43:
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248:. Just as some scholars consider the posting of the 95 Theses to be apocryphal, ValdemÄrs' notice can be seen as less dramatic if taken in context. The historian Arveds Å vÄbe noted that ValdemÄrs denied being a radical in his own writings; the New Latvians had no political program threatening the Baltic Germans until the 1860s; according to Å vÄbe, their political opposition to the prevailing order was crystallized under the influence of the
341:
and without bread, they were doomed to wandering. All doors were locked before them, and they were prevented from finding residences or jobs. With a heavy heart they left their beloved homeland and went abroad, into the interior of Russia, searching for sustenance and at the same time gathering knowledge."
373:
publication declared that
Latvians had been a nation in the 13th century but had since been reduced to a peasant class; did every class require its own language? "The Latvian must die." Ethnic Latvian supporters of the Baltic Germans came to be known as "Old Latvians"; partly because many of the New
401:
Latvian
Association a year later. Similar associations followed in other towns, the RÄ«ga original receiving the hypocorisma "mommy" ("mÄmuļa"). The RÄ«ga Latvian Association staged the first Latvian play, held the first conference of Latvian teachers, and organized the first Latvian song festival in
340:
Defining the movement in retrospect in 1889, Pumpurs wrote: "Those in the grouping that for twenty-five years fought for freedom were called the New
Latvians. Their fate was almost always the same. Without a homeland, their people devoid of rights, without goods or sustenance, often without lodging
303:(1872) can be seen as the manifesto of the New Latvians. Two of their older colleagues included Kaspars BiezbÄrdis, the first ethnic Latvian philologist, who helped draft petitions to the tsar on the harsh conditions among the Latvian peasantry (for which he was exiled to
178:
in 1856. Asking who could appreciate such literature in
Latvian (AlunÄns' book was the first major translation of classic foreign poetry into Latvian), Brasche warned that those daring to dream of "a Young Latvia" would meet the tragic fate of the boatman in Heine's poem
344:
In fact, close to half of the ethnic
Latvians who received a higher education were forced to seek work in Russia. As Å vÄbe saw it: "With their selfish and shortsighted politics, the German aristocracy and bourgeoisie pressure Latvians into
307:
in 1863), and
Andrejs SpÄÄ£is, the first writer to draw western European attention to the Baltic problem. Fricis BrÄ«vzemnieks (Treuland) is considered the father of Latvian folkloristics; Barons later made the collection of
195:
Though the New
Latvians can be seen as part of a primarily cultural and literary movement, their cause had significant political ramifications due to the socio-economic conditions then prevailing in Latvia (part of the
413:
in German as a response to his critics. A pragmatist and materialist, ValdemÄrs -- in exile and under police supervision in Moscow -- came further under the influence of the
Slavophiles, working for the publisher
72:
365:). Pastor Brasche, writing that there is no Latvian nation and that the Latvian people have no past, suggested replacing "New Latvians" with the term "New Peasants" (
204:). 1856 is usually given as the date of the movement's beginning because of the publication of AlunÄns' book and the founding of the major Latvian language newspaper
819:
224:
to his door that read "C. Woldemar stud. cam. Latweetis." At the time, it was almost unheard of for an educated person to call himself a
Latvian; education meant
653:
729:
389:, in the late 1860s Lettophiles finally succeeded in establishing themselves in Latvia, by founding a relief fund for victims of the famine in
275:
ValdemÄrs is seen as the spiritual father of the
Awakening. With AlunÄns, he led student gatherings while at Tartu and advocated the study of
611:
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119:
350:
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636:
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295:. The most radical newspaper hitherto published in Latvian, it was closed by the authorities in 1865. From 1867 to 1873,
845:
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Maksim KirÄanov, Zemnieki, latvieÅ”i, pilsoÅi: identiÄnost, nacionalizm i modernizacija v Latvii (Voronezh, 2009. 204 s.)
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55:
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a translation of which appeared in AlunÄns' anthology. The New Latvians were also sometimes known as "Lettophiles" or
65:
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51:
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The efforts by Barons and other Young Latvians to collect folklore and dainas became vital for the forming of the
212:. Another contemporary and seminal event was the public declaration of nationality by a leader of the movement,
76:
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764:
349:." Even Baltic German intellectuals devoted to the study of the Latvian culture and language, like
217:
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Latvians' opponents were associated with the Lutheran church, the movement also had a pronounced
673:
offers extensive information on the Young Latvians and their contributions to linguistics, e.g.
329:
324:'s words, represented "the romantic and mystic search for the nation's soul." The Young Latvian
299:(often known as Kronvaldu Atis) renewed the "Latvian evenings" begun by ValdemÄrs at Tartu. His
279:
and the founding of marine academies to turn the Latvians and Estonians into seafaring peoples.
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632:
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declared that "to be educated and Latvian is impossible -- an educated Latvian is a nothing" (
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under ValdemÄrs' direct influence, and in 1862 ValdemÄrs, AlunÄns and Barons collaborated in
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123:
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684:("The Young Latvians and the Development of the Latvian Language"). Retrieved 25. VI. 2005.
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166:) was first used by Gustav Wilhelm Sigmund Brasche, the pastor of NÄ«ca, in a review of
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130:), active from the 1850s to the 1880s. The movement was modeled on the
174:("Little Songs Translated for the Latvian Language") in the newspaper
487:
Modern Pagan and Native Faith Movements in Central and Eastern Europe
386:
381:
Though one stream of the National Awakening was at first centered in
304:
284:
155:
419:
382:
27:
Intellectuals of the 1850sā1880s first Latvian National Awakening
398:
711:
707:
660:(Includes a brief summary in English.) Retrieved 25. VI. 2005.
36:
651:"Fricis BrÄ«vzemnieks -- latvieÅ”u folkloristikas pamatlicÄjs."
422:
could never be as dangerous as the German's nails of flint."
483:"The Dievturi movement in Latvia as invention of tradition"
405:
ValdemÄrs engaged in polemics with Keuchel (the author of
208:
which provided a counterpoint to the pro-German newspaper
118:) is the term most often applied to the intellectuals of
616:
http://ejournals.pp.net.ua/_ld/1/135_kirchanavs_book.pdf
575:
http://www.ailab.lv/Teksti/Senie/Zeiferts/zeifsat.htm
220:(then Dorpat) from 1854 to 1858, ValdemÄrs affixed a
357:), opposed the New Latvians -- whilst the editor of
200:, it was nonetheless dominated by the Baltic German
320:of MiÄ·elis Krogzemis), in the diplomat and scholar
146:. Originally a derogatory epithet applied to these
397:in 1867 and receiving permission to establish the
485:. In Aitamurto, Kaarina; Simpson, Scott (eds.).
385:, moved to St. Petersburg, and later shifted to
64:but its sources remain unclear because it lacks
723:
675:"JaunlatvieŔi un latvieŔu valodas attīstība,"
8:
664:The Latvian Education Informatization System
639:(Includes summaries in Russian and English.)
535:Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1951.
513:Anderson, Edgar. "Arveds Svabe, 1888-1959".
730:
716:
708:
228:, and ValdemÄrs' act has been compared to
95:Learn how and when to remove this message
263:
584:Latvju tautas ceļŔ uz neatkarīgu valsti
549:. Stockholm: Trīs Zvaigznes, 1952-1953.
473:
172:DziesmiÅas latvieÅ”u valodai pÄrtulkotas
622:Recent Publications on Baltic History.
600:Retrieved 23. VI. 2005. (archived at
7:
438:, which was created in the 1920s by
120:the First Latvian National Awakening
564:Latvijas un latvieÅ”u tautas vÄsture
515:Journal of Central European Affairs
351:August Johann Gottfried Bielenstein
517:(1960), Vol. 20 Issue 1, pp 84-90.
25:
644:LatvieÅ”u rakstniecÄ«ba biogrÄfijÄs
489:. Acumen Publishing. p. 96.
591:Latvija 19. gadsimta otrajÄ pusÄ
252:in connection to the reforms of
41:
328:later penned the national epic
586:. VƤsterĆ„s: ZiemeļbÄzma, 1970.
571:LatvieÅ”u rakstniecÄ«bas vÄsture
522:History of Latvia: An Outline.
442:and KÄrlis Marovskis-Bregžis.
359:Die Zeitung fĆ¼r Stadt und Land
244:in its importance for Latvian
150:intellectuals by their mostly
1:
573:. RÄ«ga: 1922 -- available at
559:. Ann Arbor: Ceļinieks, 1974.
452:Young Latvia (disambiguation)
557:LatvieŔu tautas piedzīvojumi
416:Mikhail Nikiforovich Katkov
154:opponents, the term "Young
867:
631:Daugavpils: A.K.A., 2000.
629:Latvijas kultÅ«ras vÄsture.
540:Latvijas vÄsture 1800-1914
312:his life's work. The poet
29:
745:
542:. Uppsala: Daugava, 1958.
271:, leader of the movement
695:EnciklopÄdija internetÄ.
642:Viktors Hausmanis, ed.:
336:Directions and divisions
50:This article includes a
704:Retrieved 23. VI. 2005.
624:Retrieved 23. VI. 2005.
481:OzoliÅÅ”, Gatis (2014).
79:more precise citations.
851:19th century in Latvia
524:Stockholm: M. Goppers/
411:Nationale Bestrebungen
301:Nationale Bestrebungen
272:
254:Alexander II of Russia
163:
139:
127:
115:
566:. RÄ«ga: Kabata, 1991.
418:. To ValdemÄrs, "the
332:, "The Bear Slayer."
267:
164:"ein junges Lettland"
18:Young Latvia movement
547:Latvju enciklopÄdija
533:A History of Latvia.
30:For other uses, see
846:Latvian nationalism
620:JÄnis A. KrÄsliÅÅ”:
545:Arveds Å vÄbe, ed.:
269:KriÅ”jÄnis ValdemÄrs
236:to the door of the
218:University of Tartu
216:; a student at the
214:KriÅ”jÄnis ValdemÄrs
700:2004-01-08 at the
680:2012-07-16 at the
669:2005-02-05 at the
656:2006-10-10 at the
649:JÄnis Rozenbergs:
646:. RÄ«ga: LZA, 1992.
627:Arturs Priedītis:
596:2004-10-28 at the
569:Teodors Zeiferts:
457:Latvian literature
367:"Jung-Bauernstand"
293:PÄterburgas AvÄ«zes
273:
232:'s posting of the
142:) movement led by
140:Junges Deutschland
52:list of references
833:
832:
815:Young Switzerland
612:978-5-98222-461-3
531:Alfred Bilmanis:
496:978-1-8446-5663-9
283:began collecting
105:
104:
97:
16:(Redirected from
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732:
725:
718:
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520:Arnolds Spekke:
501:
500:
478:
440:Ernests BrastiÅÅ”
407:"sei ein Unding"
369:). The foremost
363:"sei ein Unding"
281:KriÅ”jÄnis Barons
187:("ethnicists").
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75:this article by
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598:Wayback Machine
562:Agnis Balodis:
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355:LatvieŔu Avīzes
353:(the editor of
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210:LatvieŔu Avīzes
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739:Young Europe
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71:Please help
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32:Young Latvia
825:Young Wales
795:Young Turks
780:Young Italy
765:Young Finns
526:Zelta Äbele
462:New Current
409:), penning
347:Russophilia
291:to publish
250:Slavophiles
246:nationalism
148:nationalist
77:introducing
840:Categories
468:References
436:Dievturība
242:Wittenberg
191:Beginnings
176:Das Inland
434:movement
330:LÄÄplÄsis
234:95 Theses
698:Archived
678:Archived
667:Archived
654:Archived
594:Archived
446:See also
402:1873.
371:Lutheran
318:pen name
314:Auseklis
277:folklore
202:nobility
528:, 1951.
508:Sources
395:Finland
391:Estonia
260:Leaders
124:Latvian
112:Latvian
73:improve
635:
610:
493:
426:Legacy
387:Moscow
310:dainas
305:Kaluga
285:dainas
160:German
156:Latvia
136:German
420:kulak
383:Tartu
316:(the
58:, or
633:ISBN
608:ISBN
491:ISBN
399:Riga
393:and
614://
240:in
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