110:
211:
However, while the reconstructed correspondences can be compelling, they are not conclusive. As the speakers of the Yokuts and Utian languages were in contact with one another for hundreds or thousands of years, it is entirely possible that the sound correspondences are the result of borrowing,
171:
between 1000 and 500 BC, and began to spread west and south. Proto-Costanoan emerged in the eastern Bay Area, splitting from the larger Utian group sometime after 1500 BC, if not earlier. The language that remained in the Great Basin turned into Proto-Yokuts before gradually splitting into the
172:
various Yokuts dialects and only later began to migrate into
California. However, Scott DeLancey and Victor Golla have proposed that the language distribution could be the result of a single migration of Yok-Utian speakers who later spread out throughout California.
159:, who has argued for the family's existence on the basis of lexical, morphological, and phonological similarities between the reconstructed proto-languages. However, she and others have noted that while it is compelling, the evidence presented is not conclusive.
162:
According to the proposal, the Yok-Utian proto-language was spoken by a group originating in the Great Basin at least as early as 4500 BC. There was a division around 2500 BC, as the group which began speaking Proto-Utian migrated from the
1741:
767:
175:
One component of the evidence offered for Yok-Utian is that of sound correspondences in the reconstructed proto-languages for Yokuts and the Utian family, such as the sample below.
758:
1751:
1647:
377:
1787:
1746:
751:
771:
1792:
1620:
1700:
744:
267:
1756:
370:
1150:
1119:
526:
1777:
1468:
1782:
363:
1705:
1086:
712:
508:
428:
501:
144:
1566:
794:
1715:
1548:
1211:
597:
736:
697:
1542:
1500:
1309:
1275:
993:
417:
1710:
1656:
1575:
1553:
1194:
1076:
689:
1608:
1601:
707:
1535:
1383:
949:
915:
1720:
1559:
1517:
1457:
1436:
1230:
1166:
1109:
1042:
1015:
983:
799:
492:
450:
394:
156:
1631:
1587:
1511:
1411:
1397:
1327:
1217:
1033:
977:
970:
881:
865:
455:
403:
386:
216:
854:
1695:
1637:
1390:
1373:
1348:
1334:
1189:
1052:
1047:
1009:
892:
615:
576:
515:
460:
263:
1725:
1670:
1663:
1581:
1522:
1450:
1443:
1362:
1320:
1285:
1243:
1224:
1199:
1160:
1139:
1133:
1096:
1003:
901:
847:
840:
833:
812:
702:
676:
641:
585:
565:
542:
481:
472:
437:
1528:
1485:
1478:
1355:
1341:
1291:
1205:
1180:
1103:
1069:
1063:
960:
926:
826:
788:
670:
665:
660:
630:
591:
444:
152:
137:
133:
125:
87:
81:
55:
262:. University of California Press, Berkeley, Los Angeles, London. 130, 147-168, 252-253.
1594:
1426:
1404:
1257:
1236:
1128:
1022:
942:
935:
874:
819:
727:
635:
624:
604:
556:
549:
535:
148:
143:
While connections between Yokuts and Utian languages were noticed through attempts to
1771:
1298:
1264:
1250:
908:
805:
410:
349:
17:
164:
129:
109:
48:
96:
350:
Native Tribes, Groups, Language
Families and Dialects of California in 1770
168:
60:
315:
More
Evidence for Yok-Utian: A Reanalysis of the Dixon and Kroeber sets.
151:
in 1986, it was not until 1991 that Yok-Utian was proposed and named by
330:
314:
291:
236:
355:
219:
proposal, the Yok-Utian proposal does not directly support
Penutian.
740:
359:
167:
into
California. Proto-Miwok began to emerge in the northern
1734:
1688:
1646:
1619:
1499:
1467:
1425:
1372:
1308:
1274:
1179:
1149:
1118:
1085:
1032:
992:
959:
925:
891:
864:
778:
688:
651:
614:
575:
525:
491:
471:
427:
393:
95:
74:
54:
42:
32:
318:International Journal of American Linguistics, 67
295:International Journal of American Linguistics, 63,
331:The Penutian Hypothesis: Retrospect and Prospect.
240:International Journal of American Linguistics, 52
309:
307:
305:
303:
286:
284:
282:
280:
278:
276:
235:Whistler, Kenneth & Golla, Victor. (1986).
114:Pre-contact distribution of Yok-Utian languages
215:While Yok-Utian can be included in the larger
752:
371:
334:International Journal of American Linguistics
329:DeLancey, Scott & Golla, Victor. (1997).
8:
254:
252:
250:
248:
1643:
1464:
1369:
1082:
861:
759:
745:
737:
378:
364:
356:
212:rather than a common linguistic ancestor.
155:. Yok-Utian has been further supported by
768:Indigenous language families and isolates
228:
29:
27:Proposed language family of California
73:
7:
1788:Indigenous languages of California
25:
108:
313:Callaghan, Catherine. (2001).
290:Callaghan, Catherine. (1997).
1:
260:California Indian Languages
1809:
1793:Proposed language families
237:Proto-Yokuts Reconsidered.
721:
107:
56:Linguistic classification
37:
292:Evidence for Yok-Utian.
258:Golla, Victor. (2011).
1752:Unclassified languages
132:. It consists of the
1778:Yok-Utian languages
1701:Algonquian–Wakashan
352:(map after Kroeber)
157:Catherine Callaghan
18:Yok–Utian languages
1783:Penutian languages
1689:Proposed groupings
779:Language families
713:Southern Tsimshian
387:Penutian languages
205:"to split, break"
1765:
1764:
1747:Extinct languages
1684:
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1680:
1679:
1495:
1494:
1421:
1420:
1175:
1174:
1151:Takelma–Kalapuyan
734:
733:
728:extinct languages
509:Northern Kalapuya
209:
208:
140:language family.
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118:
16:(Redirected from
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1757:Linguistic areas
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698:Coast Tsimshian
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598:Southern Patwin
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153:Geoffrey Gamble
149:proto-languages
134:Yokuts language
126:language family
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1549:Tequistlatecan
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418:Upper Chinook
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411:Lower Chinook
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1706:Aztec–Tanoan
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1657:Guanahatabey
1655:
1648:Pre-Arawakan
1630:
1607:
1600:
1593:
1586:
1574:
1565:
1558:
1543:Oto-Manguean
1541:
1534:
1527:
1510:
1501:Mesoamerican
1484:
1477:
1456:
1449:
1442:
1435:
1410:
1403:
1396:
1389:
1382:
1361:
1354:
1347:
1340:
1333:
1326:
1319:
1310:Coahuiltecan
1297:
1290:
1263:
1256:
1249:
1242:
1235:
1223:
1216:
1204:
1159:
1138:
1120:Coast Oregon
1102:
1095:
1062:
1057:
1021:
1014:
1002:
994:Macro-Siouan
976:
969:
948:
941:
934:
914:
907:
900:
880:
873:
853:
846:
839:
832:
825:
818:
811:
804:
787:
781:and isolates
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623:
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584:
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527:Coast Oregon
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409:
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181:Proto-Yokuts
174:
161:
142:
121:
120:
101:
80:
75:Subdivisions
66:
45:distribution
1711:Macro-Mayan
1576:Uto-Aztecan
1554:Totozoquean
1384:Coahuilteco
1195:Palaihnihan
1077:Tsimshianic
690:Tsimshianic
184:Proto-Utian
165:Great Basin
145:reconstruct
1772:Categories
1567:Mixe–Zoque
1536:Misumalpan
1458:Chitimacha
950:Algonquian
916:Athabaskan
795:Yuki–Wappo
242:, 317-358.
223:References
196:"to give"
130:California
49:California
43:Geographic
38:(proposed)
1721:Tolatecan
1621:Caribbean
1609:AlagĂĽilac
1602:Purépecha
1588:Cuitlatec
1560:Totonacan
1518:Jicaquean
1437:Muskogean
1412:Mamulique
1398:Comecrudo
1328:Karankawa
1231:Jicaquean
1218:Chimariko
1167:Kalapuyan
1110:Sahaptian
1058:Yok-Utian
1043:Chinookan
1016:Iroquoian
984:Chimakuan
800:Chumashan
726:indicate
653:Yok-Utian
493:Kalapuyan
456:Nez Perce
451:Sahaptian
404:Kathlamet
395:Chinookan
122:Yok-Utian
97:Glottolog
67:Yok-Utian
33:Yok-Utian
1632:Arawakan
1512:Chibchan
1391:Cotoname
1349:Quinigua
1335:Maratino
1034:Penutian
978:Wakashan
971:Salishan
882:Eskimoan
866:Eskaleut
516:Yoncalla
461:Sahaptin
217:Penutian
187:English
169:Bay Area
136:and the
61:Penutian
1696:Amerind
1671:Ciguayo
1664:Macorix
1638:Cariban
1612: ?
1471: ?
1451:Atakapa
1444:Natchez
1429: ?
1376: ?
1374:Pakawan
1363:Tonkawa
1321:Aranama
1276:Pueblo
1244:Salinan
1225:Esselen
1190:Shastan
1183: ?
1161:Takelma
1153: ?
1140:Siuslaw
1122: ?
1097:Klamath
1089: ?
1087:Plateau
1053:Maiduan
1048:Wintuan
1036: ?
1010:Caddoan
996: ?
963: ?
902:Tlingit
893:Na-Dene
848:Waikuri
841:Timucua
834:Kutenai
813:Beothuk
724:Italics
708:Nisga’a
703:Gitksan
642:Nisenan
616:Maiduan
586:Nomlaki
577:Wintuan
566:Siuslaw
482:Takelma
473:Takelma
438:Klamath
429:Plateau
63: ?
1726:Waroid
1582:Xincan
1523:Lencan
1486:Calusa
1479:Tunica
1356:Solano
1342:Naolan
1286:Tanoan
1200:Pomoan
1134:Coosan
1129:Alsean
1104:Molala
1064:Yokuts
1004:Siouan
855:PericĂş
827:Cayuse
677:Ohlone
661:Yokuts
631:Konkow
592:Patwin
543:Coosan
536:Alsean
445:Molala
297:18-64.
266:
147:their
82:Yokuts
1735:Lists
1595:Huave
1529:Mayan
1405:Garza
1292:Keres
1258:Washo
1237:Karuk
1206:Yuman
1181:Hokan
1070:Utian
1023:Yuchi
961:Mosan
943:Yurok
936:Wiyot
927:Algic
875:Aleut
820:Bidai
789:Haida
671:Miwok
666:Utian
636:Maidu
625:Chico
605:Wintu
557:Miluk
550:Hanis
138:Utian
88:Utian
1427:Gulf
1299:Zuni
1265:Yana
1251:Seri
909:Eyak
806:Adai
264:ISBN
102:None
770:of
128:of
1774::
302:^
275:^
247:^
760:e
753:t
746:v
379:e
372:t
365:v
270:.
20:)
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