Zebra - Knowledge (XXG)

1809: 971: 1950: 2023: 1117: 854: 1913:, marked by dung piles, and mate with the females that enter them. Grazing and drinking areas tend to be separated in these environments and the most dominant males establish territories near watering holes, which attract females with dependent foals and those who simply want a drink, while less dominant males control territories away from water with more vegetation, and only attract mares without foals. Mares may travel through several territories but remain in one when they have young. Staying in a territory offers a female protection from harassment by outside males, as well as access to resources. 2294: 2061: 1928:. These are typically young males that are not yet ready to establish a harem or territory. With the plains zebra, the oldest males are the most dominant and group membership is stable. Bachelor groups tend to be at the boundaries of herds and during group movements, the bachelors follow behind or along the sides. Mountain zebra bachelor groups may also include young females that have left their natal group early, as well as old, former harem males. A territorial Grévy's zebra stallion may allow non-territorial bachelors in their territory, however when a mare in 1977:'s grunt combined with a donkey's wheeze". Loud snorting and rough "gasping" in zebras signals alarm. Squealing is usually made when in pain, but can also be heard in friendly interactions. Zebras also communicate with visual displays, and the flexibility of their lips allows them to make complex facial expressions. Visual displays also consist of head, ear, and tail postures. A zebra may signal an intention to kick by dropping back its ears and whipping its tail. Flattened ears, bared teeth and a waving head may be used as threatening gestures by stallions. 1781: 1030: 2123: 1264: 1533:, the stripes appear at eight months, but the patterns may be determined at three to five weeks. For each species there is a point in embryonic development where the stripes are perpendicular to the dorsal line and spaced 0.4 mm (0.016 in) apart. However, this happens at three weeks of development for the plains zebra, four weeks for the mountain zebra, and five for Grévy's zebra. The difference in timing is thought to be responsible for the differences in the striping patterns of the different species. 1901:, which overlap, and they tend to be nomadic. Stallions form and expand their harems by recruiting young mares from their natal (birth) harems. The stability of the group remains even when the family stallion is displaced. Plains zebras groups gather into large herds and may create temporarily stable subgroups within a herd, allowing individuals to interact with those outside their group. Females in harems can spend more time feeding, and gain protection both for them and their young. The females have a linear 786: 1705: 2386: 1316: 2431: 139: 1440: 996: 911: 886: 2000: 2466: 1506: 1641:

scatter when fleeing from attackers and thus the stripes could not break up an individual's outline. Lions, in particular, appear to have no difficulty targeting and catching zebras when they get close and take them by ambush. In addition, no correlations have been found between the number of stripes and populations of mammal predators. Hughes and colleagues (2021) concluded that solidly grey and less contrasted patterns are more likely to escape being caught when in motion.

1611: 1917: 172: 1092: 1878: 1741:. In addition, zebra hair is about as long as the mouthparts of these flies. This hypothesis is the most strongly supported by the evidence. It was found that flies preferred landing on solidly coloured surfaces over those with black-and-white striped patterns in 1930 by biologist R. Harris, and this was proposed to have been a function of zebra stripes in a 1981 study. A 2014 study found a correlation between striping and overlap with horse and 1330: 1224: 7103: 1839:, zebras have a simpler and less efficient digestive system. Nevertheless, they can subsist on lower-quality vegetation. Zebras may spend 60–80% of their time feeding, depending on the availability of vegetation. The plains zebra is a pioneer grazer, mowing down the upper, less nutritious grass canopy and preparing the way for more specialised grazers, which depend on shorter and more nutritious grasses below. 2454:. Grévy's zebra populations are estimated at less than 2,000 mature individuals, but they are stable. Mountain zebras number near 35,000 individuals and their population appears to be increasing. Plains zebra are estimated to number 150,000–250,000 with a decreasing population trend. Human intervention has fragmented zebra ranges and populations. Zebras are threatened by hunting for their hide and meat, and 1466:; they have large incisors that clip grass blades and rough molars and premolars well suited for grinding. Males have spade-shaped canines, which can be used as weapons in fighting. The eyes of zebras are at the sides and far up the head, which allows them to look over the tall grass while feeding. Their moderately long, erect ears are movable and can locate the source of a sound. 2015:. Female zebras have five to ten day long oestrous cycles; physical signs include a swollen, everted (inside out) labia and copious flows of urine and mucus. Upon reaching peak oestrous, mares spread-out their legs, lift their tails and open their mouths when in the presence of a male. Males assess the female's reproductive state with a curled lip and bared teeth ( 1771:. Takács and colleagues (2022) suggest that, when the animal is in sunlight, temperature gradients between the warmer dark stripes and cooler white stripes prevent horseflies from detecting the warm blood vessels underneath. Caro and colleagues (2023) conclude that the insects are disoriented by the high colour contrast and relative thinness of the patterns. 322: 1672:

identification, critics note that zebra species have limited range overlap with each other and horses can recognise each other using visual communication. In addition, no correlation has been found between striping and social behaviour or group numbers among equines, and no link has been found between fitness and striping.

2019:) and the female will solicit mating by backing in. Gestation is typically around a year. A few days to a month later, mares can return to oestrus. In harem-holding species, oestrus in a female becomes less noticeable to outside males as she gets older, hence competition for older females is virtually nonexistent. 1985:. Members of a harem nibble and rake along the neck, shoulder, and back with their teeth and lips. Grooming usually occurs between mothers and foals and between stallions and mares. Grooming establishes social rank and eases aggressive behaviour, although Grévy's zebras generally do not perform social grooming. 2039:" when their mothers leave for water. These groups are tended to by the territorial male. A stallion may look after a foal in his territory to ensure that the mother stays, though it may not be his. By contrast, plains zebra stallions are generally intolerant of foals that are not theirs and may practice 1905:

with the high-ranking females being the ones that have lived in the group longest. While traveling, the most dominant females and their offspring lead the group, followed by the next most dominant. The family stallion trails behind. Young of both sexes leave their natal groups as they mature; females

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environments than other species. They usually can be found 10–12 km (6.2–7.5 mi) from a water source. Grévy's zebras can survive almost a week without water but will drink it every day when given the chance, and their bodies maintain water better than cattle. Mountain zebras can be found at

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line acts as the backbone for vertical stripes along the sides, from the head to the rump. On the snout they curve toward the nostrils, while the stripes above the front legs split into two branches. On the rump, they develop into species-specific patterns. The stripes on the legs, ears and tail are

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In plains and mountain zebras, foals are cared for mostly by their mothers, but if threatened by pack-hunting hyenas and dogs, the entire group works together to protect all the young. The group forms a protective front with the foals in the centre, and the stallion will rush at predators that come

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Usually, a single foal is born, which is capable of running within an hour of birth. A newborn zebra will follow anything that moves, so new mothers prevent other mares from approaching their foals as they become more familiar with the mother's striping pattern, smell and voice. At a few weeks old,

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to wetter areas during the dry season. Plains zebras have been recorded travelling 500 km (310 mi) between Namibia and Botswana, the longest land migration of mammals in Africa. When migrating, they appear to rely on some memory of the locations where foraging conditions were best and may

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coats. There does not appear to be any difference in the effectiveness of repelling flies between the different zebra species; thus the difference in striping patterns may have evolved for other reasons. White or light stripes painted on dark bodies have also been found to reduce fly irritations in

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wrote in 1871 that "a female zebra would not admit the addresses of a male ass until he was painted so as to resemble a zebra" while Wallace stated in 1871 that: "The stripes therefore may be of use by enabling stragglers to distinguish their fellows at a distance". Regarding species and individual

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when in motion. The researchers concluded that this could be used against mammalian predators or biting flies. The use of the stripes for confusing mammalian predators has been questioned. The stripes of zebras could make groups seem smaller, and thus more likely to be attacked. Zebras also tend to

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Individuals may greet each other by rubbing and sniffing and then mutually rub their cheeks, and move along their bodies towards each other's genitals to sniff. They then may caress their shoulders against each other and lay their heads on one another. This greeting usually occurs between harem or

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Fights between males usually occur over mates and involve biting and kicking. In plains zebra, stallions fight each other over recently matured mares to bring into their group and her family stallion will fight off other males trying to abduct her. As long as a harem stallion is healthy, he is not

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and hyenas do not appear to perceive the stripes when they are a certain distance away at daytime or nighttime, thus making the stripes useless in blending in except when the predators are close enough by which they could smell or hear their target. They also found that the stripes do not make the

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Fertile hybrids have been reported in the wild between plains and Grévy's zebra. Hybridisation has also been recorded between the plains and mountain zebra, though it is possible that these are infertile due to the difference in chromosome numbers between the two species. Captive zebras have been

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pose less of a threat to adults. Biting and kicking are a zebra's defense tactics. When threatened by lions, zebras flee, and when caught they are rarely effective in fighting off the big cats. In one study, the maximum speed of a zebra was found to be 50 km/h (31 mph) while a lion was

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in 1890. As with known aposematic mammals, zebras are recognisable up close, live in more open environments, have a high risk of predation and do not hide or act inconspicuous. However, critics note that stripes do not work on lions because they frequently prey on zebras, though they may work on

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Body length of 217–246 cm (85–97 in) with 47–56 cm (19–22 in) tail, 110–145 cm (43–57 in) shoulder height and weighs 175–385 kg (386–849 lb); Thick bodied with relatively short legs and an obtusely-shaped skull profile with a protruding forehead and a more

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states that the stripes confuse predators, be it by: making it harder to distinguish individuals in a group as well as determining the number of zebras in a group; making it difficult to determine an individual's outline when the group runs away; reducing a predator's ability to keep track of a

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to provide meat or for their skins. The skins were traded or used locally. The quagga was probably vulnerable to extinction due to its restricted range, and because they were easy to find in large groups. The last known wild quagga died in 1878. The last captive quagga, a female in Amsterdam's

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their black hair to release heat from the skin and flatten it again when it gets cooler. Larison and colleagues (2015) determined that environmental temperature is a strong predictor for zebra striping patterns. Others have found no evidence that zebras have lower body temperatures than other

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also wrote in 1896 that stripes make zebras less noticeable at night. Critics note that zebras graze in open habitat and do not behave cryptically, being noisy, fast, and social and do not freeze when a predator is near. In addition, the camouflaging stripes of woodland living ungulates like

2458:. They also compete with livestock and have their travelling routes obstruct by fences. Civil wars in some countries have also caused declines in zebra populations. By the early 20th century, zebra skins were being used to make rugs and chairs. In the 21st century, zebras may be taken by 1473:

present only on their front legs. In contrast to other living equines, zebras have longer front legs than back legs. Diagnostic traits of the zebra skull include: its relatively small size with a straight dorsal outline, protruding eye sockets, narrower rostrum, less conspicuous

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describing them in 1781 as "the most elegant of quadrupeds". Zebras have been popular in photography, with some wildlife photographers describing them as the most photogenic animal. They have become staples in children's stories and wildlife-themed art, such as depictions of

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from asses and zebras around this time and equines colonised Eurasia and Africa around 2.1–3.4 mya. Zebras and asses diverged from each other close to 2 mya. The mountain zebra diverged from the other species around 1.6 mya and the plains and Grévy's zebra split 1.4 mya.

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Body length of 250–300 cm (98–118 in) with 38–75 cm (15–30 in) tail, 125–160 cm (4.10–5.25 ft) shoulder height and weighs 352–450 kg (776–992 lb); Thin, elongated skull, robust neck and conical ears; narrow striping pattern with

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measured at 74 km/h (46 mph). Zebras do not escape lions by speed alone but by sideways turning, especially when the cat is close behind. With smaller predators like hyenas and dogs, zebras may act more aggressively, especially in defense of their young.

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ungulates whose habitat they share, or that striping correlates with temperature. A 2018 experimental study which dressed water-filled metal barrels in horse, zebra and cattle hides concluded that the zebra stripes had no effect on thermoregulation.

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zebras were largely unsuccessful. It is possible that having evolved under pressure from the many large predators of Africa, including early humans, they became more aggressive, thus making domestication more difficult. However, zebras have been

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Pedersen, Casper-Emil T.; Albrechtsen, Anders; Etter, Paul D.; Johnson, Eric A.; Orlando, Ludovic; Chikhi, Lounes; Siegismund, Hans R.; Heller, Rasmus (2018). "A southern African origin and cryptic structure in the highly mobile plains zebra".

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zebra less noticeable than solidly coloured herbivores on the open plains. They suggested that stripes may give zebras an advantage in woodlands, as the dark stripes could line up with the outlines of tree branches and other vegetation.

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recessed nose area; broad stripes, horizontal on the rump, with northern populations having more extensive striping while populations further south have whiter legs and bellies and more brown "shadow" stripes while the snout is black.

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of zebra stripes do not line up with their environment, while a 2014 study of wild equine species and subspecies could not find any correlations between striping patterns and woodland habitats. Melin and colleagues (2016) found that

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trained some zebras to draw a carriage in England, which he drove to Buckingham Palace to demonstrate that it can be done. However, he did not ride on them knowing that they were too small and aggressive. In the early 20th century,

970: 486:. Zebra stripes come in different patterns, unique to each individual. Several theories have been proposed for the function of these patterns, with most evidence supporting them as a deterrent for biting flies. Zebras inhabit 730:

was originally classified as a distinct species. Later genetic studies have placed it as the same species as the plains zebra, either a subspecies or just the southernmost population. Molecular evidence supports zebras as a

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Zebras' dazzling stripes make them among the most recognisable mammals. They have been featured in art and stories in Africa and beyond. Historically, they have been highly sought by exotic animal collectors, but unlike

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foals begin to graze, but may continue to nurse for eight to thirteen months. Living in an arid environment, Grévy's zebras have longer nursing intervals and young only begin to drink water three months after birth.

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Godfrey, D.; Lythgoe, J. N.; Rumball, D. A. (1987). "Zebra stripes and tiger stripes: the spatial frequency distribution of the pattern compared to that of the background is significant in display and crypsis".

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elevations of up to 2,000 m (6,600 ft). Zebras sleep for seven hours a day, standing up during the day and lying down during the night. They regularly use various objects as rubbing posts and will

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suggests that stripes help to control a zebra's body temperature. In 1971, biologist H. A. Baldwin noted that heat would be absorbed by the black stripes and reflected by the white ones. In 1990, zoologist

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present under neck and compact hooves; stripes intermediate in width between the other species, with gridiron and horizontal stripes on the rump, while the belly is white and the black muzzle is lined with

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Cai, Dawei; Zhu, Siqi; Gong, Mian; Zhang, Naifan; Wen, Jia; Liang, Qiyao; Sun, Weilu; Shao, Xinyue; Guo, Yaqi; Cai, Yudong; Zheng, Zhuqing; Zhang, Wei; Hu, Songmei; Wang, Xiaoyang; Tian, He (11 May 2022).

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Giel, E.-M.; Bar-David, S.; Beja-Pereira, A.; Cothern, E. G.; Giulotto, E.; Hrabar, H.; Oyunsuren, T.; Pruvost, M. (2016). "Genetics and Paleogenetics of Equids". In Ransom, J. I.; Kaczensky, P. (eds.).

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and colleagues (2019) studied captive zebras and horses and observed that neither could deter flies from a distance, but zebra stripes kept flies from landing, both on zebras and horses dressed in zebra

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is present the territorial stallion keeps other stallions at bay. Bachelors prepare for their future harem roles with play fights and greeting/challenge rituals, which make up most of their activities.

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Orlando, L.; Ginolhac, A.; Zhang, G.; Froese, D.; Albrechtsen, A.; Stiller, M.; et al. (July 2013). "Recalibrating Equus evolution using the genome sequence of an early Middle Pleistocene horse".

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Druzhkova, Anna S.; Makunin, Alexey I.; Vorobieva, Nadezhda V.; Vasiliev, Sergey K.; Ovodov, Nikolai D.; Shunkov, Mikhail V.; Trifonov, Vladimir A.; Graphodatsky, Alexander S. (January 2017).

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mare at London Zoo, 1870, the only specimen photographed alive. This animal was historically considered a separate species but is now considered a subspecies or population of plains zebra.

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Body length of 210–260 cm (83–102 in) with 40–55 cm (16–22 in) tail, 116–146 cm (46–57 in) shoulder height and weighs 204–430 kg (450–948 lb);

1540:" zebras, dark stripes are highly concentrated on the torso but the legs are whiter. "Spotted" individuals have broken up black stripes around the dorsal area. There have even been 2278:

and consists of four comic book-like panels. Zebras have lent themselves to products and advertisements, notably for 'Zebra Grate Polish' cleaning supplies by British manufacturer

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light patterns these insects use to locate water and habitat, though subsequent studies have refuted this. Stripes do not appear to work like a barber pole against flies since

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Cordingley, J. E.; Sundaresan, S. R.; Fischhoff, I. R.; Shapiro, B.; Ruskey, J.; Rubenstein, D. I. (2009). "Is the endangered Grevy's zebra threatened by hybridization?".

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smaller predators, and zebras are not slow-moving enough to need to ward off threats. In addition, zebras do not possess adequate defenses to back up the warning pattern.

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Larison, Brenda; Kaelin, Christopher B.; Harrigan, Ryan; et al. (2020). "Population structure, inbreeding and stripe pattern abnormalities in plains zebras".

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features a captive zebra ostracised from the horses and ends up being ridden by a rebellious girl. Zebras have been featured as characters in animated films like

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was traditionally pronounced with a long initial vowel, but over the course of the 20th century the pronunciation with the short initial vowel became the norm in

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animal and is glorified in a poem as an "iridescent and glittering creature". Its stripes have symbolised the union of male and female and at the ruined city of

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With their distinctive black-and-white stripes, zebras are among the most recognisable mammals. They have been associated with beauty and grace, with naturalist

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usually challenged. Only unhealthy stallions have their harems taken over, and even then, the new stallion slowly takes over, peacefully displacing the old one.

8026: 7960: 2497:, a subspecies of mountain zebra, nearly went extinct due to hunting and habitat destruction, with less than 50 individuals left by the 1950s. Protections from 1116: 2022: 2084:, the animals are often used to represent the letter 'Z'. Zebra stripe patterns are popularly used for body paintings, dress, furniture and architecture. 1579:. This was the earliest hypothesis and proponents argued that the stripes were particularly suited for camouflage in tall grassland and woodland habitat. 1556:, with the dark stripes being blonde. The quagga had brown and white stripes on the head and neck, brown upper parts and a white belly, tail and legs. 4499: 1973:" or "kwa-ha, kaw-ha, ha, ha". The mountain zebra may produce a similar sound while the call of Grévy's zebra has been described as "something like a 1444: 6634: 1632:. This theory has been proposed by several biologists since at least the 1970s. A 2014 computer study of zebra stripes found that they may create a 2936: 7947: 1483: 1479: 1564:

The function of stripes in zebras has been discussed among biologists since at least the 19th century. Popular hypotheses include the following:

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as zebra skin rugs sell for $ 1,000 to $ 2,000. Trophy hunting was rare among African peoples though the San were known to hunt zebra for meat.

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Larison, Brenda; Harrigan, Ryan J.; Thomassen, Henri A.; Rubenstein, Daniel I.; Chan-Golston, Alec M.; Li, Elizabeth; Smith, Thomas B. (2015).

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received a zebra as a wedding gift in 1762, the animal became a source of fascination for the people of Britain. Many flocked to see it at its

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suggests that the stripes serve as warning colouration. This hypothesis was first suggested by Wallace in 1867 and discussed in more detail by

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an assailant so they have difficulty making contact; or making it difficult for a predator to deduce the zebra's size, speed and direction via

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in 1763. The zebra also gained a reputation for being ill-tempered and kicked at visitors. In 1882, Ethiopia sent a zebra to French president

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recorded "zebra" being used to refer to the African animals by Portuguese visitors to the continent. In ancient times, the zebra was called

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and sent a zebra and other exotic animals as gifts. In 1417, a zebra was gifted to the Chinese people by Somalia and displayed before the

5952: 589:), a type of plains zebra, was driven to extinction in the 19th century. Nevertheless, zebras can be found in numerous protected areas. 4421: 5875: 5387:"Sunlit zebra stripes may confuse the thermal perception of blood vessels causing the visual unattractiveness of zebras to horseflies" 3983: 3300: 2374:. It soon became the subject of humour and satire, being referred to as "The Queen's Ass", and was the subject of an oil painting by 6589: 2831: 2176:

In cultures outside of its range, the zebra has been thought of as a more exotic alternative to the horse; the comic book character

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Among plains and mountain zebras, the adult females mate only with their harem stallion, while in Grévy's zebras, mating is more

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As with all wild equines, zebras have barrel-chested bodies with tufted tails, elongated faces and long necks with long, erect

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Waage, J. K. (1981). "How the zebra got its stripes - biting flies as selective agents in the evolution of zebra coloration".

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Caro, T.; Argueta, Y.; Briolat, E. S.; Bruggink, J.; Kasprowsky, M.; Lake, J.; Mitchell, M.; Richardson, S.; How, M. (2019).

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Pastor, J.; Cohen, U.; Hobbs, T. (2006). "The roles of large herbivores in ecosystem nutrient cycles". In Danell, K. (ed.).

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states that stripes serve a role in intraspecific or individual recognition, social bonding, mutual grooming or a signal of

1417:. A zorse is a cross between a zebra and a horse; a zonkey, between a zebra and a donkey; and a zoni, between a zebra and a 3941:

Rubenstein, D. I. (2011). "Family Equidae: Horses and relatives". In Wilson, D. E.; Mittermeier, R. A.; Llobet, T. (eds.).

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appears to be white with black stripes, as indicated by the belly and legs when unstriped, but the skin is black. Young or

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Egri, Ádám; Blahó, Miklós; Kriska, György; Farkas, Róbert; Gyurkovszky, Mónika; Åkesson, Susanne; Horváth, Gábor (2012).

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Horváth, Gábor; Pereszlényi, Ádám; Száz, Dénes; Barta, András; Jánosi, Imre M.; Gerics, Balázs; Åkesson, Susanne (2018).

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both cattle and humans. The effect even extends to pelts, with zebra pelts being less attractive to flies than unstriped

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Vilstrup, Julia T.; Seguin-Orlando, A.; Stiller, M.; Ginolhac, A.; Raghavan, M.; Nielsen, S. C. A.; et al. (2013).

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Comparison of flight patterns and contact/landings of horse flies around domestic horses (a-c) and plains zebras (d-f).

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Rubenstein, D. I. (1986). "Ecology and sociality in horses and zebras". In Rubenstein, D. I.; Wrangham, R. W. (eds.).

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Kotzé, A.; Smith, R. M.; Moodley, Y.; Luikart, G.; Birss, C.; Van Wyk, A. M.; Grobler, J. P.; Dalton, D. L. (2019).

8021: 7898: 6410: 5834: 5697: 4862: 4813: 3841: 2316:. In later times, captive zebras have been shipped around the world, often for diplomatic reasons. In 1261, Sultan 2231: 1885:

Zebra species have two basic social structures. Plains and mountain zebras live in stable, closed family groups or

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Rubenstein, D. I. (2010). "Ecology, social behavior, and conservation in zebras". In Macedo, R.; Wrangham (eds.).

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territorial males or among bachelor males playing. Plains and mountain zebras strengthen their social bonds with

6461:"Lessons for conservation management: Monitoring temporal changes in genetic diversity of Cape mountain zebra ( 2517: 2470: 2283: 1767:

also repel them. There is also little evidence that zebra stripes confuse the insects via visual distortion or

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Nores, Carlos; Muñiz, Arturo Morales; Rodríguez, Laura Llorente; Bennett, E. Andrew; Geigl, Eva-María (2015).

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study found that the plains zebra is more closely related to Grévy's zebras than mountain zebras. The extinct

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In the more arid-living Grévy's zebras, adults have more fluid associations and adult males establish large

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populations and activity. Other studies have found that zebras are rarely targeted by these insect species.

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in Southern Africa dating from 28,000 to 20,000 years ago, though less often than antelope species like

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lineage as closer to zebras than to asses. However, other studies disputed this placement, finding the

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In addition to the three living species, some fossil zebras and relatives have also been identified.

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Azzaroli, A.; Stanyon, R. (1991). "Specific identity and taxonomic position of the extinct Quagga".

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Hack, Mace A.; East, Rod; Rubenstein, Dan J. (2002). "Status and Action Plan for the Plains Zebra (

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proverb "a man without culture is like a zebra without stripes" has become popular in Africa. The

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predict conditions months after their arrival. Plains zebras are more water-dependent and live in

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Hofreiter, M.; Caccone, A.; Fleischer, R. C.; Glaberman, S.; Rohland, N.; Leonard, J. A. (2005).

2788: 2595: 2447: 2443: 2419: 2356: 1910: 1688: 1633: 1349: 1191: 574: 570: 538: 294: 166: 7484: 3545:"Radiocarbon and genomic evidence for the survival of Equus Sussemionus until the late Holocene" 2122: 785: 7978: 6609:—An organisation that selectively breeds zebras to recreate the hair coat pattern of the quagga 5750: 2853: 1759:

pelts. How the stripes repel flies is less clear. A 2012 study concluded that they disrupt the

1091: 7869: 7295: 6926: 6585: 6560: 6504: 6418: 6414: 6369: 6223: 5871: 5838: 5781: 5705: 5668: 5614: 5532: 5483: 5424: 5356: 5300: 5257: 5198: 5096: 5032: 4968: 4897: 4745: 4684: 4629: 4570: 4452: 4375: 4181: 3950: 3845: 3797: 3641: 3584: 3566: 3524: 3506: 3461: 3391: 3331: 3243: 3235: 3186: 3133: 3110: 2946: 2912: 2685: 2659: 2414: 2389: 2371: 2012: 1999: 1664: 1625: 633: 629: 155: 6126: 7845: 7502: 7466: 7276: 7178: 7051: 7007: 6983: 6935: 6797: 6751: 6494: 6484: 6402: 6193: 6007: 5969: 5911: 5773: 5689: 5604: 5596: 5563: 5522: 5514: 5473: 5463: 5414: 5406: 5346: 5338: 5290: 5247: 5237: 5188: 5178: 5135: 5086: 5078: 5022: 5012: 4958: 4948: 4887: 4879: 4830: 4735: 4727: 4676: 4619: 4609: 4560: 4508: 4367: 4282: 4149: 4083: 4048: 4002: 3992: 3902: 3723: 3646: 3574: 3556: 3514: 3496: 3451: 3441: 3383: 3366: 3321: 3227: 3176: 3168: 3100: 3090: 3044: 2780: 2649: 2639: 2626:"The Equidae from Cooper's D, an early Pleistocene fossil locality in Gauteng, South Africa" 2601: 2385: 2345: 2279: 2170: 2127: 2104: 2016: 1859: 1792: 1730: 1677: 1593: 1585: 1390: 1295: 1020: 660: 602: 598: 385: 347: 341: 3979:

in Italy, Georgia, the Indian Subcontinent, East Africa, and the origins of African zebras"

3019:

Groves, C. P.; Bell, C. H. (2004). "New investigations on the taxonomy of the zebras genus

2504:

Zebras can be found in numerous protected areas. Important areas for Grévy's zebra include

1704: 138: 8001: 7771: 7723: 7707: 7267: 7258: 7220: 7192: 6151: 5664: 3339: 3326: 3159: 2585: 2402: 2363: 2333: 2305: 2259: 2211: 2162: 2092: 1982: 1886: 1872: 1764: 1738: 1475: 1384: 1372:

from Algeria which date to around 1 mya appears to show affinities with the plains zebra.

1246: 1223: 1214: 656: 546: 522: 491: 379: 5690: 5585:"Memory, not just perception, plays an important role in terrestrial mammalian migration" 2819: 1957:

Zebras produce a number of vocalisations and noises. The plains zebra has a distinctive,

6480: 6438:

Van Bruggen, A. C. (1959). "Illustrated notes on some extinct South African ungulates".

5998:

Becker, C. D.; Ginsberg, J. R. (1990). "Mother-infant behaviour of wild Grevy's zebra".

5965: 5769: 5552:"A newly discovered wildlife migration in Namibia and Botswana is the longest in Africa" 5459: 5402: 5351: 5326: 5233: 5074: 5008: 4944: 4875: 4826: 4672: 4605: 4556: 4227:

Badam, G. L.; Tewari, B. S. (1974). "On the zebrine affinities of the Pleistocene horse

4145: 4044: 3437: 3379: 3223: 3086: 3040: 2465: 7853: 7818: 7747: 7715: 7640: 7516: 7475: 7350: 7332: 7285: 7211: 7125: 7060: 6853: 6684: 6644: 6581: 6499: 6460: 6034: 5609: 5584: 5527: 5502: 5478: 5443: 5419: 5386: 5252: 5217: 5193: 5166: 5091: 5058: 5057:

Tombak, K. J.; Gersick, A. S.; Reisinger, L. V.; Larison, B; Rubenstein, D. I. (2022).

5027: 4992: 4963: 4928: 4892: 4740: 4715: 4624: 4589: 4512: 4286: 3973:

Bernor, R. L.; Cirilli, O.; Jukar, A. M.; Potts, R.; Buskianidze, M.; Rook, L. (2019).

3579: 3544: 3519: 3480: 3456: 3421: 3181: 3154: 3105: 3068: 2654: 2625: 2459: 2379: 2329: 2186: 2173:, the zebra represented the politics of race and identity, being both black and white. 2150: 2142: 2072: 1994: 1851: 1813: 1684: 1668: 1610: 1580: 1434: 1374: 1271: 1201: 844: 700: 641: 545:. Zebras communicate with various vocalisations, body postures and facial expressions. 461: 311: 276: 223: 6011: 1916: 1877: 1695:

form. The researchers also concluded that during the hottest times of the day, zebras

7995: 7625: 7592: 7341: 7323: 7149: 7078: 6974: 6727: 6403: 6334: 6325: 6295: 6286: 6256: 5981: 5368: 4842: 4387: 4153: 4110: 3946: 3922: 2677: 2439: 2375: 2321: 2301: 2263: 2198: 2108: 2081: 2077: 1925: 1832: 1797: 1718: 1629: 1589: 1357: 766: 745: 679: 517:, and typically flee when threatened but also bite and kick. Zebra species differ in 470: 243: 89: 6247: 6246:

Rubenstein, D.; Low Mackey, B.; Davidson, Z. D.; Kebede, F.; King, S. R. B. (2016).

6019: 4161: 4095: 4060: 3420:

Jónsson, Hákon; Schubert, Mikkel; Seguin-Orlando, Andaine; Orlando, Ludovic (2014).

2792: 800:

below is based on Vilstrup and colleagues (2013) and Jónsson and colleagues (2014):

7837: 7731: 7633: 7435: 6950: 6890: 6844: 5793: 4716:"The evolution of patterning during movement in a large-scale citizen science game" 3403: 3270: 3255: 2557: 2406: 2341: 2313: 2267: 2255: 2239: 2219: 2134: 2116: 2100: 2064: 1958: 1802: 1751: 1505: 1487: 1451: 1286: 1231: 876: 732: 723: 696: 645: 562: 453: 441: 305: 147: 5139: 4834: 3501: 1513:

Zebras are easily recognised by their bold black-and-white striping patterns. The

1329: 6489: 5468: 5183: 5017: 4614: 3787: 3095: 1544:

with white spots on dark backgrounds. Striping abnormalities have been linked to

1536:

Various abnormalities of the patterns have been documented in plains zebras. In "

6700: 6285:

Gosling, L. M.; Muntifering, J.; Kolberg, H.; Uiseb, K.; King, S. R. B. (2016).

5893:"Male harassment influences female movements and associations in Grevy's zebra ( 4993:"Benefits of zebra stripes: behaviour of tabanid flies around zebras and horses" 4659:

How, M. J.; Zanker, J. M. (2014). "Motion camouflage induced by zebra stripes".

2903:

Rubenstein, D. I. (2001). "Horse, Zebras and Asses". In MacDonald, D. W. (ed.).

2493:

zoo, lived there from 9 May 1867 until it died on 12 August 1883. The

2405:

throughout history. In Rome, zebras are recorded to have pulled chariots during

2397: 2251: 2181: 2088: 2008: 1898: 1855: 1646: 1553: 1514: 1459: 1368:

is identified from remains in Olduvai Gorge dating to 1.8 mya. Fossil skulls of

1282: 1197: 718:(Heller, 1912). Groves and Bell (2004) placed all three species in the subgenus 542: 487: 437: 64: 54: 5410: 5082: 4953: 4680: 1575:

suggests that the stripes allow the animal to blend in with its environment or

7893: 7377: 6899: 6757: 5568: 5551: 4052: 3422:"Speciation with gene flow in equids despite extensive chromosomal plasticity" 3231: 2537: 2348: 2275: 2227: 2112: 1836: 1742: 1545: 1537: 1455: 1439: 1194:

rump stripes, white belly and tail base and white line around the ashy muzzle

1069: 749: 684: 499: 475: 109: 74: 7117: 6035:"Further evidence for male infanticide and feticide in captive plains zebra, 3570: 3510: 3239: 2742: 1454:. Their thin legs are each supported by a spade-shaped toe covered in a hard 752:

bone from Canada implies a date of 4.07 million years ago (mya) for the most

6366:

Equids. Zebras, Asses and Horses. Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan

5916: 5751:"Biomechanics of predator–prey arms race in lion, zebra, cheetah and impala" 4206: 3997: 3974: 3446: 3048: 2485: 2410: 2223: 1722: 1209: 1205: 518: 503: 495: 183: 114: 49: 17: 7938: 6508: 5785: 5618: 5600: 5536: 5518: 5487: 5428: 5360: 5304: 5261: 5202: 5100: 5036: 4972: 4901: 4811:

Cobb, A.; Cobb, S. (2019). "Do zebra stripes influence thermoregulation?".

4749: 4731: 4688: 4633: 4574: 4379: 3588: 3528: 3465: 3395: 3247: 3190: 3172: 3114: 2663: 5165:

Kojima, T.; Oishi, K.; Matsubara, Y.; Uchiyama, Y.; Fukushima, Y. (2020).

3335: 1592:

are much less vivid with less contrast with the background colour. A 1987

513:

and can subsist on lower-quality vegetation. They are preyed on mainly by

7932: 6678: 6672: 6666: 4111:"Pliocene and Pleistocene equids: palaeontology versus molecular biology" 3155:"A rapid loss of stripes: The evolutionary history of the extinct quagga" 3073: 2337: 2158: 2096: 2044: 1929: 1890: 1847: 1843: 1817: 1768: 1746: 1422: 1414: 1361: 1353: 1250: 704: 526: 203: 159: 104: 99: 84: 79: 69: 58: 5777: 5242: 4883: 4252: 4007: 3561: 3387: 2705: 321: 7883: 7602: 7042: 6998: 6709: 6405:

Conserving Living Natural Resources: In the Context of a Changing World

5973: 5342: 5295: 5276: 4590:"Zebra stripes through the eyes of their predators, zebras, and humans" 4565: 4538: 4087: 3914: 3737: 3658: 2784: 2644: 2549: 2422:

tried to use zebras for both driving and riding, with limited success.

2367: 2352: 2317: 1941:

between male Grévy's zebras occurs at the border of their territories.

1785: 1696: 1570: 1521:

are born with brown and white coats, and the brown darkens with age. A

1410: 1403: 692: 628:, which was originally used for a legendary equine in the wilds of the 558: 483: 433: 233: 119: 94: 4537:

Caro, T.; Izzo, A.; Reiner, R. C.; Walker, H.; Stankowich, T. (2014).

4371: 7448: 7426: 7399: 7234: 7201: 7169: 6815: 6806: 6791: 6660: 5325:

Caro, T; Fogg, E; Stephens-Collins, T; Santon, M; How, M. J. (2023).

4025:

Churcher, C. S. (2006). "Distribution and history of the Cape zebra (

2737: 2477: 2192: 1756: 1692: 1549: 1290: 986: 941: 789: 727: 688: 582: 554: 479: 213: 193: 7909: 4271:

Bard, J. (1977). "A unity underlying the different zebra patterns".

3906: 3728: 3715: 3650: 2768: 1906:

are usually herded by outside males to become part of their harems.

1725:, in particular, spread diseases that are lethal to equines such as 1529:

Striping patterns are unique to an individual and heritable. During

5167:"Cows painted with zebra-like striping can avoid biting fly attack" 4241:

Bulletin of the Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute

7587: 7389: 7368: 7309: 7025: 6824: 6777: 5385:

Takács, P; Száz, D; Vincze, M; Slíz-Balogh, J; Horváth, G (2022).

4858:"How the zebra got its stripes: a problem with too many solutions" 4714:

Hughes, A. E.; Griffiths, D; Troscianko, J; Kelley, L. A. (2021).

2630: 2533: 2525: 2464: 2429: 2384: 2292: 2157:

means "woman/women of the zebra totem" and is a name for girls in

2138: 2121: 2059: 2021: 1998: 1974: 1948: 1915: 1894: 1876: 1828: 1824: 1807: 1779: 1703: 1609: 1504: 1438: 1328: 1302: 1082: 961: 784: 659:. The pronunciation with a long initial vowel remains standard in 610: 534: 530: 7597: 1602: 1518: 1418: 514: 7913: 7121: 6616: 778:

lineage basal to the zebra+asses group, but suggested that the

691:. These three groups are the only living members of the family 482:, the three groups being the only living members of the family 5216:

Horváth, G.; Pereszlényi, Á.; Åkesson, S.; Kriska, G. (2019).

2355:. These animals would eventually be given by the Dutch to the 418: 356: 6606: 5503:"Zebra stripes, tabanid biting flies and the aperture effect" 2484:) population was hunted by early Dutch settlers and later by 2274:

was based on a real life incident of a zebra escaping during

5891:

Sundaresan, S. R.; Fischhoff, I. R.; Rubenstein, D. (2007).

5692:

Large Herbivore Ecology, Ecosystem Dynamics and Conservation

5550:

Naidoo, R.; Chase, M. J.; Beytall, P.; Du Preez, P. (2016).

2262:

depicted zebras as black and white lines and connected in a

2115:

connected zebra stripes with water, rain and lightning, and

2938:

Horns, Tusks, and Flippers: The Evolution of Hoofed Mammals

2165:

of Botswana and zebras have been depicted on stamps during

403: 394: 365: 5945:"Sperm competition and variation in zebra mating behavior" 4588:

Melin, A. D.; Kline, D. W.; Hiramatsu, C; Caro, T (2016).

3202: 3200: 3069:"Mitochondrial phylogenomics of modern and ancient equids" 2382:, and the species it belonged to was named in his honour. 748:

sequencing of a 700,000-year-old middle Pleistocene horse

6152:"The Story Of... Zebra and the Puzzle of African Animals" 5059:"Zebras of all stripes repel biting flies at close range" 2413:(198 to 217 AD). In the late 19th century, the zoologist 5749:

Wilson, A.; Hubel, T.; Wilshin, S.; et al. (2018).

2149:, a school meant to prepare girls for adulthood. In the 2103:. How the zebra got its stripes has been the subject of 756:

of the equines within a range of 4.0 to 4.5 mya. Horses

549:

strengthens social bonds in plains and mountain zebras.

5589:

Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

5507:

Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

5128:

Journal of the Entomological Society of Southern Africa

4929:"Experimental evidence that stripes do not cool zebras" 4720:

Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

2107:, some of which involve it being scorched by fire. The 5501:

How, M. J.; Gonzales, D.; Irwin, A.; Caro, T. (2020).

4203:"Hold Your Zorses: The sad truth about animal hybrids" 2501:

allowed the population to rise to 2,600 by the 2010s.

2312:

Zebras have been kept in captivity since at least the

6368:. IUCN/SSC Equid Specialist Group. IUCN. p. 51. 3863: 3861: 3686: 3684: 3682: 3680: 1285:

more circular and positioned farther back, a squarer

415: 406: 391: 368: 353: 3602: 3600: 3598: 1498:"Zebra stripes" redirects here. For other uses, see 400: 397: 362: 359: 7922: 7611: 7580: 7550: 7515: 7434: 7425: 7376: 7367: 7308: 7233: 7177: 7168: 7040: 7024: 6996: 6972: 6948: 6915: 6898: 6725: 6708: 3836:Skinner, J. D.; Chimimba, C. T. (2005). "Equidae". 2272:

Escape of the Zebra from the Zoo during an Air Raid

1897:, and their offspring. These groups have their own 764:A 2017 mitochondrial DNA study placed the Eurasian 412: 388: 350: 27:

Black-and-white striped animals in the equid family

5856: 5854: 5819: 5817: 5815: 5218:"Striped bodypainting protects against horseflies" 4178:Wild Equids: Ecology, Management, and Conservation 3271:"Mitochondrial-DNA timetable and the evolution of 2145:, zebra stripes decorate what is believed to be a 1301:Southwestern Africa; mountains, rocky uplands and 714:which was considered the sole species of subgenus 632:during the Middle Ages. In 1591, Italian explorer 521:, with plains and mountain zebra living in stable 494:and can be found in a variety of habitats such as 5442:Britten, K. H.; Thatcher, T. D.; Caro, T (2016). 4032:Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 3014: 3012: 2769:"The Iberian Zebro: what kind of a beast was it?" 782:lineage may have received gene flow from zebras. 3892: 3890: 3888: 3627: 3625: 3623: 3621: 3619: 3617: 3615: 2930: 2928: 2619: 2617: 1509:Comparative illustration of living zebra species 6319: 6317: 6241: 6239: 4020: 4018: 3426:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 1835:, leaves, buds, fruits, and roots. Compared to 329:Modern range of the three living zebra species 6280: 6278: 5993: 5991: 4353: 4351: 4180:. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 99. 3945:. Vol. 2: Hoofed Mammals (1st ed.). 3781: 3779: 3777: 3775: 3773: 3771: 3769: 3767: 3415: 3413: 3132:. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 16. 567:International Union for Conservation of Nature 7133: 6628: 5380: 5378: 5052: 5050: 5048: 5046: 3968: 3966: 3838:The Mammals of the Southern African Subregion 3765: 3763: 3761: 3759: 3757: 3755: 3753: 3751: 3749: 3747: 3481:"Complete mitochondrial genome of an extinct 2824:Transactions of the Yorkshire Dialect Society 2351:exported two zebras to the Dutch governor of 2035:too close. In Grévy's zebras, young stay in " 1486:of the tooth by a V-shaped canal and rounded 1394:(circa 2.0 mya) of the Indian subcontinent. 8: 4414:"Extremely Rare 'Blonde' Zebra Photographed" 3709: 3707: 3705: 3703: 3701: 3699: 3485:specimen from Denisova cave (Altai, Russia)" 3275:: of molecular and paleontological evidence" 2898: 2896: 2169:and post-colonial Africa. For people of the 1552:zebras have been recorded in the forests of 5320: 5318: 5316: 5314: 4266: 4264: 4262: 3936: 3934: 3932: 3062: 3060: 3058: 2894: 2892: 2890: 2888: 2886: 2884: 2882: 2880: 2878: 2876: 2340:received a zebra from Ethiopia in 1620 and 2126:"Zebra Stripes," trademark for the defunct 620:appears to have entered into Portuguese as 7910: 7431: 7373: 7174: 7140: 7126: 7118: 7037: 6912: 6884: 6722: 6694: 6635: 6621: 6613: 6524:"The status of Namibia's Hartmann's zebra" 6101:, pp. 167–169, 188, 192–194, 200–201. 3831: 3829: 3827: 3825: 3301:"Mitochondrial DNA evolution in the genus 2624:Badenhorst, S.; Steininger, C. M. (2019). 2180:, is depicted riding a zebra and explorer 1831:, but they will opportunistically consume 1687:suggested that the stripes create cooling 320: 137: 38: 6498: 6488: 6388: 6190:"Can Zebras Be Domesticated and Trained?" 6175: 6138: 6122: 6110: 6098: 6086: 6074: 6062: 5915: 5608: 5567: 5526: 5477: 5467: 5418: 5350: 5294: 5251: 5241: 5192: 5182: 5090: 5026: 5016: 4962: 4952: 4891: 4739: 4623: 4613: 4564: 4500:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 4006: 3996: 3727: 3578: 3560: 3518: 3500: 3455: 3445: 3325: 3180: 3104: 3094: 2805: 2653: 2643: 2119:were conceived of having these markings. 1445:State Museum of Natural History Karlsruhe 541:which attract females and the species is 436:with distinctive black-and-white striped 6324:King, S. R. B.; Moehlman, P. D. (2016). 4986: 4984: 4982: 1153: 5943:Ginsberg, R; Rubenstein, D. I. (1990). 4532: 4530: 4528: 4526: 4524: 4522: 4302:"Do Zebras Have Stripes On Their Skin?" 3897:Penzhorn, B. L. (1988). "Equus zebra". 2935:Prothero, D. R.; Schoch, R. M. (2003). 2762: 2760: 2613: 2420:German colonial officers in East Africa 1924:In all species, excess males gather in 1421:. Zebroids are often born sterile with 744:originated in North America and direct 710:(C. H. Smith, 1841) in contrast to the 6216:The Rulers of German Africa, 1884–1914 6065:, pp. 10–13, 40–41, 134–140, 189. 5864:Behavioral Ecology of Tropical Animals 5827:Ecological Aspects of Social Evolution 5327:"Why don't horseflies land on zebras?" 4115:Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 2572:in South Africa as well as Etosha and 2218:Zebras have been popular subjects for 2184:was photographed riding one. The film 1842:Zebras are preyed on mainly by lions. 597:The English name "zebra" derives from 3789:The Behavior Guide to African Mammals 3327:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a040414 2604:– a donkey painted with zebra stripes 2344:made a painting of it. In the 1670s, 2011:and the males have larger testes for 1469:Unlike horses, zebras and asses have 7: 8027:Extant Pleistocene first appearances 5930: 5870:. Academic Press. pp. 231–258. 5806: 5736: 5724: 5632:Youth, H. (November–December 2004). 5152: 5113: 4914: 4798: 4786: 4774: 4762: 4701: 4646: 4483: 4471: 4400: 4342: 4330: 3943:Handbook of the Mammals of the World 3879: 3867: 3816: 3690: 3671: 3606: 2095:for millennia. They are depicted in 561:, zebras have never been completely 6335:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 6296:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 6257:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 5953:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 2834:from the original on 7 October 2014 2560:. Mountain zebras are protected in 2047:via violence to the pregnant mare. 1443:Skeleton of a Grévy's zebra at the 1075: 954: 947: 869: 837: 827: 820: 813: 803: 677:Zebras are classified in the genus 4513:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1987.tb00442.x 4287:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1977.tb04204.x 3984:Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 2442:of mammals lists Grévy's zebra as 25: 6522:Hamunyela, Elly (27 March 2017). 6214:Gann, L.; Duignan, Peter (1977). 4029:) in the Quarternary of Africa". 3299:Ryder, O. A.; George, M. (1986). 2598:– markings found on other equines 1614:Closeup of mountain zebra stripes 703:were traditionally placed in the 7102: 7101: 6441:South African Journal of Science 5583:Bracis, C.; Mueller, T. (2017). 4154:10.1111/j.1469-1795.2009.00294.x 2682:Longman Pronunciation Dictionary 2528:. The plains zebra inhabits the 1314: 1262: 1253:, grasslands and open woodlands 1222: 1115: 1090: 1028: 994: 969: 909: 884: 852: 384: 346: 170: 6033:Pluháček, J; Bartos, L (2005). 5331:Journal of Experimental Biology 5282:Journal of Experimental Biology 4539:"The function of zebra stripes" 4420:. 29 March 2019. Archived from 3313:Molecular Biology and Evolution 2409:games starting in the reign of 2128:Glen Raven Cotton Mills Company 1953:Plains zebras mutually grooming 1920:Group of Grévy's zebras grazing 1382:of Eurasia (circa 2.5 mya) and 1364:, and dated to around 2.3 mya. 525:consisting of an adult male or 6364:)". In Moehlman, P. D. (ed.). 4449:Johns Hopkins University Press 4201:Bittel, Jason (19 June 2015). 3794:University of California Press 3211:Nature Ecology & Evolution 3128:Groves, C.; Grubb, P. (2011). 2943:Johns Hopkins University Press 2282:and Japanese pen manufacturer 2209:and television series such as 2026:Mountain zebra suckling a foal 1784:Mountain zebra dustbathing in 1500:Zebra stripes (disambiguation) 683:(known as equines) along with 569:(IUCN) lists Grévy's zebra as 1: 6012:10.1016/S0003-3472(05)80177-0 5634:"Thin stripes on a thin line" 4835:10.1080/00222933.2019.1607600 4777:, pp. 6–7, 139–148, 150. 4445:Walker's Mammals of the World 4300:Langley, Liz (4 March 2017). 3502:10.1080/23802359.2017.1285209 2469:Endangered Grévy's zebras in 2250:and the various paintings of 2087:Zebras have been featured in 2003:Captive Grévy's zebras mating 1717:holds that the stripes deter 609:. Its origins may lie in the 6574:Plumb, C.; Shaw, S. (2018). 6490:10.1371/journal.pone.0220331 6113:, pp. 128–131, 141–149. 5469:10.1371/journal.pone.0154504 5184:10.1371/journal.pone.0231183 5018:10.1371/journal.pone.0210831 4615:10.1371/journal.pone.0145679 3096:10.1371/journal.pone.0055950 2820:"Our Changing Pronunciation" 2562:Mountain Zebra National Park 2499:South African National Parks 2324:established an embassy with 8012:Fauna of Sub-Saharan Africa 7538:Hartmann's mountain zebra ( 7223:Equus africanus somaliensis 7160:Extinct species are marked 6557:University of Chicago Press 5659:Woodward, Susan L. (2008). 4486:, pp. 2–3, 23, 48, 50. 3483:Equus (Sussemionus) ovodovi 2905:The Encyclopedia of Mammals 2711:Online Etymology Dictionary 2230:artists. Such art includes 2178:Sheena, Queen of the Jungle 529:, several adult females or 8043: 7899:Domestication of the horse 7298:Equus hemionus hydruntinus 7214:Equus africanus atlanticus 6411:Cambridge University Press 5835:Princeton University Press 5698:Cambridge University Press 5411:10.1038/s41598-022-14619-7 5222:Royal Society Open Science 5083:10.1038/s41598-022-22333-7 4954:10.1038/s41598-018-27637-1 4863:Royal Society Open Science 4814:Journal of Natural History 4681:10.1016/j.zool.2013.10.004 3842:Cambridge University Press 2161:. The plains zebra is the 1992: 1989:Reproduction and parenting 1870: 1661:social function hypothesis 1497: 1432: 1401: 670: 468:). Zebras share the genus 29: 7879: 7235:Onager / Asiatic wild ass 7195:Equus africanus africanus 7158: 7099: 6887: 6883: 6697: 6693: 6655: 6220:Stanford University Press 6188:Young, R. (23 May 2013). 5569:10.1017/S0030605314000222 4765:, pp. 55, 57–58, 68. 4053:10.1080/00359190609519957 3282:Annales Zoologici Fennici 3232:10.1038/s41559-017-0453-7 2684:(3rd ed.). Longman. 2506:Yabelo Wildlife Sanctuary 2276:the bombing of London Zoo 1961:contact call heard as "a- 1823:A zebra's diet is mostly 1715:fly protection hypothesis 1596:study concluded that the 1526:separate and horizontal. 1105: 1080: 1073: 1018: 984: 959: 952: 945: 899: 874: 867: 842: 835: 825: 818: 811: 506:, and mountainous areas. 328: 319: 272: 267: 167:Scientific classification 165: 145: 136: 41: 3632:Churcher, C. S. (1993). 3489:Mitochondrial DNA Part B 2471:Samburu National Reserve 2450:and the plains zebra as 2446:, the mountain zebra as 1735:equine infectious anemia 616:, meaning "wild horse". 577:and the plains zebra as 573:, the mountain zebra as 7460:Equus quagga burchellii 7411:Equus ferus przewalskii 7261:Equus hemionus hemippus 7251:Equus hemionus hemionus 6401:Weddell, B. J. (2002). 6391:, pp. 41, 132–133. 3998:10.3389/fevo.2019.00166 3447:10.1073/pnas.1412627111 3049:10.1078/1616-5047-00133 2909:Oxford University Press 2530:Serengeti National Park 1624:target during a chase; 1348:to zebras found in the 640:("horse tiger") by the 7889:Evolution of the horse 7540:Equus zebra hartmannae 7496:Equus quagga crawshayi 7310:Kiang/Tibetan wild ass 7204:Equus africanus asinus 7070:South American tapir ( 5601:10.1098/rspb.2017.0449 5519:10.1098/rspb.2020.1521 5140:10520/AJA00128789_3800 4732:10.1098/rspb.2020.2823 4451:. pp. 1024–1025. 4109:Eisenmann, V. (2008). 3173:10.1098/rsbl.2005.0323 2473: 2435: 2393: 2309: 2248:Quince on a Blue Table 2130: 2068: 2027: 2004: 1954: 1921: 1882: 1820: 1788: 1727:African horse sickness 1709: 1653:Edward Bagnall Poulton 1615: 1510: 1447: 1337: 793: 754:recent common ancestor 673:Evolution of the horse 32:Zebra (disambiguation) 7974:Paleobiology Database 7529:Cape mountain zebra ( 7487:Equus quagga chapmani 7478:Equus quagga borensis 7344:Equus kiang holdereri 7288:Equus hemionus onager 7148:Species of the genus 6960:Sumatran rhinoceros ( 6526:. Travel News Namibia 6389:Plumb & Shaw 2018 6176:Plumb & Shaw 2018 6141:, pp. 76–78, 81. 6139:Plumb & Shaw 2018 6123:Plumb & Shaw 2018 6111:Plumb & Shaw 2018 6099:Plumb & Shaw 2018 6087:Plumb & Shaw 2018 6075:Plumb & Shaw 2018 6063:Plumb & Shaw 2018 6046:Folia Zoologica-Praha 5917:10.1093/beheco/arm055 4649:, pp. 72–81, 86. 4544:Nature Communications 4443:Nowak, R. M. (1999). 3269:Forstén, Ann (1992). 2806:Plumb & Shaw 2018 2570:Goegap Nature Reserve 2524:National Reserves in 2491:Natura Artis Magistra 2468: 2438:As of 2016–2019, the 2433: 2392:with a zebra carriage 2388: 2296: 2125: 2063: 2056:Cultural significance 2025: 2002: 1952: 1919: 1881:A plains zebra group 1880: 1811: 1791:Zebras may travel or 1783: 1776:Behaviour and ecology 1707: 1613: 1531:embryonic development 1508: 1442: 1433:Further information: 1413:; these are known as 1409:bred with horses and 1332: 788: 671:Further information: 533:, and their young or 509:Zebras are primarily 7505:Equus quagga selousi 7409:Przewalski's horse ( 7392:Equus ferus caballus 7353:Equus kiang polyodon 7279:Equus hemionus kulan 7249:Mongolian wild ass ( 6767:Przewalski's horse ( 6647:(Odd-toed ungulates) 6542:General bibliography 5837:. pp. 282–302. 3975:"Evolution of early 3949:. pp. 106–111. 3844:. pp. 541–546. 3796:. pp. 235–248. 2945:. pp. 216–218. 2911:. pp. 468–473. 2859:Cambridge Dictionary 2818:Wells, John (1997). 2554:Kruger National Park 2546:Etosha National Park 2542:Hwange National Park 2326:Alfonso X of Castile 1638:barber pole illusion 1621:confusion hypothesis 1577:break up its outline 1478:, separation of the 1471:chestnut callosities 1388:(circa 2.5 mya) and 1204:; arid and semiarid 30:For other uses, see 8017:Herbivorous mammals 7804:Equus parastylidens 7469:Equus quagga boehmi 7451:Equus quagga quagga 7296:European wild ass ( 7270:Equus hemionus khur 6927:Indian rhinoceros ( 6650:species by suborder 6481:2019PLoSO..1420331K 5966:1990BEcoS..26..427G 5778:10.1038/nature25479 5770:2018Natur.554..183W 5648:on 26 October 2005. 5460:2016PLoSO..1154504B 5403:2022NatSR..1210871T 5243:10.1098/rsos.181325 5234:2019RSOS....681325H 5155:, pp. 196–197. 5075:2022NatSR..1218617T 5009:2019PLoSO..1410831C 4945:2018NatSR...8.9351H 4917:, pp. 158–161. 4884:10.1098/rsos.140452 4876:2015RSOS....240452L 4827:2019JNatH..53..863C 4673:2014Zool..117..163H 4606:2016PLoSO..1145679M 4557:2014NatCo...5.3535C 4418:National Geographic 4306:National Geographic 4146:2009AnCon..12..505C 4134:Animal Conservation 4045:2006TRSSA..61...89C 3562:10.7554/eLife.73346 3438:2014PNAS..11118655J 3432:(52): 18655–18660. 3388:10.1038/nature12323 3380:2013Natur.499...74O 3224:2018NatEE...2..491P 3087:2013PLoSO...855950V 3041:2004MamBi..69..182G 2574:Namib-Naukluft Park 2566:Karoo National Park 2495:Cape mountain zebra 2456:habitat destruction 2434:Mountain zebra hide 2236:Zebra and Parachute 1939:Agonistic behaviour 1903:dominance hierarchy 1689:convection currents 1598:spatial frequencies 1344:is an early equine 1342:Equus koobiforensis 1155: 1112:E. ferus przewalski 7830:Equus semiplicatus 7821:Equus simplicidens 7788:Equus occidentalis 7780:Equus niobrarensis 7756:Equus mauritanicus 7668:Equus conversidens 7641:Giant Cape zebra ( 7494:Crawshay's zebra ( 7458:Burchell's zebra ( 7277:Turkmenian kulan ( 7008:Black rhinoceros ( 6984:White rhinoceros ( 6936:Javan rhinoceros ( 6798:African wild ass ( 6607:The Quagga Project 6549:Caro, Tim (2016). 5974:10.1007/BF00170901 5904:Behavioral Ecology 5595:(1855): 20170449. 5391:Scientific Reports 5343:10.1242/jeb.244778 5296:10.1242/jeb.065540 5063:Scientific Reports 4933:Scientific Reports 4821:(13–14): 863–879. 4726:(1942): 20202823. 4704:, pp. 80, 92. 4566:10.1038/ncomms4535 4274:Journal of Zoology 4088:10.1007/BF03001000 3786:Estes, R. (1991). 3716:"Equus burchellii" 3714:Grubb, P. (1981). 2785:10.5252/az2015n1a2 2645:10.7717/peerj.6909 2596:Primitive markings 2591:Lord Morton's mare 2474: 2436: 2394: 2357:Tokugawa Shogunate 2310: 2244:The Painter's Room 2131: 2069: 2028: 2005: 1955: 1922: 1889:consisting of one 1883: 1821: 1803:roll on the ground 1789: 1765:checkered patterns 1710: 1634:wagon-wheel effect 1616: 1511: 1448: 1350:Shungura Formation 1338: 1335:Equus mauritanicus 1154: 1108:Przewalski's horse 794: 440:. There are three 8022:Mammals of Africa 7989: 7988: 7916:Taxon identifiers 7907: 7906: 7870:Equus yunnanensis 7692:Equus dalianensis 7660:Equus complicatus 7652:Equus cedralensis 7576: 7575: 7531:Equus zebra zebra 7485:Chapman's zebra ( 7421: 7420: 7402:Equus ferus ferus 7363: 7362: 7326:Equus kiang kiang 7268:Indian wild ass ( 7259:Syrian wild ass ( 7221:Somali wild ass ( 7193:Nubian wild ass ( 7115: 7114: 7095: 7094: 7091: 7090: 7034: 7020: 7019: 6909: 6879: 6878: 6875: 6874: 6769:E. f. przewalskii 6742: 6719: 6648: 6566:978-0-226-41101-9 6463:Equus zebra zebra 6424:978-0-521-78812-0 6375:978-2-8317-0647-4 6229:978-0-8047-6588-6 6089:, pp. 45–50. 6077:, pp. 37–44. 5844:978-0-691-08439-8 5809:, pp. 62–63. 5764:(7691): 183–188. 5727:, pp. 61–63. 5711:978-0-521-53687-5 5674:978-0-313-33999-8 4458:978-0-8018-5789-8 4372:10.1111/mec.15728 4360:Molecular Ecology 4345:, pp. 7, 19. 4333:, pp. 14–15. 4187:978-1-4214-1909-1 4076:Rendiconti Lincei 3956:978-84-96553-77-4 3899:Mammalian Species 3851:978-0-521-84418-5 3819:, pp. 12–13. 3803:978-0-520-08085-0 3720:Mammalian Species 3642:Mammalian Species 3139:978-1-4214-0093-8 3130:Ungulate Taxonomy 3029:Mammalian Biology 2952:978-0-8018-7135-1 2918:978-0-7607-1969-5 2773:Anthropozoologica 2691:978-1-4058-8118-0 2415:Walter Rothschild 2390:Walter Rothschild 2372:Buckingham Palace 2346:Ethiopian Emperor 2137:, the zebra is a 2067:depicting a zebra 2013:sperm competition 1812:Plains zebras at 1322: 1321: 1146: 1145: 1137: 1136: 1128: 1127: 1087:E. ferus caballus 1059: 1058: 1050: 1049: 1041: 1040: 1007: 1006: 931: 930: 922: 921: 796:The cladogram of 770:and the subgenus 634:Filippo Pigafetta 630:Iberian Peninsula 333: 332: 263: 262:C. H. Smith, 1841 156:Ngorongoro Crater 16:(Redirected from 8034: 7982: 7981: 7969: 7968: 7956: 7955: 7943: 7942: 7941: 7911: 7846:Equus sivalensis 7819:Hagerman horse ( 7812:Equus pectinatus 7517:Mountain zebra ( 7476:Maneless zebra ( 7432: 7374: 7351:Southern kiang ( 7333:Northern kiang ( 7286:Persian onager ( 7212:Atlas wild ass ( 7179:African wild ass 7175: 7142: 7135: 7128: 7119: 7105: 7104: 7061:Mountain tapir ( 7038: 7033: 7032: 7028: 6913: 6908: 6907: 6903: 6885: 6854:Mountain zebra ( 6778:Domestic horse ( 6741: 6740: 6732: 6723: 6718: 6717: 6713: 6695: 6646: 6637: 6630: 6623: 6614: 6595: 6570: 6536: 6535: 6533: 6531: 6519: 6513: 6512: 6502: 6492: 6456: 6450: 6449: 6435: 6429: 6428: 6408: 6398: 6392: 6386: 6380: 6379: 6357: 6351: 6350: 6348: 6346: 6321: 6312: 6311: 6309: 6307: 6282: 6273: 6272: 6270: 6268: 6243: 6234: 6233: 6211: 6205: 6204: 6202: 6200: 6185: 6179: 6173: 6167: 6166: 6164: 6162: 6148: 6142: 6136: 6130: 6120: 6114: 6108: 6102: 6096: 6090: 6084: 6078: 6072: 6066: 6060: 6054: 6053: 6043: 6030: 6024: 6023: 6006:(6): 1111–1118. 6000:Animal Behaviour 5995: 5986: 5985: 5949: 5940: 5934: 5928: 5922: 5921: 5919: 5901: 5888: 5882: 5881: 5869: 5858: 5849: 5848: 5832: 5821: 5810: 5804: 5798: 5797: 5755: 5746: 5740: 5739:, p. 61–62. 5734: 5728: 5722: 5716: 5715: 5695: 5685: 5679: 5678: 5661:Grassland Biomes 5656: 5650: 5649: 5644:. Archived from 5629: 5623: 5622: 5612: 5580: 5574: 5573: 5571: 5547: 5541: 5540: 5530: 5498: 5492: 5491: 5481: 5471: 5439: 5433: 5432: 5422: 5397:(10871): 10871. 5382: 5373: 5372: 5354: 5337:(4): jeb244778. 5322: 5309: 5308: 5298: 5272: 5266: 5265: 5255: 5245: 5213: 5207: 5206: 5196: 5186: 5162: 5156: 5150: 5144: 5143: 5123: 5117: 5111: 5105: 5104: 5094: 5069:(18617): 18617. 5054: 5041: 5040: 5030: 5020: 4988: 4977: 4976: 4966: 4956: 4924: 4918: 4912: 4906: 4905: 4895: 4853: 4847: 4846: 4808: 4802: 4796: 4790: 4784: 4778: 4772: 4766: 4760: 4754: 4753: 4743: 4711: 4705: 4699: 4693: 4692: 4656: 4650: 4644: 4638: 4637: 4627: 4617: 4585: 4579: 4578: 4568: 4534: 4517: 4516: 4493: 4487: 4481: 4475: 4469: 4463: 4462: 4440: 4434: 4433: 4431: 4429: 4424:on 29 March 2019 4410: 4404: 4398: 4392: 4391: 4355: 4346: 4340: 4334: 4328: 4322: 4321: 4319: 4317: 4312:on 1 August 2020 4308:. Archived from 4297: 4291: 4290: 4268: 4257: 4256: 4229:Equus sivalensis 4224: 4218: 4217: 4215: 4213: 4198: 4192: 4191: 4172: 4166: 4165: 4129: 4123: 4122: 4106: 4100: 4099: 4071: 4065: 4064: 4022: 4013: 4012: 4010: 4000: 3970: 3961: 3960: 3938: 3927: 3926: 3894: 3883: 3877: 3871: 3865: 3856: 3855: 3840:(3rd ed.). 3833: 3820: 3814: 3808: 3807: 3783: 3742: 3741: 3731: 3711: 3694: 3688: 3675: 3669: 3663: 3662: 3638: 3629: 3610: 3604: 3593: 3592: 3582: 3564: 3539: 3533: 3532: 3522: 3504: 3476: 3470: 3469: 3459: 3449: 3417: 3408: 3407: 3361: 3355: 3354: 3352: 3350: 3344: 3338:. Archived from 3329: 3309: 3296: 3290: 3289: 3279: 3266: 3260: 3259: 3204: 3195: 3194: 3184: 3150: 3144: 3143: 3125: 3119: 3118: 3108: 3098: 3064: 3053: 3052: 3016: 3007: 3006: 3004: 3002: 2988: 2982: 2981: 2979: 2977: 2963: 2957: 2956: 2932: 2923: 2922: 2907:(2nd ed.). 2900: 2871: 2870: 2868: 2866: 2850: 2844: 2843: 2841: 2839: 2815: 2809: 2803: 2797: 2796: 2764: 2755: 2754: 2752: 2750: 2741:. Archived from 2729: 2723: 2722: 2720: 2718: 2702: 2696: 2695: 2674: 2668: 2667: 2657: 2647: 2621: 2602:Zonkey (Tijuana) 2512:in Ethiopia and 2510:Chelbi Sanctuary 2482:E. quagga quagga 2304:. A portrait of 2280:Reckitt and Sons 2232:Christopher Wood 2171:African diaspora 2080:. In children's 2017:flehmen response 1867:Social behaviour 1731:equine influenza 1678:thermoregulatory 1594:Fourier analysis 1333:Fossil skull of 1318: 1266: 1226: 1156: 1119: 1094: 1076: 1032: 1021:African wild ass 998: 973: 955: 948: 913: 888: 870: 856: 838: 828: 821: 814: 804: 661:American English 587:E. quagga quagga 519:social behaviour 425: 424: 421: 420: 417: 414: 409: 408: 405: 402: 399: 396: 393: 390: 383: 375: 374: 371: 370: 367: 364: 361: 358: 355: 352: 345: 324: 289:E. koobiforensis 261: 175: 174: 141: 131: 61: 52: 45:Temporal range: 39: 21: 8042: 8041: 8037: 8036: 8035: 8033: 8032: 8031: 7992: 7991: 7990: 7985: 7977: 7972: 7964: 7959: 7951: 7946: 7937: 7936: 7931: 7918: 7908: 7903: 7875: 7862:Equus uralensis 7796:Equus pacificus 7772:Equus namadicus 7764:Equus mexicanus 7724:Equus giganteus 7708:Equus fraternus 7684:Equus cumminsii 7676:Equus crinidens 7613: 7607: 7572: 7564:Grévy's zebra ( 7552:Grévy's zebra ( 7546: 7511: 7503:Selous' zebra ( 7467:Grant's zebra ( 7417: 7359: 7342:Eastern kiang ( 7335:Equus kiang chu 7324:Western kiang ( 7311: 7304: 7236: 7229: 7183:Equus africanus 7180: 7164: 7154: 7146: 7116: 7111: 7087: 7079:Malayan tapir ( 7052:Baird's tapir ( 7030: 7029: 7016: 6992: 6968: 6944: 6905: 6904: 6902: 6894: 6871: 6863:Grévy's zebra ( 6734: 6733: 6731: 6715: 6714: 6712: 6704: 6689: 6651: 6645:Perissodactyla 6641: 6603: 6598: 6592: 6573: 6567: 6548: 6544: 6539: 6529: 6527: 6521: 6520: 6516: 6475:(7): e0220331. 6458: 6457: 6453: 6437: 6436: 6432: 6425: 6400: 6399: 6395: 6387: 6383: 6376: 6362:Equus burchelli 6359: 6358: 6354: 6344: 6342: 6323: 6322: 6315: 6305: 6303: 6284: 6283: 6276: 6266: 6264: 6245: 6244: 6237: 6230: 6222:. p. 206. 6213: 6212: 6208: 6198: 6196: 6187: 6186: 6182: 6174: 6170: 6160: 6158: 6150: 6149: 6145: 6137: 6133: 6121: 6117: 6109: 6105: 6097: 6093: 6085: 6081: 6073: 6069: 6061: 6057: 6041: 6037:Equus burchelli 6032: 6031: 6027: 5997: 5996: 5989: 5947: 5942: 5941: 5937: 5929: 5925: 5899: 5890: 5889: 5885: 5878: 5867: 5860: 5859: 5852: 5845: 5830: 5823: 5822: 5813: 5805: 5801: 5753: 5748: 5747: 5743: 5735: 5731: 5723: 5719: 5712: 5687: 5686: 5682: 5675: 5665:Greenwood Press 5658: 5657: 5653: 5631: 5630: 5626: 5582: 5581: 5577: 5549: 5548: 5544: 5500: 5499: 5495: 5454:(5): e0154504. 5441: 5440: 5436: 5384: 5383: 5376: 5324: 5323: 5312: 5274: 5273: 5269: 5215: 5214: 5210: 5177:(3): e0231183. 5164: 5163: 5159: 5151: 5147: 5125: 5124: 5120: 5112: 5108: 5056: 5055: 5044: 5003:(2): e0210831. 4990: 4989: 4980: 4926: 4925: 4921: 4913: 4909: 4855: 4854: 4850: 4810: 4809: 4805: 4797: 4793: 4785: 4781: 4773: 4769: 4761: 4757: 4713: 4712: 4708: 4700: 4696: 4658: 4657: 4653: 4645: 4641: 4600:(1): e0145679. 4587: 4586: 4582: 4536: 4535: 4520: 4495: 4494: 4490: 4482: 4478: 4470: 4466: 4459: 4447:. Vol. 1. 4442: 4441: 4437: 4427: 4425: 4412: 4411: 4407: 4399: 4395: 4357: 4356: 4349: 4341: 4337: 4329: 4325: 4315: 4313: 4299: 4298: 4294: 4270: 4269: 4260: 4226: 4225: 4221: 4211: 4209: 4200: 4199: 4195: 4188: 4174: 4173: 4169: 4131: 4130: 4126: 4108: 4107: 4103: 4073: 4072: 4068: 4024: 4023: 4016: 3972: 3971: 3964: 3957: 3940: 3939: 3930: 3907:10.2307/3504156 3896: 3895: 3886: 3878: 3874: 3866: 3859: 3852: 3835: 3834: 3823: 3815: 3811: 3804: 3785: 3784: 3745: 3729:10.2307/3503962 3713: 3712: 3697: 3689: 3678: 3670: 3666: 3651:10.2307/3504222 3636: 3631: 3630: 3613: 3605: 3596: 3541: 3540: 3536: 3478: 3477: 3473: 3419: 3418: 3411: 3374:(7456): 74–78. 3363: 3362: 3358: 3348: 3346: 3342: 3307: 3298: 3297: 3293: 3277: 3268: 3267: 3263: 3206: 3205: 3198: 3160:Biology Letters 3152: 3151: 3147: 3140: 3127: 3126: 3122: 3066: 3065: 3056: 3018: 3017: 3010: 3000: 2998: 2992:"Dolichohippus" 2990: 2989: 2985: 2975: 2973: 2965: 2964: 2960: 2953: 2934: 2933: 2926: 2919: 2902: 2901: 2874: 2864: 2862: 2852: 2851: 2847: 2837: 2835: 2817: 2816: 2812: 2804: 2800: 2766: 2765: 2758: 2748: 2746: 2745:on 27 June 2020 2731: 2730: 2726: 2716: 2714: 2704: 2703: 2699: 2692: 2676: 2675: 2671: 2623: 2622: 2615: 2611: 2586:Fauna of Africa 2582: 2514:Buffalo Springs 2452:near-threatened 2428: 2364:Queen Charlotte 2306:Queen Charlotte 2291: 2284:Zebra Co., Ltd. 2260:Victor Vasarely 2163:national animal 2058: 2053: 2051:Human relations 1997: 1991: 1947: 1926:bachelor groups 1875: 1873:Horse behaviour 1869: 1778: 1739:trypanosomiasis 1562: 1503: 1496: 1476:postorbital bar 1462:is adapted for 1437: 1431: 1429:Characteristics 1406: 1400: 1380:E. sansaniensis 1370:E. mauritanicus 1366:E. oldowayensis 1327: 1256:6 or monotypic 1247:southern Africa 1152: 1147: 1138: 1129: 1060: 1051: 1042: 1008: 942:Wild asses 932: 923: 675: 669: 657:British English 595: 579:near-threatened 547:Social grooming 492:southern Africa 411: 387: 378: 377: 349: 340: 339: 309: 303: 301:E. oldowayensis 298: 295:E. mauritanicus 291: 286: 280: 260: 169: 132: 130: 129: 128: 127: 122: 117: 112: 107: 102: 97: 92: 87: 82: 77: 72: 67: 53: 47: 46: 43: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8040: 8038: 8030: 8029: 8024: 8019: 8014: 8009: 8004: 7994: 7993: 7987: 7986: 7984: 7983: 7970: 7957: 7944: 7928: 7926: 7920: 7919: 7914: 7905: 7904: 7902: 7901: 7896: 7891: 7886: 7880: 7877: 7876: 7874: 7873: 7865: 7857: 7854:Equus stenonis 7849: 7841: 7833: 7825: 7815: 7807: 7799: 7791: 7783: 7775: 7767: 7759: 7751: 7748:Equus lenensis 7743: 7735: 7727: 7719: 7716:Equus gallicus 7711: 7703: 7700:Equus excelsus 7695: 7687: 7679: 7671: 7663: 7655: 7647: 7643:Equus capensis 7637: 7629: 7620: 7618: 7609: 7608: 7606: 7605: 7600: 7595: 7590: 7584: 7582: 7578: 7577: 7574: 7573: 7571: 7570: 7560: 7558: 7548: 7547: 7545: 7544: 7535: 7525: 7523: 7513: 7512: 7510: 7509: 7500: 7491: 7482: 7473: 7464: 7455: 7444: 7442: 7436:Plains zebra ( 7429: 7423: 7422: 7419: 7418: 7416: 7415: 7406: 7396: 7386: 7384: 7371: 7365: 7364: 7361: 7360: 7358: 7357: 7348: 7339: 7330: 7320: 7318: 7306: 7305: 7303: 7302: 7292: 7283: 7274: 7265: 7255: 7245: 7243: 7239:Equus hemionus 7231: 7230: 7228: 7227: 7218: 7208: 7199: 7189: 7187: 7172: 7166: 7165: 7159: 7156: 7155: 7147: 7145: 7144: 7137: 7130: 7122: 7113: 7112: 7100: 7097: 7096: 7093: 7092: 7089: 7088: 7086: 7085: 7076: 7067: 7058: 7048: 7046: 7035: 7022: 7021: 7018: 7017: 7015: 7014: 7004: 7002: 6994: 6993: 6991: 6990: 6980: 6978: 6970: 6969: 6967: 6966: 6962:D. sumatrensis 6956: 6954: 6946: 6945: 6943: 6942: 6933: 6923: 6921: 6910: 6906:(Rhinoceroses) 6900:Rhinocerotidae 6896: 6895: 6888: 6881: 6880: 6877: 6876: 6873: 6872: 6870: 6869: 6860: 6851: 6845:Plains zebra ( 6832: 6831: 6822: 6813: 6804: 6785: 6784: 6775: 6774: 6773: 6745: 6743: 6720: 6716:(Horse family) 6706: 6705: 6698: 6691: 6690: 6688: 6687: 6685:Laurasiatheria 6681: 6675: 6669: 6663: 6656: 6653: 6652: 6642: 6640: 6639: 6632: 6625: 6617: 6611: 6610: 6602: 6601:External links 6599: 6597: 6596: 6590: 6582:Reaktion Books 6571: 6565: 6545: 6543: 6540: 6538: 6537: 6514: 6451: 6430: 6423: 6393: 6381: 6374: 6352: 6313: 6274: 6235: 6228: 6206: 6180: 6168: 6143: 6131: 6115: 6103: 6091: 6079: 6067: 6055: 6025: 5987: 5960:(6): 427–434. 5935: 5933:, p. 143. 5923: 5883: 5877:978-0123808943 5876: 5850: 5843: 5811: 5799: 5741: 5729: 5717: 5710: 5680: 5673: 5667:. p. 49. 5651: 5624: 5575: 5562:(1): 138–146. 5542: 5493: 5434: 5374: 5310: 5289:(5): 736–745. 5267: 5208: 5157: 5145: 5134:(2): 351–358. 5118: 5106: 5042: 4978: 4919: 4907: 4848: 4803: 4791: 4789:, p. 150. 4779: 4767: 4755: 4706: 4694: 4667:(3): 163–170. 4651: 4639: 4580: 4518: 4507:(4): 427–433. 4488: 4476: 4464: 4457: 4435: 4405: 4393: 4366:(2): 379–390. 4347: 4335: 4323: 4292: 4281:(4): 527–539. 4258: 4219: 4193: 4186: 4167: 4140:(6): 505–513. 4124: 4101: 4066: 4027:Equus capensis 4014: 3962: 3955: 3928: 3884: 3872: 3857: 3850: 3821: 3809: 3802: 3743: 3695: 3676: 3664: 3634:"Equus grevyi" 3611: 3594: 3534: 3471: 3409: 3356: 3345:on 28 May 2016 3320:(6): 535–546. 3291: 3261: 3218:(3): 491–498. 3196: 3167:(3): 291–295. 3145: 3138: 3120: 3054: 3035:(3): 182–196. 3008: 2983: 2958: 2951: 2924: 2917: 2872: 2845: 2810: 2798: 2756: 2724: 2697: 2690: 2678:Wells, John C. 2669: 2612: 2610: 2607: 2606: 2605: 2599: 2593: 2588: 2581: 2578: 2460:trophy hunters 2427: 2424: 2330:Yongle Emperor 2290: 2287: 2187:Racing Stripes 2151:Shona language 2143:Great Zimbabwe 2082:alphabet books 2073:Thomas Pennant 2057: 2054: 2052: 2049: 1995:Horse breeding 1990: 1987: 1946: 1943: 1868: 1865: 1852:spotted hyenas 1814:Okavango Delta 1777: 1774: 1773: 1772: 1702: 1701: 1685:Desmond Morris 1673: 1669:Charles Darwin 1657: 1642: 1608: 1607: 1581:Alfred Wallace 1561: 1558: 1495: 1492: 1435:Equine anatomy 1430: 1427: 1402:Main article: 1399: 1396: 1326: 1323: 1320: 1319: 1312: 1309: 1306: 1299: 1279: 1272:Mountain zebra 1268: 1267: 1260: 1257: 1254: 1243: 1239: 1228: 1227: 1220: 1217: 1212: 1198:Eastern Africa 1195: 1187: 1176: 1175: 1172: 1169: 1166: 1163: 1160: 1151: 1150:Extant species 1148: 1144: 1143: 1140: 1139: 1135: 1134: 1131: 1130: 1126: 1125: 1122: 1121: 1104: 1101: 1100: 1097: 1096: 1079: 1074: 1072: 1066: 1065: 1062: 1061: 1057: 1056: 1053: 1052: 1048: 1047: 1044: 1043: 1039: 1038: 1035: 1034: 1017: 1014: 1013: 1010: 1009: 1005: 1004: 1001: 1000: 983: 980: 979: 976: 975: 958: 953: 951: 946: 944: 938: 937: 934: 933: 929: 928: 925: 924: 920: 919: 916: 915: 898: 895: 894: 891: 890: 873: 868: 866: 863: 862: 859: 858: 845:Mountain zebra 841: 836: 834: 826: 824: 819: 817: 812: 810: 802: 701:mountain zebra 668: 665: 594: 591: 462:mountain zebra 432:) are African 331: 330: 326: 325: 317: 316: 270: 269: 265: 264: 253: 249: 248: 241: 237: 236: 231: 227: 226: 224:Perissodactyla 221: 217: 216: 211: 207: 206: 201: 197: 196: 191: 187: 186: 181: 177: 176: 163: 162: 143: 142: 134: 133: 125: 124: 123: 118: 113: 108: 103: 98: 93: 88: 83: 78: 73: 68: 63: 62: 44: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8039: 8028: 8025: 8023: 8020: 8018: 8015: 8013: 8010: 8008: 8007:Equus (genus) 8005: 8003: 8000: 7999: 7997: 7980: 7975: 7971: 7967: 7962: 7958: 7954: 7949: 7945: 7940: 7934: 7930: 7929: 7927: 7925: 7921: 7917: 7912: 7900: 7897: 7895: 7892: 7890: 7887: 7885: 7882: 7881: 7878: 7872: 7871: 7866: 7864: 7863: 7858: 7856: 7855: 7850: 7848: 7847: 7842: 7840: 7839: 7834: 7832: 7831: 7826: 7824: 7822: 7816: 7814: 7813: 7808: 7806: 7805: 7800: 7798: 7797: 7792: 7790: 7789: 7784: 7782: 7781: 7776: 7774: 7773: 7768: 7766: 7765: 7760: 7758: 7757: 7752: 7750: 7749: 7744: 7742: 7741: 7740:Equus latipes 7736: 7734: 7733: 7728: 7726: 7725: 7720: 7718: 7717: 7712: 7710: 7709: 7704: 7702: 7701: 7696: 7694: 7693: 7688: 7686: 7685: 7680: 7678: 7677: 7672: 7670: 7669: 7664: 7662: 7661: 7656: 7654: 7653: 7648: 7646: 7644: 7638: 7636: 7635: 7630: 7628: 7627: 7626:Equus alaskae 7622: 7621: 7619: 7616: 7610: 7604: 7601: 7599: 7596: 7594: 7591: 7589: 7586: 7585: 7583: 7579: 7569: 7567: 7562: 7561: 7559: 7557: 7555: 7549: 7543: 7541: 7536: 7534: 7532: 7527: 7526: 7524: 7522: 7520: 7514: 7508: 7506: 7501: 7499: 7497: 7492: 7490: 7488: 7483: 7481: 7479: 7474: 7472: 7470: 7465: 7463: 7461: 7456: 7454: 7452: 7446: 7445: 7443: 7441: 7439: 7433: 7430: 7428: 7424: 7414: 7412: 7407: 7405: 7403: 7397: 7395: 7393: 7388: 7387: 7385: 7383: 7381: 7375: 7372: 7370: 7366: 7356: 7354: 7349: 7347: 7345: 7340: 7338: 7336: 7331: 7329: 7327: 7322: 7321: 7319: 7317: 7315: 7307: 7301: 7299: 7293: 7291: 7289: 7284: 7282: 7280: 7275: 7273: 7271: 7266: 7264: 7262: 7256: 7254: 7252: 7247: 7246: 7244: 7242: 7240: 7232: 7226: 7224: 7219: 7217: 7215: 7209: 7207: 7205: 7200: 7198: 7196: 7191: 7190: 7188: 7186: 7184: 7176: 7173: 7171: 7167: 7163: 7157: 7153: 7152: 7143: 7138: 7136: 7131: 7129: 7124: 7123: 7120: 7110: 7109: 7098: 7084: 7082: 7077: 7075: 7073: 7072:T. terrestris 7068: 7066: 7064: 7059: 7057: 7055: 7050: 7049: 7047: 7045: 7044: 7039: 7036: 7027: 7023: 7013: 7011: 7006: 7005: 7003: 7001: 7000: 6995: 6989: 6987: 6982: 6981: 6979: 6977: 6976: 6975:Ceratotherium 6971: 6965: 6963: 6958: 6957: 6955: 6953: 6952: 6947: 6941: 6939: 6934: 6932: 6930: 6925: 6924: 6922: 6920: 6919: 6914: 6911: 6901: 6897: 6893: 6892: 6886: 6882: 6868: 6866: 6861: 6859: 6857: 6852: 6850: 6848: 6842: 6841: 6840: 6834: 6833: 6830: 6828: 6823: 6821: 6819: 6814: 6812: 6810: 6805: 6803: 6801: 6795: 6794: 6793: 6787: 6786: 6783: 6781: 6776: 6772: 6770: 6765: 6764: 6763: 6761: 6755: 6754: 6753: 6747: 6746: 6744: 6738: 6730: 6729: 6724: 6721: 6711: 6707: 6703: 6702: 6696: 6692: 6686: 6682: 6680: 6676: 6674: 6670: 6668: 6664: 6662: 6658: 6657: 6654: 6649: 6638: 6633: 6631: 6626: 6624: 6619: 6618: 6615: 6608: 6605: 6604: 6600: 6593: 6591:9781780239712 6587: 6583: 6579: 6578: 6572: 6568: 6562: 6558: 6554: 6553: 6552:Zebra Stripes 6547: 6546: 6541: 6525: 6518: 6515: 6510: 6506: 6501: 6496: 6491: 6486: 6482: 6478: 6474: 6470: 6466: 6464: 6455: 6452: 6447: 6443: 6442: 6434: 6431: 6426: 6420: 6416: 6412: 6407: 6406: 6397: 6394: 6390: 6385: 6382: 6377: 6371: 6367: 6363: 6356: 6353: 6341: 6337: 6336: 6331: 6329: 6320: 6318: 6314: 6302: 6298: 6297: 6292: 6290: 6281: 6279: 6275: 6263: 6259: 6258: 6253: 6251: 6242: 6240: 6236: 6231: 6225: 6221: 6217: 6210: 6207: 6195: 6191: 6184: 6181: 6178:, p. 56. 6177: 6172: 6169: 6157: 6153: 6147: 6144: 6140: 6135: 6132: 6128: 6124: 6119: 6116: 6112: 6107: 6104: 6100: 6095: 6092: 6088: 6083: 6080: 6076: 6071: 6068: 6064: 6059: 6056: 6052:(3): 258–262. 6051: 6047: 6040: 6038: 6029: 6026: 6021: 6017: 6013: 6009: 6005: 6001: 5994: 5992: 5988: 5983: 5979: 5975: 5971: 5967: 5963: 5959: 5955: 5954: 5946: 5939: 5936: 5932: 5927: 5924: 5918: 5913: 5910:(5): 860–65. 5909: 5905: 5898: 5896: 5887: 5884: 5879: 5873: 5866: 5865: 5857: 5855: 5851: 5846: 5840: 5836: 5829: 5828: 5820: 5818: 5816: 5812: 5808: 5803: 5800: 5795: 5791: 5787: 5783: 5779: 5775: 5771: 5767: 5763: 5759: 5752: 5745: 5742: 5738: 5733: 5730: 5726: 5721: 5718: 5713: 5707: 5703: 5699: 5694: 5693: 5684: 5681: 5676: 5670: 5666: 5662: 5655: 5652: 5647: 5643: 5639: 5635: 5628: 5625: 5620: 5616: 5611: 5606: 5602: 5598: 5594: 5590: 5586: 5579: 5576: 5570: 5565: 5561: 5557: 5553: 5546: 5543: 5538: 5534: 5529: 5524: 5520: 5516: 5512: 5508: 5504: 5497: 5494: 5489: 5485: 5480: 5475: 5470: 5465: 5461: 5457: 5453: 5449: 5445: 5438: 5435: 5430: 5426: 5421: 5416: 5412: 5408: 5404: 5400: 5396: 5392: 5388: 5381: 5379: 5375: 5370: 5366: 5362: 5358: 5353: 5348: 5344: 5340: 5336: 5332: 5328: 5321: 5319: 5317: 5315: 5311: 5306: 5302: 5297: 5292: 5288: 5284: 5283: 5278: 5271: 5268: 5263: 5259: 5254: 5249: 5244: 5239: 5235: 5231: 5228:(1): 181325. 5227: 5223: 5219: 5212: 5209: 5204: 5200: 5195: 5190: 5185: 5180: 5176: 5172: 5168: 5161: 5158: 5154: 5149: 5146: 5141: 5137: 5133: 5129: 5122: 5119: 5115: 5110: 5107: 5102: 5098: 5093: 5088: 5084: 5080: 5076: 5072: 5068: 5064: 5060: 5053: 5051: 5049: 5047: 5043: 5038: 5034: 5029: 5024: 5019: 5014: 5010: 5006: 5002: 4998: 4994: 4987: 4985: 4983: 4979: 4974: 4970: 4965: 4960: 4955: 4950: 4946: 4942: 4938: 4934: 4930: 4923: 4920: 4916: 4911: 4908: 4903: 4899: 4894: 4889: 4885: 4881: 4877: 4873: 4870:(1): 140452. 4869: 4865: 4864: 4859: 4852: 4849: 4844: 4840: 4836: 4832: 4828: 4824: 4820: 4816: 4815: 4807: 4804: 4800: 4795: 4792: 4788: 4783: 4780: 4776: 4771: 4768: 4764: 4759: 4756: 4751: 4747: 4742: 4737: 4733: 4729: 4725: 4721: 4717: 4710: 4707: 4703: 4698: 4695: 4690: 4686: 4682: 4678: 4674: 4670: 4666: 4662: 4655: 4652: 4648: 4643: 4640: 4635: 4631: 4626: 4621: 4616: 4611: 4607: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4591: 4584: 4581: 4576: 4572: 4567: 4562: 4558: 4554: 4550: 4546: 4545: 4540: 4533: 4531: 4529: 4527: 4525: 4523: 4519: 4514: 4510: 4506: 4502: 4501: 4492: 4489: 4485: 4480: 4477: 4473: 4468: 4465: 4460: 4454: 4450: 4446: 4439: 4436: 4423: 4419: 4415: 4409: 4406: 4403:, p. 20. 4402: 4397: 4394: 4389: 4385: 4381: 4377: 4373: 4369: 4365: 4361: 4354: 4352: 4348: 4344: 4339: 4336: 4332: 4327: 4324: 4311: 4307: 4303: 4296: 4293: 4288: 4284: 4280: 4276: 4275: 4267: 4265: 4263: 4259: 4254: 4250: 4247:(1/4): 7–11. 4246: 4242: 4238: 4234: 4230: 4223: 4220: 4208: 4204: 4197: 4194: 4189: 4183: 4179: 4171: 4168: 4163: 4159: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4135: 4128: 4125: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4105: 4102: 4097: 4093: 4089: 4085: 4081: 4077: 4070: 4067: 4062: 4058: 4054: 4050: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4033: 4028: 4021: 4019: 4015: 4009: 4004: 3999: 3994: 3990: 3986: 3985: 3980: 3978: 3969: 3967: 3963: 3958: 3952: 3948: 3947:Lynx Edicions 3944: 3937: 3935: 3933: 3929: 3924: 3920: 3916: 3912: 3908: 3904: 3900: 3893: 3891: 3889: 3885: 3882:, p. 13. 3881: 3876: 3873: 3870:, p. 11. 3869: 3864: 3862: 3858: 3853: 3847: 3843: 3839: 3832: 3830: 3828: 3826: 3822: 3818: 3813: 3810: 3805: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3790: 3782: 3780: 3778: 3776: 3774: 3772: 3770: 3768: 3766: 3764: 3762: 3760: 3758: 3756: 3754: 3752: 3750: 3748: 3744: 3739: 3735: 3730: 3725: 3721: 3717: 3710: 3708: 3706: 3704: 3702: 3700: 3696: 3693:, p. 14. 3692: 3687: 3685: 3683: 3681: 3677: 3674:, p. 15. 3673: 3668: 3665: 3660: 3656: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3643: 3635: 3628: 3626: 3624: 3622: 3620: 3618: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3603: 3601: 3599: 3595: 3590: 3586: 3581: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3563: 3558: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3538: 3535: 3530: 3526: 3521: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3503: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3484: 3475: 3472: 3467: 3463: 3458: 3453: 3448: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3416: 3414: 3410: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3368: 3360: 3357: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3328: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3314: 3306: 3304: 3295: 3292: 3287: 3283: 3276: 3274: 3265: 3262: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3212: 3203: 3201: 3197: 3192: 3188: 3183: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3161: 3156: 3149: 3146: 3141: 3135: 3131: 3124: 3121: 3116: 3112: 3107: 3102: 3097: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3081:(2): e55950. 3080: 3076: 3075: 3070: 3063: 3061: 3059: 3055: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3015: 3013: 3009: 2997: 2993: 2987: 2984: 2972: 2968: 2967:"Hippotigris" 2962: 2959: 2954: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2939: 2931: 2929: 2925: 2920: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2899: 2897: 2895: 2893: 2891: 2889: 2887: 2885: 2883: 2881: 2879: 2877: 2873: 2861: 2860: 2855: 2849: 2846: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2814: 2811: 2808:, p. 54. 2807: 2802: 2799: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2763: 2761: 2757: 2744: 2740: 2739: 2734: 2728: 2725: 2713: 2712: 2707: 2701: 2698: 2693: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2673: 2670: 2665: 2661: 2656: 2651: 2646: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2632: 2627: 2620: 2618: 2614: 2608: 2603: 2600: 2597: 2594: 2592: 2589: 2587: 2584: 2583: 2579: 2577: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2544:in Zimbabwe, 2543: 2539: 2535: 2532:in Tanzania, 2531: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2502: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2472: 2467: 2463: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2440:IUCN Red List 2432: 2425: 2423: 2421: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2399: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2381: 2377: 2376:George Stubbs 2373: 2369: 2365: 2360: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2332:. The fourth 2331: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2307: 2303: 2302:George Stubbs 2299: 2295: 2288: 2286: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2264:jigsaw puzzle 2261: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2216: 2214: 2213: 2208: 2206: 2201: 2200: 2199:The Lion King 2195: 2194: 2189: 2188: 2183: 2179: 2174: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2129: 2124: 2120: 2118: 2117:water spirits 2114: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2085: 2083: 2079: 2074: 2066: 2062: 2055: 2050: 2048: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2037:kindergartens 2032: 2024: 2020: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2001: 1996: 1988: 1986: 1984: 1978: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1951: 1945:Communication 1944: 1942: 1940: 1934: 1931: 1927: 1918: 1914: 1912: 1907: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1879: 1874: 1866: 1864: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1840: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1819: 1815: 1810: 1806: 1804: 1799: 1794: 1787: 1782: 1775: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1753: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1719:blood-sucking 1716: 1712: 1711: 1706: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1681: 1679: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1648: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1630:motion dazzle 1627: 1622: 1618: 1617: 1612: 1604: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1572: 1567: 1566: 1565: 1559: 1557: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1534: 1532: 1527: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1507: 1501: 1493: 1491: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1472: 1467: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1446: 1441: 1436: 1428: 1426: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1405: 1398:Hybridisation 1397: 1395: 1393: 1392: 1391:E. sivalensis 1387: 1386: 1381: 1377: 1376: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1358:Olduvai Gorge 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1336: 1331: 1325:Fossil record 1324: 1317: 1313: 1310: 1307: 1304: 1300: 1297: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1277: 1273: 1270: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1258: 1255: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1237: 1233: 1230: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1218: 1216: 1213: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1196: 1193: 1188: 1185: 1181: 1180:Grévy's zebra 1178: 1177: 1173: 1170: 1167: 1165:Distribution 1164: 1161: 1158: 1157: 1149: 1142: 1141: 1133: 1132: 1124: 1123: 1120: 1118: 1113: 1109: 1103: 1102: 1099: 1098: 1095: 1093: 1088: 1084: 1078: 1077: 1071: 1068: 1067: 1064: 1063: 1055: 1054: 1046: 1045: 1037: 1036: 1033: 1031: 1026: 1022: 1016: 1015: 1012: 1011: 1003: 1002: 999: 997: 992: 988: 982: 981: 978: 977: 974: 972: 967: 963: 957: 956: 950: 949: 943: 940: 939: 936: 935: 927: 926: 918: 917: 914: 912: 907: 903: 902:Grévy's zebra 897: 896: 893: 892: 889: 887: 882: 878: 872: 871: 865: 864: 861: 860: 857: 855: 850: 846: 840: 839: 833: 830: 829: 823: 822: 816: 815: 809: 806: 805: 801: 799: 791: 787: 783: 781: 777: 773: 769: 768: 767:Equus ovodovi 762: 759: 755: 751: 747: 743: 739: 737: 734: 729: 725: 721: 717: 716:Dolichohippus 713: 712:Grévy's zebra 709: 706: 702: 698: 694: 690: 686: 682: 681: 674: 666: 664: 662: 658: 654: 649: 647: 643: 639: 635: 631: 627: 623: 619: 615: 612: 608: 604: 600: 592: 590: 588: 584: 580: 576: 572: 568: 564: 560: 556: 550: 548: 544: 540: 536: 532: 528: 524: 520: 516: 512: 507: 505: 502:, woodlands, 501: 497: 493: 489: 485: 481: 477: 473: 472: 467: 463: 459: 455: 451: 447: 446:Grévy's zebra 443: 439: 435: 431: 430: 423: 381: 373: 343: 337: 327: 323: 318: 315: 314: 313: 308: 307: 302: 297: 296: 290: 285: 284: 279: 278: 271: 266: 259: 258: 254: 251: 250: 247: 246: 242: 239: 238: 235: 232: 229: 228: 225: 222: 219: 218: 215: 212: 209: 208: 205: 202: 199: 198: 195: 192: 189: 188: 185: 182: 179: 178: 173: 168: 164: 161: 157: 153: 149: 148:plains zebras 144: 140: 135: 121: 116: 111: 106: 101: 96: 91: 86: 81: 76: 71: 66: 60: 56: 51: 40: 37: 33: 19: 7923: 7867: 7859: 7852: 7843: 7838:Equus scotti 7835: 7827: 7820: 7809: 7801: 7793: 7785: 7777: 7769: 7761: 7753: 7745: 7737: 7732:Equus lambei 7729: 7721: 7713: 7705: 7697: 7689: 7681: 7673: 7665: 7657: 7649: 7642: 7634:Equus andium 7631: 7623: 7614: 7565: 7553: 7539: 7530: 7518: 7504: 7495: 7486: 7477: 7468: 7459: 7450: 7438:Equus quagga 7437: 7410: 7401: 7391: 7379: 7378:Wild horse ( 7352: 7343: 7334: 7325: 7313: 7297: 7287: 7278: 7269: 7260: 7250: 7238: 7222: 7213: 7203: 7194: 7182: 7161: 7150: 7106: 7080: 7071: 7063:T. pinchaque 7062: 7053: 7041: 7009: 6997: 6985: 6973: 6961: 6951:Dicerorhinus 6949: 6938:R. sondaicus 6937: 6929:R. unicornis 6928: 6916: 6891:Ceratomorpha 6889: 6864: 6855: 6846: 6838: 6837: 6835: 6826: 6817: 6808: 6800:E. africanus 6799: 6790: 6788: 6779: 6768: 6759: 6758:Wild horse ( 6750: 6748: 6736: 6726: 6699: 6576: 6551: 6528:. Retrieved 6517: 6472: 6468: 6462: 6454: 6445: 6439: 6433: 6404: 6396: 6384: 6365: 6361: 6355: 6343:. Retrieved 6339: 6333: 6328:Equus quagga 6327: 6304:. Retrieved 6300: 6294: 6288: 6265:. Retrieved 6261: 6255: 6250:Equus grevyi 6249: 6215: 6209: 6197:. Retrieved 6183: 6171: 6159:. Retrieved 6155: 6146: 6134: 6118: 6106: 6094: 6082: 6070: 6058: 6049: 6045: 6036: 6028: 6003: 5999: 5957: 5951: 5938: 5926: 5907: 5903: 5895:Equus grevyi 5894: 5886: 5863: 5826: 5802: 5761: 5757: 5744: 5732: 5720: 5691: 5683: 5660: 5654: 5646:the original 5641: 5637: 5627: 5592: 5588: 5578: 5559: 5555: 5545: 5510: 5506: 5496: 5451: 5447: 5437: 5394: 5390: 5334: 5330: 5286: 5280: 5270: 5225: 5221: 5211: 5174: 5170: 5160: 5148: 5131: 5127: 5121: 5116:, p. 5. 5109: 5066: 5062: 5000: 4996: 4936: 4932: 4922: 4910: 4867: 4861: 4851: 4818: 4812: 4806: 4801:, p. 7. 4794: 4782: 4770: 4758: 4723: 4719: 4709: 4697: 4664: 4660: 4654: 4642: 4597: 4593: 4583: 4548: 4542: 4504: 4498: 4491: 4479: 4474:, p. 1. 4467: 4444: 4438: 4426:. Retrieved 4422:the original 4408: 4396: 4363: 4359: 4338: 4326: 4314:. Retrieved 4310:the original 4305: 4295: 4278: 4272: 4244: 4240: 4236: 4232: 4228: 4222: 4210:. Retrieved 4196: 4177: 4170: 4137: 4133: 4127: 4118: 4114: 4104: 4079: 4075: 4069: 4039:(2): 89–95. 4036: 4030: 4026: 4008:2158/1157299 3988: 3982: 3976: 3942: 3901:(314): 1–7. 3898: 3875: 3837: 3812: 3788: 3722:(157): 1–9. 3719: 3667: 3645:(453): 1–9. 3640: 3609:, p. 9. 3552: 3548: 3537: 3495:(1): 79–81. 3492: 3488: 3482: 3474: 3429: 3425: 3371: 3365: 3359: 3347:. Retrieved 3340:the original 3317: 3311: 3302: 3294: 3285: 3281: 3272: 3264: 3215: 3209: 3164: 3158: 3148: 3129: 3123: 3078: 3072: 3032: 3028: 3024: 3020: 2999:. Retrieved 2995: 2986: 2974:. Retrieved 2970: 2961: 2937: 2904: 2863:. Retrieved 2857: 2848: 2836:. Retrieved 2827: 2823: 2813: 2801: 2776: 2772: 2747:. Retrieved 2743:the original 2736: 2727: 2715:. Retrieved 2709: 2700: 2681: 2672: 2635: 2629: 2576:in Namibia. 2558:South Africa 2503: 2481: 2475: 2437: 2426:Conservation 2407:amphitheatre 2396:Attempts to 2395: 2361: 2342:Ustad Mansur 2314:Roman Empire 2311: 2297: 2271: 2268:Carel Weight 2256:Sidney Nolan 2247: 2243: 2240:Lucian Freud 2235: 2217: 2210: 2204: 2197: 2191: 2185: 2175: 2154: 2146: 2135:Shona people 2132: 2086: 2070: 2065:San rock art 2033: 2029: 2006: 1979: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1956: 1935: 1923: 1908: 1884: 1856:brown hyenas 1841: 1822: 1790: 1714: 1676: 1660: 1645: 1620: 1569: 1563: 1535: 1528: 1512: 1468: 1449: 1407: 1389: 1385:E. namadicus 1383: 1379: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1341: 1339: 1334: 1287:nuchal crest 1275: 1245:Eastern and 1236:Equus quagga 1235: 1232:Plains zebra 1184:Equus grevyi 1183: 1171:Chromosomes 1162:Description 1111: 1106: 1086: 1081: 1025:E. africanus 1024: 1019: 990: 985: 965: 960: 905: 900: 880: 877:Plains zebra 875: 848: 843: 831: 807: 797: 795: 779: 775: 771: 765: 763: 746:paleogenomic 741: 740: 733:monophyletic 724:phylogenetic 719: 715: 707: 697:plains zebra 678: 676: 652: 650: 637: 625: 621: 617: 613: 596: 586: 563:domesticated 551: 508: 469: 465: 457: 454:plains zebra 450:Equus grevyi 449: 428: 427: 426:) (subgenus 335: 334: 310: 304: 300: 293: 288: 281: 275: 273: 256: 255: 244: 152:Equus quagga 151: 36: 18:Zebra stripe 7924:Hippotigris 7612:Prehistoric 7566:Equus grevy 7554:Equus grevy 7519:Equus zebra 7380:Equus ferus 7314:Equus kiang 7010:D. bicornis 6839:Hippotigris 6818:E. hemionus 6780:E. caballus 6735:(including 6701:Hippomorpha 6683:Superorder 6677:Infraclass 6289:Equus zebra 6199:4 September 6125:, pp. 4939:(1): 9351. 3349:13 November 3025:Hippotigris 3023:, subgenus 2398:domesticate 2380:Jules Grévy 2252:Mary Fedden 2182:Osa Johnson 2153:, the name 2089:African art 2041:infanticide 2009:promiscuous 1911:territories 1899:home ranges 1723:Horse flies 1554:Mount Kenya 1488:enamel wall 1375:E. capensis 1283:eye sockets 1276:Equus zebra 1168:Subspecies 991:E. hemionus 780:Sussemionus 776:Sussemionus 772:Sussemionus 720:Hippotigris 708:Hippotigris 638:hippotigris 543:promiscuous 539:territories 460:), and the 429:Hippotigris 277:E. capensis 257:Hippotigris 55:Pleistocene 7996:Categories 7894:Wild horse 7081:T. indicus 7054:T. bairdii 6918:Rhinoceros 6448:: 197–200. 6413:. p. 5700:. p. 4082:(4): 425. 3288:: 301–309. 2838:6 February 2609:References 2540:in Kenya, 2538:Masai Mara 2486:Afrikaners 2448:vulnerable 2444:endangered 2359:of Japan. 2349:Yohannes I 2300:(1763) by 2228:surrealist 2205:Madagascar 2113:San people 2105:folk tales 2078:Noah's Ark 1993:See also: 1893:, several 1871:See also: 1743:tsetse fly 1693:air swirls 1680:hypothesis 1649:hypothesis 1647:aposematic 1573:hypothesis 1546:inbreeding 1538:melanistic 1484:metastylid 1305:shrubland 1298:or orange 1210:shrublands 1206:grasslands 1200:including 1192:concentric 750:metapodial 607:Portuguese 575:vulnerable 571:endangered 504:shrublands 500:grasslands 252:Subgenus: 146:A herd of 7026:Tapiridae 6865:E. grevyi 6847:E. quagga 6836:Subgenus 6809:E. asinus 6789:Subgenus 6749:Subgenus 6161:13 August 5982:206771095 5931:Caro 2016 5807:Caro 2016 5737:Caro 2016 5725:Caro 2016 5369:256273744 5153:Caro 2016 5114:Caro 2016 4915:Caro 2016 4843:196657566 4799:Caro 2016 4787:Caro 2016 4775:Caro 2016 4763:Caro 2016 4702:Caro 2016 4647:Caro 2016 4484:Caro 2016 4472:Caro 2016 4401:Caro 2016 4388:226305574 4343:Caro 2016 4331:Caro 2016 4207:Slate.com 3923:253987177 3880:Caro 2016 3868:Caro 2016 3817:Caro 2016 3691:Caro 2016 3672:Caro 2016 3607:Caro 2016 3571:2050-084X 3511:2380-2359 3240:2397-334X 3001:31 August 2976:31 August 2830:: 42–48. 2779:: 21–32. 2638:: e6909. 2411:Caracalla 2289:Captivity 2266:fashion. 2224:modernist 1860:wild dogs 1837:ruminants 1761:polarised 1590:bushbucks 1480:metaconid 1460:dentition 1251:savannahs 1215:Monotypic 906:E. grevyi 881:E. quagga 722:. A 2013 651:The word 618:Equiferus 614:equiferus 593:Etymology 496:savannahs 458:E. quagga 444:species: 306:E. quagga 283:E. grevyi 190:Kingdom: 184:Eukaryota 154:) in the 48:2–0 7933:Wikidata 7449:Quagga ( 7400:Tarpan ( 7202:Donkey ( 7108:Category 7031:(Tapirs) 6986:C. simum 6856:E. zebra 6827:E. kiang 6816:Onager ( 6807:Donkey ( 6760:E. ferus 6679:Eutheria 6673:Mammalia 6667:Chordata 6661:Animalia 6659:Kingdom 6509:31365543 6469:PLOS ONE 6129:, 65–66. 6020:54252836 5786:29364874 5619:28539516 5537:32811316 5513:(1933). 5488:27223616 5448:PLOS ONE 5429:35927437 5361:36700395 5352:10088525 5305:22323196 5262:30800379 5203:32214400 5171:PLOS ONE 5101:36329147 5037:30785882 4997:PLOS ONE 4973:29921931 4902:26064590 4750:33434457 4689:24368147 4634:26799935 4594:PLOS ONE 4575:24691390 4551:: 3535. 4380:33174253 4253:42931011 4233:falconer 4162:18388598 4121:: 71–89. 4096:87344101 4061:84203907 3589:35543411 3529:33473722 3466:25453089 3396:23803765 3248:29358610 3191:17148190 3115:23437078 3074:PLoS One 2832:Archived 2793:55004515 2680:(2008). 2664:31143541 2580:See also 2338:Jahangir 2336:emperor 2308:'s zebra 2220:abstract 2202:and the 2167:colonial 2159:Zimbabwe 2133:For the 2097:rock art 2045:feticide 1983:grooming 1930:oestrous 1891:stallion 1848:cheetahs 1844:Leopards 1818:Botswana 1769:aliasing 1626:dazzling 1560:Function 1458:. Their 1423:dwarfism 1415:zebroids 1362:Tanzania 1356:and the 1354:Ethiopia 1296:chestnut 1202:the Horn 966:E. kiang 849:E. zebra 705:subgenus 667:Taxonomy 527:stallion 466:E. zebra 312:E. zebra 268:Species 230:Family: 214:Mammalia 204:Chordata 200:Phylum: 194:Animalia 180:Domain: 160:Tanzania 7884:Equidae 7617:species 7603:Zebroid 7581:Hybrids 7390:Horse ( 7043:Tapirus 6999:Diceros 6825:Kiang ( 6710:Equidae 6665:Phylum 6643:Extant 6500:6668792 6477:Bibcode 5962:Bibcode 5794:4405091 5766:Bibcode 5638:Zoogoer 5610:5454266 5528:7482270 5479:4880349 5456:Bibcode 5420:9352684 5399:Bibcode 5253:6366178 5230:Bibcode 5194:7098620 5092:9633588 5071:Bibcode 5028:6382098 5005:Bibcode 4964:6008466 4941:Bibcode 4893:4448797 4872:Bibcode 4823:Bibcode 4741:7892415 4669:Bibcode 4661:Zoology 4625:4723339 4602:Bibcode 4553:Bibcode 4237:cautley 4142:Bibcode 4041:Bibcode 3915:3504156 3738:3503962 3659:3504222 3580:9142152 3520:7800821 3457:4284605 3434:Bibcode 3404:4318227 3376:Bibcode 3336:2832696 3256:3333849 3220:Bibcode 3182:1617154 3106:3577844 3083:Bibcode 3037:Bibcode 2854:"Zebra" 2749:25 June 2733:"Zebra" 2717:22 June 2706:"Zebra" 2655:6525595 2550:Namibia 2518:Samburu 2403:trained 2368:paddock 2353:Jakarta 2318:Baibars 2155:madhuve 2093:culture 1959:barking 1825:grasses 1798:moister 1793:migrate 1786:Namibia 1721:flies. 1665:fitness 1636:and/or 1571:crypsis 1494:Stripes 1464:grazing 1411:donkeys 1404:Zebroid 736:lineage 693:Equidae 603:Spanish 599:Italian 559:donkeys 511:grazers 488:eastern 484:Equidae 452:), the 434:equines 240:Genus: 234:Equidae 220:Order: 210:Class: 126:↓ 59:present 8002:Zebras 7953:926087 7939:Q32789 7427:Zebras 7369:Horses 6792:Asinus 6737:Zebras 6671:Class 6588: 6563: 6530:9 July 6507: 6497: 6421: 6372: 6345:24 May 6306:24 May 6267:24 May 6226: 6018: 5980: 5874: 5841: 5792: 5784: 5758:Nature 5708: 5671: 5617: 5607: 5535: 5525: 5486: 5476: 5427: 5417: 5367: 5359: 5349: 5303: 5260: 5250: 5201: 5191: 5099: 5089: 5035: 5025: 4971: 4961: 4900: 4890: 4841: 4748: 4738: 4687: 4632: 4622: 4573: 4455: 4428:25 May 4386: 4378: 4316:2 June 4251: 4212:16 May 4184: 4160: 4094: 4059: 3953: 3921: 3913: 3848: 3800: 3736: 3657: 3587: 3577: 3569: 3527: 3517: 3509: 3464: 3454: 3402: 3394: 3367:Nature 3334: 3254: 3246: 3238: 3189: 3179: 3136: 3113: 3103: 2949: 2915: 2865:26 May 2791: 2738:Lexico 2688: 2662: 2652: 2552:, and 2478:quagga 2334:Mughal 2193:Khumba 2109:Maasai 1887:harems 1829:sedges 1757:impala 1586:bongos 1550:Albino 1542:morphs 1523:dorsal 1291:dewlap 1174:Image 1070:Horses 987:Onager 832:Zebras 790:Quagga 728:quagga 695:. 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