130:
143:
community are early pregnancy, birth, sexual violation and lack of education and health care". 20% of female adolescents and 24% of male adolescents have a comprehensive knowledge of HIV. 14.3% of females living in rural areas have a comprehensive knowledge of HIV and 31.5% of females living in urban areas have a comprehensive knowledge of HIV. In
Guatemala, there is little contraception awareness and use among Youth. Guatemala has the highest fertility rate in Latin America even with half of its population under the age of 19.
919:
165:. Violence most often emerges in the presence of gangs and drug trafficking, promoting crimes such as theft and kidnapping. "Gang youth are widely perceived to be the single most important contributors to violence and insecurity in Central American cities". Guatemalan youth struggle with transitions out of a gang to a more stable environment. The Evangelical-Pentecostal religion provides hope to Guatemalan youth, attempting to exit gangs, through conversion.
208:
factors that cause a parent to leave their child or children with other caretakers. Youth left behind feel guilt for their parents' sacrifice and often leave school to find work. "9% of children living in migrant households receiving remittances dropped out of school". Adverse effects on youth of parents migrating include: insecurity, drug use, sexual promiscuity, anxiety, and loneliness.
126:, or MDG's, targets causes of poverty such as gender inequality, education, and environmental stability. "Education and training in business administration and large-scale marketing operations are essential for the youth to join the economic life of the country". MDG's purpose is to prevent youth from entering into poverty by providing educational and economic stability.
56:
79:. "From every 100 graduate students enrolled in San Carlos of Guatemala University only 13 successfully completed their programs". Youth who successfully complete secondary education typically obtain a degree in the social sciences, with 1334 social science master's degrees granted of the 2093 total degrees. The medical field, as well as
211:
Youth whose parents migrated to the United States often defend them, saying, "they are not criminals, because they are going to search for a better life for their family members", normalizing their experience. Guatemalan youth see the allure of moving to various other areas as economic incentives but
115:
at a young age, sometimes dropping out of school to support themselves or their families. Informal jobs provide youth with income but are untaxed and unmonitored by the state, examples being farmers or domestic workers. These jobs do not provide youth or other individuals with government protections,
107:
140,000 Guatemalan youth enter the labor market each year. About 25,000 of those youth gain access to formal employment. Formal employment is often classified as training for the job and social security. It is estimated that jobs in the informal market have reached about 5.1 million. Youth who obtain
71:
has less than full participation. Primary schools do not achieve 100% enrollment and from there, enrollment drops until it reaches about 17% at the high school level. Females are less represented, with 44.3% net enrollment ratio, compared to males at 48%. This contributes to a higher participation in
51:
Vulnerable youths who are at-risk for joining a gang are males between the ages of living in marginalized urban areas and have limited access to education. A program called Open
Schools combats forces that push youth into dangerous situations and works to overcome barriers that Guatemalan youth face.
207:
A youth's parents may leave home and migrate to coastal areas or other countries where education and health services are more comprehensive. Parents also migrate to the United States, Mexico, and Canada to support their family and search of economic opportunity. Political corruption and violence are
94:
Open
Schools, a program launched in 2008, helps prevent violence and protect youth by providing them opportunity to constructively use their free time. Open Schools is not a formal educational environment but it aims to help youth who are disadvantaged through culture, art, sports, and technology.
195:
in their participation in gangs, making gangs attractive and luring for youth who lack resources. Youth male gang members who are often the perpetrators of violence also fear for their own safety within the gang. Young men in gangs are threatened by members of their affiliated gang and sometimes
19:
are the largest segment of the nation's population. Youth includes individuals between the ages of 15 and 24 Over half of the population is under 19 years old in 2011, the highest proportion of young people of any country in Latin
America. The health, education, and work opportunities for young
142:
Emelin, a 13-year-old female, spoke at the United
Nations in March 2015 and emphasized the need for health care in her community. A majority of Guatemalans pay for their health costs out-of-pocket, creating unequal access to services. She said, "The biggest problems we face as adolescents in my
183:
Youth participation in violence has become normalized. While reliable data regarding crime is sparse, there are widespread fears of crime facing
Guatemalan youth. "Maras are generally associated with low-income urban areas, due to high levels of inequality and the lack of social, economic and
108:
a degree are not properly utilized in the formal job market, as they are outcompeted by their foreign counterparts. Work after graduation is limited because it is assumed that youth who hold degrees would not be willing to work low paying jobs.
176:
to help at-risk youth. The funding is used to help correct structural factors that push delinquent youth into gang participation. The ties within the Church provide youth with social capital and connections that may aid in seeking employment.
129:
90:
Teachers in
Guatemala often encounter youth who were left behind by their parents who migrated elsewhere. They often dissuaded their students from migrating due to loss of human capital experienced during migration.
180:
A great risk of death exists for youth attempting to exit
Guatemalan gangs. Religious organizations believe that the root causes of gang participation are "poverty, weak schools, and unemployment".
40:
Poverty and inequality affect a youth's access to healthcare. Females experience less access to health care and education than males. The lack of adequate nutrition and health care in
188:
one of the most dangerous areas in
Guatemala. Gangs dominate public space, often limiting areas where others can interact. An estimated 53-330 gangs reside in Guatemala City.
173:
80:
366:
329:
111:
Within the public sector, youth are discouraged from participation in the workforce because of poor salaries and disincentives. Youth often enter into the
116:
like insurance. PILAR, a program which stands for
Promoting Informal Labor Rights, works to provide more protection for those in the informal sector.
728:
713:
541:
37:
rate is 89.3% and the female literacy rate is 85.6%. Secondary education participation is around 17%. 30.3% of youth are married by the age of 18.
76:
1040:
95:
Open Schools program is available to students on the weekends where youth can socialize and participate in constructive activities.
119:
Open Schools provides leadership training and job training to both youth and adults to help ensure steady income and employment.
1050:
1020:
883:
803:
27:
573:
Varela-Garcia, Fabiola (2014). "Assessing the Cost to Guatemala of Blocking Indigenous Peoples' Full Economic Participation".
268:
1045:
1112:
960:
1025:
738:
706:
123:
45:
44:
has adverse effects on a youth's overall health. One example being stunted growth of half of the Guatemalan youth. The
1107:
873:
146:
A mission called Continuing Promise works to provide health care and community assistance to Latin American youth.
975:
898:
893:
83:
fields, should be a top priority but are not a focus of higher education. Social connections and ties, as well as
965:
336:
447:
Lykes, M. Brinton; Erin, Sibley (2013). "Exploring Meaning-Making With Adolescents 'Left Behind' By Migration".
1015:
1068:
212:
the threats of violence and deportation as well as loss of social capital dissuade many youth from migrating.
1030:
516:
1085:
1073:
1063:
1010:
980:
699:
1035:
1005:
878:
813:
748:
68:
1000:
995:
990:
788:
985:
908:
853:
743:
664:"Youth, Gangs And Violence: Analysing The Social and Spatial Mobility Of Young People In Guatemala City"
169:
940:
888:
863:
838:
798:
783:
753:
970:
955:
950:
903:
843:
818:
808:
763:
611:
858:
848:
828:
773:
758:
945:
833:
778:
927:
868:
793:
154:
311:
Bonilla, Kleinsy; Kwak, Jae Sung. "Challenges of Highly Educated Human Resources in Guatemala".
244:
593:
495:
199:
Open Schools works to help at risk youth by providing alternatives to participation in gangs.
477:
675:
456:
768:
162:
112:
161:
rates in the world and lies within one of the most dangerous regions of the hemisphere -
192:
185:
99:
is another program that helps a youth's educational experience by increasing literacy.
1101:
22:
612:"Continuing Promise 2015 | USNS Comfort mission to Latin America & Caribbean"
460:
191:
Gangs can provide youth with a sense of identity. Youths gain a large amount of
680:
663:
389:
932:
555:
96:
41:
55:
918:
158:
84:
34:
691:
367:"Meet The 15-Year-Old From Rural Guatemala Who Addressed The U.N."
128:
54:
269:"Guatemala: Beyond the Early Phase of the Demographic Transition"
695:
157:
is one issue facing youth. Guatemala has one of the highest
172:, the Evangelical-Protestant Church receives funding from
184:
cultural alternatives available in this context", making
133:
Continuing Promise mission in the Guatemalan community
419:
Magnifico, Claudio (November 2011). "Open Schools".
926:
727:
542:"Informal economy swallows Latin American workers"
174:United States Agency for International Development
81:Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics
87:, are viewed as more important than Education.
707:
8:
1041:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
390:"Central America and Mexico Gang Assessment"
714:
700:
692:
638:Brenneman, Robert. "Wrestling The Devil".
48:works to these inequalities and barriers.
679:
313:Asian Journal of Latin American Studies
221:
75:Guatemala's public university is USAC,
588:
586:
584:
535:
533:
511:
509:
77:Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala
657:
655:
653:
651:
649:
633:
631:
629:
627:
625:
478:"The Children - Primary School Years"
196:victims of violence within the gang.
7:
472:
470:
442:
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414:
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239:
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229:
227:
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517:"Roadmap to Economic Formalization"
14:
917:
884:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
594:"People and Society: Guatemala"
640:Latin American Research Review
616:United States Southern Command
1:
461:10.1080/09650792.2013.832346
124:Millennium Development Goals
46:Millennium Development Goals
20:people differ by ethnicity (
540:Otis, John (July 3, 2012).
496:"Literacy Program Overview"
449:Educational Action Research
330:"World Health Organization"
1129:
524:Global Fairness Initiative
1059:
1026:Saint Pierre and Miquelon
915:
681:10.1080/14733280500161537
1046:Turks and Caicos Islands
59:Community village school
961:British Virgin Islands
668:Children's Geographies
662:Winton, Ailsa (2005).
134:
69:Education in Guatemala
60:
874:Saint Kitts and Nevis
722:Youth in the Americas
132:
72:the informal market.
58:
1113:Society of Guatemala
30:) and social class.
1051:U.S. Virgin Islands
894:Trinidad and Tobago
739:Antigua and Barbuda
113:informal job market
1108:Youth in Guatemala
804:Dominican Republic
598:The World Factbook
560:Millennium Project
155:Crime in Guatemala
135:
61:
17:Youth in Guatemala
1095:
1094:
1120:
1016:Saint Barthélemy
976:Falkland Islands
921:
716:
709:
702:
693:
686:
685:
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659:
644:
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608:
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579:
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552:
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482:UNICEF Guatemala
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342:on March 4, 2016
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335:. Archived from
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259:
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241:
1128:
1127:
1123:
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1069:Central America
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730:
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163:Central America
152:
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105:
66:
12:
11:
5:
1126:
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1116:
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1080:
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1031:Sint Eustatius
1028:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1003:
998:
993:
988:
983:
978:
973:
968:
966:Cayman Islands
963:
958:
953:
948:
943:
937:
935:
924:
923:
916:
914:
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906:
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724:
721:
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688:
687:
674:(2): 167–184.
645:
621:
603:
580:
565:
547:
529:
505:
487:
466:
455:(4): 565–581.
426:
402:
381:
353:
318:
284:
260:
220:
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217:
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204:
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193:social capital
186:Guatemala City
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65:
62:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1125:
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1086:South America
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1064:North America
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981:French Guiana
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899:United States
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575:Social Policy
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1036:Sint Maarten
1021:Saint Martin
928:Dependencies
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615:
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396:
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373:. Retrieved
369:
344:. Retrieved
337:the original
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276:. Retrieved
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252:. Retrieved
248:
245:"Statistics"
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182:
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110:
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39:
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16:
15:
1006:Puerto Rico
933:territories
879:Saint Lucia
814:El Salvador
273:www.prb.org
1102:Categories
1001:Montserrat
996:Martinique
991:Guadeloupe
789:Costa Rica
642:: 112–128.
375:2015-10-25
278:2015-12-01
254:2015-10-25
216:References
103:Employment
28:indigenous
1074:Caribbean
986:Greenland
909:Venezuela
854:Nicaragua
824:Guatemala
744:Argentina
729:Sovereign
500:Child Aid
346:8 October
203:Migration
170:Guatemala
97:Child Aid
64:Education
42:Guatemala
941:Anguilla
889:Suriname
864:Paraguay
839:Honduras
799:Dominica
784:Colombia
754:Barbados
421:Americas
315:: 17–43.
159:homicide
150:Violence
85:nepotism
35:literacy
971:Curaçao
956:Bonaire
951:Bermuda
904:Uruguay
844:Jamaica
819:Grenada
809:Ecuador
764:Bolivia
749:Bahamas
370:NPR.org
859:Panama
849:Mexico
829:Guyana
774:Canada
769:Brazil
759:Belize
731:states
556:"MDGs"
249:UNICEF
138:Health
23:ladino
946:Aruba
834:Haiti
779:Chile
520:(PDF)
397:USAID
393:(PDF)
340:(PDF)
333:(PDF)
33:Male
1011:Saba
931:and
869:Peru
794:Cuba
348:2015
122:The
676:doi
457:doi
168:In
26:or
1104::
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666:.
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
