819:", or various combinations. The Yolngu believe that the Wangarr ancestor-beings not only hunted, gathered food and held ceremonies as the Yolngu do today, but also that they created plants and geographical features such as rivers, rocks, sandhills and islands, and these features now incorporate the essence of the Wangarr. They also named species of plant and animal, and made these sacred to the local clan; some Wangarr took on the characteristics of a species, which then became the totem of the clan. Sacred objects and certain designs are also associated with certain Wangarr, who also gave that clan their language, law, paintings, songs, dances, ceremonies and
1248:
1651:'Police, delayed by the wet season, pursued the men at Blue Mud Bay, where Constable Stewart McColl was speared in July. The police were later accused of handcuffing four women who were left under McColl's watch with two Aboriginal trackers while their party went after the suspects. McColl is believed to have released all but one woman, Japarri, who called out for help (just before her death she told Ted Egan intercourse did not take place). McColl then fired on her husband Dagiar, who speared him' (
1224:
1062:. Yolngu men testified that their actions arose in response to the abuse of their women and to thrashings and firing on them by the Japanese crew. Two whites, Fagan and Traynor, were killed near Woodah Island the following year, and soon afterwards, in July, Constable McColl, who was investigating the incidents, was speared on that island. The Aboriginal evidence was ignored in the trials which led to their conviction and the imprisonment of five Yolŋu in
1018:. During the period of Watson's management, another large massacre is recorded to have happened at Mirki on the north coast of Florida Station. The Yolngu people today remember this massacre where many people including children were shot dead. The battles between the graziers and the local population resulted in a severe depopulation of Yolngu, but the stiffness of resistance temporarily ended efforts by the intruding
43:
1077:, who led a groundswell of indignation at the travesty of justice, averted an official reprisal designed to "teach the wild blacks a lesson." One sentence was quashed, three sons of a local leader were released as was Dagiar, who had received a death sentence. It was widely believed that the latter, who disappeared, had been lynched by local policemen.
1234:
Yolngu artists and performers have been at the forefront of global recognition of
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander culture. Yolngu traditional dancers and musicians have performed widely throughout the world and retain a germinal influence, through the patronage of the Munyarryun and Marika
339:
Yolngu comprise several distinct groups, differentiated by the languages and dialects they speak, but generally sharing overall similarities in the ritual life and hunter-gathering economic and cultural lifestyles in the territory of eastern Arnhem land. Early ethnographers studying the Yolngu
269:
For
Tindale, following recent linguistic studies, the eastern Arnhem Land tribes constituting the Yolngu lacked the standard tribal structures evidenced elsewhere in Aboriginal Australia, in comprising several distinct socio-linguistic realities in an otherwise integral cultural continuum. He
1043:
and attempted to construct a massive cattle raising and meat production industry. The company employed roving gangs of armed men to shoot the resident
Aboriginal population. The first mission to Yolngu country was set up at Milingimbi Island in 1922. The island is the traditional home of the
1189:
principle, which did not allow for the recognition of any prior rights to land to
Indigenous people at the time of colonisation. However, the Judge did acknowledge the claimants' ritual and economic use of the land and that they had an established system of law, paving the way for future
1299:
leaves into baskets. Necklaces are also made from beads made of seeds, fish vertebrae or shells. Colours are often important in determining where artwork comes from and which clan or family group created it. Some designs are the insignia of particular families and clans.
1281:'s bark depiction of Manharrnju clan mourning rites of the clan, from a private collection, was copied and featured on the original Australian one-dollar note. When the copyright violation came to light the Australian government, through the direct agency of
717:
as the overarching law of the land, which is "lasting and alive... my backbone". This law covers the ownership of land and waters, the resources on or within these lands and waters. It regulates and controls production and trade and the moral, social and
786:
language), which metaphorically describes two streams, one coming from the land (Yolngu knowledge) and one from the sea (Western knowledge) engulfing each other so that "the forces of the streams combine and lead to deeper understanding and truth".
1022:
to take over further territory, and efforts at settlement ground to a halt. Monsoonal flooding, disease and the strong resistance from the local
Aboriginal population resulted in Florida Station being abandoned by Macartney in 1893.
1080:
Thomson lived with the Yolŋu for several years (1935-1937) and made some photographic and written records of their way of life at that time. These have become important historical documents for both Yolŋu and
European Australians.
2931:
Morphy, Frances (2008a). "Whose governance, for whose good? the
Laynhapuy Homelands Associationand the neo-assimilationist turn in Indigenous policy". In Hunt, Janet; Smith, Diane; Garling, Stephanie; Sanders, Will (eds.).
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313:, describing their marriage rules, subsection system and kinship terminology. Other researchers in the field quickly contested his early findings. T. Theodor Webb argued that Warner's Murngin actually referred to one
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2429:
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and
Macartney stocked it with cattle overlanded from Queensland. The first manager of the property, Jim Randell, bolted a swivel cannon to the verandah of the homestead to keep the Indigenous people away, while
774:, and may be broadly described as viewing the world as a related whole rather than as a collection of objects. The relationship between Yolngu and Western knowledge is explored by using the Yolngu idea of
331:
Since the 1960s, the term Yolŋu has been widely used by linguists, anthropologists and the Yolŋu people themselves. The term applies to both the sociocultural unit and the language dialects within it.
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3735:
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by other tribes, referred to Arnhem Land tribes that had a reputation for aggressive behavior because they had managed to manufacture iron-bladed spears from metal cut from abandoned
360:
assumptions. Specialists are undecided, for example, whether the languages spoken by the Yolngu amount to five or eight, and one survey arrived at eleven distinct "dialect" groups.
815:
The concept of
Wangarr (also spelt Wanja or Waŋa) is complex. Attempts to translate the term into English have called the Wangarr beings variously "spirit man/woman", "ancestor", "
4727:
3728:
408:
and marriage rules. People are introduced to children in terms of their relation to the child ("grandmother", "uncle", etc), introducing the child to kinship from the beginning.
2611:
1320:(1963) became Australia's most successful contemporary indigenous music group, and performed throughout the world. Their work has elicited serious musicological analysis.
928:) visitors to Australia who may have visited Arnhem Land before the Macassans, as a mythological reflection of the experiences of some Yolŋu people who have travelled to
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3316:
4755:
1036:
254:, as "artificial", having been arbitrarily applied to a large number of peoples of northeastern Australia. The proper transliteration of the word was, in any case,
4720:
1111:
1114:) of Yolŋu men to help repel Japanese raids on Australia's northern coastline (classified as top secret at the time). Yolŋu made contact with Australian and US
591:
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people, who are said to have preceded the
Macassans. These Baijini have been variously interpreted by modern researchers as a different group of (presumably,
3658:
1634:
There are complications in the schematic models often adopted in ethnography to analyse kinship. The reader may consult two papers by Ian Keen for details (
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When the politicians demonstrated they would not change their minds, the Yolngu of Yirrkala took their grievances to the courts in 1971, in the case of
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on the western fringe of Wagilak land. In 1884, 10,000 square miles (26,000 km) of Arnhem Land was sold by the colonial British government to
4748:
1472:
613:. In avoidance relationships, people do not speak directly or look at one another, and try to avoid being in too close proximity with each other.
426:. Each of these is represented by people of a number of different groups, each of which have their own lands, languages, totems and philosophies.
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was the first colonial white to penetrate Yolngu lands for the purposes of making a survey of its resources and prospects. He trekked along the
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in enacting promises to deal with Aboriginal land rights, and made a powerful pleas for respect for Yolngu culture, territory and Law.
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study published in 2000 investigated Aboriginal knowledge systems in reaction to what the authors regarded as Western ethnocentrism in
3291:
3639:− 12 Episodes, each with accompanying Study Guide: Whirlpool, Mermaid, Brolga, Morning Star, Namorrodor, Curse, Moon Man, Be, Spear,
3048:
3036:
1579:
548:, Yirritja have a special interest in and duty towards Dhuwa (and vice versa). For example, a Gumatj man may craft the varieties of
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did not renew the Macassans' permit to harvest trepang, and the disruption caused economic losses for the regional Yolŋu economy.
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is a normal part of Yolngu life: one man was known to have 29 wives, a record exceed only by polygamous arrangements among the
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Yolngu use hollow logs in traditional burial rituals. They are also an important "canvas" for their art, Aboriginal Memorial,
3693:
3085:
2913:
1277:) used in Arnhem Land burial practices serve an important spiritual purpose and are also important canvases for Yolngu art.
544:, and describes the special relationship between a person and their mother's moiety (the opposite to their own). Because of
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2701:(December 1982). "How Some Murngin Men Marry Ten Wives: The Marital Implications of Matrilateral Cross-Cousin Structures".
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391:
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2882:"Rockhampton fifty years ago: reminiscences of a pioneer; Reminiscences of the early days in Rockhampton and elsewhere"
309:
Warner had deployed the term "Murngin" to denote a group of peoples who shared, in his analysis, a distinctive form of
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were launched into their territories. From 1903 to 1908, the property rights of much of Arnhem Land were held by the
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1067:
951:– with some men walking several hundred kilometres in their work to send messages and relay orders between tribes.
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to classify and sort into separate identities the units forming the Yolngu ethnocultural mosaic. After the work of
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associated with his own (Yirritja) clan group and the varieties associated with his mother's (Dhuwa) clan group.
1247:
1194:. It was said to have played a vital part in paving the way to the recognition of Aboriginal land rights in the
325:, comparing the work of Warner and Webb, endorsed the latter's analysis as more congruent with the known facts.
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960:
356:
in particular, such taxonomic terminology is increasingly seen as problematical, and inadequate because of its
1493:
1183:, or the Gove land rights case. Yolngu lost the case because Australian courts were still bound to follow the
1118:, although Thomson was keen to prevent this. Thomson relates how the soldiers would often try to obtain Yolŋu
3330:
Walker, Alan & Zorc, R. David (1981). "Austronesian Loanwords in Yolngu-Matha of Northeast Arnhem Land".
3293:
Aboriginal Tribes of Australia: Their Terrain, Environmental Controls, Distribution, Limits, and Proper Names
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2679:
3386:
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3149:
2542:
1584:
1512:
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1138:
570:, which makes accurate standardised reporting of households and relationships difficult, for example in the
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3240:
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themselves but obtained these via trade from Central Australia. This contact was maintained through use of
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1464:
1236:
1048:. Beginning in 1932, over two years, three incidents of killing outsiders caused problems for the Yolngu.
373:
125:
69:
3022:
2906:"Missing the Revolution! Negotiating disclosure on the pre-Macassans (Bayini) in North-East Arnhem Land"
1574:
1014:, the last manager of the property, reportedly "wiped out a lot" of "the blacks" living on the coast at
1002:
259:
157:
109:
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3377:
3343:
2737:
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2560:
2500:"'Black Velvet' and 'Purple Indignation': Print responses to Japanese 'poaching' of Aboriginal women"
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2326:
1357:
1335:. It can only be played by certain men, and traditionally there are strict protocols around its use.
1070:. Only the intervention of missionaries, who had a foothold on the fringes of this area, and of the
770:. The author argues that Yolngu culture is a system of knowledge different in many ways from that of
97:
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as mementos. These spears were vital to Yolŋu livelihood, and took several days to make and forge.
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799:
710:
571:
405:
73:
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The moiety-based kinship of the Yolngu does not map in a straightforward way to the notion of the
4257:
3755:
3452:
3405:
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3199:
3191:
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2788:
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2598:
2523:
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1447:
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909:, paying Yolŋu in kind with goods such as knives, metal, canoes, tobacco and pipes. In 1906, the
165:
93:
81:
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1528:. Non-Yolngu are welcome to attend the festival and learn about Yolngu traditions and Law. The
1223:
1211:, which became an international hit in 1989, arose as a remonstration over the tardiness of the
556:
483:
person (and vice versa). Children take their father's moiety, meaning that if a man or woman is
173:
65:
20:
3720:
3417:
3172:
Stubington, Jill; Dunbar-Hall, Peter (October 1994). "Yothu Yindi's 'Treaty': Ganma in Music".
831:
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the "first adequately rounded out descriptive picture of an Australian Aboriginal community."
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2372:
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exist in Yolngu culture between certain relations. The two main avoidance relationships are:
4306:
4271:
4173:
4145:
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3697:
3689:
Printmaking by Yolngu artists of Northeast Arnhem Land: 'Another way of telling our stories'
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band, especially after its song "Treaty", performed the most popular indigenous music since
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In 1963, provoked by a unilateral government decision to excise a part of their land for a
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243:
235:
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at least two centuries before contact with Europeans. They made yearly visits to harvest
404:). This system governs fundamental aspects of Yolŋu life, including responsibilities for
234:
Murrgin gained currency after its extensive use in a book by the American anthropologist
3574:"Rom Watangu: An Indigenous leader reflects on a lifetime following the law of the land"
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3321:
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More recently, Yolngu have seen the imposition of large mines on their tribal lands at
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1074:
1071:
1040:
925:
567:
275:
247:
3145:"Review: W. Lloyd Warner, a Black Civilization: a Social Study of an Australian Tribe"
2680:"Gary Lang's Waŋa dance collaboration explores ancient and modern beliefs about death"
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traders, which probably began around the sixteenth century. Their word for European,
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902:
873:
Miḏawarr, Dharratharramirri, Rärranhdharr, Bärra'mirri, Dhuluḏur, Mayaltha and Guṉmul
827:
719:
670:
279:
3517:
3496:
The Yolngu and Their Land: A System of Land Tenure and the Fight for Its Recognition
3473:
Experiments in self-determination: Histories of the outstation movement in Australia
3346:(April 1930). "Morphology and Functions of the Australian Murngin Type of Kinship".
2538:
Reflections & Voices: Exploring the Music of Yothu Yindi with Mandawuy Yunupingu
1166:. The bark petition attracted national and international attention and now hangs in
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4243:
4236:
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4103:
4005:
3914:
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2735:(August 1995). "Metaphor and the Metalanguage: "Groups" in Northeast Arnhem Land".
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Kinship relations are also mapped onto the lands owned by the Yolŋu through their
271:
3712:
3537:
3212:
2986:
2400:
1269:, the most well-known Aboriginal art was the Yolngu style of fine cross-hatching
262:
spear folk", an expression appropriate to western peripheral tribes, such as the
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4594:
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4503:
4425:
4250:
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3900:
3650:
3633:
3578:
2670:
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2576:
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1309:
1208:
1006:
737:, which is a state of peace, freedom from hostilities and true justice for all.
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including laws for the conservation and the farming of plants and aquatic life.
579:
537:
322:
161:
1039:. This Anglo-Australian consortium leased the region under the name of Arafura
42:
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4222:
4208:
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3382:"Morphology and Functions of the Australian Murngin Type of Kinship (Part II)"
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1422:
1328:
1055:
917:
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242:(1937) quickly assumed the status of an ethnographical classic, considered by
2934:
Contested Governance: Culture, power and institutions in Indigenous Australia
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4601:
4580:
4566:
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4355:
4180:
4166:
4152:
4138:
4019:
4012:
3984:
3935:
3858:
3851:
3788:
3476:
3433:
Webb, T. Theodor (June 1933). "Tribal Organization in Eastern Arnhem Land".
3297:
2937:
2812:
2805:"Ecological community and species attributes in Yolnghu religious symbolism"
2784:
2473:"Ecological community and species attributes in Yolnghu religious symbolism"
2406:
1468:
1351:
1274:
1126:
1085:
940:
935:
Yolŋu also had well-established trade routes within Australia, extending to
898:
745:
638:
622:
295:
3701:
2612:"How Aboriginal artist Dave Malangi's design ended up on Australia's money"
2518:
2499:
2881:
2851:
705:); oral dictates; names and song cycles; and the holy, restricted places (
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4482:
4453:
4418:
4292:
4229:
3998:
3942:
3865:
2800:
2766:
2732:
2698:
2477:
The Habitat of Australia's Aboriginal Languages: Past, Present and Future
1296:
1155:
1143:
Since the 1960s Yolngu leaders have been conspicuous in the struggle for
1092:
964:
929:
895:
783:
575:
353:
328:
Wilbur Chaseling used the term "Yulengor" in the title of his 1957 work.
283:
231:
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2445:
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4201:
4194:
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3928:
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3632:
a series of twelve beautifully animated Dreamtime stories from Central
3607:
3214:
A place for strangers: towards a history of Australian Aboriginal being
2792:
2724:
1151:
1115:
973:, is derived from the Makassar language via the Malay "orang belanda" (
921:
855:
693:) who have the rights and responsibilities for this embodiment of law.
510:
412:
397:
349:
303:
16:
Aggregation of Indigenous Australian people in northeastern Arnhem Land
3409:
3369:
3195:
2769:(September 2000). "A Bundle of Sticks: The Debate over Yolngu Clans".
2758:
709:) that are used in the maintenance, education and development of law.
411:
Yolŋu societies are generally described in terms of a division of two
378:
Yolŋu speak a dozen languages classified under the general heading of
214:. Prominent Dhuwa clans include the Rirratjiŋu and Gälpu clans of the
4524:
4517:
4404:
4376:
4124:
4089:
3977:
3921:
3879:
3837:
3795:
3122:"Colonial Frontier Massacres in Australia, 1788-1930: Mirki massacre"
2667:"Ganma: Indigenous Knowledge for Reconciliation and Community Action"
2402:
Djanggawul: An Aboriginal Religious Cult of North-Eastern Arnhem Land
1614:
632:
447:
Gumatj, Gupapuyŋu, Waŋurri, Ritharrngu, Maŋalili, Munyuku, Maḏarrpa,
299:
251:
2716:
1235:
families in particular, on contemporary performance troupes such as
932:
with the Macassans and came back, or perhaps as traders from China.
665:, and there are particular ceremonies associated with Rom, known as
3418:"Wayawu to Dhuruputjpi, (2010) by Galuma Maymuru (8 August 1951- )"
1524:
Every year, Yolngu come together to celebrate their culture at the
4510:
4446:
4075:
2896:
2463:
1246:
1222:
1119:
906:
816:
701:); the instruments and objects that encode and symbolise the law (
341:
449:
Warramiri, Dhalwaŋu, Liyalanmirri, Mäḻarra, Gamalaŋa, Gorryindi.
3724:
3666:. Atom, Screen Australia, Australian Government. Archived from
3646:
2374:
The Use of Signing Space in a Shared Sign Language of Australia
2353:
The use of signing space in a shared sign language of Australia
939:
clans and other Aboriginal countries. They did not manufacture
3032:
Physics and Physical Technology: Civil Engineering and Nautics
1293:
509:– every fish, stone, river, etc., belongs to one or the other
3241:"Coastal Patrol and the Special Reconnaissance Unit 1941-43"
563:, literally "kin lacking" or "acting as if one has no kin".
3126:
University of Newcastle, Centre for 21st Century Humanities
2832:"Foundational sources and purposes of authority in Madayin"
2028:
1842:
846:, which shows the story of a spirit's journey after death.
842:, performed in collaboration with MIKU Performing Arts and
689:
embodies the rights of the owners of the law, or citizens (
240:
A Black Civilization: a Social Study of an Australian Tribe
196:
were formerly used by some anthropologists for the Yolngu.
2966:
Invisible to the state: kinship and the Yolngu moral order
2001:
466:
sub-group); Golumala, Marrakulu, Marraŋu, Djapu, Ḏatiwuy,
3466:"A history of Donydji outstation, north-east Arnhem Land"
2579:(June 1933). "Marriage and Descent in East Arnhem Land".
2183:
2181:
1031:
In the early 20th century, Yolngu oral history relates,
250:
was dismissive of the term, regarding it, like the term
19:
This article is about the people. For the language, see
3643:(or Wagalak) sisters, Bat and the Butterfly, and Mimis.
3081:
Frontier justice: a history of the Gulf country to 1900
2910:
Exploring the Legacy of the 1948 Arnhem Land Expedition
2875:
magazine. Australian Broadcasting Corporation and ATOM.
2635:. No. 52. Northern Territory, Australia. p. 4
1058:
were speared by Yolŋu men, in what became known as the
2809:
Signifying Animals: Human Meaning in the Natural World
2212:
2210:
2208:
1802:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1794:
1757:
1755:
1170:
as a testament to the Yolngu role in the birth of the
959:
Yolŋu had known about Europeans before the arrival of
725:
Yolŋu believe that living out their life according to
2862:"Dust Echoes: Chapter 4: Morning Star: A Study Guide"
2303:
1830:
3630:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 16 May 2017.
2330:. No. 19, 211. Queensland, Australia. p. 3
2012:
2010:
1925:
1923:
321:, and dismissed Warner's terminology as misleading.
2988:
Roger Sandall's Films and Contemporary Anthropology
867:
Indigenous Australian seasons § Yolngu seasons
222:clan is the most prominent in the Yirritja moiety.
119:
103:
59:
49:
3649:– video (made in collaboration with the people of
2972:. Negotiating the Sacred V: Governing the Family.
2772:The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute
2650:"An introduction to the Ngarra law of Arnhem Land"
2345:"Chapter 3: Cultural and sociolinguistic context"
744:(Morning Star), depicting the first death in the
798:is a name for sacred objects or emblems used in
652:Australian Aboriginal culture § Arnhem Land
555:The word for "selfish" or "self-centred" in the
199:All Yolngu clans are affiliated with either the
2475:. In Leitner, Gerhard; Malcolm, Ian G. (eds.).
2251:
2249:
2076:
1331:. Yolngu are both players and craftsmen of the
1037:Eastern and African Cold Storage Supply Company
894:Yolŋu engaged in extensive trade annually with
635:– Rirratjingu clan (Dhuwa moiety, Dangu people)
3736:
3317:"Bangarra Dance Theatre: history in movement"
2064:
8:
3471:. In Peterson, Nicolas; Myers, Fred (eds.).
3060:"Reconciliation, trauma and the native born"
521:) are shorter and higher-pitched than Dhuwa
31:
2839:Victoria University Law and Justice Journal
2669:. Action Research e-Reports. Archived from
340:applied the nineteenth-century concepts of
3743:
3729:
3721:
2908:. In Thomas, Martin; Neale, Margo (eds.).
2643:– via National Library of Australia.
2338:– via National Library of Australia.
2088:
1251:The $ 1 bill featuring David Malangi's art
41:
30:
3399:
3162:
2850:
2517:
2112:
1953:
1941:
1890:
1746:
1562:
2991:. Indiana University Press. p. 76.
2627:"The Lepers of Arnhem Land and Sketches"
1989:
1965:
1914:
1866:
1341:(1971–2017) was a famous Yolngu singer.
963:in Australia through their contact with
428:
396:Yolŋu groups are connected by a complex
3686:Salvestro, Denise Yvonne (April 2016).
3606:. Nhulunbuy Corporation. Archived from
2279:
2240:
2228:
2199:
2187:
2172:
2136:
1878:
1818:
1806:
1710:
1698:
1674:
1667:
1622:
1606:
1473:Northern Territory Legislative Assembly
2040:
1977:
1785:
1761:
1526:Garma Festival of Traditional Cultures
1501:(there are also other films about him)
590:As with nearly all Aboriginal groups,
266:of the general area Warner described.
151:
145:
2985:Mortimer, Lorraine (1 October 2019).
2291:
2216:
2124:
2100:
2052:
2016:
1929:
1902:
1734:
1686:
1652:
1285:, hastened to remunerate the artist.
871:Yolŋu identify six distinct seasons:
7:
3518:"Yirrkala bark petitions 1963 (Cth)"
3477:Australian National University Press
3298:Australian National University Press
2938:Australian National University Press
2267:
2160:
2148:
1854:
1773:
1722:
1639:
1635:
1558:
50:Regions with significant populations
1192:Aboriginal land rights in Australia
1160:Australian House of Representatives
3715:. Dhimurru Aboriginal Corporation.
3449:10.1002/j.1834-4461.1933.tb01675.x
2595:10.1002/j.1834-4461.1933.tb01676.x
468:Ŋaymil, Djarrwark, Djambarrpuyŋu.
462:Rirratjiŋu and Gälpu (both of the
14:
3554:"Yothu-Yindi and Yiḏaki Crafting"
3540:. Dhimurru Aboriginal Corporation
3103:Rothwell, Nicholas (8 May 2008).
3037:Science and Civilisation in China
2678:James, Felicity (5 August 2022).
2648:Gaymarani, George Pascoe (2011).
2610:Evans, Brett (21 February 2016).
2535:Corn, Aaron David Samuel (2009).
2356:. Walter De Gruyter. p. 38.
2304:Stubington & Dunbar-Hall 1994
1580:Indigenous Australian food groups
1327:, which Europeans have named the
605:Brother–sister avoidance, called
501:– so almost everything is either
3524:. Museum of Australian Democracy
3420:. Art Gallery of New South Wales
2424:Caruana, Wally (4 August 2014).
2255:
669:. The complete system of Yolngu
661:The word for "law" in Yolngu is
646:Yolŋu culture, law and mythology
540:takes its name) literally means
160:people inhabiting north-eastern
3315:Verghis, Sharon (7 June 2014).
3105:"Evolution In Sacred Tradition"
2447:Yulengor: nomads of Arnhem Land
2029:Dhimurru Aboriginal Corporation
1843:Yothu-Yindi and Yiḏaki Crafting
1595:Australian Aboriginal astronomy
1323:Arnhem Land is the home of the
1197:Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1976
890:Macassan contact with Australia
752:, the cycle of life and death.
697:includes all the people's law (
641:– Gumatj clan (Yirritja moiety)
430:
3694:Australian National University
3239:(1992). Mulvaney, John (ed.).
3086:University of Queensland Press
2914:Australian National University
2654:Northern Territory Law Journal
2002:Art Gallery of New South Wales
1:
3401:10.1525/aa.1931.33.2.02a00030
3362:10.1525/aa.1930.32.2.02a00010
3266:Donald Thomson in Arnhem Land
3264:; Peterson, Nicholas (2005).
3164:10.1525/aa.1939.41.1.02a00250
2751:10.1525/ae.1995.22.3.02a00030
2665:Hughes, Ian (November 2000).
1590:Taboo against naming the dead
920:myths preserve accounts of a
916:Yolŋu oral histories and the
392:Australian Aboriginal kinship
238:, whose study of the Yolngu,
3660:Twelve Canoes: A Study Guide
2976:. pp. 1–13 – via
2625:Gaunt, C. E. (6 July 1934).
1363:George Rrurrambu Burarrwanga
1265:Before the emergence of the
729:is right and civilised. The
625:– Gälpu clan (Dhuwa moiety,
3494:Williams, Nancy M. (1986).
2561:"Dhuwa and Yirritja Yiḏaki"
2077:Thomson & Peterson 2005
2065:Needham, Wang & Lu 1971
1443:Geoffrey Gurrumul Yunupingu
1267:Western Desert art movement
1180:Milirrpum v Nabalco Pty Ltd
911:South Australian Government
826:In 2022 Rirratjŋu lore man
479:person must always marry a
4804:
3704:– via Open Research.
3219:Cambridge University Press
3041:Cambridge University Press
2471:Christie, Michael (2007).
2444:Chaseling, Wilbur (1957).
2371:Bauer, Anastasia (2014b).
2343:Bauer, Anastasia (2014a).
1254:
1168:Parliament House, Canberra
1136:
1005:. The property was called
887:
864:
853:
649:
598:son-in-law – mother-in-law
389:
367:
317:, and could only denote a
18:
4709:
3762:
3500:Stanford University Press
3188:10.1017/s0261143000007182
2963:Morphy, Frances (2008b).
2904:McIntosh, Ian S. (2008).
2886:Rex Nan Kivell Collection
2880:Macartney, J. A. (1909).
2617:The Sydney Morning Herald
2320:Battler (13 March 1926).
1831:Dhuwa and Yirritja Yiḏaki
1279:David Malangi Daymirringu
844:Darwin Symphony Orchestra
124:
108:
64:
54:
40:
2807:. In Willis, Roy (ed.).
1532:oversees this festival.
1494:Westwind: Djalu’s Legacy
1102:, Thomson persuaded the
609:, normally begins after
513:. For example, Yirritja
270:classified these as the
156:) are an aggregation of
3522:Documenting A Democracy
3464:White, Neville (2016).
3387:American Anthropologist
3349:American Anthropologist
3288:Tindale, Norman Barnett
3150:American Anthropologist
2785:10.1111/1467-9655.00024
2543:Sydney University Press
1585:Yirrkala bark petitions
1345:Prominent Yolngu people
1139:Yirrkala bark petitions
1106:to establish a Special
592:avoidance relationships
586:Avoidance relationships
487:, their mother will be
3702:10.25911/5d7636021d35c
3120:Ryan, Lyndall (2019).
3078:Roberts, Tony (2005).
2860:Lewis, Robert (2007).
2830:Kelly, Danial (2014).
2519:10.22459/AH.37.2013.03
2089:Walker & Zorc 1981
1530:Yothu Yindi Foundation
1252:
1237:Bangarra Dance Theatre
1231:
1207:The song "Treaty", by
1145:Aboriginal land rights
985:In 1883, the explorer
830:advised choreographer
748:, is the beginning of
617:Prominent family names
172:means "person" in the
126:Australian Aboriginals
4715:By state or territory
3378:Warner, William Lloyd
3344:Warner, William Lloyd
3107:. Annandale Galleries
2852:10.15209/vulj.v4i1.40
1613:The word, used as an
1575:Gove land rights case
1255:Further information:
1250:
1226:
1003:John Arthur Macartney
854:Further information:
838:on a new work called
158:Aboriginal Australian
120:Related ethnic groups
110:Traditional religions
4188:Mantjintjarra Ngalia
3570:Yunupingu, Galarrwuy
3479:. pp. 323–346.
3211:Swain, Tony (1993).
3058:Read, Peter (2002).
3007:"N230: Yolngu Matha"
2940:. pp. 113–151.
2738:American Ethnologist
2673:on 2 September 2006.
2327:The Morning Bulletin
1713:, pp. 141, 157.
1642:, pp. 419–436).
1638:, pp. 502–527;
1625:, pp. 141–142).
1358:Laurie Baymarrwangga
1033:punitive expeditions
311:kinship organisation
98:Yolngu Sign Language
3610:on 20 February 2020
3380:(April–June 1931).
3141:Sharp, R. Lauriston
3067:Humanities Research
2498:Conor, Liz (2013).
2306:, pp. 243–259.
2202:, pp. 169–170.
2091:, pp. 109–134.
1956:, pp. 286–287.
1869:, p. 157, n.1.
1776:, pp. 502–527.
1737:, pp. 415–416.
1461:Yingiya Mark Guyula
1438:Galarrwuy Yunupingu
1273:. The hollow logs (
733:creates a state of
711:Galarrwuy Yunupingu
374:Yolŋu Sign Language
37:
4728:Northern Territory
3756:Northern Territory
3332:Aboriginal History
3249:Aboriginal History
2815:. pp. 80–96.
2505:Aboriginal History
2483:. pp. 57–78.
1480:Films about Yolngu
1448:Mandawuy Yunupingu
1253:
1232:
1133:Yolngu in politics
1060:Caledon Bay crisis
981:Nineteenth century
937:Central Australian
529:(without moiety).
525:. A few items are
491:(and vice versa).
244:R. Lauriston Sharp
166:Northern Territory
153:[ˈjuːŋuːl]
94:Australian English
4773:
4772:
4763:Western Australia
3673:on 5 January 2009
3556:. YidakiStory.com
3509:978-0-804-71306-1
3486:978-1-925-02289-6
3307:978-0-708-10741-6
3279:978-0-522-85205-9
3228:978-0-521-44691-4
3095:978-0-702-24083-6
2974:Monash University
2947:978-1-876-94488-9
2822:978-0-203-26481-2
2632:Northern Standard
2563:. YidakiStory.com
2552:978-1-920-89934-9
2490:978-3-110-19079-3
2481:Walter de Gruyter
2397:Berndt, Ronald M.
2388:978-1-614-51547-0
2379:Walter de Gruyter
2363:978-1-61451-547-0
2163:, pp. 29–35.
1788:, pp. 43–44.
1536:Alternative names
1408:Djambawa Marawili
1271:paintings on bark
1243:Yolngu visual art
1027:Twentieth century
764:Deakin University
707:dhuyu ṉuŋgat wäŋa
691:rom watangu walal
473:
472:
147:[ˈjuːlŋʊ]
131:
130:
4793:
4765:
4758:
4751:
4744:
4737:
4730:
4723:
4716:
4702:
4695:
4688:
4681:
4674:
4667:
4660:
4653:
4646:
4639:
4632:
4625:
4618:
4611:
4604:
4597:
4590:
4583:
4576:
4569:
4562:
4555:
4548:
4541:
4534:
4527:
4520:
4513:
4506:
4499:
4497:Ritharngu/Diakui
4492:
4485:
4478:
4471:
4464:
4457:
4449:
4442:
4435:
4428:
4421:
4414:
4407:
4400:
4393:
4386:
4379:
4372:
4365:
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4351:
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4260:
4253:
4246:
4239:
4232:
4225:
4218:
4211:
4204:
4197:
4190:
4183:
4176:
4174:Makarrwanhalmirr
4169:
4162:
4155:
4148:
4141:
4134:
4127:
4120:
4113:
4106:
4099:
4092:
4085:
4078:
4071:
4064:
4057:
4050:
4043:
4036:
4029:
4022:
4015:
4008:
4001:
3994:
3987:
3980:
3973:
3966:
3959:
3952:
3945:
3938:
3931:
3924:
3917:
3910:
3903:
3896:
3889:
3882:
3875:
3868:
3861:
3854:
3847:
3840:
3833:
3826:
3819:
3812:
3805:
3798:
3791:
3784:
3777:
3770:
3745:
3738:
3731:
3722:
3716:
3713:"Yolngu Culture"
3705:
3682:
3680:
3678:
3672:
3665:
3638:
3619:
3617:
3615:
3590:
3588:
3586:
3565:
3563:
3561:
3549:
3547:
3545:
3538:"Yolngu Culture"
3533:
3531:
3529:
3513:
3490:
3470:
3460:
3429:
3427:
3425:
3413:
3403:
3373:
3339:
3326:
3311:
3283:
3257:
3245:
3232:
3207:
3168:
3166:
3136:
3134:
3132:
3116:
3114:
3112:
3099:
3074:
3064:
3054:
3014:
3002:
2981:
2971:
2959:
2936:. Vol. 29.
2927:
2900:
2894:
2892:
2876:
2873:Screen Education
2866:
2856:
2854:
2836:
2826:
2796:
2762:
2728:
2694:
2692:
2690:
2674:
2661:
2644:
2642:
2640:
2621:
2606:
2572:
2570:
2568:
2556:
2531:
2521:
2494:
2467:
2461:
2459:
2440:
2438:
2436:
2426:"Art and object"
2420:
2392:
2367:
2349:
2339:
2337:
2335:
2307:
2301:
2295:
2289:
2283:
2277:
2271:
2265:
2259:
2253:
2244:
2238:
2232:
2226:
2220:
2214:
2203:
2197:
2191:
2185:
2176:
2170:
2164:
2158:
2152:
2146:
2140:
2134:
2128:
2122:
2116:
2110:
2104:
2098:
2092:
2086:
2080:
2074:
2068:
2062:
2056:
2050:
2044:
2038:
2032:
2026:
2020:
2014:
2005:
1999:
1993:
1987:
1981:
1975:
1969:
1963:
1957:
1951:
1945:
1939:
1933:
1927:
1918:
1912:
1906:
1900:
1894:
1888:
1882:
1876:
1870:
1864:
1858:
1852:
1846:
1840:
1834:
1828:
1822:
1821:, pp. 1–13.
1816:
1810:
1804:
1789:
1783:
1777:
1771:
1765:
1759:
1750:
1744:
1738:
1732:
1726:
1720:
1714:
1708:
1702:
1696:
1690:
1684:
1678:
1672:
1656:
1649:
1643:
1632:
1626:
1611:
1433:Janet Munyarryun
1418:Raymattja Marika
1378:Nathan Djerrkura
1373:Gatjil Djerrkura
1288:Yolngu are also
1213:Hawke government
1164:petition on bark
1154:mine, Yolngu at
1098:In 1941, during
955:European contact
884:Macassan contact
836:NT Dance Company
821:creation stories
685:and Mardiyhin).
601:brother – sister
429:
155:
149:
144:
45:
38:
36:
4803:
4802:
4796:
4795:
4794:
4792:
4791:
4790:
4776:
4775:
4774:
4769:
4768:
4761:
4754:
4747:
4742:South Australia
4740:
4733:
4726:
4721:New South Wales
4719:
4714:
4705:
4698:
4691:
4684:
4677:
4670:
4663:
4656:
4651:Yan-nhaŋu/Nango
4649:
4642:
4635:
4628:
4621:
4614:
4607:
4600:
4593:
4586:
4579:
4572:
4565:
4558:
4551:
4544:
4537:
4530:
4523:
4516:
4509:
4502:
4495:
4488:
4481:
4474:
4467:
4460:
4452:
4445:
4438:
4431:
4424:
4417:
4410:
4403:
4396:
4389:
4382:
4375:
4368:
4361:
4354:
4347:
4340:
4333:
4326:
4319:
4312:
4305:
4298:
4291:
4284:
4277:
4270:
4263:
4256:
4249:
4242:
4235:
4228:
4221:
4214:
4207:
4200:
4193:
4186:
4179:
4172:
4165:
4158:
4151:
4144:
4137:
4130:
4123:
4116:
4109:
4102:
4095:
4088:
4081:
4074:
4067:
4060:
4053:
4046:
4039:
4032:
4025:
4018:
4011:
4004:
3997:
3990:
3983:
3976:
3969:
3962:
3955:
3948:
3941:
3934:
3927:
3920:
3913:
3906:
3899:
3892:
3885:
3878:
3871:
3864:
3857:
3850:
3843:
3836:
3829:
3822:
3815:
3808:
3801:
3794:
3787:
3780:
3773:
3766:
3758:
3754:peoples in the
3749:
3719:
3711:
3685:
3676:
3674:
3670:
3663:
3657:Lewis, Robert.
3656:
3622:
3613:
3611:
3602:
3598:
3596:Further reading
3593:
3584:
3582:
3568:
3559:
3557:
3552:
3543:
3541:
3536:
3527:
3525:
3516:
3510:
3493:
3487:
3468:
3463:
3432:
3423:
3421:
3416:
3376:
3342:
3329:
3314:
3308:
3286:
3280:
3270:Miegunyah Press
3262:Thomson, Donald
3260:
3243:
3237:Thomson, Donald
3235:
3229:
3210:
3171:
3139:
3130:
3128:
3119:
3110:
3108:
3102:
3096:
3077:
3062:
3057:
3051:
3039:. Vol. 4.
3019:Needham, Joseph
3017:
3013:. 26 July 2019.
3005:
2999:
2998:978-025304395-5
2984:
2969:
2962:
2948:
2930:
2924:
2923:978-192166644-5
2903:
2890:
2888:
2879:
2864:
2859:
2834:
2829:
2823:
2799:
2765:
2731:
2717:10.2307/2802037
2697:
2688:
2686:
2677:
2664:
2647:
2638:
2636:
2624:
2609:
2575:
2566:
2564:
2559:
2553:
2534:
2497:
2491:
2470:
2457:
2455:
2454:. Epworth Press
2443:
2434:
2432:
2423:
2417:
2416:978-041533022-0
2395:
2389:
2370:
2364:
2347:
2342:
2333:
2331:
2319:
2315:
2310:
2302:
2298:
2290:
2286:
2278:
2274:
2266:
2262:
2254:
2247:
2243:, pp. 1–2.
2239:
2235:
2227:
2223:
2215:
2206:
2198:
2194:
2186:
2179:
2171:
2167:
2159:
2155:
2147:
2143:
2135:
2131:
2123:
2119:
2111:
2107:
2099:
2095:
2087:
2083:
2075:
2071:
2063:
2059:
2051:
2047:
2039:
2035:
2027:
2023:
2015:
2008:
2000:
1996:
1988:
1984:
1976:
1972:
1964:
1960:
1952:
1948:
1940:
1936:
1928:
1921:
1913:
1909:
1901:
1897:
1889:
1885:
1877:
1873:
1865:
1861:
1853:
1849:
1841:
1837:
1829:
1825:
1817:
1813:
1805:
1792:
1784:
1780:
1772:
1768:
1760:
1753:
1745:
1741:
1733:
1729:
1721:
1717:
1709:
1705:
1697:
1693:
1685:
1681:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1660:
1659:
1650:
1646:
1633:
1629:
1612:
1608:
1603:
1571:
1538:
1522:
1499:Djalu Gurruwiwi
1482:
1457:
1452:
1393:Leila Gurruwiwi
1388:Djalu Gurruwiwi
1347:
1339:Dr G. Yunupingu
1318:Royal Telephone
1306:
1263:
1245:
1221:
1141:
1135:
1104:Australian Army
1066:in present-day
1064:Fannie Bay Gaol
1029:
1007:Florida Station
983:
957:
926:Southeast Asian
892:
886:
881:
869:
863:
858:
852:
850:Wawalag sisters
813:
808:
793:
772:Western culture
768:science studies
760:
659:
654:
648:
619:
588:
557:Yolŋu languages
542:child-big (one)
394:
388:
376:
368:Main articles:
366:
337:
236:W. Lloyd Warner
228:
174:Yolŋu languages
142:
34:
33:
29:
24:
21:Yolŋu languages
17:
12:
11:
5:
4801:
4800:
4797:
4789:
4788:
4778:
4777:
4771:
4770:
4767:
4766:
4759:
4752:
4745:
4738:
4731:
4724:
4717:
4711:
4710:
4707:
4706:
4704:
4703:
4696:
4689:
4682:
4675:
4668:
4661:
4654:
4647:
4640:
4633:
4626:
4619:
4612:
4605:
4598:
4591:
4584:
4577:
4570:
4563:
4556:
4549:
4542:
4535:
4528:
4521:
4514:
4507:
4500:
4493:
4486:
4479:
4472:
4469:Pitjantjatjara
4465:
4458:
4450:
4443:
4436:
4429:
4422:
4415:
4408:
4401:
4394:
4387:
4380:
4373:
4366:
4359:
4352:
4345:
4338:
4331:
4324:
4317:
4314:Murngin=Yolgnu
4310:
4303:
4296:
4289:
4282:
4275:
4268:
4261:
4254:
4247:
4240:
4233:
4226:
4219:
4212:
4205:
4198:
4191:
4184:
4177:
4170:
4163:
4156:
4149:
4142:
4135:
4128:
4121:
4114:
4107:
4100:
4093:
4086:
4079:
4072:
4065:
4058:
4051:
4044:
4037:
4030:
4023:
4016:
4009:
4002:
3995:
3988:
3981:
3974:
3967:
3960:
3953:
3946:
3939:
3932:
3925:
3918:
3911:
3904:
3897:
3890:
3883:
3876:
3869:
3862:
3855:
3848:
3841:
3834:
3827:
3820:
3813:
3806:
3799:
3792:
3785:
3778:
3771:
3763:
3760:
3759:
3750:
3748:
3747:
3740:
3733:
3725:
3718:
3717:
3709:
3692:(PhD thesis).
3683:
3654:
3644:
3620:
3604:"About Yolngu"
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3591:
3566:
3550:
3534:
3514:
3508:
3491:
3485:
3461:
3443:(4): 406–411.
3430:
3414:
3394:(2): 172–198.
3374:
3356:(2): 207–256.
3340:
3327:
3322:The Australian
3312:
3306:
3284:
3278:
3258:
3233:
3227:
3208:
3182:(3): 243–259.
3169:
3157:(1): 150–152.
3137:
3117:
3100:
3094:
3075:
3055:
3049:
3015:
3003:
2997:
2982:
2960:
2956:j.ctt24hcb3.13
2946:
2928:
2922:
2916:. pp. ?.
2901:
2877:
2857:
2827:
2821:
2797:
2779:(3): 419–436.
2763:
2745:(3): 502–527.
2729:
2711:(4): 620–642.
2707:. New Series.
2695:
2675:
2662:
2645:
2622:
2607:
2589:(4): 412–416.
2573:
2557:
2551:
2532:
2495:
2489:
2468:
2441:
2421:
2415:
2393:
2387:
2368:
2362:
2340:
2322:"On the track"
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2308:
2296:
2284:
2272:
2260:
2245:
2233:
2221:
2204:
2192:
2190:, p. 118.
2177:
2175:, p. 117.
2165:
2153:
2141:
2129:
2117:
2113:Macartney 1909
2105:
2103:, p. 323.
2093:
2081:
2069:
2067:, p. 538.
2057:
2055:, p. 170.
2045:
2033:
2021:
2006:
1994:
1982:
1970:
1958:
1954:Gaymarani 2011
1946:
1942:Yunupingu 2016
1934:
1919:
1907:
1895:
1893:, p. 285.
1891:Gaymarani 2011
1883:
1871:
1859:
1857:, p. 620.
1847:
1835:
1823:
1811:
1790:
1778:
1766:
1751:
1747:Chaseling 1957
1739:
1727:
1725:, p. 410.
1715:
1703:
1701:, p. 224.
1691:
1689:, p. 150.
1679:
1677:, p. 141.
1666:
1664:
1661:
1658:
1657:
1655:, p. 61).
1644:
1627:
1605:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1598:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1570:
1567:
1555:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1537:
1534:
1521:
1520:Garma festival
1518:
1517:
1516:
1509:
1502:
1490:
1481:
1478:
1477:
1476:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1428:Wandjuk Marika
1425:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1383:David Gulpilil
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1354:(Danzal Baker)
1348:
1346:
1343:
1305:
1302:
1244:
1241:
1220:
1217:
1134:
1131:
1108:Reconnaissance
1075:Donald Thomson
1072:anthropologist
1041:cattle station
1028:
1025:
999:cattle grazier
982:
979:
956:
953:
945:message sticks
888:Main article:
885:
882:
880:
877:
865:Main article:
862:
859:
851:
848:
812:
809:
807:
804:
792:
791:Sacred objects
789:
759:
754:
713:has described
681:(also written
658:
655:
647:
644:
643:
642:
636:
630:
618:
615:
603:
602:
599:
587:
584:
568:nuclear family
471:
470:
460:
452:
451:
445:
437:
436:
433:
387:
386:Kinship system
384:
365:
362:
336:
333:
248:Norman Tindale
227:
224:
168:of Australia.
129:
128:
122:
121:
117:
116:
106:
105:
101:
100:
62:
61:
57:
56:
52:
51:
47:
46:
27:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4799:
4798:
4787:
4784:
4783:
4781:
4764:
4760:
4757:
4753:
4750:
4746:
4743:
4739:
4736:
4732:
4729:
4725:
4722:
4718:
4713:
4712:
4708:
4701:
4697:
4694:
4690:
4687:
4683:
4680:
4676:
4673:
4669:
4666:
4662:
4659:
4655:
4652:
4648:
4645:
4641:
4638:
4634:
4631:
4627:
4624:
4620:
4617:
4613:
4610:
4606:
4603:
4599:
4596:
4592:
4589:
4585:
4582:
4578:
4575:
4571:
4568:
4564:
4561:
4557:
4554:
4550:
4547:
4543:
4540:
4536:
4533:
4529:
4526:
4522:
4519:
4515:
4512:
4508:
4505:
4501:
4498:
4494:
4491:
4487:
4484:
4480:
4477:
4473:
4470:
4466:
4463:
4459:
4455:
4451:
4448:
4444:
4441:
4437:
4434:
4430:
4427:
4423:
4420:
4416:
4413:
4409:
4406:
4402:
4399:
4395:
4392:
4388:
4385:
4381:
4378:
4374:
4371:
4367:
4364:
4360:
4357:
4353:
4350:
4349:Ngaanyatjarra
4346:
4343:
4339:
4336:
4335:Nanggikorongo
4332:
4329:
4325:
4322:
4321:Murrinh-Patha
4318:
4315:
4311:
4308:
4304:
4301:
4300:Mulluk-Mulluk
4297:
4294:
4290:
4287:
4286:Menhdheyangal
4283:
4280:
4276:
4273:
4269:
4266:
4262:
4259:
4255:
4252:
4248:
4245:
4241:
4238:
4234:
4231:
4227:
4224:
4220:
4217:
4213:
4210:
4206:
4203:
4199:
4196:
4192:
4189:
4185:
4182:
4178:
4175:
4171:
4168:
4164:
4161:
4157:
4154:
4150:
4147:
4143:
4140:
4136:
4133:
4129:
4126:
4122:
4119:
4115:
4112:
4108:
4105:
4101:
4098:
4094:
4091:
4087:
4084:
4080:
4077:
4073:
4070:
4066:
4063:
4059:
4056:
4052:
4049:
4045:
4042:
4038:
4035:
4031:
4028:
4027:Garrwa/Karawa
4024:
4021:
4017:
4014:
4010:
4007:
4003:
4000:
3996:
3993:
3989:
3986:
3982:
3979:
3975:
3972:
3968:
3965:
3961:
3958:
3954:
3951:
3947:
3944:
3940:
3937:
3933:
3930:
3926:
3923:
3919:
3916:
3912:
3909:
3905:
3902:
3898:
3895:
3891:
3888:
3884:
3881:
3877:
3874:
3870:
3867:
3863:
3860:
3856:
3853:
3849:
3846:
3842:
3839:
3835:
3832:
3828:
3825:
3821:
3818:
3814:
3811:
3807:
3804:
3800:
3797:
3793:
3790:
3786:
3783:
3779:
3776:
3772:
3769:
3765:
3764:
3761:
3757:
3753:
3746:
3741:
3739:
3734:
3732:
3727:
3726:
3723:
3714:
3710:
3708:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3690:
3684:
3669:
3662:
3661:
3655:
3652:
3648:
3647:Twelve Canoes
3645:
3642:
3637:
3635:
3629:
3628:ABC Education
3625:
3624:"Dust Echoes"
3621:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3600:
3595:
3581:
3580:
3575:
3572:(July 2016).
3571:
3567:
3555:
3551:
3539:
3535:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3492:
3488:
3482:
3478:
3474:
3467:
3462:
3458:
3454:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3437:
3431:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3388:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3350:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3328:
3324:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3309:
3303:
3299:
3295:
3294:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3250:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3215:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3176:
3175:Popular Music
3170:
3165:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3151:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3127:
3123:
3118:
3106:
3101:
3097:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3082:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3061:
3056:
3052:
3050:0-521-07060-0
3046:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3033:
3028:
3027:Lu, Gwei-djen
3024:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2994:
2990:
2989:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2968:
2967:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2929:
2925:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2902:
2898:
2887:
2883:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2869:ABC Education
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2833:
2828:
2824:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2773:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2739:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2705:
2700:
2696:
2685:
2681:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2646:
2634:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2619:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2583:
2578:
2574:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2539:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2492:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2469:
2465:
2453:
2449:
2448:
2442:
2431:
2427:
2422:
2418:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2403:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2375:
2369:
2365:
2359:
2355:
2354:
2346:
2341:
2329:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2317:
2312:
2305:
2300:
2297:
2293:
2288:
2285:
2281:
2276:
2273:
2270:, p. 42.
2269:
2264:
2261:
2257:
2252:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2237:
2234:
2231:, p. 21.
2230:
2225:
2222:
2219:, p. 61.
2218:
2213:
2211:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2196:
2193:
2189:
2184:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2169:
2166:
2162:
2157:
2154:
2150:
2145:
2142:
2138:
2133:
2130:
2126:
2121:
2118:
2114:
2109:
2106:
2102:
2097:
2094:
2090:
2085:
2082:
2078:
2073:
2070:
2066:
2061:
2058:
2054:
2049:
2046:
2043:, p. 55.
2042:
2037:
2034:
2030:
2025:
2022:
2018:
2013:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1998:
1995:
1991:
1990:Rothwell 2008
1986:
1983:
1979:
1974:
1971:
1968:, pp. ?.
1967:
1966:Williams 1986
1962:
1959:
1955:
1950:
1947:
1943:
1938:
1935:
1931:
1926:
1924:
1920:
1917:, p. 76.
1916:
1915:Mortimer 2019
1911:
1908:
1905:, p. 33.
1904:
1899:
1896:
1892:
1887:
1884:
1880:
1875:
1872:
1868:
1867:Christie 2007
1863:
1860:
1856:
1851:
1848:
1844:
1839:
1836:
1832:
1827:
1824:
1820:
1815:
1812:
1808:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1797:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1782:
1779:
1775:
1770:
1767:
1764:, p. 38.
1763:
1758:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1743:
1740:
1736:
1731:
1728:
1724:
1719:
1716:
1712:
1707:
1704:
1700:
1695:
1692:
1688:
1683:
1680:
1676:
1671:
1668:
1662:
1654:
1648:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1631:
1628:
1624:
1621:water tanks (
1620:
1616:
1610:
1607:
1600:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1572:
1568:
1566:
1564:
1563:AIATSIS: N230
1561:, p. 80
1560:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1539:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1527:
1519:
1515:
1514:
1510:
1508:
1507:
1503:
1500:
1496:
1495:
1491:
1489:
1488:
1484:
1483:
1479:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1459:
1458:
1454:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1413:Banduk Marika
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1403:David Malangi
1401:
1399:
1398:Rarriwuy Hick
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1368:Gary Dhurrkay
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1336:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1321:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1295:
1292:. They weave
1291:
1286:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1262:
1261:Bark painting
1258:
1257:Memorial pole
1249:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1230:
1225:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1210:
1205:
1203:
1202:Mabo decision
1199:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1187:
1186:terra nullius
1182:
1181:
1175:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1148:
1146:
1140:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1123:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1096:
1094:
1090:
1087:
1082:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1054:
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3608:the original
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2325:
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2280:Verghis 2014
2275:
2263:
2241:Thomson 1992
2236:
2229:Thomson 1992
2224:
2200:Roberts 2005
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2188:Morphy 2008a
2173:Morphy 2008a
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2139:, p. 4.
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2120:
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2096:
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2079:, p. ?.
2072:
2060:
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1985:
1973:
1961:
1949:
1937:
1910:
1898:
1886:
1879:Caruana 2014
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1826:
1819:Morphy 2008b
1814:
1807:Morphy 2008b
1781:
1769:
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1730:
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1711:Tindale 1974
1706:
1699:Tindale 1974
1694:
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1670:
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1623:Tindale 1974
1609:
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1511:
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1492:
1485:
1337:
1332:
1324:
1322:
1317:
1314:Jimmy Little
1307:
1304:Yolngu music
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1283:H. C. Coombs
1264:
1233:
1206:
1195:
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1176:
1158:sent to the
1149:
1142:
1124:
1100:World War II
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1083:
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1030:
1019:
1016:Blue Mud Bay
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377:
370:Yolngu Matha
338:
330:
327:
318:
308:
268:
260:shovel-nosed
255:
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229:
219:
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216:Dangu people
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204:
203:(also spelt
200:
198:
193:
189:
185:
181:
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176:. The terms
169:
138:
134:
132:
114:Christianity
28:Ethnic group
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4426:Norweilemil
4258:Marrithiyal
4251:Marranunggu
4048:Gungorogone
3677:14 February
3651:Ramingining
3634:Arnhem Land
3579:The Monthly
3544:17 February
3528:17 February
3073:(1): 29–35.
2458:14 February
2435:17 February
2041:Berndt 2005
1978:Hughes 2000
1786:Bauer 2014b
1762:Bauer 2014a
1619:Caledon Bay
1513:High Ground
1467:member for
1465:Independent
1455:Politicians
1310:Yothu Yindi
1219:Yolngu arts
1209:Yothu Yindi
1172:land rights
1012:Jack Watson
715:Rom watangu
546:yothu-yindi
534:yothu-yindi
519:didgeridoos
358:eurocentric
323:A. P. Elkin
258:, meaning "
162:Arnhem Land
70:Dhaŋu-Djaŋu
66:Yolŋu Matha
4735:Queensland
4623:Wongkamala
4595:Warndarang
4490:Rembarrnga
4476:Pongaponga
4440:Nunggubuyu
4370:Ngaliwurru
4342:Nangiomeri
4223:Marinunggo
4209:Maridjabin
4132:Kungarakan
4083:Jamindjung
3992:Emmiyangal
3957:Djerimanga
3873:Bingongina
3824:Anmatyerre
3752:Aboriginal
3614:29 January
3424:19 January
3338:: 109–134.
3256:(1): 1–57.
3131:21 October
3111:19 January
3023:Wang, Ling
2891:20 October
2660:: 283–304.
2639:20 October
2452:A.P. Elkin
2334:20 October
2292:Evans 2016
2217:Conor 2013
2125:Gaunt 1934
2101:White 2016
2053:Swain 1993
2017:James 2022
1930:Lewis 2007
1903:Kelly 2014
1735:Elkin 1933
1687:Sharp 1939
1653:Conor 2013
1506:Yolngu Boy
1487:Ten Canoes
1423:Roy Marika
1329:didgeridoo
1174:movement.
1137:See also:
1116:servicemen
1091:opened at
1084:In 1935 a
1056:trepangers
941:boomerangs
918:Djanggawul
742:Barnumbirr
650:See also:
611:initiation
496:hereditary
390:See also:
292:Rembarrnga
264:Rembarrnga
4616:Wilingura
4602:Warumungu
4581:Warlmanpa
4532:Wadjiginy
4391:Ngarinman
4356:Ngalakgan
4307:Muringura
4272:Matuntara
4181:Mangarayi
4167:Madngella
4153:Kwarandji
4146:Kunwinjku
4139:Kunibidji
4055:Gunindiri
4020:Gambalang
4013:Gadjerong
3985:Doolboong
3936:Djalakuru
3859:Bilingara
3852:Beriguruk
3803:Amijangal
3789:Alyawarre
3204:153678918
2813:Routledge
2803:(2005) .
2801:Keen, Ian
2767:Keen, Ian
2733:Keen, Ian
2699:Keen, Ian
2689:10 August
2512:: 51–76.
2407:Routledge
2399:(2005) .
2268:Corn 2009
2161:Read 2002
2149:Ryan 2019
1855:Keen 1982
1774:Keen 1995
1723:Webb 1933
1663:Citations
1640:Keen 2000
1636:Keen 1995
1559:Keen 2005
1557:Sources:
1552:Yalnumata
1469:Nhulunbuy
1352:Baker Boy
1275:larrakitj
1204:in 1992.
1127:Nhulunbuy
1086:Methodist
1046:Yan-nhaŋu
899:fishermen
832:Gary Lang
806:Mythology
746:Dreamtime
639:Yunupingu
623:Gurruwiwi
532:The term
413:exogamous
296:Ritharngu
272:Yan-nhaŋu
207:) or the
186:Yalnumata
60:Languages
55:Australia
4780:Category
4756:Victoria
4749:Tasmania
4665:Yaroinga
4630:Wulwulam
4588:Warlpiri
4574:Wardaman
4567:Wandjira
4483:Puneitja
4454:Perrakee
4419:Ngormbur
4293:Mudburra
4230:Marijedi
4160:Larrakia
4111:Kaytetye
4062:Gurindji
4034:Giimbiyu
3999:Gaagudju
3866:Binbinga
3831:Arrernte
3457:40327430
3290:(1974).
3143:(1939).
3029:(1971).
2684:ABC News
2603:40327431
2528:24046958
1569:See also
1497:, about
1297:pandanus
1200:and the
1156:Yirrkala
1093:Yirrkala
1053:Japanese
965:Macassan
930:Sulawesi
896:Macassan
834:and his
800:ceremony
784:Guringai
576:Polygamy
538:the band
503:Yirritja
489:Yirritja
477:Yirritja
442:Yirritja
424:Yirritja
406:ceremony
400:system (
364:Language
354:Ian Keen
302:and the
232:ethnonym
209:Yirritja
194:Yulangor
104:Religion
82:Ritharŋu
4700:Yunggor
4658:Yanyuwa
4644:Yangman
4637:Wurango
4560:Wambaya
4539:Wagoman
4462:Pintupi
4433:Nungali
4398:Ngarnka
4384:Ngardok
4265:Mati Ke
4202:Maridan
4195:Mariamo
4118:Kukatja
4097:Jingili
4069:Iwaidja
4041:Gudanji
3964:Djinang
3950:Djerait
3929:Dhuwala
3908:Dalabon
3894:Dagoman
3887:Burarra
3845:Awinmul
3768:Airiman
3641:Wawalag
3585:19 July
3560:29 July
3436:Oceania
3011:AIATSIS
2871:. From
2793:2661083
2725:2802037
2582:Oceania
2567:29 July
2430:AIATSIS
2313:Sources
1547:Wulamba
1542:Murngin
1471:in the
1290:weavers
1152:bauxite
1089:mission
1020:balanda
970:Balanda
961:British
949:mailmen
922:Baijini
903:trepang
879:History
856:Wawalag
811:Wangarr
782:in the
750:Maḏayin
731:Maḏayin
727:Maḏayin
695:Maḏayin
687:Maḏayin
683:madayan
679:Maḏayin
607:mirriri
527:wakinŋu
499:estates
432:Moiety
402:gurruṯu
398:kinship
350:phratry
304:Dhuwala
276:Djinang
256:Muraŋin
190:Murrgin
182:Wulamba
178:Murngin
164:in the
4786:Yolngu
4679:Yolngu
4546:Wakaya
4525:Wadere
4518:Waanyi
4405:Ngarti
4377:Ngandi
4363:Ngalia
4328:Nagara
4125:Kunapa
4090:Jawoyn
3978:Djowei
3971:Djinba
3922:Dhuwal
3880:Bininj
3838:Awarai
3796:Amarak
3506:
3483:
3455:
3410:660835
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3370:661305
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3202:
3196:852915
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3092:
3047:
2995:
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2920:
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2759:645969
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2360:
1615:exonym
1333:yiḏaki
1325:yiḏaki
1120:spears
1110:Unit (
1068:Darwin
907:pearls
735:Magaya
675:Ngarra
633:Marika
572:census
550:yiḏaki
523:yiḏaki
515:yiḏaki
511:moiety
335:People
315:moiety
300:Dhuwal
280:Djinba
252:Kurnai
220:Gumatj
212:moiety
170:Yolngu
135:Yolngu
90:Djinba
86:Djinaŋ
78:Dhuwal
32:Yolngu
4686:Yukul
4609:Watta
4511:Tjial
4447:Oitbi
4279:Maung
4244:Marra
4237:Mariu
4076:Jaako
4006:Gaari
3943:Djaŋu
3915:Dangu
3782:Alura
3775:Alawa
3671:(PDF)
3664:(PDF)
3469:(PDF)
3453:JSTOR
3406:JSTOR
3366:JSTOR
3244:(PDF)
3200:S2CID
3192:JSTOR
3063:(PDF)
2970:(PDF)
2952:JSTOR
2897:Trove
2865:(PDF)
2835:(PDF)
2789:JSTOR
2755:JSTOR
2721:JSTOR
2599:JSTOR
2524:JSTOR
2464:Trove
2348:(PDF)
1601:Notes
1112:NTSRU
817:totem
796:Raŋga
780:Yerin
776:gaṉma
757:Gaṉma
507:Dhuwa
485:Dhuwa
481:Dhuwa
464:Dangu
457:Dhuwa
420:Dhuwa
346:horde
342:tribe
288:Dangu
284:Djaŋu
201:Dhuwa
139:Yolŋu
74:Nhaŋu
35:Yolŋu
4693:Yumu
4553:Walu
4504:Tiwi
3901:Daii
3679:2020
3616:2020
3587:2020
3562:2018
3546:2020
3530:2020
3504:ISBN
3481:ISBN
3426:2020
3302:ISBN
3274:ISBN
3223:ISBN
3133:2020
3113:2020
3090:ISBN
3045:ISBN
2993:ISBN
2942:ISBN
2918:ISBN
2893:2020
2817:ISBN
2691:2022
2641:2020
2569:2018
2547:ISBN
2485:ISBN
2460:2020
2437:2020
2411:ISBN
2383:ISBN
2358:ISBN
2336:2020
2256:MoAD
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1294:dyed
1259:and
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840:Waŋa
580:Tiwi
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226:Name
192:and
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