935:, but bull sharks living in fresh water show a significantly reduced concentration of urea within their blood. Despite this, the solute composition (i.e. osmolarity) of a bull shark in fresh water is still much higher than that of the external environment. This results in a large influx of water across the gills due to osmosis and loss of sodium and chloride from the shark's body. However, bull sharks in fresh water possess several organs with which to maintain appropriate salt and water balance; these are the rectal gland, kidneys, liver, and gills. All elasmobranchs have a rectal gland which functions in the excretion of excess salts accumulated as a consequence of living in seawater. Bull sharks in freshwater environments decrease the salt-excretory activity of the rectal gland, thereby conserving sodium and chloride. The kidneys produce large amounts of dilute urine, but also play an important role in the active reabsorption of solutes into the blood. The gills of bull sharks are likely to be involved in the uptake of sodium and chloride from the surrounding fresh water, whereas urea is produced in the liver as required with changes in environmental salinity. Recent work also shows that the differences in density of fresh water to that of marine waters result in significantly greater negative buoyancies in sharks occupying fresh water, resulting in increasing costs of living in fresh water. Bull sharks caught in freshwater have subsequently been shown to have lower liver densities than sharks living in marine waters. This may reduce the added cost of greater negative buoyancy.
1183:
oil, skin, and meat, pollution to their habitat, and more. In many areas of the world, including
Australia and South Africa, there are shark-culling measures around beaches to prevent attacks on beach-goers. Researchers tried to fix the problem of sharks getting too close to land by testing out a device called the SharkSafe Barrier™. This barrier used magnetic and visual stimuli, which utilized rows of piping to create a continuous magnetic field to deter the sharks. However, researchers concluded that the technology needs to be improved upon and tested further before it can be implemented as a reliable safety measure. Other research is being conducted to come up with conservation solutions for the bull sharks. One example is The Nature Conservancy satellite tagging sharks to track their migration and find their habitats in order to guide what areas require further protection projects.
943:
ages, its tolerance for very low or high salinity increases. The majority of the newborn or very young bull sharks were found in the freshwater area, whereas the much older bull sharks were found to be in the saltwater areas, as they had developed a much better tolerance for the salinity. Reproduction is one of the reasons why adult bull sharks travel into the river—it is thought to be a physiological strategy to improve juvenile survival and a way to increase overall fitness of bull sharks. The young are not born with a high tolerance for high salinity, so they are born in fresh water and stay there until they are able to travel out.
590:
1171:
578:
566:
320:
116:
174:
1134:
other external factors such as predators. The movement was found to be directly related to the bull shark conserving energy for itself. One way the bull shark is able to conserve energy is that when the tidal flow changes, the bull shark uses the tidal flow in order to conserve energy as it moves downriver. Another way for the bull shark to conserve energy is to decrease the amount of energy needed to osmoregulate the surrounding environment.
149:
517:
averages 2.25 m (7 ft) and 95 kg (209 lb). While a maximum size of 3.5 m (11 ft) is commonly reported, a single record exists of a female specimen of exactly 4.0 m (13 ft). A 3.25 m (10.7 ft) long pregnant individual reached 450 kg (990 lb). The maximum weight can be over 600 kg (1,300 lb), ranking it among the largest of the
130:
1055:
628:, a pregnant shark weighing 347.8 kg (767 lb) and measuring 3 m (10 ft) long was caught in February 2019, followed by another specimen weighing about 350 kg (770 lb) and measuring about the same in length, in January 2020. Unconfirmed reports suggest that the very largest, exceptional specimens can possibly weigh up to 900 kg (2,000 lb).
939:
to breed. While is theoretically possible for bull sharks to live purely in fresh water, experiments conducted on bull sharks found that they died within four years. The stomach was opened and all that was found were two small, unidentifiable fishes. The cause of death could have been starvation since the primary food source for bull sharks resides in salt water.
547:
552:
551:
548:
553:
550:
2677:
Pirog, Agathe; Ravigné, Virginie; Fontaine, Michaël C.; Rieux, Adrien; Gilabert, Aude; Cliff, Geremy; Clua, Eric; Daly, Ryan; Heithaus, Michael R.; Kiszka, Jeremy J.; Matich, Philip; Nevill, John E. G.; Smoothey, Amy F.; Temple, Andrew J.; Berggren, Per; Jaquemet, Sébastien; Magalon, Hélène (December
1045:
The male bull shark is able to begin reproducing around the age of 15 years while the female cannot begin reproducing until the age of 18 years. The size of a fully matured female bull shark to produce viable eggs for fertilization seems to be 175 cm to 235 cm. The courting routine between
942:
In a research experiment, the bull sharks were found to be at the mouth of an estuary for the majority of the time. They stayed at the mouth of the river independent of the salinity of the water. The driving factor for a bull shark to be in fresh or salt water, however, is its age; as the bull shark
938:
Bull sharks are able to regulate themselves to live in either fresh or salt water. It can live in fresh water for its entire life, but this does not happen, mostly due to the reproductive needs of the shark. Young bull sharks leave the brackish water in which they are born and move out into the sea
516:
Bull sharks are large and stout, with females being larger than males. The bull shark can be up to 81 cm (2 ft 8 in) in length at birth. Adult female bull sharks average 2.4 m (8 ft) long and typically weigh 130 kg (290 lb), whereas the slightly smaller adult male
1182:
The bull shark is listed as a vulnerable species on the IUCN Red List and the population is currently reported as decreasing. Despite their status, the species isn't named as a protected species. Threats to the bull shark are numerous, such as getting caught in fishing nets, overfishing for their
1133:
estuary. They were testing to find out what determined the movement of the young bull sharks. It was found that the young bull sharks synchronously moved downriver when the environmental conditions changed. This large movement of young bull sharks were found to be moving as a response rather than
1022:
family of sharks. Normally, sharks eat in short bursts, and when food is scarce, sharks digest for a much longer period of time in order to avoid starvation. As part of their survival mechanism, bull sharks will regurgitate the food in their stomachs in order to escape from a predator. This is a
1120:
Behavioral studies have confirmed that sharks can take visual cues to discriminate between different objects. The bull shark is able to discriminate between colors of mesh netting that is present underwater. It was found that bull sharks tended to avoid mesh netting of bright colors rather than
1062:
Since bull sharks often dwell in very shallow waters, are found in many types of habitats, are territorial by nature, and have no tolerance for provocation, they may be more dangerous to humans than any other species of shark. Bull sharks are one of the three shark species (along with the
1042:, born live and free-swimming. The young are about 70 cm (27.6 in) at birth. The bull shark does not rear its young; the young bull sharks are born into flat, protected areas. Coastal lagoons, river mouths, and other low-salinity estuaries are common nursery habitats.
1121:
colors that blended in with the water. Bright yellow mesh netting was found to be easily avoided when it was placed in the path of the bull shark. This was found to be the reason that sharks are attracted to bright yellow survival gear rather than ones that were painted black.
1195:
977:, from 1996 to 2013 uncovered their adaptability to low-salinity environments, marking the longest recorded residency for the species under such conditions, and demonstrating their ability to live indefinitely in low-salinity aquatic environments.
390:. This aggressive nature is a reason for its population being listed as vulnerable on the IUCN Red List. Shark-culling occurs near beaches to protect beachgoers, which is one of the causes of bull shark populations continuing to decrease.
1046:
bull sharks has not been observed in detail as of yet. The male likely bites the female on the tail until she can turn upside down and the male can copulate at that point. Mature females commonly have scratches from the mating process.
1218:
899:
fish—able to quickly adapt to a wide range of salinities. Thus, the bull shark is one of the few cartilaginous fishes that have been reported in freshwater systems. Many of the euryhaline fish are bony fishes, such as
549:
1304:
O'Connell, Craig
Patrick; Gressle, Juliet; Crews, Julia; King, Andre A.; He, Pingguo (2022-01). "Evaluating the effects of a SharkSafe Barrier™ shoreline deployment on bull shark ( Carcharhinus leucas ) behaviour".
2176:
1504:
The proportion of mature males with running spermatozoa increased from 7.1% in
October to 79 and 80% in January and March, respectively, suggesting that mating activity peaks during late summer and early
640:, and occasionally salt and freshwater streams if they are deep enough. It is found to a depth of 150 m (490 ft), but does not usually swim deeper than 30 m (98 ft). In the
3391:
2638:"Whoʼs the biggest fish in the pond? The story of bull sharks (Carcharhinus leucas) in an Australian golf course lake, with deliberations on this speciesʼ longevity in low salinity habitats"
409:, about 1,100 kilometres (700 mi) from the ocean, but few freshwater interactions with humans have been recorded. Larger-sized bull sharks are probably responsible for the majority of
908:, and are not closely related to bull sharks. Evolutionary assumptions can be made to help explain this sort of evolutionary disconnect, with one being that the bull shark experienced a
452:
The name "bull shark" comes from the shark's stocky shape, broad, flat snout, and aggressive, unpredictable behavior. In India, the bull shark may be confused with the
Sundarbans or
616:, a female believed to measure at least 2.4 m (8 ft) and 360–390 kg (800–850 lb) was caught by members of the R.J. Dunlap Marine Conservation Program. In the
2157:
4658:
2340:
4653:
4383:
3110:
Ortega, Lori A.; Heupel, Michelle R.; van Beynen, Philip & Motta, Philip J. (2009). "Movement patterns and water quality preferences of juvenile bull sharks (
1997:
4435:
1086:
has stated this is not the case. The speculation that bull sharks may have been responsible is based on two fatal bites occurring in brackish and fresh water.
3008:
589:
2222:
370:
commonly found worldwide in warm, shallow waters along coasts and in rivers. It is known for its aggressive nature, and presence mainly in warm, shallow
2586:
Montoya, Rafael
Vasquez; Thorson, Thomas B. (1982). "The bull shark and largetooth sawfish in Lake Bayano, a tropical man-made impoundment in Panama".
1608:
4618:
2766:
Snelson, Franklin F; Mulligan, Timothy J; Williams, Sherry E (1 January 1984). "Food Habits, Occurrence, and
Population Structure of the Bull Shark,
4564:
4357:
3447:
2962:
1575:
1818:
4577:
4396:
3326:
1718:
Habegger, M. L.; Motta, P. J.; Huber, D. R.; Dean, M. N. (2012). "Feeding biomechanics and theoretical calculations of bite force in bull sharks (
1482:
McAuley, R. B.; Simpfendorfer, C. A.; Hyndes, G. A. & Lenanton, R. C. J. (2007). "Distribution and reproductive biology of the sandbar shark,
1377:
3039:
540:
Bull sharks have a bite force up to 5,914 newtons (1,330 lbf), weight for weight the highest among all investigated cartilaginous fishes.
2203:
4638:
4461:
3396:
1920:
1461:
2092:
1673:"Catching and tracking the world's largest Zambezi (bull) shark Carcharhinus leucas in the Breede Estuary, South Africa: the first 43 hours"
2858:
2498:
Anderson, W.G.; Good, J.P.; Pillans, R.D.; Hazon, N & Franklin, C.E. (2005). "Hepatic urea biosynthesis in the euryhaline elasmobranch
818:
993:
and small sharks, including other bull sharks, and stingrays. Their diet can also include turtles, birds, dolphins, terrestrial mammals,
1790:
1983:
4331:
2034:
1984:
Bull sharks seen in flooded streets | Offbeat | Weird News, Odd and Freaky
Stories in Northern Rivers | Clarence Valley Daily Examiner
1075:
821:
Rivers in 1996. The golf course has capitalized on the novelty and now hosts a monthly tournament called the "Shark Lake
Challenge".
3345:
2143:
2105:
1426:
1538:
4590:
4510:
4648:
4643:
1008:
The bull shark is a solitary hunter, though may briefly pair with another bull shark to make hunting and tricking prey easier.
1005:
to attack their prey. After the first initial contact, they continue to bite and tackle prey until the prey is unable to flee.
2293:
Tillett B., Meekan; M., Field; I., Thornburn; D., Ovenden, J. (2012). "Evidence for reproductive philopatry in the bull shark
916:. This bottleneck may have separated the bull shark from the rest of the Elasmobranchii subclass and favored the genes for an
663:
Populations of bull sharks are also found in several major rivers, with more than 500 bull sharks thought to be living in the
2753:
1097:, Bramaputra, Mahanadi, and other Indian rivers and have bitten bathers. Many of these bite incidents were attributed to the
4582:
4401:
3322:
2680:"Population structure, connectivity, and demographic history of an apex marine predator, the bull shark Carcharhinus leucas"
1881:
1001:. They hunt in murky waters where it is harder for the prey to see the shark coming. Bull sharks have been known to use the
676:
1940:
4284:
2059:
1850:
1023:
distraction tactic; if the predator moves to eat the regurgitated food the bull shark can use the opportunity to escape.
3440:
2902:
309:
577:
565:
173:
4292:
4266:
2009:
923:
Elasmobranchs' ability to enter fresh water is limited because their blood is normally at least as salty (in terms of
2989:
2397:
4119:
3680:
2005:
4440:
3016:
4633:
4110:
4083:
3797:
751:
683:, Queensland, shortly after the peak of the January 2011, floods. A large bull shark was caught in the canals of
2226:
4628:
4128:
1795:
1522:
Elasmobranch biodiversity, conservation, and management: Proceedings of the international seminar and workshop
1237:
305:
4244:
1150:, may attack them, but typically only target juveniles. Crocodiles may be a threat to bull sharks in rivers.
4663:
4161:
4092:
3610:
3433:
1759:
1175:
684:
2354:
Pillans, R.D.; Franklin, C.E. (2004). "Plasma osmolyte concentrations and rectal gland mass of bull sharks
1616:
471:
shark, river shark, freshwater whaler, estuary whaler, Swan River whaler, cub shark, and shovelnose shark.
4206:
3707:
2181:
688:
3183:
2966:
1583:
1352:
4623:
4487:
4297:
4017:
3945:
3888:
3226:
2334:
2259:"Movement and distribution of young bull sharks Carcharhinus leucas in a variable estuarine environment"
2104:
Dawson Damico. (20 July 2023). "Rise in bull shark population becoming an issue in
Atchafalaya Basin ".
909:
884:
672:
288:
1170:
813:, Queensland, Australia is the home to several bull sharks. They were trapped following a flood of the
4595:
4515:
4253:
4101:
3870:
3806:
3743:
3619:
3266:
3123:
3054:
2807:
2691:
2511:
2306:
1731:
1684:
1381:
1130:
932:
806:
625:
437:
3078:
319:
115:
4185:
4176:
3725:
1151:
959:
913:
595:
138:
4427:
3217:
3208:
2623:
2545:
Gleiss, A. C.; Potvin, J.; Keleher, J. J.; Whitty, J. M.; Morgan, D. L.; Goldbogen, J. A. (2015).
1403:
1280:
3852:
3410:
3157:
3139:
3070:
2823:
2603:
2451:
2432:
1700:
1155:
963:
782:
168:
153:
2855:
4492:
4388:
4551:
4474:
4305:
3662:
3500:
3300:
3282:
2749:
2727:
2709:
2659:
2568:
2527:
2480:
2424:
2375:
2322:
1916:
1747:
1457:
1318:
1208:
1147:
1068:
790:
786:
778:
402:
401:
and fresh water. They are known to travel far up rivers, and have been known to travel up the
383:
245:
4502:
3209:"Carcharhinus leucas: Rigby, C.L., Espinoza, M., Derrick, D., Pacoureau, N. & Dicken, M."
2637:
4479:
4258:
3912:
3903:
3879:
3626:
3290:
3274:
3212:
3131:
3062:
2815:
2717:
2699:
2649:
2595:
2558:
2519:
2470:
2416:
2367:
2314:
2273:
1739:
1692:
1495:
1314:
1275:
1106:
924:
851:
789:
have reported increasing numbers. Bull sharks have occasionally gone as far upstream in the
687:, just north of Brisbane within Moreton Bay. Still greater numbers are in the canals of the
430:
4414:
4271:
1078:. While it is a common misconception that these attacks were the inspiration for the novel
4448:
4152:
3993:
3984:
3788:
3770:
3761:
3671:
3653:
3556:
3529:
3520:
3386:
3239:
2906:
2862:
794:
700:
636:
The bull shark is commonly found worldwide in coastal areas of warm oceans, in rivers and
425:
406:
2402:): plasma osmolytes and Na/K-ATPase activity in gill, rectal gland, kidney and intestine"
2258:
1966:
1031:
Bull sharks mate during late summer and early autumn, often in bays and estuaries. After
3295:
3270:
3127:
3058:
2811:
2748:, David Burnie and Don E. Wilson (eds.) London & New York: Smithsonian Institution,
2695:
2515:
2310:
1735:
1688:
4065:
3936:
3716:
3698:
3547:
3488:
3482:
3457:
2722:
2679:
2177:"Sharks at Carbrook Golf Club caught on film, confirming they survived Brisbane floods"
2118:
2035:"Warning of bull shark activity in Sydney Harbour as bite victim recovers from surgery"
1550:
1330:
1213:
1159:
1083:
970:(and vice versa), with some taking as few as seven to 11 days to complete the journey.
947:
917:
871:
727:
664:
613:
480:
468:
371:
357:
225:
215:
1647:(Valenciennes, 1839) in commercial landings from New Ferry Wharf, Mumbai, Maharashtra"
4612:
4409:
3969:
3960:
3752:
3601:
3592:
3538:
3381:
3341:
2795:
2546:
2318:
2075:
Coad, B. W. (2015). Review of the
Freshwater Sharks of Iran (Family Carcharhinidae).
1860:
1855:
1828:
1672:
1266:
1200:
986:
879:
798:
696:
645:
522:
518:
490:
410:
367:
255:
158:
73:
3143:
2827:
2607:
2450:
Reilly, B.D.; Cramp, R.L.; Wilson, J.M.; Campbell, H.A & Franklin, C.E. (2011).
1704:
1257:
4542:
3861:
3644:
3583:
3574:
3565:
3511:
3074:
1450:
1194:
1129:
In 2008, researchers tagged and recorded the movements of young bull sharks in the
1098:
1090:
1079:
1002:
863:
835:
767:
763:
759:
755:
711:
692:
609:
485:
464:
453:
413:
265:
4556:
4310:
2436:
1696:
479:
Some of the bull shark's closest living relatives do not have the capabilities of
2796:"Advances in the study of feeding behaviors, mechanisms, and mechanics or sharks"
2654:
2396:
Pillans, R.D.; Good, J.P.; Anderson, W.G.; Hazon, N & Franklin, C.E. (2005).
1910:
4422:
4370:
4238:
4026:
3843:
3828:
3819:
3779:
3734:
3635:
1143:
1064:
1015:
989:, capable of taking a variety of prey. The bull shark's diet consists mainly of
814:
735:
731:
617:
463:
Its wide range and diverse habitats result in many other local names, including
420:
48:
3425:
2937:
2923:
2876:
2371:
1743:
4074:
4050:
4041:
3406:
3135:
2819:
2420:
1886:
1190:
1039:
998:
994:
967:
896:
892:
847:
810:
747:
530:
526:
441:
394:
375:
129:
93:
58:
4229:
3419:
3286:
2945:
2899:
2884:
2713:
2663:
17:
4336:
4318:
4143:
4008:
3927:
1823:
1032:
990:
895:, meaning they can swim between salt and fresh water with ease, as they are
875:
859:
843:
838:, across 10 genera and four families, to have been reported in fresh and/or
505:
398:
379:
363:
185:
98:
3304:
2909:. Psrc.mlml.calstate.edu (16 February 2009). Retrieved on 30 November 2013.
2731:
2572:
2531:
2484:
2428:
2379:
2326:
1751:
1642:
496:
The bull shark shares numerous similarities with river sharks of the genus
4453:
2225:. Florida Museum of Natural History Ichthyology Department. Archived from
1256:
Rigby, C.L.; Espinoza, M.; Derrick, D.; Pacoureau, N.; Dicken, M. (2021).
1018:
feeders, and the bull shark is no exception to this, as it is part of the
4536:
4344:
4223:
3476:
3362:
3354:
2840:
1819:"Video: Ministry investigating capture of 347 kg shark off Fujairah"
1154:
have been observed preying on bull sharks in the rivers and estuaries of
1142:
Humans are the biggest threat to bull sharks. Larger sharks, such as the
974:
951:
839:
802:
668:
641:
621:
205:
88:
83:
68:
63:
53:
2504:
Journal of Experimental Zoology Part A: Comparative Experimental Biology
1767:
4569:
4362:
3254:
3066:
2900:
Pacific Shark Research Center » Featured Elasmobranch – Bull Shark
2599:
2563:
2475:
966:
them. Bull sharks tagged inside the lake have later been caught in the
905:
867:
855:
771:
723:
715:
704:
653:
533:
is longer and lower than that of the larger sharks, and it has a small
457:
416:, including many incidents of shark bites attributed to other species.
103:
78:
41:
4349:
3278:
2704:
2523:
1219:
List of fatal, unprovoked shark attacks in the United States by decade
1054:
973:
A study of six bull sharks confined to a stagnant golf course lake in
525:
of comparable length, and are grey on top and white below. The second
4375:
4279:
3470:
3400:
1791:"Fisherman under investigation after catching 350 kg bull shark"
1094:
901:
680:
657:
649:
352:
195:
4200:
3255:"Long-term seed bank persistence in a stochastic desert environment"
2278:
2204:"Shark-Infested Australian Golf Course Believed to Be World's First"
1641:
Purushottama, G.B.; Thakurdas, S.; Ramkumar, C.; Tandel, S. (2013).
1499:
4323:
3494:
2547:"Mechanical challenges to freshwater residency in sharks and rays"
1986:. Dailyexaminer.com.au (14 January 2011). Retrieved on 4 May 2012.
1169:
1053:
1035:
for 12 months, a bull shark may give birth to 1 to 13 live young.
1011:
743:
739:
534:
387:
235:
3407:"Carbrook Golf Club, Australia - Bull Sharks in the Water Hazard"
2846:. Marinebio.org (14 January 2013). Retrieved on 30 November 2013.
710:
The bull shark has traveled 4,000 km (2,500 mi) up the
4466:
2926:. Sharkinfo.ch (15 October 1999). Retrieved on 30 November 2013.
1947:. University of Michigan Museum of Zoology, Animal Diversity Web
1112:
Bull sharks have also attacked humans off the coast of Florida.
928:
719:
637:
4204:
3429:
1162:
was reportedly sighted consuming a bull shark in South Africa.
1251:
1249:
1247:
2398:"Freshwater to seawater acclimation of juvenile bull sharks (
1333:. In-Fisherman (16 July 2012). Retrieved on 30 November 2013.
1074:
One or several bull sharks may have been responsible for the
1105:, a critically endangered river shark species, although the
2963:"Great Whites May Be Taking the Rap for Bull Shark Attacks"
2252:
2250:
2248:
2246:
2244:
774:. The species has a distinct preference for warm currents.
433:, despite their ability to survive in freshwater habitats.
667:. One was reportedly seen swimming the flooded streets of
1580:
The Rosenstiel School of Marine & Atmospheric Science
691:. In the warmer months of the year, bull sharks frequent
2950:. American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists.
2889:. American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists.
2452:"Branchial osmoregulation in the euryhaline bull shark,
2221:
Compagno, Leonard I.V. & Cook, Sid F. (March 1995).
762:
since at least 1924 as far upriver as Baghdad, and has
3009:"Bull Sharks Attacks Commonly in Warm, Shallow Waters"
1760:"Bull sharks have strongest bite of all shark species"
1307:
Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems
750:. It can live in water with a high salt content as in
1882:"Emirati man catches huge shark weighing 350 kg"
679:. Several were sighted in one of the main streets of
2947:
Investigation of the Icthyofauna of Nicaraguan Lakes
2886:
Investigation of the Icthyofauna of Nicaraguan Lakes
2257:
Heupel, Michelle R.; Colin A. Simpfendorfer (2008).
2093:
High number of sharks reported in Lake Pontchartrain
1851:"Emirati fisherman catches 350 kg shark in UAE"
1427:"Bull Shark, Carcharhinus leucas Valenciennes, 1839"
4526:
4213:
4174:
4141:
4063:
4039:
4006:
3982:
3958:
3925:
3901:
3841:
3817:
3509:
842:water. Other species that enter rivers include the
1449:
834:The bull shark is the best known of 43 species of
2223:"Freshwater elasmobranchs; a questionable future"
1533:
1531:
467:shark, Fitzroy Creek whaler, van Rooyen's shark,
3253:de Queiroz, Tara; Meyer, Susan E. (March 2023).
1570:
1568:
1915:. University of California Press. p. 264.
521:. Bull sharks are wider and heavier than other
1912:Ocean: Reflections on a Century of Exploration
1089:Bull sharks have attacked swimmers around the
3441:
3218:10.2305/iucn.uk.2021-2.rlts.t39372a2910670.en
2990:"Shark attacks bring panic to Sydney's shore"
2919:
2917:
2915:
2619:
2617:
2146:. Nbcwashington.com. Retrieved on 4 May 2012.
1281:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-2.RLTS.T39372A2910670.en
8:
3105:
3103:
3101:
3099:
2942:, in the Lake Nicaragua-Rio San Juan System"
2881:, in the Lake Nicaragua-Rio San Juan System"
2339:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1109:was also blamed during the 1960s and 1970s.
946:Initially, scientists thought the sharks in
529:is smaller than the first. The bull shark's
456:. In Africa, it is also commonly called the
2865:. Life-sea.blogspot.com (15 November 2011).
2789:
2787:
2785:
2626:elasmo-research.org. Accessed 6 April 2008.
2456:: a molecular analysis of ion transporters"
785:. In July 2023 some local fishermen in the
4659:Taxa named by Friedrich Gustav Jakob Henle
4201:
3448:
3434:
3426:
3184:"FLMNH Ichthyology Department: Bull Shark"
2965:. National Geographic News. Archived from
2794:Motta, Philip J; Wilga, Cheryl D. (2001).
1477:
1475:
1473:
1093:inlets. In India, bull sharks swim up the
927:) as seawater through the accumulation of
797:. Bull sharks have also been found in the
493:, which is not capable of osmoregulation.
318:
147:
128:
114:
31:
3294:
3216:
3158:"No Bull: Saltwater Crocodile Eats Shark"
2721:
2703:
2653:
2562:
2474:
2360:Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A
2277:
1520:Fowler, S.; Reed, T.; Dipper, F. (1997).
1279:
608:In early June 2012, off the coast of the
3390:) is being considered for deletion. See
3368:Sunday Herald Sun, Sunday, 23 April 2005
2077:International Journal of Aquatic Biology
1603:
1601:
1486:(Nardo), in Western Australian waters".
1372:
1370:
758:. Bull sharks have been recorded in the
3327:Integrated Taxonomic Information System
2358:, captured along a salinity gradient".
1671:McCord, Me; Lamberth, Sj (April 2009).
1347:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1229:
542:
436:This shark appears in the image of the
3235:
3224:
2332:
2158:"Man catches 2 Bull sharks in Potomac"
1934:
1932:
3413:from the original on 7 November 2021.
3047:Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries
2391:
2389:
2029:
2027:
1636:
1634:
1515:
1513:
1406:. ReefQuest Centre for Shark Research
1380:. National Geographic. Archived from
7:
2144:8-Foot Shark Caught In Potomac River
1654:Marine Fisheries Information Service
1300:
1298:
4654:Taxa named by Johannes Peter Müller
3409:. Golfing World. 15 December 2011.
2409:Journal of Comparative Physiology B
1967:"Queensland rebuilding 'huge task'"
1355:. Florida Museum of Natural History
1267:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
954:species, the Lake Nicaragua shark (
781:, many bull sharks were sighted in
3415:(5 min 23 second video with audio)
1996:Berrett, Nick (14 November 2008).
1849:Shaaban, Ahmed (19 January 2020).
1817:Ali, Aghaddir (21 February 2019).
1076:Jersey Shore shark attacks of 1916
537:, and lacks an interdorsal ridge.
25:
3394:to help reach a consensus. ›
2938:"Reproduction of the Bull Shark,
2877:"Reproduction of the Bull Shark,
2156:Zauzmer, Julie (22 August 2013).
1677:African Journal of Marine Science
500:, and other species in the genus
4619:IUCN Red List vulnerable species
2856:Life of Bull Shark | Life of Sea
2624:Fresh Waters: Unexpected Haunts.
2319:10.1111/j.1095-8649.2012.03228.x
1758:Walker, Matt (12 October 2012).
1425:McGrouther, Mark (12 May 2010).
1193:
588:
576:
564:
545:
172:
3363:Bull shark, Carcharhinus leucas
3116:Environmental Biology of Fishes
3007:Frantz, Vickie (18 July 2011).
2944:. In Thorson, Thomas B. (ed.).
2883:. In Thorson, Thomas B. (ed.).
2800:Environmental Biology of Fishes
2770:, in Florida Coastal Lagoons".
2588:Environmental Biology of Fishes
2551:Journal of Experimental Biology
2463:Journal of Experimental Biology
1789:Haza, Ruba (21 February 2019).
1615:. 4 August 2011. Archived from
2744:Kindersley, Dorling (2001) in
2175:Boswell, Thomas (1 May 2013).
2095:. wwltv.com. 16 September 2006
2002:Redcliffe & Bayside Herald
1909:Berger, Wolf H. (6 May 2009).
1609:"9 Biggest Sharks Ever Caught"
1582:. 18 July 2012. Archived from
1576:"The Biggest Bull Shark…Ever?"
1488:Marine and Freshwater Research
1071:) most likely to bite humans.
726:. It also lives in freshwater
1:
1756:; for a popular summary, see
1697:10.2989/AJMS.2009.31.1.11.782
1643:"First record of Bull shark,
1456:. New York: The Lyons Press.
888:) regularly enter estuaries.
612:near the western part of the
4639:Euryhaline fish of Nicaragua
4120:Australian sharpnose shark (
3681:Smoothtooth blacktip shark (
2988:Quinn, Ben (15 March 2009).
2655:10.47193/mafis.3712024010105
2125:. In-Fisherman. 16 July 2012
1539:"Shark Species; Bull Sharks"
1404:"Biology of Sharks and Rays"
764:been rumored to also inhabit
4111:Caribbean sharpnose shark (
4084:Brazilian sharpnose shark (
3798:Australian blacktip shark (
2642:Marine and Fishery Sciences
2060:Shark Gallery. Bull shark (
985:The bull shark is a marine
559:A female Bull Shark in Fiji
429:, bull sharks are not true
4680:
4129:Atlantic sharpnose shark (
2936:Jenson, Norman H. (1976).
2772:Bulletin of Marine Science
2372:10.1016/j.cbpb.2004.05.006
2006:Quest Community Newspapers
1744:10.1016/j.zool.2012.04.007
1549:: 34. 2003. Archived from
1524:. Gland Switzerland: IUCN.
956:Carcharhinus nicaraguensis
508:has not been cleared yet.
4162:Pacific spadenose shark (
4093:Pacific sharpnose shark (
3611:Pacific smalltail shark (
3465:
3358:. September 2005 version.
3136:10.1007/s10641-009-9442-2
3114:) in a Florida estuary".
3040:"The behaviour of sharks"
2421:10.1007/s00360-004-0460-2
2066:. sharks-med.netfirms.com
1448:Allen, Thomas B. (1999).
962:comparisons, taxonomists
677:2010–11 Queensland floods
326:
317:
294:
287:
169:Scientific classification
167:
145:
136:
127:
123:Bull shark from Thailand
122:
113:
34:
3708:Oceanic whitetip shark (
3392:templates for discussion
3344:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
2875:Tuma, Robert E. (1976).
2636:Gausmann, Peter (2024).
1050:Interactions with humans
805:. A golf course lake at
632:Distribution and habitat
460:shark, or just "zambi".
4018:Sicklefin lemon shark (
3946:Borneo broadfin shark (
3889:Irrawaddy river shark (
2924:Fact Sheet: Bull Sharks
2820:10.1023/A:1007649900712
2299:Journal of Fish Biology
2182:Albert & Logan News
2108:Retrieved 21 July 2023.
1178:'s Shark Lagoon exhibit
1176:Aquarium of the Pacific
1003:bump-and-bite technique
699:, it can be found from
397:and can thrive in both
4649:Fish described in 1839
4644:Fish of Lake Nicaragua
4102:Grey sharpnose shark (
3871:Northern river shark (
3744:Caribbean reef shark (
3234:Cite journal requires
2905:4 October 2013 at the
1179:
1059:
958:). In 1961, following
689:Gold Coast, Queensland
512:Anatomy and appearance
4488:Paleobiology Database
4186:Whitetip reef shark (
3726:Blacktip reef shark (
3422:on Sealife Collection
3323:"Carcharhinus leucas"
3259:Ecology and Evolution
2684:Ecology and Evolution
1484:Carcharhinus plumbeus
1173:
1057:
910:population bottleneck
885:Carcharhinus plumbeus
770:lake upstream of the
673:Queensland, Australia
604:Exceptional specimens
343:), also known as the
3853:Borneo river shark (
2861:8 March 2021 at the
1722:) during ontogeny".
1613:Total Pro Sports.com
1543:Shark Diver Magazine
1274:: e.T39372A2910670.
1152:Saltwater crocodiles
1131:Caloosahatchee River
1058:Bull shark (Bahamas)
933:trimethylamine oxide
830:Freshwater tolerance
730:, in the Ganges and
626:United Arab Emirates
489:, also includes the
382:and (usually) lower
327:Range of bull shark
4285:carcharhinus-leucas
4272:Carcharhinus_leucas
4259:Carcharhinus_leucas
4245:Carcharhinus leucas
4215:Carcharhinus leucas
3663:Pondicherry shark (
3550:C. amblyrhynchoides
3348:Carcharhinus leucas
3271:2023EcoEv..13E9924D
3162:UnderwaterTimes.com
3128:2009EnvBF..84..361O
3112:Carcharhinus lecuas
3059:1993RFBF....3..133B
2940:Carcharhinus leucas
2879:Carcharhinus leucas
2843:Carcharhinus leucas
2812:2001EnvBF..60..131M
2768:Carcharhinus leucas
2696:2019EcoEv...912980P
2690:(23): 12980–13000.
2516:2005JEZA..303..917A
2500:Carcharhinus leucas
2454:Carcharhinus leucas
2400:Carcharhinus leucas
2356:Carcharhinus leucas
2311:2012JFBio..80.2140T
2295:Carcharhinus leucas
2162:The Washington Post
2062:Carcharhinus leucas
1998:"Canal shark shock"
1943:Carcharhinus leucas
1736:2012Zool..115..354H
1720:Carcharhinus leucas
1689:2009AfJMS..31..107M
1645:Carcharhinus leucas
1586:on 15 February 2013
1429:. Australian Museum
1317::10.1002/aqc.3732.
1260:Carcharhinus leucas
1125:Energy conservation
975:Brisbane, Australia
644:, it is found from
620:, off the coast of
596:Electron micrograph
340:Carcharhinus leucas
298:Carcharhinus leucas
139:Conservation status
3913:Daggernose shark (
3880:Speartooth shark (
3627:Whitecheek shark (
3211:24 November 2020.
3084:on 3 December 2013
3067:10.1007/BF00045229
2600:10.1007/BF00005568
2564:10.1242/jeb.114868
2476:10.1242/jeb.058156
2210:. 11 October 2011.
2121:Sharks in Illinois
1973:. 12 January 2011.
1619:on 27 January 2022
1331:Sharks In Illinois
1240:. Fossilworks.org.
1180:
1174:Bull shark in the
1156:Northern Australia
1103:Glyphis gangeticus
1060:
891:The bull shark is
783:Lake Pontchartrain
378:systems including
366:, is a species of
4606:
4605:
4528:Carcharias leucas
4475:Open Tree of Life
4207:Taxon identifiers
4198:
4197:
4153:Spadenose shark (
3994:Whitenose shark (
3789:Spot-tail shark (
3771:Blackspot shark (
3762:Smalltail shark (
3672:Finetooth shark (
3654:Galapagos shark (
3557:Grey reef shark (
3532:C. albimarginatus
3530:Silvertip shark (
3521:Blacknose shark (
3501:Carcharhiniformes
3279:10.1002/ece3.9924
3188:www.flmnh.ufl.edu
3019:on 13 August 2018
2961:Handwerk, Brian.
2705:10.1002/ece3.5597
2524:10.1002/jez.a.199
2469:(17): 2883–2895.
2041:. 30 January 2024
2012:on 5 January 2009
1922:978-0-520-94254-7
1890:. 19 January 2020
1463:978-1-55821-582-5
1452:The Shark Almanac
1209:Outline of sharks
1148:great white shark
1069:great white shark
791:Mississippi River
787:Atchafalaya River
779:Hurricane Katrina
752:St. Lucia Estuary
598:of an upper tooth
554:
438:2000 colones bill
431:freshwater sharks
403:Mississippi River
331:
330:
246:Carcharhiniformes
162:
16:(Redirected from
4671:
4634:Pantropical fish
4599:
4598:
4586:
4585:
4573:
4572:
4560:
4559:
4547:
4546:
4545:
4519:
4518:
4506:
4505:
4496:
4495:
4483:
4482:
4470:
4469:
4457:
4456:
4444:
4443:
4431:
4430:
4418:
4417:
4405:
4404:
4392:
4391:
4379:
4378:
4366:
4365:
4353:
4352:
4340:
4339:
4327:
4326:
4314:
4313:
4301:
4300:
4288:
4287:
4275:
4274:
4262:
4261:
4249:
4248:
4247:
4234:
4233:
4232:
4202:
4164:S. macrorhynchos
3937:Broadfin shark (
3717:Hardnose shark (
3699:Blacktip shark (
3656:C. galapagenisis
3559:C. amblyrhynchos
3548:Graceful shark (
3450:
3443:
3436:
3427:
3414:
3365:at marinebio.org
3359:
3337:
3335:
3333:
3309:
3308:
3298:
3250:
3244:
3243:
3237:
3232:
3230:
3222:
3220:
3205:
3199:
3198:
3196:
3194:
3180:
3174:
3173:
3171:
3169:
3164:. 13 August 2007
3154:
3148:
3147:
3107:
3094:
3093:
3091:
3089:
3083:
3077:. Archived from
3044:
3038:Bres, M (1993).
3035:
3029:
3028:
3026:
3024:
3015:. Archived from
3004:
2998:
2997:
2985:
2979:
2978:
2976:
2974:
2969:on 3 August 2002
2958:
2952:
2951:
2933:
2927:
2921:
2910:
2897:
2891:
2890:
2872:
2866:
2853:
2847:
2838:
2832:
2831:
2791:
2780:
2779:
2763:
2757:
2742:
2736:
2735:
2725:
2707:
2674:
2668:
2667:
2657:
2633:
2627:
2621:
2612:
2611:
2583:
2577:
2576:
2566:
2557:(7): 1099–1110.
2542:
2536:
2535:
2495:
2489:
2488:
2478:
2460:
2447:
2441:
2440:
2406:
2393:
2384:
2383:
2351:
2345:
2344:
2338:
2330:
2305:(6): 2140–2158.
2290:
2284:
2283:
2281:
2263:
2254:
2239:
2238:
2236:
2234:
2218:
2212:
2211:
2200:
2194:
2193:
2191:
2189:
2172:
2166:
2165:
2153:
2147:
2141:
2135:
2134:
2132:
2130:
2115:
2109:
2106:KLFY.com website
2102:
2096:
2090:
2084:
2073:
2067:
2057:
2051:
2050:
2048:
2046:
2031:
2022:
2021:
2019:
2017:
2008:. Archived from
1993:
1987:
1981:
1975:
1974:
1963:
1957:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1936:
1927:
1926:
1906:
1900:
1899:
1897:
1895:
1878:
1872:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1846:
1840:
1839:
1837:
1835:
1814:
1808:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1786:
1780:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1770:on 20 April 2013
1766:. Archived from
1755:
1715:
1709:
1708:
1668:
1662:
1661:
1651:
1638:
1629:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1605:
1596:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1572:
1563:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1553:on 19 April 2012
1535:
1526:
1525:
1517:
1508:
1507:
1479:
1468:
1467:
1455:
1445:
1439:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1422:
1416:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1400:
1394:
1393:
1391:
1389:
1374:
1365:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1349:
1334:
1328:
1322:
1302:
1293:
1292:
1290:
1288:
1283:
1253:
1242:
1241:
1234:
1203:
1198:
1197:
1107:sand tiger shark
925:osmotic strength
872:smooth dogfishes
854:and others) and
852:Potamotrygonidae
592:
580:
568:
556:
555:
393:Bull sharks are
322:
300:
177:
176:
156:
151:
150:
132:
118:
108:
45:
38:Temporal range:
32:
21:
4679:
4678:
4674:
4673:
4672:
4670:
4669:
4668:
4629:Viviparous fish
4609:
4608:
4607:
4602:
4594:
4589:
4581:
4576:
4568:
4563:
4555:
4550:
4541:
4540:
4535:
4522:
4514:
4509:
4501:
4499:
4491:
4486:
4478:
4473:
4465:
4460:
4452:
4449:Observation.org
4447:
4439:
4434:
4426:
4421:
4413:
4408:
4400:
4395:
4387:
4382:
4374:
4369:
4361:
4356:
4348:
4343:
4335:
4330:
4322:
4317:
4309:
4304:
4296:
4291:
4283:
4278:
4270:
4265:
4257:
4252:
4243:
4242:
4237:
4228:
4227:
4222:
4209:
4199:
4194:
4170:
4137:
4059:
4035:
4029:N. brevirostris
4002:
3978:
3970:Sliteye shark (
3954:
3921:
3897:
3837:
3813:
3753:Sandbar shark (
3728:C. melanopterus
3647:C. fitzroyensis
3602:Nervous shark (
3593:Spinner shark (
3539:Bignose shark (
3505:
3461:
3454:
3405:
3395:
3376:
3371:
3340:
3331:
3329:
3321:
3317:
3312:
3252:
3251:
3247:
3233:
3223:
3207:
3206:
3202:
3192:
3190:
3182:
3181:
3177:
3167:
3165:
3156:
3155:
3151:
3109:
3108:
3097:
3087:
3085:
3081:
3042:
3037:
3036:
3032:
3022:
3020:
3006:
3005:
3001:
2987:
2986:
2982:
2972:
2970:
2960:
2959:
2955:
2935:
2934:
2930:
2922:
2913:
2907:Wayback Machine
2898:
2894:
2874:
2873:
2869:
2863:Wayback Machine
2854:
2850:
2839:
2835:
2793:
2792:
2783:
2765:
2764:
2760:
2743:
2739:
2676:
2675:
2671:
2635:
2634:
2630:
2622:
2615:
2585:
2584:
2580:
2544:
2543:
2539:
2510:(10): 917–921.
2497:
2496:
2492:
2458:
2449:
2448:
2444:
2404:
2395:
2394:
2387:
2353:
2352:
2348:
2331:
2292:
2291:
2287:
2279:10.3354/ab00030
2266:Aquatic Biology
2261:
2256:
2255:
2242:
2232:
2230:
2220:
2219:
2215:
2202:
2201:
2197:
2187:
2185:
2174:
2173:
2169:
2155:
2154:
2150:
2142:
2138:
2128:
2126:
2117:
2116:
2112:
2103:
2099:
2091:
2087:
2074:
2070:
2058:
2054:
2044:
2042:
2033:
2032:
2025:
2015:
2013:
1995:
1994:
1990:
1982:
1978:
1965:
1964:
1960:
1950:
1948:
1938:
1937:
1930:
1923:
1908:
1907:
1903:
1893:
1891:
1880:
1879:
1875:
1865:
1863:
1848:
1847:
1843:
1833:
1831:
1816:
1815:
1811:
1801:
1799:
1788:
1787:
1783:
1773:
1771:
1757:
1717:
1716:
1712:
1670:
1669:
1665:
1649:
1640:
1639:
1632:
1622:
1620:
1607:
1606:
1599:
1589:
1587:
1574:
1573:
1566:
1556:
1554:
1537:
1536:
1529:
1519:
1518:
1511:
1500:10.1071/MF05234
1481:
1480:
1471:
1464:
1447:
1446:
1442:
1432:
1430:
1424:
1423:
1419:
1409:
1407:
1402:
1401:
1397:
1387:
1385:
1376:
1375:
1368:
1358:
1356:
1351:
1350:
1337:
1329:
1325:
1303:
1296:
1286:
1284:
1255:
1254:
1245:
1236:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1199:
1192:
1189:
1168:
1140:
1127:
1118:
1052:
1029:
983:
950:belonged to an
832:
827:
795:Alton, Illinois
701:Baja California
634:
606:
599:
593:
584:
581:
572:
569:
560:
557:
546:
514:
477:
450:
407:Alton, Illinois
313:
302:
296:
283:
171:
163:
152:
148:
141:
109:
107:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
40:
39:
36:
28:
27:Species of fish
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4677:
4675:
4667:
4666:
4664:Apex predators
4661:
4656:
4651:
4646:
4641:
4636:
4631:
4626:
4621:
4611:
4610:
4604:
4603:
4601:
4600:
4587:
4574:
4561:
4548:
4532:
4530:
4524:
4523:
4521:
4520:
4507:
4497:
4484:
4471:
4458:
4445:
4432:
4419:
4406:
4393:
4380:
4367:
4354:
4341:
4328:
4315:
4302:
4289:
4276:
4263:
4250:
4235:
4219:
4217:
4211:
4210:
4205:
4196:
4195:
4193:
4192:
4182:
4180:
4172:
4171:
4169:
4168:
4159:
4149:
4147:
4139:
4138:
4136:
4135:
4131:R. terraenovae
4126:
4117:
4108:
4099:
4090:
4081:
4071:
4069:
4066:Rhizoprionodon
4061:
4060:
4058:
4057:
4047:
4045:
4037:
4036:
4034:
4033:
4024:
4014:
4012:
4004:
4003:
4001:
4000:
3990:
3988:
3980:
3979:
3977:
3976:
3972:L. macrorhinus
3966:
3964:
3956:
3955:
3953:
3952:
3943:
3933:
3931:
3923:
3922:
3920:
3919:
3915:I. oxyrhynchus
3909:
3907:
3899:
3898:
3896:
3895:
3886:
3877:
3868:
3862:Ganges shark (
3859:
3849:
3847:
3839:
3838:
3836:
3835:
3825:
3823:
3815:
3814:
3812:
3811:
3804:
3795:
3786:
3777:
3768:
3759:
3750:
3741:
3732:
3723:
3714:
3705:
3696:
3687:
3678:
3669:
3660:
3651:
3645:Creek whaler (
3642:
3638:C. falciformis
3633:
3624:
3617:
3608:
3599:
3590:
3584:Copper shark (
3581:
3575:Borneo shark (
3572:
3568:C. amboinensis
3566:Pigeye shark (
3563:
3554:
3545:
3536:
3527:
3517:
3515:
3507:
3506:
3504:
3503:
3497:
3491:
3489:Elasmobranchii
3485:
3483:Chondrichthyes
3479:
3473:
3466:
3463:
3462:
3455:
3453:
3452:
3445:
3438:
3430:
3424:
3423:
3416:
3403:
3379:
3375:
3374:External links
3372:
3370:
3369:
3366:
3360:
3342:Froese, Rainer
3338:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3310:
3245:
3236:|journal=
3200:
3175:
3149:
3122:(4): 361–373.
3095:
3053:(2): 133–159.
3030:
2999:
2980:
2953:
2928:
2911:
2892:
2867:
2848:
2833:
2806:(1): 131–156.
2781:
2758:
2737:
2669:
2628:
2613:
2594:(4): 341–347.
2578:
2537:
2490:
2442:
2385:
2366:(3): 363–371.
2346:
2285:
2240:
2229:on 5 July 2008
2213:
2195:
2167:
2148:
2136:
2110:
2097:
2085:
2068:
2052:
2023:
1988:
1976:
1958:
1928:
1921:
1901:
1873:
1841:
1809:
1781:
1730:(6): 354–364.
1710:
1683:(1): 107–111.
1663:
1630:
1597:
1564:
1527:
1509:
1494:(1): 116–126.
1469:
1462:
1440:
1417:
1395:
1384:on 4 July 2007
1366:
1335:
1323:
1294:
1243:
1238:"Fossil Works"
1228:
1226:
1223:
1222:
1221:
1216:
1214:List of sharks
1211:
1205:
1204:
1188:
1185:
1167:
1164:
1160:Nile crocodile
1139:
1136:
1126:
1123:
1117:
1114:
1091:Sydney Harbour
1084:Peter Benchley
1051:
1048:
1028:
1025:
982:
979:
948:Lake Nicaragua
918:osmoregulatory
880:sandbar sharks
831:
828:
826:
823:
746:and adjoining
728:Lake Nicaragua
693:Sydney Harbour
665:Brisbane River
633:
630:
614:Atlantic Ocean
605:
602:
601:
600:
594:
587:
585:
582:
575:
573:
570:
563:
561:
558:
544:
523:requiem sharks
519:requiem sharks
513:
510:
481:osmoregulation
476:
473:
469:Lake Nicaragua
449:
446:
358:Lake Nicaragua
329:
328:
324:
323:
315:
314:
303:
292:
291:
285:
284:
280:C. leucas
277:
275:
271:
270:
263:
259:
258:
256:Carcharhinidae
253:
249:
248:
243:
239:
238:
233:
229:
228:
226:Elasmobranchii
223:
219:
218:
216:Chondrichthyes
213:
209:
208:
203:
199:
198:
193:
189:
188:
183:
179:
178:
165:
164:
146:
143:
142:
137:
134:
133:
125:
124:
120:
119:
111:
110:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
46:
37:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4676:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4616:
4614:
4597:
4592:
4588:
4584:
4579:
4575:
4571:
4566:
4562:
4558:
4553:
4549:
4544:
4538:
4534:
4533:
4531:
4529:
4525:
4517:
4512:
4508:
4504:
4498:
4494:
4489:
4485:
4481:
4476:
4472:
4468:
4463:
4459:
4455:
4450:
4446:
4442:
4437:
4433:
4429:
4424:
4420:
4416:
4411:
4407:
4403:
4398:
4394:
4390:
4385:
4381:
4377:
4372:
4368:
4364:
4359:
4355:
4351:
4346:
4342:
4338:
4333:
4329:
4325:
4320:
4316:
4312:
4307:
4303:
4299:
4294:
4290:
4286:
4281:
4277:
4273:
4268:
4264:
4260:
4255:
4251:
4246:
4240:
4236:
4231:
4225:
4221:
4220:
4218:
4216:
4212:
4208:
4203:
4191:
4189:
4184:
4183:
4181:
4179:
4178:
4173:
4167:
4165:
4160:
4158:
4156:
4155:S. laticaudus
4151:
4150:
4148:
4146:
4145:
4140:
4134:
4132:
4127:
4125:
4123:
4118:
4116:
4114:
4109:
4107:
4105:
4100:
4098:
4096:
4091:
4089:
4087:
4082:
4080:
4078:
4073:
4072:
4070:
4068:
4067:
4062:
4056:
4054:
4049:
4048:
4046:
4044:
4043:
4038:
4032:
4030:
4027:Lemon shark (
4025:
4023:
4021:
4016:
4015:
4013:
4011:
4010:
4005:
3999:
3997:
3992:
3991:
3989:
3987:
3986:
3981:
3975:
3973:
3968:
3967:
3965:
3963:
3962:
3957:
3951:
3949:
3944:
3942:
3940:
3939:L. temminckii
3935:
3934:
3932:
3930:
3929:
3924:
3918:
3916:
3911:
3910:
3908:
3906:
3905:
3900:
3894:
3892:
3887:
3885:
3883:
3878:
3876:
3874:
3869:
3867:
3865:
3864:G. gangeticus
3860:
3858:
3856:
3851:
3850:
3848:
3846:
3845:
3840:
3834:
3832:
3829:Tiger shark (
3827:
3826:
3824:
3822:
3821:
3816:
3810:
3809:
3805:
3803:
3801:
3796:
3794:
3792:
3787:
3785:
3783:
3780:Night shark (
3778:
3776:
3774:
3769:
3767:
3765:
3760:
3758:
3756:
3751:
3749:
3747:
3742:
3740:
3738:
3735:Dusky shark (
3733:
3731:
3729:
3724:
3722:
3720:
3715:
3713:
3711:
3710:C. longimanus
3706:
3704:
3702:
3697:
3695:
3693:
3688:
3686:
3684:
3679:
3677:
3675:
3670:
3668:
3666:
3661:
3659:
3657:
3652:
3650:
3648:
3643:
3641:
3639:
3636:Silky shark (
3634:
3632:
3630:
3629:C. dussumieri
3625:
3623:
3622:
3618:
3616:
3614:
3609:
3607:
3605:
3600:
3598:
3596:
3595:C. brevipinna
3591:
3589:
3587:
3586:C. brachyurus
3582:
3580:
3578:
3577:C. borneensis
3573:
3571:
3569:
3564:
3562:
3560:
3555:
3553:
3551:
3546:
3544:
3542:
3537:
3535:
3533:
3528:
3526:
3524:
3519:
3518:
3516:
3514:
3513:
3508:
3502:
3498:
3496:
3492:
3490:
3486:
3484:
3480:
3478:
3474:
3472:
3468:
3467:
3464:
3459:
3458:requiem shark
3451:
3446:
3444:
3439:
3437:
3432:
3431:
3428:
3421:
3417:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3402:
3398:
3393:
3389:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3377:
3373:
3367:
3364:
3361:
3357:
3356:
3351:
3349:
3343:
3339:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3319:
3314:
3306:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3249:
3246:
3241:
3228:
3219:
3214:
3210:
3204:
3201:
3189:
3185:
3179:
3176:
3163:
3159:
3153:
3150:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3106:
3104:
3102:
3100:
3096:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3041:
3034:
3031:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3003:
3000:
2995:
2991:
2984:
2981:
2968:
2964:
2957:
2954:
2949:
2948:
2943:
2941:
2932:
2929:
2925:
2920:
2918:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2901:
2896:
2893:
2888:
2887:
2882:
2880:
2871:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2857:
2852:
2849:
2845:
2844:
2841:Bull Sharks,
2837:
2834:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2790:
2788:
2786:
2782:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2762:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2741:
2738:
2733:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2673:
2670:
2665:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2632:
2629:
2625:
2620:
2618:
2614:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2582:
2579:
2574:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2541:
2538:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2494:
2491:
2486:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2457:
2455:
2446:
2443:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2403:
2401:
2392:
2390:
2386:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2350:
2347:
2342:
2336:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2289:
2286:
2280:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2260:
2253:
2251:
2249:
2247:
2245:
2241:
2228:
2224:
2217:
2214:
2209:
2205:
2199:
2196:
2184:
2183:
2178:
2171:
2168:
2163:
2159:
2152:
2149:
2145:
2140:
2137:
2124:
2122:
2114:
2111:
2107:
2101:
2098:
2094:
2089:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2072:
2069:
2065:
2063:
2056:
2053:
2040:
2036:
2030:
2028:
2024:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1992:
1989:
1985:
1980:
1977:
1972:
1968:
1962:
1959:
1946:
1944:
1939:Crist, Rick.
1935:
1933:
1929:
1924:
1918:
1914:
1913:
1905:
1902:
1889:
1888:
1883:
1877:
1874:
1862:
1858:
1857:
1856:Khaleej Times
1852:
1845:
1842:
1830:
1826:
1825:
1820:
1813:
1810:
1798:
1797:
1792:
1785:
1782:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1714:
1711:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1667:
1664:
1659:
1655:
1648:
1646:
1637:
1635:
1631:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1604:
1602:
1598:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1571:
1569:
1565:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1534:
1532:
1528:
1523:
1516:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1478:
1476:
1474:
1470:
1465:
1459:
1454:
1453:
1444:
1441:
1428:
1421:
1418:
1405:
1399:
1396:
1383:
1379:
1373:
1371:
1367:
1354:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1327:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1301:
1299:
1295:
1282:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1268:
1263:
1261:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1244:
1239:
1233:
1230:
1224:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1206:
1202:
1201:Sharks portal
1196:
1191:
1186:
1184:
1177:
1172:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1124:
1122:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1087:
1085:
1082:, its author
1081:
1077:
1072:
1070:
1066:
1056:
1049:
1047:
1043:
1041:
1036:
1034:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1017:
1016:opportunistic
1013:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
987:apex predator
980:
978:
976:
971:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
944:
940:
936:
934:
930:
926:
921:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
898:
894:
889:
887:
886:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
829:
824:
822:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
799:Potomac River
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
775:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
708:
706:
702:
698:
697:Pacific Ocean
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
675:, during the
674:
670:
666:
661:
659:
655:
651:
647:
646:Massachusetts
643:
639:
631:
629:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
603:
597:
591:
586:
579:
574:
567:
562:
543:
541:
538:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
511:
509:
507:
503:
499:
494:
492:
491:sandbar shark
488:
487:
483:. Its genus,
482:
474:
472:
470:
466:
461:
459:
458:Zambezi River
455:
447:
445:
443:
439:
434:
432:
428:
427:
423:of the genus
422:
417:
415:
414:shark attacks
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
391:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
368:requiem shark
365:
361:
359:
354:
350:
346:
345:Zambezi shark
342:
341:
336:
325:
321:
316:
311:
307:
301:
299:
293:
290:
289:Binomial name
286:
282:
281:
276:
273:
272:
269:
268:
264:
261:
260:
257:
254:
251:
250:
247:
244:
241:
240:
237:
236:Selachimorpha
234:
232:Subdivision:
231:
230:
227:
224:
221:
220:
217:
214:
211:
210:
207:
204:
201:
200:
197:
194:
191:
190:
187:
184:
181:
180:
175:
170:
166:
160:
155:
144:
140:
135:
131:
126:
121:
117:
112:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
43:
33:
30:
19:
18:Zambezi shark
4624:Carcharhinus
4527:
4214:
4187:
4175:
4163:
4154:
4142:
4130:
4121:
4112:
4104:R. oligolinx
4103:
4094:
4085:
4076:
4075:Milk shark (
4064:
4052:
4051:Blue shark (
4040:
4028:
4020:N. acutidens
4019:
4007:
3995:
3983:
3971:
3959:
3948:L. tephrodes
3947:
3938:
3926:
3914:
3904:Isogomphodon
3902:
3891:G. siamensis
3890:
3881:
3872:
3863:
3854:
3842:
3830:
3818:
3807:
3799:
3790:
3781:
3772:
3763:
3754:
3745:
3736:
3727:
3718:
3709:
3700:
3691:
3690:Bull shark (
3689:
3682:
3673:
3664:
3655:
3646:
3637:
3628:
3620:
3612:
3603:
3594:
3585:
3576:
3567:
3558:
3549:
3540:
3531:
3523:C. acronotus
3522:
3512:Carcharhinus
3510:
3493:Subdivision
3385:
3353:
3347:
3330:. Retrieved
3265:(3): e9924.
3262:
3258:
3248:
3227:cite journal
3203:
3191:. Retrieved
3187:
3178:
3166:. Retrieved
3161:
3152:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3088:18 September
3086:. Retrieved
3079:the original
3050:
3046:
3033:
3021:. Retrieved
3017:the original
3012:
3002:
2994:The Guardian
2993:
2983:
2971:. Retrieved
2967:the original
2956:
2946:
2939:
2931:
2895:
2885:
2878:
2870:
2851:
2842:
2836:
2803:
2799:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2761:
2745:
2740:
2687:
2683:
2672:
2645:
2641:
2631:
2591:
2587:
2581:
2554:
2550:
2540:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2493:
2466:
2462:
2453:
2445:
2415:(1): 37–44.
2412:
2408:
2399:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2349:
2335:cite journal
2302:
2298:
2294:
2288:
2269:
2265:
2231:. Retrieved
2227:the original
2216:
2207:
2198:
2186:. Retrieved
2180:
2170:
2161:
2151:
2139:
2127:. Retrieved
2120:
2113:
2100:
2088:
2080:
2076:
2071:
2061:
2055:
2043:. Retrieved
2038:
2014:. Retrieved
2010:the original
2001:
1991:
1979:
1970:
1961:
1949:. Retrieved
1942:
1911:
1904:
1892:. Retrieved
1885:
1876:
1864:. Retrieved
1854:
1844:
1832:. Retrieved
1822:
1812:
1800:. Retrieved
1796:The National
1794:
1784:
1772:. Retrieved
1768:the original
1763:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1713:
1680:
1676:
1666:
1657:
1653:
1644:
1621:. Retrieved
1617:the original
1612:
1588:. Retrieved
1584:the original
1579:
1555:. Retrieved
1551:the original
1546:
1542:
1521:
1503:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1451:
1443:
1431:. Retrieved
1420:
1408:. Retrieved
1398:
1386:. Retrieved
1382:the original
1378:"Bull shark"
1357:. Retrieved
1353:"Bull shark"
1326:
1313:(1): 55–65.
1310:
1306:
1285:. Retrieved
1271:
1265:
1259:
1232:
1181:
1166:Conservation
1141:
1128:
1119:
1111:
1102:
1099:Ganges shark
1088:
1073:
1061:
1044:
1037:
1030:
1027:Reproduction
1020:Carcharhinus
1019:
1010:
1007:
984:
972:
955:
945:
941:
937:
922:
914:last ice age
890:
883:
836:elasmobranch
833:
776:
768:Cahora Bassa
760:Tigris River
756:South Africa
712:Amazon River
709:
662:
648:to southern
635:
610:Florida Keys
607:
539:
515:
502:Carcharhinus
501:
497:
495:
486:Carcharhinus
484:
478:
465:Ganges River
462:
454:Ganges shark
451:
435:
424:
421:river sharks
418:
392:
356:
348:
347:(informally
344:
339:
338:
334:
332:
306:J. P. Müller
297:
295:
279:
278:
267:Carcharhinus
266:
29:
4423:NatureServe
4371:iNaturalist
4239:Wikispecies
4095:R. longurio
4086:R. lalandii
3873:G. garricki
3855:G. fowlerae
3800:C. tilstoni
3782:C. signatus
3755:C. plumbeus
3737:C. obscurus
3701:C. limbatus
3665:C. hemiodon
3380:‹ The
3013:accuweather
2272:: 277–289.
2045:20 February
1951:8 September
1623:10 November
1590:10 November
1359:8 September
1287:19 November
1144:tiger shark
1116:Visual cues
1065:tiger shark
999:echinoderms
995:crustaceans
964:synonymized
912:during the
742:in Eastern
736:West Bengal
732:Brahmaputra
685:Scarborough
652:, and from
618:Arabian Sea
583:Lower teeth
571:Upper teeth
419:Unlike the
4613:Categories
4543:Q107055270
4177:Triaenodon
4122:R. taylori
4113:R. porosus
3882:G. glyphis
3820:Galeocerdo
3808:C. tjutjot
3764:C. porosus
3719:C. macloti
3683:C. leiodon
3621:C. coatesi
3613:C. cerdale
3541:C. altimus
3420:Bull shark
3418:Photos of
3397:Bull shark
3332:23 January
3193:23 October
2973:1 February
2754:0789477645
2188:8 November
1894:19 January
1887:Gulf Today
1866:19 January
1834:19 January
1802:19 January
1774:12 October
1225:References
1040:viviparous
968:open ocean
897:euryhaline
893:diadromous
848:Dasyatidae
811:Logan City
748:Bangladesh
734:Rivers of
722:and north
531:caudal fin
527:dorsal fin
504:, but its
442:Costa Rica
405:as far as
395:euryhaline
376:freshwater
335:bull shark
222:Subclass:
154:Vulnerable
35:Bull shark
4188:T. obesus
4144:Scoliodon
4077:R. acutus
4053:P. glauca
4009:Negaprion
3985:Nasolamia
3928:Lamiopsis
3831:G. cuvier
3791:C. sorrah
3773:C. sealei
3746:C. perezi
3692:C. leucas
3674:C. isodon
3604:C. cautus
3487:Subclass
3287:2045-7758
3023:4 October
2996:. London.
2714:2045-7758
2664:2683-7951
2083:(4), 218.
1824:Gulf News
1433:19 August
1410:19 August
1321:1052-7613
1038:They are
1033:gestating
991:bony fish
876:Triakidae
860:Pristidae
844:stingrays
695:. In the
506:phylogeny
475:Evolution
448:Etymology
411:nearshore
380:estuaries
364:Nicaragua
274:Species:
192:Kingdom:
186:Eukaryota
4537:Wikidata
4428:2.103009
4389:10931210
4345:FishBase
4224:Wikidata
4042:Prionace
3996:N. velox
3495:Selachii
3477:Chordata
3471:Animalia
3469:Kingdom
3411:Archived
3382:template
3355:FishBase
3305:36960237
3296:10030229
3144:22544621
2903:Archived
2859:Archived
2828:28305317
2778:: 71–80.
2732:31871624
2608:41507057
2573:25573824
2532:16161010
2485:21832131
2429:15565307
2380:15313492
2327:22551174
2233:27 April
2208:Fox News
2129:21 April
2039:ABC News
2016:26 March
1971:BBC News
1861:Fujairah
1829:Fujairah
1764:BBC News
1752:23040789
1705:62786925
1660:: 12–15.
1187:See also
1158:, and a
960:specimen
920:system.
862:). Some
840:brackish
825:Behavior
807:Carbrook
803:Maryland
669:Brisbane
642:Atlantic
622:Fujairah
372:brackish
252:Family:
206:Chordata
202:Phylum:
196:Animalia
182:Domain:
159:IUCN 3.1
4570:6742988
4503:2291211
4363:2418036
4230:Q190469
3961:Loxodon
3844:Glyphis
3475:Phylum
3460:species
3456:Extant
3384:below (
3315:Sources
3267:Bibcode
3168:15 June
3124:Bibcode
3075:9695830
3055:Bibcode
2808:Bibcode
2723:6912899
2692:Bibcode
2678:2019).
2512:Bibcode
2307:Bibcode
1732:Bibcode
1724:Zoology
1685:Bibcode
1505:autumn.
1388:3 April
1138:Ecology
952:endemic
906:tilapia
878:), and
868:Rajidae
856:sawfish
772:Zambezi
724:Bolivia
716:Iquitos
705:Ecuador
654:Morocco
624:in the
498:Glyphis
426:Glyphis
384:reaches
312:, 1839)
262:Genus:
242:Order:
212:Class:
157: (
44:–Recent
42:Miocene
4596:298662
4583:160281
4516:105792
4500:uBio:
4480:343172
4467:105792
4454:159365
4402:160275
4324:KARCLE
4280:ARKive
3499:Order
3481:Class
3401:Curlie
3387:Curlie
3303:
3293:
3285:
3142:
3073:
2826:
2752:
2746:Animal
2730:
2720:
2712:
2662:
2606:
2571:
2530:
2483:
2437:330115
2435:
2427:
2378:
2325:
1919:
1750:
1703:
1557:21 May
1460:
1095:Ganges
1012:Sharks
997:, and
902:salmon
864:skates
819:Albert
777:After
738:, and
681:Goodna
658:Angola
650:Brazil
388:rivers
353:Africa
308:&
4591:WoRMS
4511:WoRMS
4493:83190
4441:46612
4415:39372
4384:IRMNG
4376:84996
4337:25792
4332:EUNIS
4298:12773
3140:S2CID
3082:(PDF)
3071:S2CID
3043:(PDF)
2824:S2CID
2648:(1).
2604:S2CID
2459:(PDF)
2433:S2CID
2405:(PDF)
2262:(PDF)
1701:S2CID
1650:(PDF)
815:Logan
744:India
740:Assam
638:lakes
535:snout
440:from
360:shark
351:) in
349:zambi
310:Henle
4578:ITIS
4565:GBIF
4557:R3SY
4462:OBIS
4436:NCBI
4410:IUCN
4397:ITIS
4358:GBIF
4319:EPPO
4311:R3NW
4293:BOLD
3334:2006
3301:PMID
3283:ISSN
3240:help
3195:2015
3170:2008
3090:2013
3025:2013
2975:2007
2750:ISBN
2728:PMID
2710:ISSN
2660:ISSN
2569:PMID
2528:PMID
2508:303A
2481:PMID
2425:PMID
2376:PMID
2341:link
2323:PMID
2235:2011
2190:2017
2131:2017
2047:2024
2018:2009
1953:2006
1917:ISBN
1896:2020
1868:2020
1836:2020
1804:2020
1776:2012
1748:PMID
1625:2012
1592:2012
1559:2011
1458:ISBN
1435:2010
1412:2010
1390:2011
1361:2006
1319:ISSN
1289:2021
1272:2021
1146:and
1080:Jaws
1067:and
1014:are
981:Diet
931:and
929:urea
817:and
766:the
720:Peru
399:salt
374:and
355:and
333:The
49:PreꞒ
4552:CoL
4350:873
4306:CoL
4267:AFD
4254:ADW
3399:at
3291:PMC
3275:doi
3213:doi
3132:doi
3063:doi
2816:doi
2718:PMC
2700:doi
2650:doi
2596:doi
2559:doi
2555:218
2520:doi
2502:".
2471:doi
2467:214
2417:doi
2413:175
2368:doi
2364:138
2315:doi
2297:".
2274:doi
1740:doi
1728:115
1693:doi
1658:218
1496:doi
1315:doi
1276:doi
904:or
870:),
801:in
793:as
754:in
718:in
714:to
703:to
656:to
386:of
362:in
4615::
4593::
4580::
4567::
4554::
4539::
4513::
4490::
4477::
4464::
4451::
4438::
4425::
4412::
4399::
4386::
4373::
4360::
4347::
4334::
4321::
4308::
4295::
4282::
4269::
4256::
4241::
4226::
3352:.
3325:.
3299:.
3289:.
3281:.
3273:.
3263:13
3261:.
3257:.
3231::
3229:}}
3225:{{
3186:.
3160:.
3138:.
3130:.
3120:84
3118:.
3098:^
3069:.
3061:.
3049:.
3045:.
3011:.
2992:.
2914:^
2822:.
2814:.
2804:60
2802:.
2798:.
2784:^
2774:.
2726:.
2716:.
2708:.
2698:.
2686:.
2682:.
2658:.
2646:37
2644:.
2640:.
2616:^
2602:.
2590:.
2567:.
2553:.
2549:.
2526:.
2518:.
2506:.
2479:.
2465:.
2461:.
2431:.
2423:.
2411:.
2407:.
2388:^
2374:.
2362:.
2337:}}
2333:{{
2321:.
2313:.
2303:80
2301:.
2268:.
2264:.
2243:^
2206:.
2179:.
2160:.
2079:,
2037:.
2026:^
2004:.
2000:.
1969:.
1931:^
1884:.
1859:.
1853:.
1827:.
1821:.
1793:.
1762:.
1746:.
1738:.
1726:.
1699:.
1691:.
1681:31
1679:.
1675:.
1656:.
1652:.
1633:^
1611:.
1600:^
1578:.
1567:^
1547:17
1545:.
1541:.
1530:^
1512:^
1502:.
1492:58
1490:.
1472:^
1369:^
1338:^
1311:32
1309:.
1297:^
1270:.
1264:.
1246:^
1101:,
850:,
809:,
707:.
671:,
660:.
444:.
99:Pg
4190:)
4166:)
4157:)
4133:)
4124:)
4115:)
4106:)
4097:)
4088:)
4079:)
4055:)
4031:)
4022:)
3998:)
3974:)
3950:)
3941:)
3917:)
3893:)
3884:)
3875:)
3866:)
3857:)
3833:)
3802:)
3793:)
3784:)
3775:)
3766:)
3757:)
3748:)
3739:)
3730:)
3721:)
3712:)
3703:)
3694:)
3685:)
3676:)
3667:)
3658:)
3649:)
3640:)
3631:)
3615:)
3606:)
3597:)
3588:)
3579:)
3570:)
3561:)
3552:)
3543:)
3534:)
3525:)
3449:e
3442:t
3435:v
3350:"
3346:"
3336:.
3307:.
3277::
3269::
3242:)
3238:(
3221:.
3215::
3197:.
3172:.
3146:.
3134::
3126::
3092:.
3065::
3057::
3051:3
3027:.
2977:.
2830:.
2818::
2810::
2776:1
2756:.
2734:.
2702::
2694::
2688:9
2666:.
2652::
2610:.
2598::
2592:7
2575:.
2561::
2534:.
2522::
2514::
2487:.
2473::
2439:.
2419::
2382:.
2370::
2343:)
2329:.
2317::
2309::
2282:.
2276::
2270:1
2237:.
2192:.
2164:.
2133:.
2123:"
2119:"
2081:3
2064:)
2049:.
2020:.
1955:.
1945:"
1941:"
1925:.
1898:.
1870:.
1838:.
1806:.
1778:.
1754:.
1742::
1734::
1707:.
1695::
1687::
1627:.
1594:.
1561:.
1498::
1466:.
1437:.
1414:.
1392:.
1363:.
1291:.
1278::
1262:"
1258:"
882:(
874:(
866:(
858:(
846:(
337:(
304:(
161:)
104:N
94:K
89:J
84:T
79:P
74:C
69:D
64:S
59:O
54:Ꞓ
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
