1016:...A man of some amiable qualities, free from malice or vindictiveness, sociable, as interested in the Chinese drama as he is uninterested in politics or affairs of the great world ... He is well-intentioned, tries hard in his languid and ineffectual way to please everyone, succeeds in pleasing no one, shrinks from responsibility, is thoroughly unbusinesslike, is disastrously deficient in energy, will-power and grit, and there is reason to believe that he lacks both physical and moral courage. He is helpless in an emergency, has no original ideas, and is liable to be swayed by any smooth talker. After he became regent, however, the flattery of sycophants tended to make him obstinantly tenacious of his own opinions, which invariably turned out to be wrong.
814:. In China, however, it was mandatory for foreign ambassadors to kneel in front of the Emperor. Due to his success, Prince Chun was subsequently given several key appointments over the following years. At the same time, Cixi grew wary of Prince Chun because the latter was a favorite of foreign powers. In fact, one reason why Prince Chun took up so many important positions in the imperial court after 1901 was that he was a protégé of the foreign powers, which Cixi was careful not to displease. However, she was as intent as ever on thwarting any challenge to her power, and so Prince Chun clearly posed a problem for her. Cixi saw an opportunity in 1902 on Prince Chun's return from Germany – she ordered him to marry
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939:, the 22nd province, had yet to hold elections to form an assembly due to its extreme underdevelopment. Prince Chun only appointed 96 members. Nevertheless, it was the elected members that dominated the floor and wooed the appointed ones to their side. The National Assembly urged Prince Chun to speed up the constitutional process and create a true parliament so the prince responded by pushing forth the expected deadline to 1913.
1095:, and warned Puyi not to be involved. However, Puyi ignored his advice and was installed by the Japanese as the puppet figurehead ruler of Manchukuo. Prince Chun visited his son thrice in Manchukuo but ostensibly refused to participate in state affairs. Puyi wanted his father to live in Manchukuo but his father refused and returned to Beijing on an excuse that he was ill. At the end of the Second Sino-Japanese War, when the
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on 8 May 1911. It dismayed constitutionalists as the
Imperial Cabinet was not responsible to the National Assembly and contained seven Manchu imperial kinsmen with only four Han Chinese among its 13 members, breaking a long-standing policy of appointing equal numbers of both ethnicity. More power was
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officials) factions in the imperial court. The inexperienced Prince Chun concentrated more power in the hands of a small ruling court which angered bureaucrats on lower levels. He promised a constitution by 1916 with preparatory stages in between. Beginning on 5 February 1909, China held its first
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established the People's
Republic of China, Prince Chun was held in high regard by the party's members. However, his son Puyi was arrested and imprisoned for ten years. Prince Chun sold the Northern Residence to the government out of financial difficulties. He also donated his library and art
830:. However, he still agreed to marry Ronglu's daughter because he felt it was unwise to oppose Cixi. The marriage between Prince Chun and Youlan was an unhappy one. With Prince Chun now firmly tied to her, Cixi no longer viewed him as a threat. When Prince Chun and Youlan's first son,
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as early as 1907). 21 provincial assemblies took their seats on 14 October. The vast majority elected were constitutional monarchists with a few crypto-revolutionaries and they turned the assemblies into hotbeds of dissent. Alarmed, the
National Assembly, which convened in
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was pleased with how Prince Chun executed his diplomatic mission in
Germany. He allegedly refused to kneel in front of the Kaiser even when the Germans insisted; the diplomatic slight was forgiven thanks to the negotiation skills of his adviser,
748:. Prince Chun, as the biological father of the reigning emperor, received the highest accolades as well as high rank in the imperial court. In addition, he also had a close relationship with Empress Dowager Cixi, and his primary consort,
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in
Beijing until 1928. He spent most of his time in the library reading books on history and newly published magazines. Sometime after 1911, he married another wife, Lady Dengiya, with whom he had several children. His primary consort,
959:, a policy which infuriated many businessmen who invested heavily in railways. They were told that they would be compensated with only a portion of the amount they invested. This alienated many bourgeoisie and gentry, who started the
787:. In June 1901, at the insistence of the foreign powers, the 18-year-old Prince Chun was appointed by as a Special Ambassador to offer regrets on behalf of the Qing government to Germany for the murder of German diplomat
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to assassinate Prince Chun in
February 1910. Prince Chun did not have the maneuvering talent nor the lust for power of Empress Dowager Cixi, and he proved often indecisive and probably unfit for this troubled period.
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to assist the new emperor. Cixi died the following day, ending her 47-year-long control over China, while Prince Chun ruled as regent for the next three years. Prince Chun's first concern was to punish the
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in
September. Although he first planned to subsequently tour around Europe and visit Belgium and London, he had to cancel his plans and return to China prematurely because of health issues of
862:, as the successor. Puyi was "adopted" as the Guangxu Emperor's son; like the Guangxu Emperor before him, he was no longer nominally his biological father's son. Prince Chun was appointed
1012:, tutor to Puyi, said that upon the Prince's appointment as regent it was already common knowledge that he was incapable of the enormous task ahead of him. He states Chun was:
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on 3 October 1910, had half of its 200 members appointed to balance the other half elected by the provincial assemblies. The provinces sent 98 members to the capital since
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to be the new emperor. Zaitian was "adopted" by the empress dowagers as their son, which meant he was no longer nominally Prince Chun's son. He was then enthroned as the
1060:, Prince Chun played no significant role, as Zhang Xun's slogan for the restoration was "Do not allow the relatives of the emperor to participate in the government".
822:, a conservative politician in the imperial court and a staunch supporter of Cixi. Prince Chun loathed Ronglu because the latter played a leading role in ending the
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in 1898. Prince Chun was prevented from executing his plan of having Yuan Shikai assassinated, but managed to have Yuan dismissed from office and sent home to
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concentrated in the hands of the Manchu minority than at any time since the dynasty's early years. The following day, the government announced that it would
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even visited him in
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Around late
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on 16 November. Prince Chun, now deprived of any real power, stepped down on 6 December 1911, and was replaced by his sister-in-law,
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The period saw the revolutionaries attempting several insurrections to overthrow the Qing dynasty, and there was even one attempt by
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Even after returning to private life, Prince Chun remained a respected figure, among both the
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from 1908 to 1911 during the reign of his son until the Qing dynasty was overthrown by the
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as a means of opposition while themselves becoming disposed towards revolution.
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Asterisk (*) denotes that regent was part of a regency council.
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1146:(金), which means "gold" ("Aisin" also means "gold" in Manchu).
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in recognition of his attitude during the Japanese occupation.
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issued an imperial edict proclaiming Prince Chun's eldest son,
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1603:; 1884 – 30 September 1921), sixth cousin five times removed
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and local council elections (a council election was held in
2327:. Seattle: University of Washington Press. p. 133.
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and Jin Yulan. Many have changed their Manchu clan name
791:. In July, Prince Chun left for Germany by sea and met
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Zaifeng was born on 12 February of the 9th year of the
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clan in 1943, and had issue (one son, four daughters)
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From top to bottom, left to right: Yunying, Zaifeng,
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Fourth daughter (1914–2003), personal name Yunxian (
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1656:Second daughter (1911–2001), personal name Yunhe (
1799:Sixth daughter (1919–1982), personal name Yunyu (
1764:; 14 October 1916 – 25 September 1918), third son
826:in 1898, and in the subsequent internment of the
2298:. Shanghai News and Press Bureau. Archived from
1796:; 21 September 1918 – 10 April 2015), fourth son
1119:, and provided relief aid to the victims of the
1627:; 16 April 1907 – 28 February 1994), second son
1615:; 7 February 1906 – 17 October 1967), first son
1580:, Yunyu, Yunhuan, Yunhe and Yunxian; circa 1923
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2357:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 60–61.
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2235:Ranks of imperial consorts in China#Qing
1593:, Imperial Princess Consort Chun of the
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370: 1902; died 1921)
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1679:(1913–1992), personal name Yunying (
82:adding citations to reliable sources
907:the economic and political reforms
25:
2013:Imperial Noble Consort Zhuangshun
1694:; 1912–2007) of the Daur Gobulo (
1645:; 1904–1925) of the Daur Gobulo (
974:In 1910, Prince Chun ousted from
917:officials) and reformist (mostly
689:, the Last Emperor. He served as
465:Prince Chunxian of the First Rank
231:2 December 1908 – 6 December 1911
2655:20th-century Chinese politicians
1085:British and Japanese concessions
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1444:Prince Chun of the First Rank
732:In 1875, after the childless
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425:Aisin Gioro Zaifeng (愛新覺羅·載灃)
183:Prince Chun of the First Rank
167:Prince Chun of the First Rank
2503:Imperial regents during the
335:, People's Republic of China
2650:19th-century Chinese people
2271:visualizingcultures.mit.edu
1814:; 1921–2005) of the Manchu
1435:'Book Enthusiast').
1097:National Revolutionary Army
1021:Life after the Qing dynasty
961:Railway Protection Movement
957:nationalize major railroads
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2267:"MIT Visualizing Cultures"
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344:Futian Cemetery, Beijing
2387:. Vol. 221. China.
1219:Clan name / family name
590:Simplified Chinese
509:Simplified Chinese
1832:Married Qiao Hongzhi (
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1189:Your Imperial Highness
1046:Empress Dowager Longyu
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1003:Empress Dowager Longyu
902:
775:Life in the government
93:"Zaifeng, Prince Chun"
2415:Zaifeng, Prince Chun
2383:Draft History of Qing
2349:Johnston, Reginald F.
1567:
1180:His Imperial Highness
1106:After the end of the
893:
765:Eight-Nation Alliance
2670:Qing dynasty regents
2660:20th-century regents
1989:Lingshou (1788–1824)
1158:Zaifeng, Prince Chun
1101:Beijing Municipality
881:Hundred Days' Reform
856:Empress Dowager Cixi
824:Hundred Days' Reform
807:Empress Dowager Cixi
801:Empress Dowager Cixi
759:In 1900, during the
715:Yixuan (Prince Chun)
685:, and the father of
78:improve this article
2607:Yixin (Prince Gong)
2067:Zaifeng (1883–1951)
1776:Married Wan Jiaxi (
1537:traditional Chinese
1500:traditional Chinese
1456:traditional Chinese
1413:traditional Chinese
1377:traditional Chinese
1341:traditional Chinese
1273:traditional Chinese
1237:traditional Chinese
1044:After the death of
946:was replaced by an
924:provincial assembly
309:Prince Chun Mansion
293:Aisin Gioro Zaifeng
261:of the Qing dynasty
2685:Manchu politicians
2302:on 23 October 2012
1928:Empress Xiaoshurui
1639:Married Runliang (
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1529:simplified Chinese
1521:Other references:
1492:simplified Chinese
1448:simplified Chinese
1405:simplified Chinese
1369:simplified Chinese
1333:simplified Chinese
1265:simplified Chinese
1229:simplified Chinese
1123:flooding in 1950.
1065:Northern Residence
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818:, the daughter of
789:Baron von Ketteler
754:second Prince Chun
677:. He was a son of
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1194:Alternative style
1117:Peking University
1108:Chinese Civil War
1039:Republic of China
1010:Reginald Johnston
991:Xinhai Revolution
793:Kaiser Wilhelm II
783:after evacuating
701:Family background
695:Xinhai Revolution
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683:Daoguang Emperor
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430:: Dzai feng (
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134:November 2015
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95: –
94:
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89:Find sources:
83:
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67:This article
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37:
33:
19:
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2505:Qing dynasty
2465:
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2420:Qing dynasty
2418:
2381:
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2316:
2304:. Retrieved
2300:the original
2295:
2286:
2274:. Retrieved
2270:
2261:
2249:
1755:
1708:
1707:
1584:
1583:
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1524:
1511:
1487:
1478:Prince Ch'un
1477:
1473:
1469:Chún Qīnwáng
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1400:
1388:
1364:
1352:
1328:
1322:
1306:
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1284:
1260:
1248:
1222:
1186:Spoken style
1156:
1125:
1105:
1078:
1062:
1043:
1024:
1015:
1007:
984:
973:
968:Wang Jingwei
965:
941:
904:
869:Beiyang Army
849:
805:
778:
758:
731:
704:
675:Qing dynasty
664:
660:
656:
655:
626:Chún Qīnwáng
620:Hanyu Pinyin
539:Hanyu Pinyin
328:(1951-02-03)
317:Qing dynasty
306:(光緒九年 正月 五日)
222:Qing dynasty
210:
166:
155:
140:
131:
121:
114:
107:
100:
88:
76:Please help
71:verification
68:
46:
39:
2645:1951 deaths
2640:1883 births
2507:(1636–1912)
2458:Prince Chun
2378:Zhao, Erxun
2306:22 November
2178:(1866–1925)
2015:(1822–1866)
1956:(1840–1891)
1930:(1760–1797)
1898:(1782–1850)
1872:(1760–1820)
1550:Zǎi Jìngyún
1525:Zai Jingyun
1474:Prince Chun
1250:Àixīnjuéluó
1224:Aisin Gioro
1198:Prince Chun
1140:Aisin Gioro
1136:Jin Yuzhang
1035:Sun Yat-sen
1027:Nationalist
995:Yuan Shikai
952:Prince Qing
919:Han Chinese
873:Yuan Shikai
812:Liang Cheng
711:Aisin Gioro
666:Prince Chun
570:Prince Chun
451:Aisin Gioro
269:1907 – 1908
197:Predecessor
48:Aisin Gioro
32:Manchu name
2634:Categories
2462:1891–1911
2241:References
1572:, Yunxin,
1482:Wade–Giles
1291:Wade–Giles
1132:Jin Youzhi
1121:Huai River
634:Wade–Giles
553:Wade–Giles
300:1883-02-12
104:newspapers
36:given name
2529:Zhaosheng
2393:cite book
2044:Lady Weng
1600:亲王福晋 瓜爾佳氏
1595:Gūwalgiya
1361:Pseudonym
1296:Tsai-feng
1153:Styles of
1093:Manchukuo
1058:Zhang Xun
1031:Communist
767:occupied
697:in 1911.
559:Tsai-feng
295:(愛新覺羅·載灃)
236:Successor
207:Successor
44:clan name
2380:(1928).
2351:(2011).
2224:See also
1847:Ancestry
1744:) Zhao (
1440:Titles:
937:Xinjiang
871:general
669:, was a
350:Consorts
30:In this
2612:Zaifeng
2601:Zaiyuan
2595:Duanhua
2583:Suksaha
1717:側福晉 鄧佳氏
1612:宣統皇帝 溥儀
1574:Yunying
1390:Jìngyún
1365:Jingyun
1311:Chinese
1286:Zǎifēng
1261:Zaifeng
1215:Names:
1128:Beijing
1081:Tianjin
950:led by
933:Beijing
928:Tianjin
901:in 1909
846:Regency
840:Yunying
797:Potsdam
785:Beijing
769:Beijing
709:in the
657:Zaifeng
545:Zàifēng
485:Zaifeng
411:Yunhuan
405:Yunxian
402:Yunying
397:Yunying
372:
364:
360:
333:Beijing
275:Monarch
247:Monarch
220:of the
161:Zaifeng
118:scholar
40:Zaifeng
18:Zaifeng
2589:Sushun
2577:Ebilun
2560:Dorgon
2544:Longyu
2451:Yixuan
2431:
2361:
2331:
2276:19 May
2176:Cuiyan
2124:Deqing
1954:Yixuan
1651:) clan
1597:clan (
1591:Youlan
1560:Family
1547::
1545:pinyin
1539::
1531::
1510::
1508:pinyin
1502::
1494::
1466::
1464:pinyin
1458::
1450::
1423::
1421:pinyin
1415::
1407::
1387::
1385:pinyin
1379::
1371::
1351::
1349:pinyin
1343::
1335::
1321::
1319:pinyin
1313::
1293::
1283::
1281:pinyin
1275::
1267::
1247::
1245:pinyin
1239::
1231::
1070:Youlan
915:Manchu
877:Ronglu
820:Ronglu
816:Youlan
679:Yixuan
671:Manchu
471:Mother
461:Yixuan
457:Father
428:Manchu
407:Yunxin
340:Burial
313:Peking
266:Tenure
228:Tenure
201:Yixuan
189:Tenure
120:
113:
106:
99:
91:
34:, the
2565:Sonin
2534:Ci'an
2433:Died:
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