since 15.0) has supported the
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47:needs additional citations for
3366:Natural language and computing
3165:EAFF E-1 Football Championship
3140:East Asian Football Federation
2245:Gu Yue (古月) (11 August 2012).
2226:Deb Aoki (14 September 2018).
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1249:Left-to-right vertical writing
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3213:Journal of East Asian Studies
3150:East Asian Judo Championships
2997:East Asia Climate Partnership
2302:"font-feature-settings – CSS"
1285:in turn was an adaptation of
3236:Horses in East Asian warfare
2779:other ethnic groups in China
2413:), author: Jun'ichirō Kida (
2255:(in Chinese). Archived from
2419:), publisher: Just System (
2377:"Firefox 41 for developers"
2352:"Firefox 38 for developers"
2304:. Mozilla Developer Network
2189:Casey Baseel (2 May 2013).
2048:The World's Writing Systems
1966:got support for unprefixed
1517:placed to the bottom-right.
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1480:
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1393:After their victory in the
1229:on 1 April 1920. The title
1150:Imperial throne inside the
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3336:Chinese-language computing
3290:Needham Research Institute
3198:East Asia Image Collection
3193:East Asian Economic Review
2628:
1854:In the standard language (
1622:
1606:After the 1920s, when the
3069:Human rights in East Asia
2954:Sino-Xenic pronunciations
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2409:
2381:Mozilla Developer Network
2356:Mozilla Developer Network
2331:Mozilla Developer Network
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1842:
1805:, vertical writing using
1743:Japanese business cards (
1665:. Some, however, such as
1645:Graphic novels and comics
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363:
178:Traditional Chinese
140:The Cold Food Observance
3346:Japanese writing system
3155:East Asian martial arts
3102:Archaeological cultures
2405:Nihongo Daihakubutsukan
1732:is written vertically.
554:Simplified Chinese
192:Simplified Chinese
3361:Languages of East Asia
3282:Science and technology
3266:The Book of Five Rings
3160:East Asian Youth Games
2475:Vol.61, No.3, 347–356.
2065:The Mongolic Languages
1934:Since the late 1990s,
1847:
1798:
1778:
1718:
1637:Vietnamese calligraphy
1518:
1426:
1383:
1257:and its descendants —
701:
330:
157:
3356:Korean writing system
2565:Countries and regions
2008:East Asian typography
1924:font-feature-settings
1832:
1807:simplified characters
1784:
1764:
1712:
1504:
1420:
1259:Traditional Mongolian
956:, Korean hangul, and
137:
18:Yokogaki and tategaki
3305:Traditional medicine
3203:East Asia Law Review
3059:East Asian Community
2749:Indigenous Taiwanese
2327:"writing-mode – CSS"
2280:"Let's get vertical"
2213:Akihabara Renditions
1960:-webkit-writing-mode
1941:Among Web browsers,
1629:Japanese calligraphy
775:Revised Romanization
404:Revised Romanization
56:improve this article
3326:Chinese orthography
2730:Khalkha in Mongolia
2445:in modern Japanese.
1999:Bi-directional text
1625:Chinese calligraphy
1608:Vietnamese alphabet
696:Vietnamese alphabet
325:Vietnamese alphabet
3208:East Asian studies
2904:Hip-and-gable roof
2899:Chinese characters
2509:2 May 2019 at the
2448:Ishikawa, Kyuyoh.
2232:Anime News Network
1848:
1799:
1779:
1757:Simplified Chinese
1751:Japanese etiquette
1719:
1633:Korean calligraphy
1546:Kyunghyang Shinmun
1519:
1478:Vertical writing (
1427:
1404:, and among older
967:European languages
918:Chinese characters
163:Horizontal writing
158:
3371:Writing direction
3341:Japanese language
3313:
3312:
3064:Four Asian Tigers
2467:Nishiyama, Yutaka
2215:. 27 August 2019.
2169:NAVER Newslibrary
2144:NAVER Newslibrary
2119:NAVER Newslibrary
2094:NAVER Newslibrary
2075:978-1-135-79690-7
1943:Internet Explorer
1395:Chinese Civil War
1255:Old Uyghur script
1113:
1112:
1109:
1108:
1068:
1067:
914:
913:
906:
905:
796:
795:
685:
684:
577:Standard Mandarin
520:
519:
512:
511:
425:
424:
314:
313:
215:Standard Mandarin
132:
131:
124:
106:
16:(Redirected from
3378:
3331:Chinese language
3248:Miyamoto Musashi
3145:East Asian Games
3117:Former countries
3049:East Asia Summit
2879:Chinese knotting
2634:
2550:
2543:
2536:
2527:
2455:Obana, Yasuko. "
2427:Jasuto Shisutemu
2424:
2423:
2418:
2417:
2412:
2411:
2392:
2391:
2389:
2387:
2373:
2367:
2366:
2364:
2362:
2348:
2342:
2341:
2339:
2337:
2323:
2314:
2313:
2311:
2309:
2298:
2292:
2291:
2289:
2287:
2275:
2269:
2268:
2266:
2264:
2242:
2236:
2235:
2223:
2217:
2216:
2205:
2199:
2198:
2186:
2180:
2179:
2177:
2175:
2161:
2155:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2136:
2130:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2111:
2105:
2104:
2102:
2100:
2086:
2080:
2079:
2059:
2053:
2043:
2004:
1985:
1981:
1973:
1969:
1961:
1925:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1865:
1864:
1859:
1858:
1845:
1844:
1796:
1795:
1790:
1789:
1724:Musical notation
1588:
1572:
1512:
1488:
1487:
1483:
1474:
1473:
1464:
1463:
1451:
1446:
1445:
1406:overseas Chinese
1378:
1377:
1369:
1368:
1334:
1318:
1275:'Phags-pa script
1240:
1239:
1234:
1233:
1220:
1211:
1210:
1205:
1204:
1197:
1183:
1182:
1169:
1159:
1158:
1147:
1105:
1104:
1098:
1097:
1089:
1088:
1082:
1081:
1075:
1074:
1064:
1063:
1057:
1056:
1048:
1047:
1039:
1038:
1032:
1031:
1028:
1027:
987:Chinese numerals
902:
901:
876:
792:
791:
766:
760:
759:
718:
717:
704:
681:
680:
657:
656:
636:
635:
606:
605:
592:
591:
568:
562:
561:
548:
547:
525:Vertical writing
522:
508:
507:
482:
421:
420:
395:
389:
388:
347:
346:
333:
310:
309:
286:
285:
265:
264:
244:
243:
230:
229:
206:
200:
199:
186:
185:
160:
147:
146:
138:An excerpt from
127:
120:
116:
113:
107:
105:
64:
40:
32:
21:
3386:
3385:
3381:
3380:
3379:
3377:
3376:
3375:
3351:Korean language
3316:
3315:
3314:
3309:
3276:
3222:
3169:
3121:
3083:
3079:Stock exchanges
3016:
2983:
2795:
2635:
2626:
2559:
2554:
2511:Wayback Machine
2483:
2401:
2399:Further reading
2396:
2395:
2385:
2383:
2375:
2374:
2370:
2360:
2358:
2350:
2349:
2345:
2335:
2333:
2325:
2324:
2317:
2307:
2305:
2300:
2299:
2295:
2285:
2283:
2277:
2276:
2272:
2262:
2260:
2259:on 3 March 2016
2249:
2244:
2243:
2239:
2225:
2224:
2220:
2207:
2206:
2202:
2188:
2187:
2183:
2173:
2171:
2163:
2162:
2158:
2148:
2146:
2138:
2137:
2133:
2123:
2121:
2113:
2112:
2108:
2098:
2096:
2088:
2087:
2083:
2076:
2061:
2060:
2056:
2044:
2040:
2035:
2002:
1995:
1983:
1979:
1971:
1967:
1964:Mozilla Firefox
1959:
1932:
1923:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1872:
1833:Signage in the
1827:
1765:The slogans on
1759:
1715:Arabic numerals
1699:
1694:
1676:Kenshi Hirokane
1647:
1639:
1621:
1616:
1596:
1595:
1594:
1593:
1592:
1589:
1581:
1580:
1573:
1562:
1508:Hunmin Jeongeum
1499:
1467:hidari yokogaki
1415:
1379:
1347:Robert Morrison
1343:
1342:
1341:
1340:
1339:
1335:
1327:
1326:
1319:
1308:
1303:
1251:
1246:
1245:
1244:
1243:
1242:
1226:The Dong-a Ilbo
1223:First issue of
1221:
1213:
1212:
1198:
1190:
1189:
1170:
1162:
1161:
1148:
1125:
1045:
1011:Ruby characters
983:Arabic numerals
975:
934:written Chinese
932:Traditionally,
924:, and Japanese
900:
885:Revised Hepburn
870:
869:
868:
847:
846:
845:
824:
823:
822:
790:
746:
745:
744:
690:Vietnamese name
634:
506:
476:
475:
474:
453:
452:
451:
419:
375:
374:
373:
319:Vietnamese name
128:
117:
111:
108:
65:
63:
53:
41:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3384:
3382:
3374:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3318:
3317:
3311:
3310:
3308:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3286:
3284:
3278:
3277:
3275:
3274:
3269:
3262:
3259:The Art of War
3255:
3250:
3245:
3238:
3232:
3230:
3224:
3223:
3221:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3179:
3177:
3171:
3170:
3168:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3131:
3129:
3123:
3122:
3120:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3093:
3091:
3085:
3084:
3082:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3030:
3028:
3018:
3017:
3015:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2993:
2991:
2985:
2984:
2982:
2981:
2979:Chinese zodiac
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2884:Chinese dragon
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2844:Blepharoplasty
2841:
2840:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2816:
2811:
2805:
2803:
2797:
2796:
2794:
2793:
2792:
2791:
2786:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2735:
2734:
2733:
2732:
2727:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2701:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2680:
2679:
2678:
2668:
2663:
2662:
2661:
2651:
2645:
2643:
2637:
2636:
2629:
2627:
2625:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2603:
2602:
2592:
2591:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2569:
2567:
2561:
2560:
2555:
2553:
2552:
2545:
2538:
2530:
2524:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2501:
2496:
2490:
2482:
2481:External links
2479:
2478:
2477:
2464:
2453:
2446:
2400:
2397:
2394:
2393:
2368:
2343:
2315:
2293:
2270:
2237:
2218:
2200:
2181:
2165:"네이버 뉴스 라이브러리"
2156:
2140:"네이버 뉴스 라이브러리"
2131:
2115:"네이버 뉴스 라이브러리"
2106:
2090:"네이버 뉴스 라이브러리"
2081:
2074:
2054:
2037:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2030:
2029:
2026:Writing system
2023:
2017:
2011:
2005:
1994:
1991:
1931:
1928:
1876:Latin alphabet
1871:
1868:
1826:
1823:
1816:business cards
1803:mainland China
1758:
1755:
1703:mainland China
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1663:speech bubbles
1646:
1643:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1590:
1583:
1582:
1574:
1567:
1566:
1565:
1564:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1515:ruby lettering
1498:
1495:
1414:
1411:
1336:
1329:
1328:
1320:
1313:
1312:
1311:
1310:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1295:Inner Mongolia
1287:Tibetan script
1250:
1247:
1222:
1215:
1214:
1199:
1192:
1191:
1171:
1164:
1163:
1152:Forbidden City
1149:
1142:
1141:
1140:
1139:
1138:
1124:
1121:
1111:
1110:
1107:
1106:
1099:
1091:
1090:
1083:
1072:
1069:
1066:
1065:
1058:
1050:
1049:
1040:
974:
971:
912:
911:
908:
907:
904:
903:
899:
898:
895:
891:
887:
881:
880:
879:Transcriptions
872:
871:
867:
866:
863:
859:
855:
849:
848:
844:
843:
840:
836:
832:
826:
825:
821:
820:
817:
813:
809:
803:
802:
798:
797:
794:
793:
789:
788:
785:
781:
777:
771:
770:
769:Transcriptions
762:
761:
754:
748:
747:
743:
742:
739:
735:
731:
725:
724:
720:
719:
712:
706:
705:
698:
692:
691:
687:
686:
683:
682:
675:
666:
665:
659:
658:
651:
645:
644:
642:Yue: Cantonese
638:
637:
633:
632:
629:
625:
621:
615:
614:
608:
607:
600:
594:
593:
586:
580:
579:
573:
572:
571:Transcriptions
564:
563:
556:
550:
549:
542:
536:
535:
531:
530:
527:
526:
518:
517:
514:
513:
510:
509:
505:
504:
501:
497:
493:
487:
486:
485:Transcriptions
478:
477:
473:
472:
469:
465:
461:
455:
454:
450:
449:
446:
442:
438:
432:
431:
427:
426:
423:
422:
418:
417:
414:
410:
406:
400:
399:
398:Transcriptions
391:
390:
383:
377:
376:
372:
371:
368:
364:
360:
354:
353:
349:
348:
341:
335:
334:
327:
321:
320:
316:
315:
312:
311:
304:
295:
294:
288:
287:
280:
274:
273:
271:Yue: Cantonese
267:
266:
259:
253:
252:
246:
245:
238:
232:
231:
224:
218:
217:
211:
210:
209:Transcriptions
202:
201:
194:
188:
187:
180:
174:
173:
169:
168:
165:
164:
130:
129:
44:
42:
35:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3383:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3323:
3321:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3287:
3285:
3283:
3279:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3267:
3263:
3261:
3260:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3243:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3233:
3231:
3229:
3225:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3180:
3178:
3176:
3172:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3132:
3130:
3128:
3124:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3094:
3092:
3090:
3086:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3031:
3029:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2994:
2992:
2990:
2986:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2819:
2817:
2815:
2814:Architecture
2812:
2810:
2809:Age reckoning
2807:
2806:
2804:
2802:
2798:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2781:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2722:
2721:
2718:
2717:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2685:
2684:
2681:
2677:
2674:
2673:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2646:
2644:
2642:
2641:Ethnic groups
2638:
2633:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2601:
2598:
2597:
2596:
2593:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2575:
2574:
2571:
2570:
2568:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2551:
2546:
2544:
2539:
2537:
2532:
2531:
2528:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2508:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2494:
2491:
2488:
2485:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2465:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2451:
2447:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2435:4-88309-046-9
2432:
2428:
2406:
2403:
2402:
2398:
2382:
2378:
2372:
2369:
2357:
2353:
2347:
2344:
2332:
2328:
2322:
2320:
2316:
2303:
2297:
2294:
2281:
2274:
2271:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2248:警方：竖排从下往上是新国标
2241:
2238:
2233:
2229:
2222:
2219:
2214:
2210:
2204:
2201:
2196:
2192:
2185:
2182:
2170:
2166:
2160:
2157:
2145:
2141:
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2384:. Retrieved
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2306:. Retrieved
2296:
2284:. Retrieved
2282:. MSDN Blogs
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2263:16 September
2261:. Retrieved
2257:the original
2253:Hainan Daily
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284:waang4 paai4
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172:Chinese name
150:Song dynasty
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54:Please help
49:verification
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2854:Calligraphy
2698:in Sakhalin
2654:Han Chinese
2617:South Korea
2612:North Korea
2195:Japan Today
2014:Genkō yōshi
1984:sideways-rl
1980:sideways-lr
1797:'fast lane'
1684:Shonen Jump
1619:Calligraphy
1540:Dong-A Ilbo
1533:Chosun Ilbo
1323:bamboo book
1263:Oirat Clear
994:punctuation
979:orthography
723:Korean name
679:chhiòng-pâi
655:zung1 paai4
631:chiúng-phài
628:chiûng-phài
619:Pha̍k-fa-sṳ
352:Korean name
257:Pha̍k-fa-sṳ
242:hêng2 pʻai2
3320:Categories
3272:Yi Sun-sin
3107:Bronze Age
3044:Capitalism
2969:Typography
2964:Television
2934:Philosophy
2919:Mādhyamaka
2914:Literature
2869:Sinosphere
2789:historical
2386:7 February
2361:7 February
2336:7 February
2308:30 October
2033:References
1962:property.
1926:property.
1729:shakuhachi
1623:See also:
1560:Vietnamese
1273:— and the
1025:in green:
985:, whereas
938:Vietnamese
784:serosseugi
598:Wade–Giles
413:garosseugi
331:viết ngang
236:Wade–Giles
82:newspapers
3188:CrossAsia
3175:Education
2929:Mythology
2909:Languages
2889:Festivals
2837:Taiwanese
2744:Ryukyuans
2659:subgroups
2578:Hong Kong
2557:East Asia
2286:23 August
1886:also has
1843:동대문역사문화공원
1767:Tiananmen
1649:Japanese
1524:In 1988,
1431:Meiji era
1283:'Phags-pa
1172:The word
920:, Korean
853:Shinjitai
787:serossŭki
416:karossŭki
263:vàng-phài
112:July 2011
3295:Printing
3228:Military
3112:Iron Age
3026:Politics
2974:Yogācāra
2959:Surnames
2939:Religion
2849:Buddhism
2827:Japanese
2754:Tibetans
2725:in China
2715:Mongolic
2693:in Japan
2688:in China
2671:Japanese
2607:Mongolia
2588:Mainland
2507:Archived
2469:. 2010.
2443:yokogaki
2439:tategaki
2422:ジャストシステム
1993:See also
1976:Chromium
1930:Internet
1884:OpenType
1481:tategaki
1444:袖珍挿図独和辞書
1439:yokogaki
1435:yokogaki
1423:Nintendo
1413:Japanese
1188:, Japan.
1175:kasutera
1116:Bopomofo
1022:furigana
1016:furigana
946:Japanese
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894:tategaki
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702:viết dọc
649:Jyutping
503:yokogumi
500:yokogaki
459:Hiragana
308:hêng-pâi
278:Jyutping
152:scholar
3253:Sun Tzu
3089:History
3022:Economy
3002:Monsoon
2944:Scripts
2894:Gardens
2864:Cuisine
2822:Chinese
2801:Culture
2764:Uyghurs
2720:Mongols
2683:Koreans
2410:日本語大博物館
1773:" and "
1601:chữ Nôm
1381:excuse.
1361:Science
1306:Chinese
1301:History
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710:Hán-Nôm
670:Hokkien
590:zòngpái
339:Hán-Nôm
299:Hokkien
228:héngpái
96:scholar
3300:Swords
3127:Sports
2859:Cinema
2832:Korean
2774:Zhuang
2705:Manchu
2676:Yamato
2622:Taiwan
2600:Ryukyu
2433:
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2149:5 June
2124:5 June
2099:5 June
2072:
1986:values
1952:Safari
1922:using
1825:Korean
1746:meishi
1668:Levius
1635:, and
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2924:Music
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2739:Qiang
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2573:China
2416:紀田順一郎
2052:1994.
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1338:well.
1013:like
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103:JSTOR
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2818:Art
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2649:Ainu
2431:ISBN
2388:2016
2363:2016
2338:2016
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2070:ISBN
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