32:
254:
237:. Just as some scholars consider the posting of the 95 Theses to be apocryphal, ValdemÄrs' notice can be seen as less dramatic if taken in context. The historian Arveds Å vÄbe noted that ValdemÄrs denied being a radical in his own writings; the New Latvians had no political program threatening the Baltic Germans until the 1860s; according to Å vÄbe, their political opposition to the prevailing order was crystallized under the influence of the
330:
and without bread, they were doomed to wandering. All doors were locked before them, and they were prevented from finding residences or jobs. With a heavy heart they left their beloved homeland and went abroad, into the interior of Russia, searching for sustenance and at the same time gathering knowledge."
362:
publication declared that
Latvians had been a nation in the 13th century but had since been reduced to a peasant class; did every class require its own language? "The Latvian must die." Ethnic Latvian supporters of the Baltic Germans came to be known as "Old Latvians"; partly because many of the New
390:
Latvian
Association a year later. Similar associations followed in other towns, the RÄ«ga original receiving the hypocorisma "mommy" ("mÄmuļa"). The RÄ«ga Latvian Association staged the first Latvian play, held the first conference of Latvian teachers, and organized the first Latvian song festival in
329:
Defining the movement in retrospect in 1889, Pumpurs wrote: "Those in the grouping that for twenty-five years fought for freedom were called the New
Latvians. Their fate was almost always the same. Without a homeland, their people devoid of rights, without goods or sustenance, often without lodging
292:(1872) can be seen as the manifesto of the New Latvians. Two of their older colleagues included Kaspars BiezbÄrdis, the first ethnic Latvian philologist, who helped draft petitions to the tsar on the harsh conditions among the Latvian peasantry (for which he was exiled to
167:
in 1856. Asking who could appreciate such literature in
Latvian (AlunÄns' book was the first major translation of classic foreign poetry into Latvian), Brasche warned that those daring to dream of "a Young Latvia" would meet the tragic fate of the boatman in Heine's poem
333:
In fact, close to half of the ethnic
Latvians who received a higher education were forced to seek work in Russia. As Å vÄbe saw it: "With their selfish and shortsighted politics, the German aristocracy and bourgeoisie pressure Latvians into
296:
in 1863), and
Andrejs SpÄÄ£is, the first writer to draw western European attention to the Baltic problem. Fricis BrÄ«vzemnieks (Treuland) is considered the father of Latvian folkloristics; Barons later made the collection of
184:
Though the New
Latvians can be seen as part of a primarily cultural and literary movement, their cause had significant political ramifications due to the socio-economic conditions then prevailing in Latvia (part of the
402:
in German as a response to his critics. A pragmatist and materialist, ValdemÄrs -- in exile and under police supervision in Moscow -- came further under the influence of the
Slavophiles, working for the publisher
61:
354:). Pastor Brasche, writing that there is no Latvian nation and that the Latvian people have no past, suggested replacing "New Latvians" with the term "New Peasants" (
193:). 1856 is usually given as the date of the movement's beginning because of the publication of AlunÄns' book and the founding of the major Latvian language newspaper
808:
213:
to his door that read "C. Woldemar stud. cam. Latweetis." At the time, it was almost unheard of for an educated person to call himself a
Latvian; education meant
642:
718:
378:, in the late 1860s Lettophiles finally succeeded in establishing themselves in Latvia, by founding a relief fund for victims of the famine in
264:
ValdemÄrs is seen as the spiritual father of the
Awakening. With AlunÄns, he led student gatherings while at Tartu and advocated the study of
600:
483:
108:
339:
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284:. The most radical newspaper hitherto published in Latvian, it was closed by the authorities in 1865. From 1867 to 1873,
834:
595:
Maksim KirÄanov, Zemnieki, latvieÅ”i, pilsoÅi: identiÄnost, nacionalizm i modernizacija v Latvii (Voronezh, 2009. 204 s.)
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a translation of which appeared in AlunÄns' anthology. The New Latvians were also sometimes known as "Lettophiles" or
54:
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40:
711:
655:
419:
The efforts by Barons and other Young Latvians to collect folklore and dainas became vital for the forming of the
201:. Another contemporary and seminal event was the public declaration of nationality by a leader of the movement,
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338:." Even Baltic German intellectuals devoted to the study of the Latvian culture and language, like
206:
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Latvians' opponents were associated with the Lutheran church, the movement also had a pronounced
662:
offers extensive information on the Young Latvians and their contributions to linguistics, e.g.
318:
313:'s words, represented "the romantic and mystic search for the nation's soul." The Young Latvian
288:(often known as Kronvaldu Atis) renewed the "Latvian evenings" begun by ValdemÄrs at Tartu. His
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and the founding of marine academies to turn the Latvians and Estonians into seafaring peoples.
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declared that "to be educated and Latvian is impossible -- an educated Latvian is a nothing" (
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under ValdemÄrs' direct influence, and in 1862 ValdemÄrs, AlunÄns and Barons collaborated in
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673:("The Young Latvians and the Development of the Latvian Language"). Retrieved 25. VI. 2005.
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155:) was first used by Gustav Wilhelm Sigmund Brasche, the pastor of NÄ«ca, in a review of
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119:), active from the 1850s to the 1880s. The movement was modeled on the
163:("Little Songs Translated for the Latvian Language") in the newspaper
476:
Modern Pagan and Native Faith Movements in Central and Eastern Europe
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Though one stream of the National Awakening was at first centered in
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144:
408:
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16:
Intellectuals of the 1850sā1880s first Latvian National Awakening
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700:
696:
649:(Includes a brief summary in English.) Retrieved 25. VI. 2005.
25:
640:"Fricis BrÄ«vzemnieks -- latvieÅ”u folkloristikas pamatlicÄjs."
411:
could never be as dangerous as the German's nails of flint."
472:"The Dievturi movement in Latvia as invention of tradition"
394:
ValdemÄrs engaged in polemics with Keuchel (the author of
197:
which provided a counterpoint to the pro-German newspaper
107:) is the term most often applied to the intellectuals of
605:
http://ejournals.pp.net.ua/_ld/1/135_kirchanavs_book.pdf
564:
http://www.ailab.lv/Teksti/Senie/Zeiferts/zeifsat.htm
209:(then Dorpat) from 1854 to 1858, ValdemÄrs affixed a
346:), opposed the New Latvians -- whilst the editor of
189:, it was nonetheless dominated by the Baltic German
309:of MiÄ·elis Krogzemis), in the diplomat and scholar
135:. Originally a derogatory epithet applied to these
386:in 1867 and receiving permission to establish the
474:. In Aitamurto, Kaarina; Simpson, Scott (eds.).
374:, moved to St. Petersburg, and later shifted to
53:but its sources remain unclear because it lacks
712:
664:"JaunlatvieŔi un latvieŔu valodas attīstība,"
8:
653:The Latvian Education Informatization System
628:(Includes summaries in Russian and English.)
524:Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1951.
502:Anderson, Edgar. "Arveds Svabe, 1888-1959".
719:
705:
697:
217:, and ValdemÄrs' act has been compared to
84:Learn how and when to remove this message
252:
573:Latvju tautas ceļŔ uz neatkarīgu valsti
538:. Stockholm: Trīs Zvaigznes, 1952-1953.
462:
161:DziesmiÅas latvieÅ”u valodai pÄrtulkotas
611:Recent Publications on Baltic History.
589:Retrieved 23. VI. 2005. (archived at
7:
427:, which was created in the 1920s by
109:the First Latvian National Awakening
553:Latvijas un latvieÅ”u tautas vÄsture
504:Journal of Central European Affairs
340:August Johann Gottfried Bielenstein
506:(1960), Vol. 20 Issue 1, pp 84-90.
14:
633:LatvieÅ”u rakstniecÄ«ba biogrÄfijÄs
478:. Acumen Publishing. p. 96.
580:Latvija 19. gadsimta otrajÄ pusÄ
241:in connection to the reforms of
30:
317:later penned the national epic
575:. VƤsterĆ„s: ZiemeļbÄzma, 1970.
560:LatvieÅ”u rakstniecÄ«bas vÄsture
511:History of Latvia: An Outline.
431:and KÄrlis Marovskis-Bregžis.
348:Die Zeitung fĆ¼r Stadt und Land
233:in its importance for Latvian
139:intellectuals by their mostly
1:
562:. RÄ«ga: 1922 -- available at
548:. Ann Arbor: Ceļinieks, 1974.
441:Young Latvia (disambiguation)
546:LatvieŔu tautas piedzīvojumi
405:Mikhail Nikiforovich Katkov
143:opponents, the term "Young
856:
620:Daugavpils: A.K.A., 2000.
618:Latvijas kultÅ«ras vÄsture.
529:Latvijas vÄsture 1800-1914
301:his life's work. The poet
18:
734:
531:. Uppsala: Daugava, 1958.
260:, leader of the movement
684:EnciklopÄdija internetÄ.
631:Viktors Hausmanis, ed.:
325:Directions and divisions
39:This article includes a
693:Retrieved 23. VI. 2005.
613:Retrieved 23. VI. 2005.
470:OzoliÅÅ”, Gatis (2014).
68:more precise citations.
840:19th century in Latvia
513:Stockholm: M. Goppers/
400:Nationale Bestrebungen
290:Nationale Bestrebungen
261:
243:Alexander II of Russia
152:
128:
116:
104:
555:. RÄ«ga: Kabata, 1991.
407:. To ValdemÄrs, "the
321:, "The Bear Slayer."
256:
153:"ein junges Lettland"
536:Latvju enciklopÄdija
522:A History of Latvia.
19:For other uses, see
835:Latvian nationalism
609:JÄnis A. KrÄsliÅÅ”:
534:Arveds Å vÄbe, ed.:
258:KriÅ”jÄnis ValdemÄrs
225:to the door of the
207:University of Tartu
205:; a student at the
203:KriÅ”jÄnis ValdemÄrs
689:2004-01-08 at the
669:2012-07-16 at the
658:2005-02-05 at the
645:2006-10-10 at the
638:JÄnis Rozenbergs:
635:. RÄ«ga: LZA, 1992.
616:Arturs Priedītis:
585:2004-10-28 at the
558:Teodors Zeiferts:
446:Latvian literature
356:"Jung-Bauernstand"
282:PÄterburgas AvÄ«zes
262:
221:'s posting of the
131:) movement led by
129:Junges Deutschland
41:list of references
822:
821:
804:Young Switzerland
601:978-5-98222-461-3
520:Alfred Bilmanis:
485:978-1-8446-5663-9
272:began collecting
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86:
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714:
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509:Arnolds Spekke:
490:
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429:Ernests BrastiÅÅ”
396:"sei ein Unding"
358:). The foremost
352:"sei ein Unding"
270:KriÅ”jÄnis Barons
176:("ethnicists").
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64:this article by
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551:Agnis Balodis:
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344:LatvieŔu Avīzes
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315:Andrejs Pumpurs
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211:carte de visite
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60:Please help
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21:Young Latvia
814:Young Wales
784:Young Turks
769:Young Italy
754:Young Finns
515:Zelta Äbele
451:New Current
398:), penning
336:Russophilia
280:to publish
239:Slavophiles
235:nationalism
137:nationalist
66:introducing
829:Categories
457:References
425:Dievturība
231:Wittenberg
180:Beginnings
165:Das Inland
423:movement
319:LÄÄplÄsis
223:95 Theses
687:Archived
667:Archived
656:Archived
643:Archived
583:Archived
435:See also
391:1873.
360:Lutheran
307:pen name
303:Auseklis
266:folklore
191:nobility
517:, 1951.
497:Sources
384:Finland
380:Estonia
249:Leaders
113:Latvian
101:Latvian
62:improve
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599:
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415:Legacy
376:Moscow
299:dainas
294:Kaluga
274:dainas
149:German
145:Latvia
125:German
409:kulak
372:Tartu
305:(the
47:, or
622:ISBN
597:ISBN
480:ISBN
388:Riga
382:and
603://
229:in
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