469:), published in France in 1975 and also published in Italian (Quodlibet 2003) describing a project to restructure our society in a genuine democratic way, seeking to escape any elitism through the theory of the critical group. The book is also a fierce critique of the myth of global communication. From the book: "The analysis of social utopias presented in this book implies, implicitly in the act of accusation and criticism of these two 'plagues' of our times which are: 'the state mafia' and the 'media mafia' (press, television etc.). The existence of a state mafia results from the impossibility of the classic democratic state to keep the shape once its size exceeds certain limits, and the 'media mafia' is a direct result of the same inability in global communication ( Worldwide). The
549:. Raised plans increase the original area of the city becoming three-dimensional. The tiering of the spatial city on several independent levels, one on top of the other, determines "spatial town-planning" both from the functional and from the aesthetic viewpoint. The lower level may be earmarked for public life and for premises designed for community services as well as pedestrian areas. The piles contain the vertical means of transport (lifts, staircases). The superposition of levels should make it possible to build a whole industrial city, or a residential or commercial city, on the same site. In this way, the Spatial City forms what Friedman would call an "artificial
384:, that "mobile architecture" was coined in the sense of "mobility of living." With the example of "Ville spatiale", Friedman set out – for the first time – the principles of an architecture capable of understanding the constant changes that characterize the "social mobility" and based on "infrastructure" that provide housing. Planning rules could be created and recreated, according to the need of the inhabitants and residents. Its focus on people themselves arises from its direct experience of homeless refugees, first in European cities facing war and disaster and later in
557:
half of the spatial city would be occupied. The "fillings" which correspond to the dwellings only actually take up 50% of the three-dimensional lattice, permitting the light to spread freely in the spatial city. This introduction of elements on a three-dimensional grid with several levels on piles permits a changeable occupancy of the space by means of the convertibility of the forms and their adaptation to multiple uses.
66:
127:
25:
434:, completed in 1981. On this occasion he published a procedure in which the distribution and arrangement of all the architectural elements were designed and decided by future users. Because even non-professionals can understand and apply his method, he wrote also how to comics. Interest in the issue of participation brought Friedman's work to the attention of architects like
474:
leads to the formation of gangs who act on our behalf against our interests. As well as an indictment, this book will simultaneously be an act of encouragement: the individual should be encouraged not to offer their help or their tacit consent to these two gangs. It is not a call for revolution, but a call to resistance. "
485:
Mobile architecture is the "dwelling decided on by the occupant" by way of "infrastructures that are neither determined nor determining". Mobile architecture embodies an architecture available for a "mobile society". To deal with it, the classical architect invented "the
Average Man". The projects of
473:
can be used as an example of this inability, which is not the result of technical difficulties but rather stems from the fundamental human inability to communicate universally (from all to all). The failure of these two generous utopias, democracy and the 'global communication' between men, logically
425:
through the dissemination of self-building manuals in
African countries, South America and India. Despite the perennial utopian label, Friedman said: "I have always tried, in architectural studies, to develop projects that were feasible." In 1978, he was commissioned to design the Lycée Bergson in
556:
The spaces in this grid are rectangular and habitable modular "voids", with an average area of 25–35 square meters. Conversely, the form of the volumes included within the grid depends solely on the occupant, and their configuration set with a "Flatwriter" in the grid is completely free. Only one
516:
The
Spatial City is the most significant application of "mobile architecture". It is raised up on piles which contains inhabited volumes, fitted inside some of the "voids", alternating with other unused volumes, making it look aesthetically pleasant. The basis of its design is that of trihedral
489:
The teaching of architecture was largely responsible for the "classical" architect's under-estimation of the role of the user. Furthermore, this teaching did not embrace any real theory of architecture. Friedman proposed then teaching manuals for the fundamentals of architecture for the general
325:(5 June 1923 – 20 February 2020) was a Hungarian-born French architect, urban planner and designer. He was influential in the late 1950s and early 1960s, best known for his theory of "mobile architecture". In 2018, on his 95th birthday he was awarded the
934:
www.yonafriedman.com, an online extended monograph with more than a 1000 pictures with project descriptions, available for research and actualities, by Helene
Fentener van Vlissingen. This website permits announcements, reviews, a forum and contact
553:". This grid suspended in space outlines a new cartography of the terrain with the help of a continuous and indeterminate homogeneous network with a major positive outcome: this modular grid would authorize the limitless growth of the city.
1035:
Getty
Research Institute, Los Angeles. Accession No. 2008.M.51. The archive contain manuscripts, sketches and drawings, and photographs and slides documenting the broad intellectual activity of this visionary architect and
699:
396:
In 1958, Friedman founded the Groupe d'Ă©tudes de architecture mobile (GEAM) which dissolved in 1962. In 1963, he developed the idea of a city bridge and participated actively in the cultural climate and
486:
architects in the 1950s were undertaken, according to
Friedman, to meet the needs of this make-believe entity, and not as an attempt to meet the needs of the actual members of this mobile society.
482:
In 1958, Yona
Friedman published his first manifesto : "Mobile architecture". It describes a new kind of mobility not of the buildings, but for the inhabitants, who are given a new freedom.
560:
In
Friedman's own words "The city, as a mechanism, is thus nothing other than a labyrinth : a configuration of points of departure, and terminal points, separated by obstacles".
938:
Annie Ratti, Yona
Friedman, Luca Cerizza, Massimo Bartolini, Anna Daneri, Marco De Michelis, Manuel Orazi "Yona Friedman" Charta/Fondazione Antonio Ratti (March 1, 2009)
306:
1027:
1017:
303:
1094:
1099:
972:
961:
649:
636:
610:
1079:
1064:
854:
1069:
1059:
953:
943:
623:
602:
583:
228:
210:
108:
52:
376:, his "Manifeste de l'architecture mobile" contributed to question definitely the daring will planning to architectural design and
948:
Sabine
Lebesque, Helene Fentener van Vlissingen, "Yona Friedman. Structures serving the unpredictable", NAi Publishers, May 1999,
829:
465:, PUF 1994). The book that best represents, however, Friedman's ethics and spirit is perhaps "Utopies RĂ©alisables (French for
449:, Friedman completed the Museum of Simple Technology in which the principles of self-construction from local materials such as
89:
76:
1084:
1074:
148:
144:
38:
191:
163:
493:
The spatial city, which is a materialization of this theory, makes it possible for everyone to develop his or her own
170:
1012:
1089:
873:
177:
137:
326:
159:
388:, where, in the early years of the State, thousands of people landed every day, with housing problems .
967:
Yona Friedman, Manuel Orazi, "The Dilution of Architecture". Nader Seraj Ed., Park Books, Zurich 2015,
661:
2017: "Yona Friedman. People's Architecture". Centre des arts de l'École Internationale de Genève – EIG
1054:
1049:
406:
398:
834:
414:
914:
824:
819:
435:
410:
401:
of the 1960s known as the "Age of megastructures". From the mid nineteen sixties on he taught at
44:
968:
957:
949:
939:
645:
632:
619:
606:
598:
579:
517:
elements which operate as "neighbourhoods" where dwellings are distributed without a price.
439:
346:
545:
This spanning technique which includes container structures ushers in a new development in
184:
1032:
1022:
418:
366:
1043:
546:
446:
520:
This structure introduces a kind of merger between countryside and city (compare to
521:
342:
535:
areas where building is not possible or permitted (expanses of water, marshland),
897:
126:
1003:
550:
494:
814:
373:
999:
380:. It was during that conference, and thanks especially to the youth of the
664:
Sketches in Permanent Collections: MOMA, New York; Centre Pompidou, Paris.
525:
470:
377:
264:
1008:
667:
2015: Mobile Architecture: Yona Friedman, Power Station of Art, Shanghai
381:
268:
453:
were applied. He also authored books dealing with technical subjects (
855:"Yona Friedman, French Architect and Urban Planner Passes Away at 96"
790:
759:
742:
728:
714:
689:
450:
431:
427:
422:
385:
372:
In 1956, at the Xth International Congress of Modern Architecture in
358:
338:
994:
747:
2012: "Yona Friedman. Genesis of a Vision". Centre Archizoom – EPFL
362:
354:
984:
350:
775:
2011: "Architecture Without Buildings", Ludwig Museum, Budapest
769:
675:
700:École nationale supérieure d'architecture de Paris-La Villette
402:
353:
roundups of Jews, and lived for about a decade in the city of
327:
Austrian Frederick Kiesler Prize for Architecture and the Arts
120:
59:
18:
989:
538:
areas that have already been built upon (an existing city),
497:. This is why, in the mobile city, buildings should :
507:
and be alterable as required by the individual occupant.
417:
universities. In the following decade he worked for the
786:
755:
738:
724:
710:
685:
84:
964:(a monograph of the work of Yona Friedman up to 1999).
596:
Yona Friedman. Structures serving the unpredictable
337:Born in Budapest, Hungary, in 1923, into an ethnic
312:
299:
291:
275:
250:
243:
151:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
345:quota laws at universities, Friedman survived the
874:"cities in the sky: re-evaluating yona friedman"
341:family, which posed him problems because of the
307:Budapest University of Technology and Economics
898:https://www.kiesler.org/en/kiesler-prize-2018
93:that contextualizes different points of view.
79:to certain ideas, incidents, or controversies
8:
1018:note Yona Friedman - Collection Frac Centre
643:Yona Friedman. The Dilution of Architecture
53:Learn how and when to remove these messages
16:Hungarian-born French architect (1923–2020)
240:
1023:Short biography on Megastructure Reloaded
304:Technion - Israel Institute of Technology
229:Learn how and when to remove this message
211:Learn how and when to remove this message
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
778:2009: Venice Biennale, Inventing Worlds.
504:be capable of being dismantled and moved
846:
752:Le Musée de rue et le Musée iconostase
461:, L'Ă©clat 2003) and epistemological (
7:
915:"Interview: architect Yona Friedman"
501:touch the ground over a minimum area
149:adding citations to reliable sources
995:Yona Friedman - Utopies RĂ©alisables
14:
1028:Blue Print Magazine June 12, 2009
872:Harris, William (19 April 2016).
630:Yona Friedman Drawings and models
577:Towards a scientific architecture
34:This article has multiple issues.
913:Edwin Heathcote (24 June 2016),
783:Dare to make your own exhibition
682:Dictionnaire, Promenadologues #3
457:, Workshop 1975), sociological (
125:
64:
23:
361:, before moving permanently to
136:needs additional citations for
42:or discuss these issues on the
1095:20th-century French architects
1:
1100:Hungarian emigrants to France
830:Megastructures (architecture)
766:Handbuch, Berlin – Paris 2012
455:For a scientific architecture
985:Fond Denise et Yona Friedman
921:. Retrieved 9 November 2019.
1080:French architecture writers
1065:Architectural theoreticians
1116:
532:certain unavailable sites,
286:Los Angeles, United States
1070:Jewish Hungarian artists
1060:Architects from Budapest
904:Retrieved 11 April 2024.
804:2002: Yokohama Triennale
590:A better life in towns:
459:L'architecture du survie
795:2007: Shanghai Biennale
617:Yona Friedman: Pro Domo
528:concept) and may span:
735:Diapositives 1958–2002
1085:French urban planners
1075:Jewish French artists
801:2003: Venice Biennale
798:2005: Venice Biennale
365:in 1957. He became a
87:by rewriting it in a
1033:Yona Friedman papers
861:. February 21, 2020.
721:Iconostase version 3
463:L'univers erratique
399:utopian architecture
145:improve this article
835:Metabolist Movement
672:1001 nuits + 1 jour
571:Mobile architecture
564:Major written works
478:Mobile architecture
1013:September 29, 2011
825:Manfredi Nicoletti
820:Constantin Xenakis
676:mfc-michèle didier
436:Giancarlo De Carlo
1090:Jewish architects
973:978-3-906027-68-5
962:978-90-5662-108-7
650:978-3-906027-68-5
637:978-2-84066-406-2
611:978-90-5662-108-7
320:
319:
239:
238:
231:
221:
220:
213:
195:
119:
118:
111:
73:This article may
57:
1107:
922:
911:
905:
895:
889:
888:
886:
884:
869:
863:
862:
851:
512:The Spatial City
467:feasible utopias
440:Bernard Rudofsky
347:Second World War
282:
279:20 February 2020
260:
258:
241:
234:
227:
216:
209:
205:
202:
196:
194:
153:
129:
121:
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
90:balanced fashion
68:
67:
60:
49:
27:
26:
19:
1115:
1114:
1110:
1109:
1108:
1106:
1105:
1104:
1040:
1039:
981:
931:
929:Further reading
926:
925:
919:Financial Times
912:
908:
896:
892:
882:
880:
871:
870:
866:
853:
852:
848:
843:
811:
658:
566:
541:above farmland.
514:
480:
394:
335:
300:Alma mater
287:
284:
280:
271:
262:
256:
254:
246:
235:
224:
223:
222:
217:
206:
200:
197:
160:"Yona Friedman"
154:
152:
142:
130:
115:
104:
98:
95:
85:help improve it
82:
69:
65:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1113:
1111:
1103:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1042:
1041:
1038:
1037:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1006:
997:
992:
987:
980:
979:External links
977:
976:
975:
965:
946:
936:
930:
927:
924:
923:
906:
890:
864:
845:
844:
842:
839:
838:
837:
832:
827:
822:
817:
810:
807:
806:
805:
802:
799:
796:
793:
779:
776:
773:
762:
748:
745:
731:
717:
703:
692:
678:
668:
665:
662:
657:
654:
653:
652:
639:
626:
613:
592:
586:
573:
565:
562:
543:
542:
539:
536:
533:
513:
510:
509:
508:
505:
502:
479:
476:
419:United Nations
393:
390:
367:French citizen
334:
331:
318:
317:
314:
310:
309:
301:
297:
296:
293:
289:
288:
285:
283:(aged 96)
277:
273:
272:
263:
252:
248:
247:
244:
237:
236:
219:
218:
133:
131:
124:
117:
116:
72:
70:
63:
58:
32:
31:
29:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1112:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1047:
1045:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1001:
1000:Yona Friedman
998:
996:
993:
991:
990:Yona Friedman
988:
986:
983:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
963:
959:
955:
954:90-5662-108-4
951:
947:
945:
944:88-8158-705-X
941:
937:
933:
932:
928:
920:
916:
910:
907:
903:
899:
894:
891:
879:
875:
868:
865:
860:
856:
850:
847:
840:
836:
833:
831:
828:
826:
823:
821:
818:
816:
813:
812:
808:
803:
800:
797:
794:
792:
788:
784:
780:
777:
774:
771:
770:Galerie Chert
767:
763:
761:
757:
753:
749:
746:
744:
740:
736:
732:
730:
726:
722:
718:
716:
712:
708:
704:
701:
697:
696:Yona Friedman
693:
691:
687:
683:
679:
677:
673:
669:
666:
663:
660:
659:
655:
651:
647:
644:
640:
638:
634:
631:
627:
625:
624:84-96540-51-0
621:
618:
614:
612:
608:
604:
603:90-5662-108-4
600:
597:
593:
591:
587:
585:
584:0-262-56019-4
581:
578:
574:
572:
568:
567:
563:
561:
558:
554:
552:
548:
547:town-planning
540:
537:
534:
531:
530:
529:
527:
523:
518:
511:
506:
503:
500:
499:
498:
496:
491:
487:
483:
477:
475:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
447:Madras, India
443:
441:
437:
433:
429:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
391:
389:
387:
383:
379:
375:
370:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
349:escaping the
348:
344:
340:
332:
330:
328:
324:
323:Yona Friedman
315:
311:
308:
305:
302:
298:
294:
290:
278:
274:
270:
266:
253:
249:
245:Yona Friedman
242:
233:
230:
215:
212:
204:
193:
190:
186:
183:
179:
176:
172:
169:
165:
162: –
161:
157:
156:Find sources:
150:
146:
140:
139:
134:This article
132:
128:
123:
122:
113:
110:
102:
92:
91:
86:
80:
78:
71:
62:
61:
56:
54:
47:
46:
41:
40:
35:
30:
21:
20:
1011:Archived at
918:
909:
902:kiesler.org.
901:
893:
881:. Retrieved
877:
867:
858:
849:
782:
765:
751:
734:
720:
706:
695:
681:
671:
642:
629:
616:
595:
589:
576:
570:
559:
555:
544:
522:Paolo Soleri
519:
515:
492:
488:
484:
481:
466:
462:
458:
454:
445:In 1987, in
444:
395:
371:
343:anti-Semitic
336:
322:
321:
281:(2020-02-20)
225:
207:
198:
188:
181:
174:
167:
155:
143:Please help
138:verification
135:
105:
96:
88:
77:undue weight
74:
50:
43:
37:
36:Please help
33:
1055:2020 deaths
1050:1923 births
935:facilities.
656:Exhibitions
333:Early years
292:Nationality
261:5 June 1923
1044:Categories
1004:archINFORM
841:References
551:topography
495:hypothesis
313:Occupation
257:1923-06-05
201:March 2020
171:newspapers
99:March 2020
39:improve it
859:ArchDaily
815:Archigram
407:Princeton
374:Dubrovnik
369:in 1966.
316:Architect
45:talk page
1036:planner.
883:19 April
809:See also
772:, Berlin
707:Möbianne
526:Arcology
490:public.
471:Internet
415:Columbia
392:Maturity
378:urbanism
265:Budapest
702:, Paris
411:Harvard
382:Team 10
269:Hungary
185:scholar
83:Please
1009:e-flux
971:
960:
952:
942:
791:Chatou
781:2007:
764:2012:
760:Chatou
750:2012:
743:Chatou
733:2013:
729:Chatou
719:2013:
715:Chatou
705:2013:
694:2014:
690:Chatou
680:2014:
670:2014:
648:
641:2015:
635:
628:2010:
622:
615:2006:
609:
601:
594:1999:
588:1980:
582:
575:1975:
569:1958:
451:bamboo
432:France
428:Angers
423:UNESCO
405:, and
386:Israel
359:Israel
339:Jewish
295:French
187:
180:
173:
166:
158:
787:Cneai
756:Cneai
739:Cneai
725:Cneai
711:Cneai
686:Cneai
363:Paris
355:Haifa
192:JSTOR
178:books
75:lend
969:ISBN
958:ISBN
950:ISBN
940:ISBN
885:2016
646:ISBN
633:ISBN
620:ISBN
607:ISBN
599:ISBN
580:ISBN
438:and
421:and
413:and
351:Nazi
276:Died
251:Born
164:news
1002:at
878:3am
524:'s
403:MIT
357:in
147:by
1046::
956:/
917:,
900:.
876:.
857:.
789:,
785:,
768:,
758:,
754:,
741:,
737:,
727:,
723:,
713:,
709:,
698:,
688:,
684:,
674:,
605:/
442:.
430:,
409:,
329:.
267:,
48:.
887:.
259:)
255:(
232:)
226:(
214:)
208:(
203:)
199:(
189:·
182:·
175:·
168:·
141:.
112:)
106:(
101:)
97:(
81:.
55:)
51:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
