1034:
by focusing on sports and entertainment, the plan was to send users political messages critical of the Cuban regime. The long-term hope was that ZunZuneo might catalyze 'flash mobs' of regime opponents, analogous to how social media mobilized people during Iran's Green
Revolution and the Arab Spring. Although ZunZuneo attracted about 60,000 users at its peak, it was discontinued in 2012 because it was not financially viable. USAID was paying substantial fees (through intermediaries, to hide the origin of the funds) to Cuba's government-owned telephone company to cover the costs of all the texts—a financial transfer that was not strictly consistent with US law.
1130:
project funded in 2011 and 2012, and designed to generate flash mobs of the sort that toppled governments during the so-called Arab Spring. The second, Pirimideo (Pyramid), was funded by the US Office of Cuba
Broadcasting (OCB), which also oversees Radio and TV MartĂ. Cubans who signed up for Pirimideo could send cellphone text messages to their entire contact list for the cost of only one message. Subscribers also received texts with false news—for example, about demonstrations that had not actually occurred—and were encouraged to pass on the information
748:
disguised as humanitarian aid, established an anti-regime social network called ZunZuneo designed to spark political dissent. The attempt failed when the authorities discovered the truth about it in early 2014. Interestingly, the US's attempts to destabilise the Castro regime through media development projects goes back to the late 1980s, employing radio or tv stations like Radio and TV Martì, which broadcasts from Miami and is aimed at encouraging bottom-up revolts against the communist regime.
388:
374:
189:(AP) report which traced the origin of the service. Private companies Creative Associates International and Mobile Accord were reported to have designed the network. According to Creative Associates, the idea arose after they were provided 500,000 stolen Cuban cellphone numbers from a "source" who said they were available on the black market. NiteMedia, an organization in
29:
575:
Development (USAID) did from 2010 to 2012 in a haphazard attempt to destabilize Cuba with a 'Cuban
Twitter' named ZunZuneo. ... U.S. state-employed contractors also devel-oped the aforementioned three political measurable types with goals of fomenting what was optimistically called a 'Cuban Spring.'
1033:
In 2014, the
Associated Press revealed that USAID had created a secret Twitter-like text-messaging program, nicknamed "ZunZuneo" (Cuban slang for the sound hummingbirds make), to send texts directly to Cuban cell-phone users and enable them to send free texts to each other. After building a user base
250:
The AP released an exposé on ZunZuneo in April 2014 after independently reviewing thousands of pages of documents about its function. Following the report, the US government acknowledged that it funded the service but denied that it was a covert program. According to a USAID spokesperson, the program
997:
Sometimes
Western governments are unabashed about using social media for political manipulation. For example, the US Agency for International Development tried to seed a 'Cuban Twitter' that would gain lots of followers through sports and entertainment coverage and then release political messages by
747:
the West's foreign aid investment is not driven by development aims exclusively, but by broader political and strategic aims, among which is to destabilise unfriendly regimes. ... However, in countries like Cuba, these techniques have been short-lived. The multi-million dollar programme of USAID,
542:
To achieve its astroturfing objective, USAID created front companies in Spain and the Cayman
Islands to conceal the sources of money and used fake ad banners to give the impression ZunZuneo was a commercial enterprise. The objective was to encourage and organize 'smart mobs' and trigger a so-called
491:
The name ZunZuneo is slang for a hummingbird's tweet. The program, which was paid for and run by USAID, drew up to forty thousand unwitting Cubans through the distribution of innocuous-seeming news and music content, with the idea that political operatives would begin launching calls for political
263:
review from
December 2015 said that "the Commission for Assistance to a Free Cuba (CAFC), advocated measures to hasten the regime’s downfall, including efforts to bypass the Cuban Government’s restrictions on communication" and that "ZunZuneo ... was designed to carry out CAFC’s recommendations to
1242:
The project stood in clear violation of Cuban laws that prohibit U.S. government agencies from working on the island. But more importantly, the platform's surveillance component violated the privacy rights of its Cuban users. It is hard to believe that the concept of ZunZuneo was not inspired, at
690:
One of the first instances of large-scale social media manipulation was conducted by the US against Cuba to promote a democratic revolution. ... the U.S. Agency for
International Development (USAID) leveraged a stolen database of Cuban cell phone numbers to create an SMS-based Twitter-like social
913:
Creative also lacked in-house expertise, so it subcontracted primarily with Denver-based Mobile Accord, which received ten subcontracts to implement ZunZuneo. Two additional subcontracting grants went to NiteMedia, a
Nicaraguan business focusing on mass email messaging.
1129:
They undermine Cuba's trust that the United States would not attempt to use open communications for subversive purposes. This suspicion was reinforced in 2014 by revelations about two US-sponsored clandestine programs intended to cause social disruptions. The first, ZunZuneo, was a
Twitter-like
1299:
As everything we do becomes datafied, everything we do becomes controllable. So when we combine 'we are data' with 'inside us all is a code,' we see that who we are becomes controlled, too. Let's remember the case of ZunZuneo, the 'Cuban Twitter' from chapter 2, which high-lights how
574:
Quite saliently, this is what political campaigns call 'microtargeting,' in which data-driven profiles tailor political messages to potential voters on the basis of demographics, interests, and hobbies. And quite unsurprisingly, this is also exactly what the U.S. Agency for International
1243:
least in part, by social movements in the Middle East and North Africa. It is equally difficult to imagine that the Cuban government, known for its surveillance capabilities, has not interpreted these developments as thinly veiled attempts at subversion.
193:
which was run by a relative of a manager of Creative Associates International, was chosen to be a subcontractor. Creative Associates International won the contract for their proposal in October 2008 and grant funding for ZunZuneo began in June 2009.
205:", reached about 60,000 Cuban subscribers. The initiative also appears to have had a surveillance dimension, allowing "a vast database about Cuban ZunZuneo subscribers, including gender, age, 'receptiveness' and 'political tendencies
930:
879:
319:
described the response from the United States as "bald-faced disingenuousness" and said that "there seems to be little doubt that ZunZuneo functioned as a secret intelligence operation aimed ultimately at subversion."
260:
691:
network called ZunZuneo, which was designed to foment anti-regime activity ... The goals were to 'move more people toward the democratic activist camp without detection' and help organize anti-regime 'smart mobs.'
241:
assume leadership of the network. ZunZuneo was discontinued in 2012 since funding was not self-sustaining and legal issues involved with paying the Cuban government that were not in accordance to U.S. law.
213:
efforts towards anti- and pro-government users. The developers aimed to use "non-controversial content", such as sports and music, to build up subscribers and to then introduce political messages through
362:, John Cheney-Lippold writes that "As everything we do becomes datafied, everything we do becomes controllable", citing ZunZuneo as a "malicious" example of how governments can influence the public.
334:
criticized the U.S. government's use of USAID, saying that it should participate in genuine assistance "without the hidden hand of government manipulation or a hidden agenda of regime change."
1353:
411:
1358:
914:
NiteMedia was operated by a relative of Creative Associates' operations manager. ... Two years later, Russia made exactly the same innovative effort to influence the 2016 U.S. election.
352:
328:
said that those who supported the project were "are the ones to seek the regime change—they believe in initiatives to destabilize the government", describing ZunZuneo as "wasteful."
1300:
governments use big data for malicious ends. And let's also remember that the USAID-based surveillance program was shut down only two years after it began due to funding issues.
801:
1338:
256:
146:
93:
1343:
954:
587:
1348:
1328:
443:
1318:
1363:
150:
614:
504:
Ayestarán, Manuel González. (2014). "Acercamiento al estudio de la guerra mediática contra Cuba: representación de Cuba en 4 documentales de TVE".
1323:
344:
1047:
1292:
1026:
990:
567:
153:
and was covertly developed as a long-term strategy to encourage Cuban youths to revolt against the nation's government, fomenting a Cuban
209:" to be built, with the AP noting that such data could be used in the future for "political purposes". This data would then be used for
453:
325:
185:
bank account, and recruit unsuspecting executives who would not be told of the company's ties to the US government", according to an
906:
740:
535:
484:
230:
1195:
401:
1146:
308:
described ZunZuneo as "illegal" and part of "subversive programs" enacted by the United States towards Cuba in an interview with
252:
1072:
280:, which could send group messages to an entire contact for the price of one text message. The platform is designed to spread
154:
1174:
273:
704:
831:
1101:
Brenner, Philip; GarcĂa Castro, Teresa (Summer 2017). "A Long Legacy of Distrust and the Future of Cuban-US Relations".
983:
Lie machines: how to save democracy from troll armies, deceitful robots, junk news operations, and political operatives
650:
1333:
1103:
1018:
680:
Bryan, Nakayama (Summer 2022). "Democracies and the Future of Offensive (Cyber-Enabled) Information Operations".
134:
41:
598:
Zunzuneo, or 'Cuban Twitter,' was a 2010 project to build a social-media network to facilitate regime change.
173:'s call. The origins of ZunZuneo result from the USAID allocating millions of dollars that were concealed as
305:
131:
448:
871:
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285:
935:
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said that the project violated Cuban law and the privacy rights of citizens. Mark Hanson of the
1256:
277:
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1022:
986:
902:
841:
736:
624:
563:
531:
480:
70:
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959:
931:"USAID effort to undermine Cuban government with fake 'Twitter' another anti-Castro failure"
530:. New Brunswick Camden Newark, New Jersey London: Rutgers University Press. pp. 30–31.
316:
186:
174:
731:
Brownlee, Billie Jeanne (2020). "Chapter 5: Media Development and ForeignAid Assistance".
108:
55:
872:"REVIEW OF USAID'S CUBAN CIVIL SOCIETY SUPPORT PROGRAM: REVIEW REPORT NO. 9-000-16-001-S"
1200:
950:
588:"What A Failed Hip-Hop Experiment Can Teach Us About The Future Of U.S.-Cuba Relations"
301:
281:
210:
182:
1312:
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492:
mobilization once it reached a critical mass. The hope was to trigger a Cuban Spring.
406:
138:
45:
802:"The Fall of Internet Freedom: Meet the Company That Secretly Built 'Cuban Twitter'"
767:
615:"Washington's Secret 'Cuba Twitter' Program Is the Same Old Policy of Regime Change"
181:. Contractors funded by USAID "set up a byzantine system of front companies using a
1142:
899:
In their own best interest: a history of the U.S. effort to improve Latin Americans
806:
709:
349:
In Their Own Best Interest: A History of the U.S. Effort to Improve Latin Americans
223:
735:. Montreal Kingston London Chicago: McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 160.
379:
238:
170:
1015:
Isolate or engage: adversarial states, US foreign policy, and public diplomacy
619:
369:
330:
215:
198:
1209:
845:
628:
1013:
Wiseman, Geoffrey (2015). "8. Cuba: Public Diplomacy as a Battle of Ideas".
655:
289:
190:
1116:
197:
ZunZuneo was founded in 2010 shortly after the arrest of USAID contractor
1151:
772:
178:
255:
in 2013, and found to have been executed in accordance with US law. The
1230:
Biddle, Ellery Roberts (Spring 2015). "Decoding the Digital Cold War".
234:
219:
202:
880:
Office of Inspector General, U.S. Agency for International Development
733:
New media and revolution: resistance and dissent in pre-uprising Syria
261:
Office of Inspector General, U.S. Agency for International Development
526:
Al-Rawi, Ahmed K. (2021). "2 Cyberwars and International Politics".
28:
1147:"U.S. Funding (Another) Social Network to Try to Overthrow Castro"
1073:"Senate committee probes 'Cuban Twitter' USAid ZunZuneo programme"
705:"White House denies 'Cuban Twitter' ZunZuneo programme was covert"
901:. Cambridge (Mass.): Harvard University Press. pp. 284–285.
142:
83:
1048:"Why the internet in Cuba has become a US political hot potato"
1179:
592:
442:
Butler, Desmond; Gillum, Jack; Arce, Alberto (April 3, 2014).
309:
1285:
We are data: algorithms and the making of our digital selves
1175:"Cuba Maintains U.S. Embargo Is Harsh Financial Persecution"
560:
We are data: algorithms and the making of our digital selves
360:
We Are Data: Algorithms and the Making of Our Digital Selves
412:
United States involvement in regime change in Latin America
562:. New York: New York University press. pp. 130–131.
353:
Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections
1196:"The Dangerous Absurdity of the Secret "Cuban Twitter""
985:. New Haven London: Yale University Press. p. 78.
276:
announced that it was creating a ZunZuneo successor,
1287:. New York: New York University press. p. 262.
444:"US secretly created 'Cuban Twitter' to stir unrest"
259:
requested documents about the program from USAID. A
257:
United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations
117:
107:
99:
89:
79:
69:
61:
51:
35:
1354:United States Agency for International Development
477:The Cuban hustle: culture, politics, everyday life
147:United States Agency for International Development
94:United States Agency for International Development
1359:United States government propaganda organizations
1046:Augustin, Ed; Montero, Daniel (August 3, 2021).
145:users. The service was created in 2010 by the
1257:"ZunZuneo: The new sound of US-Cuban discord"
8:
21:
703:Lewis, Paul; Roberts, Dan (April 3, 2014).
1339:Internet properties disestablished in 2012
337:The project received various comparisons.
27:
20:
832:"In Cuba, Misadventures in Regime Change"
169:The word "zunzuneo" is Cuban slang for a
149:(USAID) following recommendations by the
795:
793:
791:
613:LeoGrande, William M. (April 23, 2014).
479:. Durham London: Duke University Press.
292:promoting protests that never occurred.
201:in Cuba. The network, dubbed the "Cuban
151:Commission for Assistance to a Free Cuba
1344:Internet properties established in 2010
423:
929:Roig-Franzia, Manuel (April 3, 2014).
762:
760:
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345:assassination attempts on Fidel Castro
1096:
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768:"US confirms it made 'Cuban Twitter'"
553:
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7:
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437:
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1194:Anderson, Jon Lee (April 4, 2014).
358:In his conclusion to his 2017 book
1349:Obama administration controversies
1329:Defunct social networking services
1079:. Associated Press. April 10, 2014
326:Washington Office on Latin America
14:
800:Meyer, Robinson (April 4, 2014).
343:compared the project to previous
300:United States relations director
231:United States Department of State
1364:United States propaganda in Cuba
386:
372:
253:Government Accountability Office
351:likened the ZunZuneo affair to
1324:Defunct microblogging services
649:Cherian, John (May 14, 2014).
506:Historia y ComunicaciĂłn Social
1:
1283:Cheney-Lippold, John (2017).
558:Cheney-Lippold, John (2017).
233:reportedly attempted to have
1319:Cuba–United States relations
528:Cyberwars in the Middle East
402:Cuba–United States relations
347:. Lars Schoultz in his book
130:was an online United States
955:"Only Built 4 Cuban Tweets"
475:Fernandes, Sujatha (2020).
274:Office of Cuba Broadcasting
1380:
981:Howard, Philip N. (2020).
1155:. The GroundTruth Project
1019:Stanford University Press
315:Investigative journalist
42:Social networking service
26:
1017:. Stanford, California:
682:The Cyber Defense Review
897:Schoultz, Lars (2018).
306:Cuban Foreign Ministry
1117:10.1353/sor.2017.0027
840:. November 10, 2014.
596:. December 22, 2014.
449:Associated Press News
1262:Agence France-Presse
1021:. pp. 250–251.
883:. December 22, 2015.
394:United States portal
251:was reviewed by the
141:service marketed to
16:Cuban social network
1152:The Huffington Post
936:The Washington Post
651:"U.S. dirty tricks"
340:The Washington Post
264:foster democracy."
165:Origins and funding
132:state owned company
118:Current status
23:
1233:Americas Quarterly
837:The New York Times
322:Americas Quarterly
175:humanitarian funds
1294:978-1-4798-5759-3
1145:(July 18, 2014).
1028:978-0-8047-9388-9
992:978-0-300-25020-6
953:(April 3, 2014).
569:978-1-4798-5759-3
286:pro-United States
135:social networking
125:
124:
52:Available in
1371:
1334:Internet in Cuba
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1183:. June 25, 2014.
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456:on April 3, 2014
452:. Archived from
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317:Jon Lee Anderson
272:In 2014, the US
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187:Associated Press
80:Area served
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776:. April 3, 2014
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1111:(2): 470–471.
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216:social bots
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331:The Nation
199:Alan Gross
100:Commercial
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296:Reactions
290:fake news
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366:See also
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