366:
genealogy was found and gave credence to the idea that politics contributed to
Yoshinori's treatment of Zeami. The genealogy showed that a brother of Zeami's mother was a supporter of the southern court against the Ashikaga Shogunate. Yoshinori is sometimes seen as eccentric, and it has been speculated that he punished Zeami because he did not enjoy his performances. (Yoshinori preferred colorful plays that involved actors portraying demons; these types of plays were seldom found in Zeami's repertoire.) Yoshinori, who enjoyed Monomane, preferred Onnami, as his performances included demons. Zeami had been close with his Onnami and they had performed together. Zeami had been unsure whether any of his sons would be able to lead the troupe after his death, so he paid special attention to Onnami's development. Motomasa, however, began to lead the troupe in 1429. That year, though Motomasa and Onnami each performed for Yoshinori during a 10-day festival Yoshinori forbade Zeami to appear at the
141:
entertainment value of performance, rather than its religious significance. It had been a form of entertainment associated with the country, but with
Yoshimitsu's support it became associated with the upper class. The Shōgun was highly attracted to Zeami, which proved controversial among aristocrats because of Zeami's lower-class background. Yoshimitsu regularly invited Kanami and Zeami to the court, and Zeami accompanied him to events. Due to his connection with the Shōgun, Zeami was provided with a classical education by court statesman and poet Nijo Yoshimoto. Nijo was renowned for his skill as a
177:
away from
Monomane may have been because of Doami's influence. He mixed popular dance, drama, and music with classical poetics and thus broadened and popularized the classical tradition. In his earlier work, he used Zen illustrations, creating new Zen words and using established Zen words out of context. Many of the themes he used are present in other schools of Buddhism. Japan was dominated by a focus on Zen culture then, and he was registered at a Zen temple and was a friend of a well-known Zen priest. In 1422, he became a lay monk.
154:
370:, possibly due to his refusal to provide Onnami with his complete writings. The next year, the music directorship of the Kiyotaki shrine was transferred from Motomasa to Onnami. That year Zeami's son Motoyoshi retired from acting to serve as a Buddhist priest. That same year Motomasa died; it has been speculated that he was murdered. Though he had lost political favor, Zeami continued to write prolifically.
94:. The Shōgun was impressed by the young actor and began to compose a love affair with him. Zeami was introduced to Yoshimitsu's court and was provided with an education in classical literature and philosophy while continuing to act. In 1374, Zeami received patronage and made acting his career. After the death of his father in 1385, he led the family troupe, a role in which he found greater success.
377:. The appointment was made by the Shogunate, although the troupes were traditionally hereditary. Zeami initially opposed Onnami's leadership of the troupe, but he eventually acquiesced. Zeami believed that his line had died with Motomasa, but Onnami felt that he continued the line. Zeami gave his completed works to
278:
discussed broader themes, such as how life should be lived. The treatises were intended for a small circle of his colleagues, since the troupes were hereditary and such information was traditionally passed down between generations. He desired to facilitate this process to ensure continued patronage for the troupe.
398:
Zeami is known as the foremost writer of Noh and the artist who brought it to its classical epitome. Scholars attribute roughly 50 plays to him, many of which have been translated into
European languages. The contemporary versions of his plays are sometimes simplified. Some of his plays are no longer
213:
Authorship of noh plays is a complex issue and often a matter of debate. Many plays have been attributed to Zeami, and he was known to be involved in revising and transmitting many others. Some plays are decisively known to have been written by him. His plays have been passed down through generations
406:
Zeami's treatises were not widely available after his death; only the upper-class warriors were able to gain access to them. In 1908, several of the treatises were discovered at a used books store in Japan. They gained wider circulation after this discovery but a complete set was not published until
389:
In 1434, Zeami was exiled to Sado Island. He completed his last recorded work two years later, providing a detailed first-person account of his exile. In the account he conveys a stoic attitude toward his misfortunes. Little is known about the end of his life, but it was traditionally believed that
365:
After
Ashikaga Yoshinori became the Shōgun, he demonstrated a deeper disdain for Zeami than his predecessors had, though the origins of his feelings are unknown. Speculation has centered on Zeami's association with Masashige and the theory that Zeami was a restorationist. In 1967, the Kanze-Fukudu
344:
deals with spiritual beauty and contains discourses on the voice of the actor and the actors' minds. A possible interest in Zen has been credited with this shift by some scholars. The change in his age between his first and last works also appears to have significantly affected his perspective. He
176:
was the source of several of his best known plays. He integrated
Japanese and Chinese ancient poetry into his drama. Contemporary dramatists Doami and Zoami had a significant influence on him, earning recognition in his treatises. He spoke particularly well of Zoami, but his shift toward Yugen and
161:
Zeami received patronage in 1374, which was then an uncommon honor for an actor. Patronage allowed him to become a vocational artist and he began to lead the troupe after his father's death in 1385. The troupe became successful during his tenure as a leader. While leading the troupe, he wrote the
114:
became hostile toward Zeami after becoming Shōgun in 1429. Yoshinori held Zeami's nephew Onnami in high regard, and disagreed with Zeami's refusal to declare Onnami his successor as leader of his troupe. Possibly due to this disagreement, though a variety of competing theories have been advanced,
204:
work of Zoami, Zeami's career remained strong due to his connections with the urban commercial class. Due to his status as a well respected public figure, he had access to a number of patrons. He eventually reached the stature of a celebrity and wrote a significant amount between 1418 and 1428.
101:
Buddhism into his works and later commentators have debated the extent of his personal interest in Zen. The exact number of plays that he wrote is unknown, but is likely to be between 30 and 50. He wrote many treatises about Noh, discussing the philosophy of performance. These treatises are the
277:
Zeami produced 21 critical writings over a period of roughly four decades. His treatises discuss the principles of Noh. He sought to inform his colleagues of the most important aspects of theater, discussing the education of the actor, character acting, music, and physical movement. They also
140:
Ebina no Naami, an adviser of the Shōgun
Ashikaga Yoshimitsu, booked the troupe to perform for the Shōgun, who was then 17 years old. The shōgun was very powerful politically and was a patron of the arts. He was impressed by the troupe, and patronized Kanami. The troupe began to focus on the
169:
writing process: he began with a topic, determined the structure, and finished by writing the lyrics. The number of plays that he wrote is uncertain, and is estimated to be around 50 or 60. His intellectual interests were eclectic and he was a proficient writer of Renga.
402:
There are few extant biographical documents of Zeami, the lack of solid information about his life has led to a significant amount of speculation. Some common themes in the speculation are that Zeami could have been a spy, a Ji sect priest, or a Zen master.
131:
and was known as
Kiyomoto as a child. A later genealogy mentions his mother as the daughter of a priest and a military official, but it is not deemed reliable. His father Kanami led a theater troupe which primarily performed in the
85:
theater performance at a young age, and found that he was a skilled actor. Kan'ami was also skilled in acting and formed a family theater ensemble. As it grew in popularity, Zeami had the opportunity to perform in front of the
188:
and Zeami performed during the visit. It was a significant political event, so Zeami was likely a well known artist then. He gave two significant performances for the Shōgun in 1399, one of which could have been attended by
136:
region, before becoming popular in the late 1360s and early 1370s. As they became better-known, Kanami's troupe began to perform in
Daijogi. Zeami acted in the troupe and was considered attractive and highly skilled.
109:
was less favorable to Zeami's drama. Zeami successfully sought out patronage from wealthy merchants and continued his career under their support. He became well-known and well-respected in
Japanese society.
1317:
1282:
145:
and taught Zeami about literature, poetry, and philosophy. This type of education was very unusual for an actor: due to their lower-class backgrounds, actors received little education.
644:
1123:
1287:
1267:
316:. It is the first known treatise on drama in Japan; though similar treatises were written by Japanese Buddhist sects and poets, this is the Noh treatise.
1277:
1272:
97:
Zeami mixed a variety of Classical and Modern themes in his writing, and made use of Japanese and Chinese traditions. He incorporated numerous themes of
1239:
1192:
1167:
1113:
620:
390:
he was pardoned and return to the mainland before his death. Zeami died in 1443 and was buried in Yamato. His wife died a short time later.
214:
of Kanze leaders, as a result they have been revised and reworked from various leaders. The following are universally attributed to Zeami:
200:
actor, for the favor of the Shōgun. Though Yoshimitsu died in 1408, and new Shōgun, Yoshimochi, was indifferent to Zeami and preferred the
1216:
1322:
1297:
451:
102:
oldest known works on the philosophy of drama in Japanese literature, but did not see popular circulation until the 20th-century.
1292:
180:
One of the most important performances of Zeami's career occurred in 1394. At that time, Ashikaga Yoshimitsu visited the
1307:
320:
suggests that Zeami's education in Renga poetry provided him with the idea. It notably includes a thorough analysis of
1312:
1184:
1159:
1105:
1302:
157:
Zeami's "Kadensho, Fushikaden, Flowering Spirit", "The Flowering Spirit No. 7", a manuscript of the Kanze sect.
367:
1200:
324:, which Zeami viewed as a universal concept. His first treatise includes much of his father's views of Noh.
1126:
The eternal flower of the child: the recognition of childhood in Zeami's educational theory of Noh theatre
299:, "The Transmission of the Flower Through (a Mastery of) the Forms", more loosely "Style and the Flower")
172:
1262:
1257:
1223:
106:
91:
1143:
866:
638:
374:
263:
190:
111:
87:
153:
1235:
1212:
1188:
1163:
1109:
858:
626:
616:
447:
443:
1135:
848:
840:
415:
407:
1940. Zeami's plays have been continually performed in Japan since they were first written.
378:
250:
119:. After Yoshinori's death in 1441, Zeami returned to mainland Japan, where he died in 1443.
1176:
317:
258:
221:
185:
166:
411:
350:
1251:
1208:
1147:
436:
181:
116:
31:
870:
1139:
1065:
321:
128:
630:
242:
78:
71:
862:
238:
196:
Zeami found Yoshimitsu to be a difficult patron, and was rivaled by Inuo, a
828:
610:
844:
1231:
1097:
197:
201:
35:
853:
229:
17:
353:, Zeami's son Motoyoshi had previously transcribed Zeami's treatise
399:
extant, and roughly 16 exist only in the form of rare manuscripts.
286:
Zeami wrote several treatises on drama, the first of which was the
152:
142:
133:
615:. Donovan Sherman (Twelfth ed.). New York, NY. p. 201.
1073:
336:
was written later and describes Zeami's personal views. Though
98:
82:
1128:. Educational Philosophy and Theory, E-pub ahead of print
1228:
The Flowering Spirit: Classic Teachings On the Art of Nō
1181:
On the art of the nō drama: the major treatises of Zeami
1156:
Developing Zeami: the Noh actor's attunement in practice
829:"Remembering Zeami: The Kanze School and Its Patriarch"
609:
Cohen, Robert (2020). "Chapter 7: Theatre Traditions".
232:, probably written in the late 1420s or early 1430s
218:
Akoya no Matsu, currently not in the noh repertoire
435:
162:first Japanese treatises on pragmatic aesthetics.
1318:14th-century Japanese dramatists and playwrights
1283:15th-century Japanese dramatists and playwrights
302:
287:
1102:Zeami's Style: The Noh Plays of Zeami Motokiyo
309:
294:
63:
50:
105:After the death of Yoshimitsu, his successor
8:
27:Japanese aesthetician, actor, and playwright
373:Onnami inherited the leadership of Zeami's
345:spent a significant amount of time writing
314:, "The Book of Transmission of the Flower")
235:Kinuta, probably written in the early 1430s
643:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1006:
1004:
1002:
969:
967:
965:
963:
961:
951:
949:
852:
813:
811:
809:
779:
777:
767:
765:
755:
753:
751:
723:
721:
719:
717:
715:
713:
711:
709:
699:
697:
695:
693:
683:
681:
586:
584:
574:
572:
544:
542:
540:
538:
536:
517:
515:
505:
503:
501:
499:
497:
495:
493:
491:
481:
479:
469:
467:
465:
463:
799:
797:
795:
793:
791:
789:
426:
349:and gave the completed work to his son
983:
981:
979:
930:
928:
636:
57:(c. 1363 – c. 1443), also called
891:
889:
7:
442:. Harvard University Press. p.
1070:Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature
115:Yoshinori sent Zeami into exile to
1288:14th-century Japanese philosophers
1268:15th-century Japanese philosophers
25:
1278:15th-century Japanese male actors
1273:14th-century Japanese male actors
418:was named after Zeami in 1976.
883:Tyler 1992, plays introduction
438:Homosexuality and Civilization
1:
1179:; Yamazaki, Masakazu (1984),
1154:Quinn, Shelley Fenno (2005),
1140:10.1080/00131857.2018.1533463
340:discusses flowers at length,
127:Zeami was born in 1363 near
303:
288:
1339:
1185:Princeton University Press
1160:University of Hawaii Press
1122:Kenklies, Karsten (2018),
29:
1106:Stanford University Press
381:, rather than to Onnami.
310:
295:
74:, actor, and playwright.
64:
51:
1323:15th-century LGBT people
1298:14th-century LGBT people
301:, known colloquially as
434:Louis Crompton (2003).
1293:Male lovers of royalty
1232:Kodansha International
827:Rath, Eric C. (2003).
612:Theatre: Brief Edition
158:
1224:Wilson, William Scott
1046:Rimer 1984, p. xxvii.
845:10.1353/atj.2003.0027
833:Asian Theatre Journal
368:Sentō Imperial Palace
241:, using a section by
173:The Tale of the Heike
156:
1098:Hare, Thomas Blenman
548:Rimer 1984, p. xviii
81:, introduced him to
1308:Philosophers of art
1055:Wilson 2006, p. 49.
996:Hare 1996, p. 34-35
913:Rimer 1984, p. xvii
666:Wilson 2006, p. 153
165:Zeami adhered to a
107:Ashikaga Yoshimochi
92:Ashikaga Yoshimitsu
1313:Japanese Buddhists
1205:Japanese Nō Dramas
1028:Wilson 2006, p. 47
987:Wilson 2006, p. 46
922:Wilson 2006, p. 15
803:Rimer 1984, p. xix
736:Wilson 2006, p. 45
675:Wilson 2006, p. 18
566:Wilson 2006, p. 43
355:Reflections on Art
191:Emperor Go-Komatsu
159:
112:Ashikaga Yoshinori
1241:978-4-7700-2499-2
1207:. (1992) London:
1194:978-0-691-10154-5
1169:978-0-8248-1827-2
1115:978-0-8047-2677-1
934:Rimer 1984, p. xx
895:Quinn 2005, p. 1.
622:978-1-260-05738-6
79:Kan'ami Kiyotsugu
70:, was a Japanese
16:(Redirected from
1330:
1244:
1197:
1177:Rimer, J. Thomas
1172:
1150:
1133:
1118:
1085:
1084:
1082:
1080:
1062:
1056:
1053:
1047:
1044:
1038:
1037:Hare 1996, p. 38
1035:
1029:
1026:
1020:
1019:Hare 1996, p. 37
1017:
1011:
1010:Hare 1996, p. 36
1008:
997:
994:
988:
985:
974:
973:Hare 1996, p. 35
971:
956:
955:Hare 1996, p. 33
953:
944:
943:Hare 1996, p. 29
941:
935:
932:
923:
920:
914:
911:
905:
902:
896:
893:
884:
881:
875:
874:
856:
824:
818:
817:Hare 1996, p. 28
815:
804:
801:
784:
783:Hare 1996, p. 26
781:
772:
771:Hare 1996, p. 25
769:
760:
759:Hare 1996, p. 23
757:
746:
745:Hare 1996, p. 22
743:
737:
734:
728:
727:Hare 1996, p. 32
725:
704:
703:Hare 1996, p. 31
701:
688:
687:Hare 1996, p. 30
685:
676:
673:
667:
664:
658:
657:Hare 1996, p. 19
655:
649:
648:
642:
634:
606:
600:
599:Hare 1996, p. 21
597:
591:
590:Hare 1996, p. 11
588:
579:
578:Hare 1996, p. 17
576:
567:
564:
558:
557:Hare 1996, p. 13
555:
549:
546:
531:
530:Hare 1996, p. 18
528:
522:
521:Hare 1996, p. 16
519:
510:
509:Hare 1996, p. 12
507:
486:
485:Hare 1996, p. 15
483:
474:
473:Hare 1996, p. 14
471:
458:
457:
441:
431:
379:Konparu Zenchiku
315:
313:
312:
306:
300:
298:
297:
291:
251:Sekidera Komachi
69:
67:
66:
56:
54:
53:
21:
1338:
1337:
1333:
1332:
1331:
1329:
1328:
1327:
1303:Noh playwrights
1248:
1247:
1242:
1222:
1195:
1175:
1170:
1153:
1131:
1121:
1116:
1096:
1093:
1088:
1078:
1076:
1064:
1063:
1059:
1054:
1050:
1045:
1041:
1036:
1032:
1027:
1023:
1018:
1014:
1009:
1000:
995:
991:
986:
977:
972:
959:
954:
947:
942:
938:
933:
926:
921:
917:
912:
908:
903:
899:
894:
887:
882:
878:
826:
825:
821:
816:
807:
802:
787:
782:
775:
770:
763:
758:
749:
744:
740:
735:
731:
726:
707:
702:
691:
686:
679:
674:
670:
665:
661:
656:
652:
635:
623:
608:
607:
603:
598:
594:
589:
582:
577:
570:
565:
561:
556:
552:
547:
534:
529:
525:
520:
513:
508:
489:
484:
477:
472:
461:
454:
433:
432:
428:
424:
396:
387:
363:
330:
318:J. Thomas Rimer
307:
292:
284:
275:
211:
151:
125:
61:
48:
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1336:
1334:
1326:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1250:
1249:
1246:
1245:
1240:
1220:
1217:978-0140445398
1198:
1193:
1173:
1168:
1151:
1119:
1114:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1086:
1057:
1048:
1039:
1030:
1021:
1012:
998:
989:
975:
957:
945:
936:
924:
915:
906:
897:
885:
876:
839:(2): 191–208.
819:
805:
785:
773:
761:
747:
738:
729:
705:
689:
677:
668:
659:
650:
621:
601:
592:
580:
568:
559:
550:
532:
523:
511:
487:
475:
459:
452:
425:
423:
420:
414:on the planet
395:
392:
386:
383:
362:
359:
329:
326:
283:
280:
274:
271:
270:
269:
266:
261:
256:
253:
248:
245:
236:
233:
227:
224:
219:
210:
207:
150:
147:
124:
121:
59:Kanze Motokiyo
46:Zeami Motokiyo
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1335:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1255:
1253:
1243:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1209:Penguin Books
1206:
1202:
1201:Tyler, Royall
1199:
1196:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1171:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1152:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1130:
1129:
1125:
1120:
1117:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1094:
1090:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1061:
1058:
1052:
1049:
1043:
1040:
1034:
1031:
1025:
1022:
1016:
1013:
1007:
1005:
1003:
999:
993:
990:
984:
982:
980:
976:
970:
968:
966:
964:
962:
958:
952:
950:
946:
940:
937:
931:
929:
925:
919:
916:
910:
907:
904:Kenklies 2018
901:
898:
892:
890:
886:
880:
877:
872:
868:
864:
860:
855:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
823:
820:
814:
812:
810:
806:
800:
798:
796:
794:
792:
790:
786:
780:
778:
774:
768:
766:
762:
756:
754:
752:
748:
742:
739:
733:
730:
724:
722:
720:
718:
716:
714:
712:
710:
706:
700:
698:
696:
694:
690:
684:
682:
678:
672:
669:
663:
660:
654:
651:
646:
640:
632:
628:
624:
618:
614:
613:
605:
602:
596:
593:
587:
585:
581:
575:
573:
569:
563:
560:
554:
551:
545:
543:
541:
539:
537:
533:
527:
524:
518:
516:
512:
506:
504:
502:
500:
498:
496:
494:
492:
488:
482:
480:
476:
470:
468:
466:
464:
460:
455:
453:9780674011977
449:
445:
440:
439:
430:
427:
421:
419:
417:
413:
408:
404:
400:
393:
391:
384:
382:
380:
376:
371:
369:
360:
358:
356:
352:
348:
343:
339:
335:
332:The treatise
327:
325:
323:
319:
305:
290:
281:
279:
272:
267:
265:
262:
260:
257:
254:
252:
249:
247:Saigyo Zakura
246:
244:
240:
237:
234:
231:
228:
225:
223:
220:
217:
216:
215:
208:
206:
203:
199:
194:
192:
187:
183:
182:Kasuga shrine
178:
175:
174:
168:
163:
155:
148:
146:
144:
138:
135:
130:
122:
120:
118:
113:
108:
103:
100:
95:
93:
89:
84:
80:
75:
73:
60:
47:
41:
37:
33:
32:Japanese name
19:
1227:
1204:
1180:
1155:
1127:
1124:
1101:
1091:Bibliography
1077:. Retrieved
1069:
1060:
1051:
1042:
1033:
1024:
1015:
992:
939:
918:
909:
900:
879:
836:
832:
822:
741:
732:
671:
662:
653:
611:
604:
595:
562:
553:
526:
437:
429:
409:
405:
401:
397:
388:
375:Kanze school
372:
364:
354:
346:
341:
337:
333:
331:
285:
276:
212:
195:
179:
171:
164:
160:
139:
126:
104:
96:
77:His father,
76:
72:aesthetician
58:
45:
44:
39:
1263:1443 deaths
1258:1363 births
385:Sado Island
117:Sado Island
1252:Categories
1079:15 January
631:1073038874
422:References
338:Fushikaden
289:Fūshikaden
282:Fūshikaden
123:Early life
1148:149911307
863:1527-2109
854:1808/9963
639:cite book
322:jo-ha-kyū
273:Treatises
239:Matsukaze
167:formalist
1226:(2006),
1100:(1996),
871:55033358
351:Motomasa
304:Kadensho
259:Takasago
255:Tadanori
222:Atsumori
198:Sarugaku
30:In this
1066:"Zeami"
416:Mercury
361:Decline
268:Yashima
264:Yamanba
243:Kan'ami
202:dengaku
36:surname
1238:
1215:
1191:
1166:
1146:
1112:
869:
861:
629:
619:
450:
412:crater
394:Legacy
230:Izutsu
149:Career
88:Shōgun
52:世阿弥 元清
34:, the
1144:S2CID
1132:(PDF)
867:S2CID
347:Kakyo
342:Kakyo
334:Kakyo
328:Kakyo
226:Hanjo
209:Plays
143:Renga
134:Kyoto
65:観世 元清
40:Kanze
18:Zeami
1236:ISBN
1213:ISBN
1189:ISBN
1164:ISBN
1110:ISBN
1081:2020
1074:NASA
859:ISSN
645:link
627:OCLC
617:ISBN
448:ISBN
296:風姿花伝
186:Nara
129:Nara
1211:,
1136:doi
849:hdl
841:doi
444:424
311:花伝書
184:in
99:Zen
83:Noh
38:is
1254::
1234:,
1230:,
1203:,
1187:,
1183:,
1162:,
1158:,
1142:,
1134:,
1108:,
1104:,
1072:.
1068:.
1001:^
978:^
960:^
948:^
927:^
888:^
865:.
857:.
847:.
837:20
835:.
831:.
808:^
788:^
776:^
764:^
750:^
708:^
692:^
680:^
641:}}
637:{{
625:.
583:^
571:^
535:^
514:^
490:^
478:^
462:^
446:.
410:A
357:.
193:.
90:,
1219:.
1138::
1083:.
873:.
851::
843::
647:)
633:.
456:.
308:(
293:(
68:)
62:(
55:)
49:(
42:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.