422:
649:
663:
677:
305:
544:
being transferred to the building were noted too. In 2018, it was believed that the preliminary testing of the reactor had started and that the reactor would begin to operate 2018 or 2019. The reactor is linked to power grid with an expected output is 25 to 30 megawatts, which is enough to supply electricity for about 50,000 inhabitants.
543:
In 2017, several activities were noted involving construction, a dam was built to provide sufficient amount of water for cooling system, a switchyard and connections to transmission line were made along with facilities presumably used for maintenance and repair. Activity that suggests components were
466:
In his
Introductory Statement to the IAEA Board of Governors on 2008-03-03, the Director General stated that he could not provide an update on the disabling of the facilities, as it was not undertaken by the IAEA. All fuel rods from the 5 MWe Experimental Nuclear Power Plant and nuclear material
539:
In
November 2011, satellite imagery indicated that the LWR construction was progressing rapidly, with the concrete structures largely completed. The LWR is being built on the site of the demolished cooling tower of the experimental Magnox reactor. Following the building of this experimental LWR,
555:
In
February 2012, North Korea announced that it would suspend uranium enrichment at Nyongbyon, and not conduct any further tests of nuclear weapons while productive negotiations involving the United States continue. Additionally, North Korea would allow IAEA inspectors to monitor operations at
44:
482:
The demolition of the 60-foot (18 m)-tall cooling tower, which carried off waste heat to the atmosphere, is a response to U.S. concessions after the North delivered a declaration of its nuclear programs to be dismantled. The United States paid the US$ 2.5 million demolition fee.
584:, North Korean leader Kim Jung-Un and South Korean leader Moon Jae-In signed the "Pyongyang Joint Declaration of September 2018" The agreement states, among other things, that the North Korean government will only dismantle Nyongbyon if the US would engage in correlative action.
295:
The
Yongbyon Nuclear Scientific Research Center site occupies 24.8 square kilometres (9.6 sq mi). It has two sections, the nuclear research section and a larger residential district (sometimes named Bungang or Pun’gangni), separated and surrounded by fencing.
351:
Magnox prototype power reactor, but construction was halted in 1994 about a year from completion in accord with the Agreed
Framework, and by 2004 the structures and pipework had deteriorated badly. This construction was being dismantled in 2010.
567:
On 15 September 2015, North Korea announced that the
Yongbyon nuclear site is in full operation, including the 5 MWe experimental reactor. However, satellite imagery in April 2016 suggested it was not operating at a high power level.
571:
Infra-red imagery analysis covering from
September 2016 to June 2017 showed that the 5 MWe experimental reactor had either not been operated, or operated at a low-level. The Radiochemical Laboratory had operated intermittently.
2367:
556:
Nyongbyon. The U.S. reaffirmed that it does not have hostile intent toward the DPRK, and is prepared to improve bilateral relationships. Nuclear enrichment was presumably resumed following the collapse of the Leap Day Deal.
254:
agreement, but following the breakdown of that agreement were partially re-enabled in 2009 to reprocess existing stocks of spent fuel. On 15 September 2015, North Korea announced that the reactor had resumed operation.
511:
According to the state-run North Korean news agency KCNA website, the DPRK resumed the reprocessing of spent fuel to recover plutonium on 25 April 2009 in response to the UN's condemnation of its recent
540:
North Korea intends to build larger LWRs for electricity generation. Initial estimates were that the reactor would be put into operation in 2013, but the reactor was not externally complete until 2016.
564:
In March 2013, North Korea announced that they would be restarting operation of the 5 MWe experimental reactor. In order to do so, the disabled secondary cooling system will have to be restored.
451:(IAEA) inspectors arrived at the site on 28 June to discuss verification and monitoring arrangements for the shutdown. This had been delayed from April due to a dispute with the United States over
2574:
459:
stated that North Korea had told the US that the reactor had been shut down. He added that the US welcomed the news, and was awaiting verification from the IAEA team. The next day, IAEA chief
1658:
320:
reprocessing facility appeared to still be under construction in 1992. The 5 MWe experimental reactor operated intermittently until 1994 when it was shut down in accordance with the
2182:
957:
890:
270:. As the center has not received fresh fuel since Soviet times, this reactor is now (February 2007) only run occasionally for experiments or to produce isotopes, particularly
812:
463:
announced the UN's confirmation that the reactor had been shut down. On 18 July 2007, the IAEA confirmed that all five nuclear facilities at
Nyongbyon had been shut down.
2579:
961:
886:
362:
1584:
2475:
2347:
2113:
2103:
1916:
920:
499:
inspectors were forbidden by the North Korean government to conduct further inspections of the site. However two days later the U.S. removed North Korea from the U.S.
2435:
2430:
2425:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
1120:
2514:
2456:
2375:
2089:
455:. On 3 June an anonymous South Korean government official indicated that the shutdown may start following the first oil shipment later in the month. On 14 July,
1058:
2298:
2205:
2175:
1030:
149:
2230:
1713:
2569:
2519:
2451:
2191:
1159:
697:
2529:
2544:
2288:
2326:
1827:
1552:
1514:
2524:
2168:
1265:
2095:
1442:
536:(LEU) fuel began operating, and construction started on the experimental 25 to 30 MWe LWR, with a target operation date for the reactor of 2012.
2109:
421:
2321:
965:
1739:
1483:
1362:
2534:
924:
882:
2051:
2564:
2559:
2549:
809:
RWMAC's Advice to
Ministers on the Radioactive Waste Implications of Reprocessing, Annex 4: Dry storage and disposal of Magnox spent fuel
390:) until construction was also halted in 1994 in accord with the Agreed Framework. By 2005 reconstruction of this reactor was uneconomic.
316:
in 1986. This reactor was an initial small technology proving reactor for a following development program of larger Magnox reactors. The
2554:
2057:
1291:
1098:
2250:
2046:
2014:
588:
581:
496:
448:
438:
2420:
2139:
2061:
1547:
1125:
808:
398:
321:
2240:
1948:
2067:
1204:
2539:
2215:
1338:
1313:
1234:
859:
479:
at its main atomic reactor in the complex. The implosion was witnessed by a number of international journalists and diplomats.
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
1070:
1464:"North Korea says it has started reprocessing spent fuel rods". Nexis: BBC Monitoring Asia Pacific – Political. 25 April 2009.
304:
2331:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2263:
2258:
778:
341:
337:
91:
1130:
1795:
837:
328:
within its fuel load at a rate of about 6 kg per year. The reactor fuel was replaced between April and June 2005. The
2235:
1639:"Progress at North Korea's Experimental Light Water Reactor at Yongbyon | 38 North: Informed Analysis of North Korea"
332:
has been reprocessed with an estimated yield of about 24 to 42 kg of plutonium metal, some of which was used for the
2129:
2119:
2461:
2357:
2210:
2143:
1865:
1832:
1616:
702:
1694:
500:
1074:
1519:
2155:
1743:
1574:
1479:
1020:
445:
will receive emergency energy assistance from the other five parties in the form of 50,000 tons of heavy fuel oil.
682:
228:
metal core react with water; it is designed to be reprocessed within a few years of removal from a reactor. As a
1930:
1152:
467:
generated by the disabling of the
Nuclear Fuel Fabrication Plant were under IAEA containment and surveillance.
547:
As of May 2024, intermittent cooling water flows indicate pre-operational tests are probably being conducted.
587:
As of January 2019, Nyongbyon's main facilities did not appear to be operating. However, in August 2021, the
1856:"More Evidence of Possible Reprocessing Campaign at Nyongbyon; Progress at Experimental Light Water Reactor"
1615:. U.S.-Korea Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Advanced International Studies. 14 January 2016.
692:
1379:
324:. Following the breakdown of the Agreed Framework in 2002, operation restarted in February 2003, creating
137:
513:
105:
2084:
Report of Visit to the Democratic People’s Republic of North Korea to Senate Foreign Relations Committee
1359:
1257:
1178:
1676:
1434:
1819:"Satellite Images Show New Construction at North Korea's Plutonium Production Reactor; Rapid Restart?"
1542:
533:
201:
989:"More Underground Facilities Near Yongbyon: A Potential Challenge for Future Denuclearization Deals"
2077:
1475:
525:
475:
On 27 June 2008 North Korea destroyed the most visible symbol of its nuclear weapons program – the
285:
153:
1889:"North Korea's Yongbyon Facility: Probable Production of Additional Plutonium for Nuclear Weapons"
913:
2083:
1910:
1411:
1025:
654:
329:
317:
289:
213:
194:
168:
1607:"North Korea's Yongbyon Nuclear Facility: Slow Progress at the Experimental Light Water Reactor"
1506:"North Korea Makes Significant Progress in Building New Experimental Light Water Reactor (ELWR)"
266:
in 1963, operational since 1965. The reactor fuel is IRT-2M type assemblies of 10%, 36% and 80%
1747:
491:
During 2008 tensions resurfaced between North Korea and the U.S. due to disagreements over the
43:
2160:
460:
312:
Construction of the 5 MWe experimental reactor began in 1980, and the reactor first went
278:
236:
1769:
1369:", IAEA: Statements of the Director General, Vienna, 3 March 2008. Retrieved on 26 April 2008
1095:
437:
will shut down and seal the Magnox nuclear reactor and associated facilities and invite back
2220:
2042:
1967:"North Korea's Nyongbyon Nuclear Facilities: Well Maintained but Showing Limited Operations"
1406:
1286:
774:
452:
267:
259:
240:
233:
145:
133:
2073:
2018:
1864:. U.S.-Korea Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Advanced International Studies.
1714:"Yongbyon Nuclear Scientific Research Center: Construction at the Radiochemical Laboratory"
1659:"Jane's by IHS Markit Discovers Likely Operational Testing at North Korean Nuclear Reactor"
2225:
1476:"DPRK Foreign Ministry Declares Strong Counter- Measures against UNSC's "Resolution 1874""
1366:
1342:
1317:
1295:
1191:
1102:
603:
The Nyongbyon facility was described in 2013 as operating the following ten sub-branches:
528:(LWR) and the uranium enrichment technology to provide its nuclear fuel. In 2010, a 2,000
492:
430:
251:
247:
moderator it is an attractive choice for a wholly indigenous nuclear reactor development.
172:
129:
1949:"South Korea says North agrees to dismantle nuclear site — if US takes reciprocal action"
1897:. U.S.-Korea Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Advanced International Studies
816:
2099:
2070:– Sin Yong Song, Vice Minister of Power and Coal Industries, 27 January 2003 (archived)
1261:
1106:
529:
456:
333:
275:
229:
1335:
1310:
1224:
2508:
668:
476:
313:
441:
personnel to conduct all necessary monitoring and verifications. In return for this
1931:"North and South Korea just signed a major agreement. It may be bad news for Trump"
1360:
Verification of Nuclear Non-Proliferation: Implementation of Safeguards in the DPRK
406:
263:
180:
1966:
1638:
1888:
1791:
833:
524:
In 2009, North Korea announced its intention to build an indigenous experimental
17:
988:
707:
592:
442:
434:
244:
125:
2052:
Facilities in the Democratic People´s Republic of Korea Under Agency Safeguards
1994:
1153:"Application of Safeguards in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK)"
224:
Magnox spent fuel is not designed for long-term storage as both the casing and
2149:
644:
355:
Another 200 MWe Magnox full-scale power reactor was being constructed at
271:
2490:
2477:
1887:
Joseph S. Bermudez Jr., Mike Eley, Jack Liu. Frank V. Pabian (14 July 2017).
1855:
1818:
1606:
1541:
Niko Milonopoulos; Siegfried S. Hecker & Robert Carlin (6 January 2012).
393:
The reactor designs were based on declassified information about the British
377:
364:
662:
425:
Empty machine shop in the disabled fuel fabrication facility (February 2008)
325:
209:
141:
401:
and elsewhere, and the spent fuel reprocessing plant on the multi-national
2130:
Implementation of the U.S./North Korean Agreed Framework on Nuclear Issues
2116:– Science & Global Security, 1994, Volume 5, pp. 89–97 (archived)
2106:– Science & Global Security, 1994, Volume 5, pp. 63–87 (archived)
914:
Phased International Cooperation with North Korea's Civil Nuclear Programs
2140:
Dismantlement and Radioactive Waste Management of DPRK Nuclear Facilities
1999:
1971:
1893:
1860:
1823:
1643:
1611:
1510:
1505:
1322:
1298:
1229:
993:
2074:
Visit to the Yongbyon Nuclear Scientific Research Center in North Korea
1579:
356:
225:
205:
96:
410:
394:
308:
The 5 MWe reactor, showing the fuel channels access ports (2005)
165:
59:
883:
Report of Visit to North Korea to Senate Foreign Relations Committee
516:. This material supplemented that used for nuclear weapons testing.
1677:"Seoul aims for more talks about talks with North Korea this month"
1995:"Yongbyon: UN says North Korea appears to restart nuclear reactor"
420:
303:
217:
75:
2120:
Implications of the U.S./North Korean Agreement on Nuclear Issues
2054:– International Atomic Energy Agency, 31 December 2003 (archived)
807:
Radioactive Waste Management Advisory Committee (November 2000).
1575:"North Korea makes "significant" nuclear reactor progress: IAEA"
403:
European Company for the Chemical Processing of Irradiated Fuels
2164:
2151:
Visit by IAEA Director General Hans Blix to DPRK 11–16 May 1992
250:
The Magnox facilities were disabled in 2007 in accord with the
2133:
2123:
1740:"DPRK Foreign Ministry Spokesman on Result of DPRK-U.S. Talks"
1209:
348:
187:
1057:
Siegfried S. Hecker; Sean C. Lee; Chaim Braun (Summer 2010).
2068:
DPRK will re-open Nuclear Facilities to Produce Electricity
1712:
Makowsky, Peter; Liu, Jack; Ragnone, Iliana (23 May 2024).
779:
North Korean Nuclear Facilities After the Agreed Framework
190:
experimental reactor producing power and district heating,
1695:"North Korea nuclear reactors show new signs of activity"
284:
In 2009, the building of a small indigenous experimental
110:
958:
A Return Trip to North Korea's Yongbyon Nuclear Complex
1407:"Bush Rebuffs Hard-Liners to Ease North Korean Curbs"
1052:
1050:
1048:
777:; Chris Lawrence; Panos Papadiamantis (27 May 2016).
503:
list and the Nyongbyon deactivation process resumed.
429:
On 13 February 2007, an agreement was reached at the
239:
Magnox reactor does not require difficult-to-produce
2444:
2366:
2340:
2297:
2249:
2198:
1792:"North Korea 'to restart Yongbyon nuclear reactor'"
1258:"North Korea Reactor Closure May Begin in Mid-July"
104:
90:
74:
58:
53:
2575:Buildings and structures in North Pyongan Province
862:. International Atomic Energy Agency. 30 July 1996
834:"North Korea Yongbyon nuclear site 'in operation'"
813:Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
2092:– Siegfried S. Hecker, 8 November 2005 (archived)
962:Center for International Security and Cooperation
951:
949:
947:
945:
887:Center for International Security and Cooperation
786:Center for International Security and Cooperation
164:The major installations include all aspects of a
2348:Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization
1817:Nick Hansen & Jeffrey Lewis (3 April 2013).
921:Institute for Science and International Security
768:
766:
2126:, October 1996 (GAO/RCED/NSIAD-97-8) (archived)
1683:. 16 March 2018 – via mobile.reuters.com.
1158:. IAEA. 17 August 2007. GOV/2007/45-GC(51)/19.
1014:
1012:
128:'s major nuclear facility, operating its first
2457:South Korea Ballistic Missile Range Guidelines
2136:, June 1997 (GAO/RCED/NSIAD-97-165) (archived)
1518:. Johns Hopkins University. 18 November 2011.
1059:"North Korea's Choice: Bombs Over Electricity"
828:
826:
2176:
1975:. The Henry L. Stimson Center. 9 January 2019
1213:, published 2007-06-27, accessed 3 July 2007.
595:appeared to have restarted the 5 MW reactor.
8:
2353:Nyongbyon Nuclear Scientific Research Center
2206:Timeline of the North Korean nuclear program
1915:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1772:. U.S. Department of State. 29 February 2012
1121:"The risks of North Korea's nuclear restart"
745:
739:
733:
727:
122:Nyongbyon Nuclear Scientific Research Center
81:
65:
36:Nyongbyon Nuclear Scientific Research Center
2452:South Korea and weapons of mass destruction
2192:North Korea and weapons of mass destruction
1435:"Bush removes North Korea from terror list"
1205:U.N. nuke inspectors go to N. Korea reactor
698:North Korea and weapons of mass destruction
2183:
2169:
2161:
258:The center also has an IRT-2000 pool-type
152:, and since 2009 is developing indigenous
150:six nuclear weapon tests from 2006 to 2017
42:
2146:, April 2005 (SAND 2005-1981P) (archived)
2090:Technical summary of DPRK nuclear program
1854:Joseph S. Bermudez, Jr. (15 April 2016).
1380:"Blast gets North Korea off US blacklist"
1096:North Korean Fuel Identified as Plutonium
2580:20th-century architecture in North Korea
1828:School of Advanced International Studies
1515:School of Advanced International Studies
956:Siegfried S. Hecker (20 November 2010).
495:disarmament process. On 8 October 2008,
2231:Japan–North Korea Pyongyang Declaration
2017:. CRS. 13 February 2013. Archived from
2015:"North Korea Nuclear R&D Structure"
1433:Demetri Sevastopulo (10 October 2008).
762:
719:
625:Uranium Resources Development Institute
359:, 20 km north-west of Nyongbyon, (
1908:
1587:from the original on 19 September 2012
1268:from the original on 27 September 2007
1187:
1176:
840:from the original on 15 September 2015
726:"Nyongbyon" is spelled and pronounced
31:
2515:Nuclear power stations in North Korea
2142:, Whang Jooho and George T. Baldwin,
1522:from the original on 17 November 2011
964:, Stanford University. Archived from
881:Siegfried S. Hecker (14 March 2008).
860:"Research Reactor Details – IRT-DPRK"
7:
2086:– Siegfried S. Hecker, 17 March 2008
1555:from the original on 20 January 2012
1445:from the original on 12 October 2008
1105:, Thom Shanker and David E. Sanger,
1021:"North Korean site has A-bomb hints"
532:uranium enrichment plant to produce
2058:North Korea: No bygones at Yongbyon
1336:"N Korea closes more nuclear sites"
1119:Siegfried S. Hecker (12 May 2009).
347:Nyongbyon is also the site of a 50
2570:1985 establishments in North Korea
2520:Research institutes in North Korea
2047:International Atomic Energy Agency
1868:from the original on 16 April 2016
1746:. 29 February 2012. Archived from
1311:"UN confirms N Korea nuclear halt"
1237:from the original on 20 March 2007
1033:from the original on 29 March 2014
613:Nuclear Electromagnetics Institute
589:International Atomic Energy Agency
582:September 2018 inter-Korean summit
449:International Atomic Energy Agency
439:International Atomic Energy Agency
156:nuclear power station technology.
25:
2530:Nuclear technology in North Korea
2096:North Korean Plutonium Production
2062:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
1835:from the original on 7 April 2013
1798:from the original on 7 April 2013
1770:"U.S.-DPRK Bilateral Discussions"
1619:from the original on 9 April 2016
1548:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
1225:"N Korea warning on nuclear deal"
1126:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
930:from the original on 20 July 2011
893:from the original on 28 June 2010
622:Nuclear Energy Research Institute
560:2013 planned restart of operation
322:U.S.-North Korea Agreed Framework
2545:Foreign relations of North Korea
2216:1994 North Korean nuclear crisis
1486:from the original on 9 June 2011
1288:N Korea "closes nuclear reactor"
1223:James Reynolds (17 March 2007).
912:David Albright (19 March 2007).
675:
661:
647:
551:Suspension of uranium enrichment
1405:Cooper, Helene (27 June 2008).
1165:from the original on 9 May 2008
1071:National Academy of Engineering
520:Light water reactor development
507:2009 resumption of reprocessing
342:2009 North Korean nuclear tests
2525:Nuclear program of North Korea
1543:"North Korea from 30,000 feet"
987:Bogle, Jacob (20 March 2020).
634:Radiation Protection Institute
82:
66:
48:The 5 MWe experimental reactor
1:
2236:Sanctions against North Korea
1720:. The Henry L. Stimson Center
1019:Sheryl WuDunn (17 May 1992).
997:. The Henry L. Stimson Center
788:(Report). Stanford University
607:Isotope Utilization Institute
471:2008 cooling tower demolition
140:, about 100 km north of
2535:Nuclear power in North Korea
2462:Nuclear power in South Korea
2358:Punggye-ri Nuclear Test Site
2241:2017–2018 North Korea crisis
2211:Nuclear power in North Korea
2144:Sandia National Laboratories
2110:North Korea’s Corroding Fuel
1831:. Johns Hopkins University.
703:Nuclear power in North Korea
2565:Graphite moderated reactors
2560:Unfinished nuclear reactors
2550:Nuclear research institutes
746:
734:
501:State Sponsors of Terrorism
111:
97:
2596:
2555:Nuclear reprocessing sites
1744:Korean Central News Agency
1480:Korean Central News Agency
1256:Heejin Koo (3 July 2007).
836:. BBC. 15 September 2015.
619:Nuclear Material Institute
169:nuclear reactor fuel cycle
144:. The center produced the
1294:22 September 2007 at the
740:
728:
683:Nuclear technology portal
616:Nuclear Physics Institute
610:Neutron Physics Institute
41:
34:
27:North Korean nuclear site
1101:19 December 2016 at the
631:Reactor Design Institute
628:Radiochemical Laboratory
576:2018 Pyongyang Agreement
2540:Military of North Korea
1301:retrieved 14 July 2007.
889:, Stanford University.
693:Kangson enrichment site
292:plant began operating.
204:facility that recovers
98:Nyeongbyeon haekshiseol
2064:, July 2003 (archived)
1316:27 August 2007 at the
1186:Cite journal requires
1073:: 5–12. Archived from
426:
405:(EUROCHEMIC) plant at
309:
171:, based on the use of
138:North Pyongan Province
1794:. BBC. 2 April 2013.
738:) in North Korea and
487:Possible reactivation
424:
307:
1955:. 19 September 2018.
1937:. 19 September 2018.
1663:www.businesswire.com
1341:4 March 2016 at the
534:low enriched uranium
288:started. In 2010, a
92:Revised Romanization
2487: /
2078:Siegfried S. Hecker
1647:. 19 February 2018.
968:on 25 November 2010
526:light water reactor
374: /
286:light water reactor
154:light water reactor
132:. It is located in
112:Nyŏngbyŏn haeksisŏl
2491:39.800°N 125.754°E
2112:, David Albright,
2060:– Robert Alvarez,
1583:. 31 August 2012.
1412:The New York Times
1365:9 May 2008 at the
1109:, 17 October 2006.
1077:on 5 December 2010
1026:The New York Times
819:on 19 August 2006.
655:North Korea portal
427:
378:39.928°N 125.569°E
330:spent nuclear fuel
318:spent nuclear fuel
310:
290:uranium enrichment
262:, supplied by the
183:fabrication plant,
148:for North Korea's
2470:
2469:
2080:, 21 January 2004
2003:. 30 August 2021.
750:) in South Korea.
461:Mohamed ElBaradei
279:radiation therapy
202:fuel reprocessing
197:storage facility,
118:
117:
106:McCune–Reischauer
18:Yongbyon Reactors
16:(Redirected from
2587:
2502:
2501:
2499:
2498:
2497:
2492:
2488:
2485:
2484:
2483:
2480:
2221:Agreed Framework
2185:
2178:
2171:
2162:
2152:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2026:
2021:on 11 April 2013
2011:
2005:
2004:
1991:
1985:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1963:
1957:
1956:
1945:
1939:
1938:
1927:
1921:
1920:
1914:
1906:
1904:
1902:
1884:
1878:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1851:
1845:
1844:
1842:
1840:
1814:
1808:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1788:
1782:
1781:
1779:
1777:
1766:
1760:
1759:
1757:
1755:
1736:
1730:
1729:
1727:
1725:
1709:
1703:
1702:
1701:. 16 March 2018.
1691:
1685:
1684:
1673:
1667:
1666:
1665:. 16 March 2018.
1655:
1649:
1648:
1635:
1629:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1603:
1597:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1571:
1565:
1564:
1562:
1560:
1538:
1532:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1502:
1496:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1482:. 13 June 2010.
1472:
1466:
1465:
1461:
1455:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1430:
1424:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1402:
1396:
1395:
1393:
1391:
1376:
1370:
1356:
1350:
1333:
1327:
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1129:. Archived from
1116:
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1016:
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815:. Archived from
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775:Siegfried Hecker
770:
751:
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453:Banco Delta Asia
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336:involved in the
268:enriched uranium
260:research reactor
241:enriched uranium
146:fissile material
134:Nyongbyon County
130:nuclear reactors
114:
100:
85:
84:
69:
68:
46:
32:
21:
2595:
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2496:39.800; 125.754
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2226:Six-party talks
2194:
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2150:
2043:IAEA & DPRK
2039:
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2013:
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2008:
1993:
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1750:on 4 March 2012
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1367:Wayback Machine
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1349:, 18 July 2007.
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578:
562:
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493:six-party talks
489:
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431:Six party talks
419:
383:39.928; 125.569
382:
380:
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368:
365:
363:
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360:
334:nuclear weapons
302:
252:six-party talks
173:natural uranium
162:
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28:
23:
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2100:David Albright
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2037:External links
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1386:. 28 June 2008
1384:The Australian
1371:
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276:thyroid cancer
230:carbon dioxide
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124:(녕변원자력연구소) is
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773:Chaim Braun;
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669:Energy portal
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514:rocket launch
506:
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477:cooling tower
470:
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417:2007 shutdown
416:
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193:a short-term
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63:
61:
57:
52:
45:
40:
37:
33:
30:
19:
2472:
2352:
2322:January 2016
2023:. Retrieved
2019:the original
2009:
1998:
1989:
1977:. Retrieved
1970:
1961:
1952:
1943:
1934:
1925:
1899:. Retrieved
1892:
1882:
1870:. Retrieved
1859:
1849:
1837:. Retrieved
1822:
1812:
1800:. Retrieved
1786:
1774:. Retrieved
1764:
1752:. Retrieved
1748:the original
1734:
1722:. Retrieved
1717:
1707:
1698:
1689:
1680:
1671:
1662:
1653:
1642:
1633:
1621:. Retrieved
1610:
1601:
1589:. Retrieved
1578:
1569:
1557:. Retrieved
1546:
1536:
1524:. Retrieved
1509:
1500:
1488:. Retrieved
1470:
1459:
1447:. Retrieved
1438:
1428:
1416:. Retrieved
1410:
1400:
1388:. Retrieved
1383:
1374:
1354:
1346:
1331:
1321:
1306:
1287:
1282:
1270:. Retrieved
1251:
1239:. Retrieved
1228:
1218:
1208:
1200:
1179:cite journal
1167:. Retrieved
1147:
1135:. Retrieved
1131:the original
1124:
1114:
1091:
1079:. Retrieved
1075:the original
1066:
1062:
1035:. Retrieved
1024:
999:. Retrieved
992:
982:
970:. Retrieved
966:the original
932:. Retrieved
907:
895:. Retrieved
876:
864:. Retrieved
854:
844:15 September
842:. Retrieved
817:the original
802:
790:. Retrieved
785:
722:
602:
599:Organization
586:
579:
570:
566:
563:
554:
546:
542:
538:
523:
510:
490:
481:
474:
465:
447:
428:
413:in Belgium.
402:
392:
354:
346:
311:
294:
283:
264:Soviet Union
257:
249:
223:
163:
121:
119:
35:
29:
2494: /
2482:125°45′14″E
2199:Main topics
1526:18 November
1490:29 November
972:21 November
934:23 November
897:23 November
866:14 February
708:Ri Hong-sop
593:North Korea
580:During the
443:North Korea
435:North Korea
399:Calder Hall
381: /
369:125°34′08″E
245:heavy water
126:North Korea
54:Korean name
2509:Categories
2479:39°48′00″N
2341:Facilities
1979:12 January
1953:abc.net.au
1591:17 October
1559:19 January
1449:10 October
1137:5 November
1063:The Bridge
960:(Report).
919:(Report).
885:(Report).
811:(Report).
758:References
397:design at
366:39°55′41″N
272:iodine-131
243:fuel or a
216:using the
214:spent fuel
195:spent fuel
160:Facilities
60:Chosŏn'gŭl
2289:2021–2023
1911:cite news
1262:Bloomberg
735:Nyŏngbyŏn
326:plutonium
237:moderated
210:plutonium
186:a 5
142:Pyongyang
2025:26 March
2000:BBC News
1972:38 North
1894:38 North
1872:17 April
1866:Archived
1861:38 North
1839:11 April
1833:Archived
1824:38 North
1802:11 April
1796:Archived
1718:38 North
1644:38 North
1617:Archived
1612:38 North
1585:Archived
1553:Archived
1520:Archived
1511:38 North
1484:Archived
1443:Archived
1418:25 April
1363:Archived
1347:BBC News
1339:Archived
1323:BBC News
1314:Archived
1299:BBC News
1292:Archived
1266:Archived
1241:17 March
1235:Archived
1230:BBC News
1169:9 August
1160:Archived
1099:Archived
1037:18 March
1031:Archived
994:38 North
925:Archived
891:Archived
838:Archived
792:14 March
747:Yŏngbyŏn
639:See also
314:critical
234:graphite
232:cooled,
220:process.
2445:Related
2156:YouTube
1935:vox.com
1901:15 July
1776:3 March
1754:3 March
1724:18 July
1681:Reuters
1623:4 April
1580:Reuters
1390:10 July
1081:5 March
1001:1 April
357:Taechon
300:History
226:uranium
206:uranium
1272:3 July
411:Dessel
395:Magnox
175:fuel:
166:Magnox
76:Hancha
1163:(PDF)
1156:(PDF)
1069:(2).
928:(PDF)
917:(PDF)
782:(PDF)
714:Notes
433:that
218:PUREX
212:from
83:寧邊核施設
67:녕변핵시설
2436:2397
2431:2375
2426:2371
2421:2321
2416:2270
2411:2094
2406:2087
2401:1985
2396:1928
2391:1874
2386:1718
2381:1695
2332:2017
2317:2013
2312:2009
2307:2006
2284:2017
2279:2014
2274:2013
2269:2009
2264:2006
2259:1993
2114:ISIS
2104:ISIS
2027:2013
1981:2019
1917:link
1903:2017
1874:2016
1841:2013
1804:2013
1778:2012
1756:2012
1726:2024
1625:2016
1593:2012
1561:2012
1528:2011
1492:2010
1451:2008
1420:2019
1392:2008
1274:2007
1243:2007
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