545:, and X chromosome DNA. Analysis of mtDNA in the individual, demonstrating maternal ancestry patterns, showed a L* haplotype. The L* haplotype is predominantly found in present-day Sub-Saharan African populations. Y chromosome analysis, demonstrating paternal ancestry patterns, showed that the individual was carrying the J2 haplotype, a DNA pattern found in Southwest Asian or Persian individuals. X chromosomes, containing larger maternal influence, were compared with the 22 autosomal chromosomes, which contain equal maternal and paternal influence. X chromosomes contained more indicators of African ancestry compared to the autosomal DNA, further adding to evidence of African ancestry on the maternal side and Persian or Southeast Asian ancestry on the paternal side.
522:
proportions of "African-like, Persian-like, and Indian-like" DNA sequences. More than half of the DNA of many of the individuals from coastal towns originated from primarily female ancestors from Africa, with a large proportion — sometimes more than half—of the DNA coming from Asian ancestors. The Asian ancestry includes components associated with Persia and India, with 80–90% of the Asian DNA originating from
Persian men. Peoples of African and Asian (predominantly Persian) origins began to mix by about AD 1000. Samples were taken from two boxes of human remains located the in
324:
426:
418:
22:
600:
piety: they follow the Shafi'i sect. When I arrived, the Sultan was Abu al-Muzaffar Hasan surnamed Abu al-Mawahib ... on account of his numerous charitable gifts. He frequently makes raids into the Zanj country , attacks them and carries off booty, of which he reserves a fifth, using it in the manner prescribed by the Koran .
30:
582:. Ibn Battuta also describes how the sultan would go into the interior and raid the people taking slaves and other forms of wealth. He was also particularly impressed by the planning of the city and believed that it was the reason for Kilwa's success along the coast. From this period, the construction of the
1116:
ancient Arabic geography had quite a fixed pattern in listing the countries from the Red Sea to the Indian Ocean: These are al-Misr (Egypt)—al-Muqurra (or other designations for Nubian kingdoms)—Zanj (Azania, i.e. the country of the "blacks"). Correspondingly almost all these terms (or as I believe:
917:
ancient Arabic geography had quite a fixed pattern in listing the countries from the Red Sea to the Indian Ocean: These are al-Misr (Egypt)—al-Muqurra (or other designations for Nubian kingdoms)—Zanj (Azania, i.e. the country of the "blacks"). Correspondingly almost all these terms (or as I believe:
654:
It was not a slave revolt. It was a "zanj", i.e. a Negro, revolt. To equate Negro with slave is a reflection of nineteenth-century racial theories; it could only apply to the
American South before the Civil War...On the contrary, some of the people who were working in the salt marshes were among the
599:
Kilwa is one of the most beautiful and well-constructed towns in the world. The whole of it is elegantly built. The roofs are built with mangrove pole. There is very much rain. The people are engaged in a holy war, for their country lies beside the pagan Zanj. Their chief qualities are devotion and
529:
After AD 1500, the sources of male Asian DNA became increasingly
Arabian, consistent with increased interactions with southern Arabia. From medieval times until the modern day, subsequent interactions with different Asian and African people have changed the ancestry of the present-day people living
594:
stones, the largest mosque of its kind. Kilwa was an important and wealthy city for the trade of gold and ivory. Because of trade, some of the people who lived in Kilwa had a higher standard of living, but many others were poor. The wealthy enjoyed indoor plumbing in their stone homes and the poor
359:
claimed, often correctly, prestigious
Persian genealogy. Modern conceptions of cultural fusion or Persian origins developed from the tendency of wealthy Swahili to claim Persian patrilineal origins (which has been supported by DNA studies) and the disproportionate 19th-century importation of Omani
553:
We know from Kwale-ware sites that starting in the Iron Age Bantu-speaking people were spreading into the area south of
Ethiopia and Somalia and these people were referred to as Zanj and were being exported as slaves all along the Indian Ocean. Chinese sources from the 9th century make a clear
406:
The urban ruling and commercial classes of these
Swahili settlements included male Arab, Persian, and Indian immigrants. However, Islamic culture prized familial origins from Persia or Arabia; consequently claims of Middle Eastern descent may be untrustworthy for modern genealogical research.
521:
A study by
Brielle et al in 2023 completed ancient DNA analysis of several samples from the ruins of Zanzibar. Ancient DNA (aDNA) analysis was completed for 80 individuals from 6 medieval and early modern (AD 1250–1800) coastal towns and an inland town after AD 1650 in order to determine the
1368:
Brielle, Esther S.; Fleisher, Jeffrey; Wynne-Jones, Stephanie; Sirak, Kendra; Broomandkhoshbacht, Nasreen; Callan, Kim; Curtis, Elizabeth; Iliev, Lora; Lawson, Ann Marie; Oppenheimer, Jonas; Qiu, Lijun; Stewardson, Kristin; Workman, J. Noah; Zalzala, Fatma; Ayodo, George (March 2023).
655:
first to fight against the revolt. Of course there were a few runaway slaves who joined the rebels, but this still does not make it a slave revolt. The vast majority of the rebels were Arabs of the
Persian Gulf supported by free East Africans who had made their homes in the region.
351:
The main source of Zanj slaves was likely the frontier between
Eastern Cushitic language speakers and Bantu language speakers, where warlike Somali pastoralists were expanding southwards and subjecting the scattered colonies of Bantu agriculturalists.
554:
distinction between "Somali (Barbar) pastoralists of Po-Pa-Li" and "savage blacks of Ma-Lin," which is probably to be identified with
Malindi in Kenya. A description of the Zanj is found in the following passage from
533:
Potentially dating from 1300-1600 AD (more precise radiocarbon dating techniques were unable to be completed in time for these samples), analysis was completed of the individuals'
338:
595:
lived in mud huts with thatched roofs. Ibn Battuta characterized the enslaved Zanj people as "jet-black in color, and with scarification on their faces."
796:
Pollard, E.; Fleisher, J.; Wynne-Jones, S. (2012). "Beyond the Stone Town: Maritime Architecture at Fourteenth–Fifteenth Century Songo Mnara, Tanzania".
297:
201:
reached Madagascar by ca. 50–500 CE. As for their route, one possibility is that the Indonesian Austronesians came directly across the Indian Ocean from
578:
in the Zanj. Ibn Battuta recorded his visit to the city around 1331, and commented favorably on the generosity, humility, and religion of its ruler,
650:
M. A. Shaban explains that the Zanj Rebellion was not a slave rebellion but rather an Arab rebellion supported by East African immigrants in Iraq:
221:
Geographers historically divided the eastern coast of Africa at large into several regions based on each region's respective inhabitants. Arab and
344:
The settlements in Zanzibar identified them as economically part of the cosmopolitan culture of the Indian Ocean Basin with trade links as far as
1322:
1039:
Burney DA, Burney LP, Godfrey LR, Jungers WL, Goodman SM, Wright HT, Jull AJ (August 2004). "A chronology for late prehistoric Madagascar".
1675:
523:
684:
1690:
1670:
1621:
1568:
1507:
1468:
1347:
1297:
1267:
1240:
1200:
1157:
1109:
910:
883:
858:
780:
750:
628:
1532:
978:
403:. By the late medieval period, the area included at least 37 substantial Swahili trading towns, many of them quite wealthy.
1695:
635:, but many had earned their freedom and chose to stay in Iraq as free persons and make Iraq their home living amongst the
331:
1645:
579:
1685:
1660:
83:
455:
recruited many Zanj slaves as soldiers and, as early as 696 AD, we learn of slave revolts of the Zanj in Iraq (see
1583:
566:
As for the Zanj, they are people of black color, flat noses, kinky hair, and little understanding or intelligence.
1665:
441:
323:
133:
364:
is the Zanzibari dialect and thus includes far more Arabic loanwords than the other, older Swahili dialects.
436:
The Zanj were for centuries shipped as slaves by slave and ivory traders to all the countries bordering the
72:
643:
here is thought to refer to all East Africans in general due to the lack of a prolific slave trade on the
583:
587:
110:
293:
1382:
1048:
805:
318:
198:
459:). Ancient Chinese texts also mention ambassadors from Java presenting the Chinese emperor with two
327:
179:) is recorded as early as 607 AD. Christie argued that the word is South East Asian in origin. The
213:, where evidence of old Indonesian boat design and fishing technology persists until the present.
1021:
821:
716:
137:
1176:(1968). "The Coast Before the Arrival of the Portuguese". In Ogot, B. A.; Kieran, J. A. (eds.).
425:
1101:
Afrikas Horn: Akten der Ersten Internationalen Littmann-Konferenz 2. bis 5. Mai 2002 in München
902:
Afrikas Horn: Akten der Ersten Internationalen Littmann-Konferenz 2. bis 5. Mai 2002 in München
1617:
1611:
1564:
1558:
1528:
1503:
1497:
1464:
1441:
1416:
1398:
1343:
1318:
1293:
1263:
1236:
1196:
1153:
1105:
1099:
1064:
974:
906:
900:
879:
854:
776:
746:
680:
534:
180:
1640:
770:
674:
1680:
1406:
1390:
1173:
1130:
1056:
1011:
1003:
947:
813:
542:
361:
300:
describes Sofala as the furthest limit of Zanj settlement, and mentions its king's title as
257:
242:
238:
87:
63:
1257:
225:
sources referred to the general area that was located to the south of the three regions of
575:
341:, but according to some sources, only locally, since they possessed no ocean-going ships.
273:
261:
45:
1340:
Port Cities and Intruders: The Swahili Coast, India, and Portugal in the Early Modern Era
1411:
1386:
1370:
1052:
809:
1595:
Masao, Fidelis; Mutoro, Henry (1988). "The East African coast and the Comoro Islands".
1217:
616:
610:
372:
368:
356:
345:
222:
129:
128:. The architecture of these commercial urban settlements is now a subject of study for
1233:
Everybody Was Kung Fu Fighting: Afro-Asian Connections and the Myth of Cultural Purity
1654:
936:"Indonesia and Africa: questioning the origins of some of Africa's most famous icons"
846:
825:
644:
538:
384:
380:
268:. The core area of Zanj occupation stretched from the territory south of present-day
226:
95:
91:
1025:
1371:"Entwined African and Asian genetic roots of medieval peoples of the Swahili coast"
559:
530:
on the Swahili coast compared to the medieval individuals whose DNA was sequenced.
510:
499:
437:
34:
619:
was a series of uprisings that took place between 869 and 883 AD near the city of
18:
Name used by medieval Muslim geographers to refer to a portion of Southeast Africa
1060:
1527:(Rev. ed. with a new pref. ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press.
636:
571:
483:
396:
269:
125:
103:
1394:
1083:
Pre-modern Southeast Asian Shipping in the Indian Ocean: The Maldive Connection
817:
491:
429:
285:
206:
1445:
1402:
155:
in Persian means the "country of the blacks". Other transliterations include
526:(BIEA) in Nairobi, originally excavated in the 1950s and 1960s by Chittick.
495:
487:
472:
417:
411:
234:
195:
1420:
1085:. 'New Directions in Maritime History Conference' Fremantle. December 1993.
1068:
21:
1525:
The adventures of Ibn Battuta, a Muslim traveler of the fourteenth century
132:. For centuries the coastal settlements were a source of ivory, gold, and
1613:
Islamic History: Volume 2, AD 750-1055 (AH 132-448): A New Interpretation
1016:
410:
The richest and most powerful slave trader in all of recorded history is
376:
277:
210:
121:
99:
952:
935:
720:
1007:
632:
449:
445:
400:
392:
289:
246:
29:
1435:
452:
296:, also in Mozambique. The 10th-century Arab historian and geographer
281:
772:
Hybrid Urbanism: On the Identity Discourse and the Built Environment
676:
Zengi and the Muslim Response to the Crusades: The Politics of Jihad
1117:
all of them!) also appear in ancient and medieval Chinese geography
918:
all of them!) also appear in ancient and medieval Chinese geography
620:
591:
468:
424:
416:
388:
322:
230:
117:
28:
20:
994:
Dewar RE, Wright HT (1993). "The culture history of Madagascar".
1193:
Africa's Legacies of Urbanization: Unfolding Saga of a Continent
624:
513:
still refer to the populations of neighboring tribes as "Zenj."
476:
202:
482:
The sea off the south-eastern coast of Africa was known as the
1437:
Kilwa : an Islamic trading city on the East African coast
414:, a man born in Zanzibar with mixed Bantu and Omani ancestry.
940:
The Journal for Transdisciplinary Research in Southern Africa
707:Ḵẖān, M. S. (1981). "Al-Masʿūdī and the Geography of India".
98:
inhabitants. This word is also the origin of the place-names
968:
191:
means African people, specifically the people of Zanzibar.
1584:
Islam, From Arab To Islamic Empire: The Early Abbasid Era
1290:
The Swahili: The Social Landscape of a Mercantile Society
1218:"Kilwa Kisiwani. Medieval Trade Center of Eastern Africa"
570:
In 1331, the Arabic-speaking Berber scholar and explorer
116:
serves as an archaic name for the coastal area in modern
1283:
1281:
1279:
709:
Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft
355:
Since Arab and Persian identity is patrilineal, elite
185:
77:
360:
elements to Zanzibari and Swahili society. Standard
136:, from sections of the conquered hinterland, to the
1646:
Map of Tanganyika and Zanzibar in 1886 showing Zanj
1363:
1361:
1359:
1315:Swahili Port Cities: The Architecture of Elsewhere
367:Prominent settlements of the Zanj coast included
764:
762:
175:may not be Arabic in origin: a Chinese form (僧祇
288:, the northern boundary of which may have been
1557:Adler, Philip J.; Pouwels, Randall L. (2007).
1256:Roland Anthony Oliver, Brian M. Fagan (1975).
1150:The Archaeology of Islam in Sub-Saharan Africa
348:, Persia, and as far east as India and China.
1137:. East African Publishing House. p. 104.
8:
53:
853:. Cambridge University Press. p. 192.
1499:African and Middle Eastern world, 600–1500
1491:
1489:
1262:. Cambridge University Press. p. 92.
1152:. Cambridge University Press. p. 61.
337:The Zanj traded with Persians, Arabs, and
209:. It is likely that they went through the
1410:
1104:. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 130.
1093:
1091:
1015:
951:
905:. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 130.
292:. Beyond Sofala was the obscure realm of
1502:. Oxford University Press. p. 156.
1463:. Harvard University Press. p. 12.
1259:Africa in the Iron Age: C.500 BC-1400 AD
1178:Zamani: A Survey of East African History
1135:Zamani: A Survey of East African History
851:Africa in the Iron Age: c.500 BC–1400 AD
841:
839:
837:
835:
736:
734:
732:
730:
167:. Anthony Christie argued that the word
1440:. British Institute in Eastern Africa.
665:
874:Bagley, F. R. C.; et al. (1997).
741:Bagley, F. R. C.; et al. (1997).
86:to refer to both a certain portion of
1461:Challenging the Boundaries of Slavery
7:
929:
927:
1597:General History of Africa: Volume 3
586:and a significant extension to the
524:British Institute in Eastern Africa
456:
67:
54:
49:
1610:Shaban, M. A. (30 November 1978).
1342:. Johns Hopkins University Press.
14:
1563:. Cengage Learning. p. 176.
1195:. Lexington Books. p. 301.
629:slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate
973:. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.
970:Old Javanese-English dictionary
934:Dick-Read, Robert (July 2006).
798:Journal of Maritime Archaeology
467:slaves reaching China from the
217:Division of East Africa's coast
102:("coast of the Zanji") and the
1616:. Cambridge University Press.
558:, by the medieval Arab writer
498:struggle it was proposed that
260:vicinity and was inhabited by
1:
1496:Pouwels, Randall Lee (2005).
876:The Last Great Muslim Empires
743:The Last Great Muslim Empires
463:(Zanji) slaves as gifts, and
264:-speaking peoples called the
82:) is a term used by medieval
1560:World Civilizations: To 1700
1317:. Indiana University Press.
1061:10.1016/j.jhevol.2004.05.005
580:Sultan al-Hasan ibn Sulaiman
298:Abu al-Hasan 'Alī al-Mas'ūdī
1676:Ethno-cultural designations
1459:Davis, David Brion (2006).
1292:. Oxford University Press.
1235:. Beacon Press. p. 8.
996:Journal of World Prehistory
506:, to reflect ancient Zanj.
186:
78:
1714:
1547:The Travels of Ibn Battuta
1434:Chittick, Neville (1974).
1395:10.1038/s41586-023-05754-w
1288:Horton; Middleton (2000).
1041:Journal of Human Evolution
967:Zoetmulder, P. J. (1982).
631:. Many Zanj were taken as
608:
316:
1626:– via Google Books.
1338:Pearson, Michael (2000).
818:10.1007/s11457-012-9094-9
775:. Greenwood. p. 39.
679:. Routledge. p. 20.
549:Contemporary descriptions
256:Zanj was situated in the
1691:Indian Ocean slave trade
1671:Arabic words and phrases
1191:Goodwin, Stefan (2006).
1148:Insoll, Timothy (2003).
769:AlSayyad, Nezar (2001).
673:El-Azhari, Taef (2016).
556:Kitab al-Bad' wah-tarikh
442:Indian Ocean slave trade
1231:Prashad, Vijay (2002).
1098:Raunig, Walter (2005).
899:Raunig, Walter (2005).
502:should assume the name
1523:Dunn, Ross E. (2005).
878:. Brill. p. 174.
745:. Brill. p. 174.
657:
602:
584:Palace of Husuni Kubwa
568:
433:
422:
334:
38:
26:
1313:Meier, Prita (2016).
652:
597:
588:Great Mosque of Kilwa
564:
428:
420:
328:Zanzibar slave market
326:
280:. South of Pemba lay
216:
194:It is known that the
32:
24:
1696:Zanzibar slave trade
1599:. UNESCO Publishing.
647:during this period.
590:, which was made of
517:Ancient DNA analysis
319:Zanzibar slave trade
199:Austronesian peoples
1387:2023Natur.615..866B
1180:. pp. 100–118.
1053:2004JHumE..47...25B
953:10.4102/td.v2i1.307
810:2012JMarA...7...43P
639:, however the term
486:, and included the
1686:Indian Ocean trade
1661:Historical regions
1008:10.1007/BF00997802
494:. During the anti-
434:
423:
335:
138:Indian Ocean world
84:Muslim geographers
39:
27:
1381:(7954): 866–873.
1324:978-0-253-01909-7
1174:Chittick, Neville
1131:Ogot, Bethwell A.
535:mitochondrial DNA
76:
25:The Swahili coast
1703:
1666:Southeast Africa
1628:
1627:
1607:
1601:
1600:
1592:
1586:
1581:
1575:
1574:
1554:
1548:
1545:
1539:
1538:
1520:
1514:
1513:
1493:
1484:
1481:
1475:
1474:
1456:
1450:
1449:
1431:
1425:
1424:
1414:
1365:
1354:
1353:
1335:
1329:
1328:
1310:
1304:
1303:
1285:
1274:
1273:
1253:
1247:
1246:
1228:
1222:
1221:
1216:Hirst, K. Kris.
1213:
1207:
1206:
1188:
1182:
1181:
1170:
1164:
1163:
1145:
1139:
1138:
1127:
1121:
1119:
1095:
1086:
1079:
1073:
1072:
1036:
1030:
1029:
1019:
991:
985:
984:
964:
958:
957:
955:
931:
922:
920:
896:
890:
889:
871:
865:
864:
843:
830:
829:
793:
787:
786:
766:
757:
756:
738:
725:
724:
704:
698:
697:
695:
693:
670:
543:Y chromosome DNA
509:As of 2023, the
332:Edwin Stocqueler
304:, a Bantu word.
258:Southeast Africa
189:
88:Southeast Africa
81:
71:
69:
57:
56:
51:
1713:
1712:
1706:
1705:
1704:
1702:
1701:
1700:
1651:
1650:
1641:African Revolts
1637:
1632:
1631:
1624:
1609:
1608:
1604:
1594:
1593:
1589:
1582:
1578:
1571:
1556:
1555:
1551:
1546:
1542:
1535:
1522:
1521:
1517:
1510:
1495:
1494:
1487:
1482:
1478:
1471:
1458:
1457:
1453:
1433:
1432:
1428:
1367:
1366:
1357:
1350:
1337:
1336:
1332:
1325:
1312:
1311:
1307:
1300:
1287:
1286:
1277:
1270:
1255:
1254:
1250:
1243:
1230:
1229:
1225:
1215:
1214:
1210:
1203:
1190:
1189:
1185:
1172:
1171:
1167:
1160:
1147:
1146:
1142:
1129:
1128:
1124:
1112:
1097:
1096:
1089:
1081:P. Y. Manguin.
1080:
1076:
1038:
1037:
1033:
993:
992:
988:
981:
966:
965:
961:
933:
932:
925:
913:
898:
897:
893:
886:
873:
872:
868:
861:
845:
844:
833:
795:
794:
790:
783:
768:
767:
760:
753:
740:
739:
728:
715:(1): 119–136 .
706:
705:
701:
691:
689:
687:
672:
671:
667:
662:
623:in present-day
613:
607:
576:Kilwa Sultanate
551:
519:
321:
315:
310:
219:
146:
90:(primarily the
37:inhabited areas
19:
12:
11:
5:
1711:
1710:
1707:
1699:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1653:
1652:
1649:
1648:
1643:
1636:
1635:External links
1633:
1630:
1629:
1622:
1602:
1587:
1576:
1569:
1549:
1540:
1533:
1515:
1508:
1485:
1476:
1469:
1451:
1426:
1355:
1348:
1330:
1323:
1305:
1298:
1275:
1268:
1248:
1241:
1223:
1208:
1201:
1183:
1165:
1158:
1140:
1122:
1110:
1087:
1074:
1047:(1–2): 25–63.
1031:
1002:(4): 417–466.
986:
979:
959:
923:
911:
891:
884:
866:
859:
847:Oliver, Roland
831:
788:
781:
758:
751:
726:
699:
686:978-1317589396
685:
664:
663:
661:
658:
633:slave soldiers
617:Zanj Rebellion
611:Zanj Rebellion
609:Main article:
606:
605:Zanj Rebellion
603:
550:
547:
518:
515:
421:Tippu Tip 1889
314:
311:
309:
308:Zanj territory
306:
218:
215:
145:
142:
130:urban planning
17:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1709:
1708:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1658:
1656:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1638:
1634:
1625:
1623:9780521294539
1619:
1615:
1614:
1606:
1603:
1598:
1591:
1588:
1585:
1580:
1577:
1572:
1570:9780495502616
1566:
1562:
1561:
1553:
1550:
1544:
1541:
1536:
1530:
1526:
1519:
1516:
1511:
1509:9780195176735
1505:
1501:
1500:
1492:
1490:
1486:
1480:
1477:
1472:
1470:0-674-01985-7
1466:
1462:
1455:
1452:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1438:
1430:
1427:
1422:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1356:
1351:
1349:0-8018-5692-2
1345:
1341:
1334:
1331:
1326:
1320:
1316:
1309:
1306:
1301:
1299:0-631-18919-X
1295:
1291:
1284:
1282:
1280:
1276:
1271:
1269:9780521099004
1265:
1261:
1260:
1252:
1249:
1244:
1242:0-8070-5011-3
1238:
1234:
1227:
1224:
1219:
1212:
1209:
1204:
1202:0-7391-0731-3
1198:
1194:
1187:
1184:
1179:
1175:
1169:
1166:
1161:
1159:0-521-65171-9
1155:
1151:
1144:
1141:
1136:
1132:
1126:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1111:3-447-05175-2
1107:
1103:
1102:
1094:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1078:
1075:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1035:
1032:
1027:
1023:
1018:
1017:2027.42/45256
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
990:
987:
982:
976:
972:
971:
963:
960:
954:
949:
945:
941:
937:
930:
928:
924:
919:
914:
912:3-447-05175-2
908:
904:
903:
895:
892:
887:
885:1-55876-112-8
881:
877:
870:
867:
862:
860:0-521-20598-0
856:
852:
848:
842:
840:
838:
836:
832:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
792:
789:
784:
782:0-275-96612-7
778:
774:
773:
765:
763:
759:
754:
752:1-55876-112-8
748:
744:
737:
735:
733:
731:
727:
722:
718:
714:
710:
703:
700:
688:
682:
678:
677:
669:
666:
659:
656:
651:
648:
646:
645:Swahili coast
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
612:
604:
601:
596:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
567:
563:
561:
557:
548:
546:
544:
540:
539:autosomal DNA
536:
531:
527:
525:
516:
514:
512:
507:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
480:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
451:
447:
443:
439:
431:
427:
419:
415:
413:
408:
404:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
365:
363:
358:
353:
349:
347:
342:
340:
333:
329:
325:
320:
312:
307:
305:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
254:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
214:
212:
208:
204:
200:
197:
192:
190:
188:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
143:
141:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
112:
107:
105:
101:
97:
94:) and to its
93:
92:Swahili Coast
89:
85:
80:
74:
65:
61:
47:
43:
36:
31:
23:
16:
1612:
1605:
1596:
1590:
1579:
1559:
1552:
1543:
1524:
1518:
1498:
1479:
1460:
1454:
1436:
1429:
1378:
1374:
1339:
1333:
1314:
1308:
1289:
1258:
1251:
1232:
1226:
1211:
1192:
1186:
1177:
1168:
1149:
1143:
1134:
1125:
1115:
1100:
1082:
1077:
1044:
1040:
1034:
999:
995:
989:
969:
962:
943:
939:
916:
901:
894:
875:
869:
850:
804:(1): 43–62.
801:
797:
791:
771:
742:
712:
708:
702:
690:. Retrieved
675:
668:
653:
649:
640:
614:
598:
574:visited the
569:
565:
560:al-Muqaddasī
555:
552:
532:
528:
520:
511:Lemba people
508:
503:
500:South Africa
490:islands and
481:
464:
460:
438:Indian Ocean
435:
409:
405:
366:
354:
350:
343:
336:
330:in 1860, by
301:
265:
255:
250:
220:
193:
184:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
147:
124:in southern
113:
111:latinization
108:
59:
41:
40:
15:
1483:from Vol. 4
637:Marsh Arabs
572:Ibn Battuta
484:Sea of Zanj
471:kingdom of
432:in Zanzibar
270:Ras Kamboni
126:East Africa
104:Sea of Zanj
1655:Categories
1534:0520243854
980:9024761786
660:References
492:Madagascar
473:Sri Vijaya
430:Stone Town
317:See also:
286:Mozambique
284:in modern
276:Island in
235:Al-Habasha
207:Madagascar
196:Indonesian
1446:278134885
1403:1476-4687
946:: 23–45.
826:162935843
692:3 January
537:(mtDNA),
496:apartheid
488:Mascarene
412:Tippu Tip
239:Abyssinia
144:Etymology
73:romanized
1421:36991187
1412:10060156
1133:(1974).
1069:15288523
1026:21753825
849:(1975).
721:43376756
465:Seng Chi
461:Seng Chi
377:Mbuamaji
373:Kunduchi
278:Tanzania
211:Maldives
181:Javanese
122:Tanzania
100:Zanzibar
1681:Exonyms
1383:Bibcode
1049:Bibcode
806:Bibcode
627:during
453:caliphs
450:Abbasid
446:Umayyad
440:in the
401:Mombasa
393:Malindi
385:Kimbiji
381:Tongoni
362:Swahili
357:Swahili
339:Indians
313:History
294:Waq-Waq
290:Pangani
247:Somalia
243:Barbara
223:Chinese
114:Zingium
75::
64:Persian
62:; from
52:, adj.
1620:
1567:
1531:
1506:
1467:
1444:
1419:
1409:
1401:
1375:Nature
1346:
1321:
1296:
1266:
1239:
1199:
1156:
1108:
1067:
1024:
977:
909:
882:
857:
824:
779:
749:
719:
683:
504:Azania
444:. The
399:, and
346:Arabia
302:Mfalme
282:Sofala
249:), as
241:) and
187:jenggi
177:sēngqí
163:, and
134:slaves
46:Arabic
1022:S2CID
822:S2CID
717:JSTOR
621:Basra
592:coral
469:Hindu
457:below
389:Kaole
369:Kilwa
274:Pemba
262:Bantu
231:Egypt
183:word
118:Kenya
96:Bantu
60:Zanjī
50:زَنْج
35:Bantu
1618:ISBN
1565:ISBN
1529:ISBN
1504:ISBN
1465:ISBN
1442:OCLC
1417:PMID
1399:ISSN
1344:ISBN
1319:ISBN
1294:ISBN
1264:ISBN
1237:ISBN
1197:ISBN
1154:ISBN
1106:ISBN
1065:PMID
975:ISBN
907:ISBN
880:ISBN
855:ISBN
777:ISBN
747:ISBN
694:2017
681:ISBN
641:Zanj
625:Iraq
615:The
477:Java
448:and
397:Gedi
266:Zanj
251:Zanj
227:Misr
203:Java
173:zang
169:zanj
165:Zang
161:Zinj
157:Zenj
153:Zang
149:Zanj
120:and
109:The
79:Zang
55:زنجي
42:Zanj
33:The
1407:PMC
1391:doi
1379:615
1057:doi
1012:hdl
1004:doi
948:doi
814:doi
713:131
475:in
272:to
233:),
205:to
171:or
151:or
68:زنگ
1657::
1488:^
1415:.
1405:.
1397:.
1389:.
1377:.
1373:.
1358:^
1278:^
1114:.
1090:^
1063:.
1055:.
1045:47
1043:.
1020:.
1010:.
998:.
942:.
938:.
926:^
915:.
834:^
820:.
812:.
800:.
761:^
729:^
711:.
562::
541:,
479:.
395:,
391:,
387:,
383:,
379:,
375:,
371:,
253:.
159:,
140:.
106:.
70:,
66::
58:,
48::
1573:.
1537:.
1512:.
1473:.
1448:.
1423:.
1393::
1385::
1352:.
1327:.
1302:.
1272:.
1245:.
1220:.
1205:.
1162:.
1120:.
1071:.
1059::
1051::
1028:.
1014::
1006::
1000:7
983:.
956:.
950::
944:2
921:.
888:.
863:.
828:.
816::
808::
802:7
785:.
755:.
723:.
696:.
245:(
237:(
229:(
44:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
