804:
828:
148:
357:
788:
816:
130:
1190:Ăzkan, Mustafa; GĂŒrĂŒn, Kanat; YĂŒncĂŒ, Eren; Vural, Kıvılcım BaĆak; AtaÄ, Gözde; Akbaba, Ali; Fidan, Fatma Rabia; SaÄlıcan, Ekin; AltınıĆık, Ezgi N.; Koptekin, Dilek; PawĆowska, Kamilla; Hodder, Ian; Adcock, Sarah E.; Arbuckle, Benjamin S.; Steadman, Sharon R. (July 2024).
490:, with the split between hydruntines and Asiatic wild asses estimated at around 800-600 thousand years ago. Analysis of the nuclear genome suggested that there had been gene flow during the Holocene from the hydruntine lineage into Middle Eastern Asiatic wild asses.
1119:
Bennett, E. Andrew; Champlot, Sophie; Peters, Joris; Arbuckle, Benjamin S.; Guimaraes, Silvia; Pruvost, MĂ©lanie; Bar-David, Shirli; Davis, Simon J. M.; Gautier, Mathieu; Kaczensky, Petra; et al. (2017-04-19). Janke, Axel (ed.).
709:
climates, although it was also found in cool or cold conditions. It may have retreated to warmer locales during the coldest periods although the relatively short muzzle indicates an adaptation for cold conditions. It preferred open
803:
372:), the muzzle region of the skull is much shorter and somewhat proportionally wider, the palate is elongate, and the nasal notch is shorter. The teeth are relatively small compared to skull size, but are very
454:
The exact systematic position was formerly unclear but recent genetic and morphological analysis suggested that it is closely related to the
Asiatic wild ass. A 2017 genetic study based on a partial
474:
in
Anatolia (present day Turkey) dating to the early-mid 1st millennium BC, which represent the youngest known remains of the species (with the youngest specimen dated to around 2698â2356 cal years
407:, with fossil reports from Italy, Turkey, Spain, France and Portugal. In the east the range apparently stretched at least to the Volga and to Iran. In the north it reached almost to the
827:
815:
750:. Dental wear analysis of specimens from the Iberian Peninsula suggests a primarily grazing diet, though they appear to have been flexible feeders, having seasonally consumed
447:
river valley, the southern
Italian Peninsula and southern France, probably surviving latest in Europe around the Danube until around 4000-3000 BC. It likely survived later in
415:. Some authors suggest that it may have reached North Africa. While it was historically suggested that the species survived in the southern Iberian Peninsula into the
1314:"Dietary traits of ungulates in northeastern Iberian Peninsula: Did these Neanderthal preys show adaptive behaviour to local habitats during the Middle Palaeolithic?"
770:
pottery from
Anatolia. Remains found with cut marks and/or in archaeological sites spanning from the Paleolithic to the youngest known remains of the species in the
1260:"The role of climate change in the extinction of the last wild equids of Europe: Palaeoecology of Equus ferus and Equus hydruntinus during the Last Glacial Period"
1353:Ăzkan, Mustafa; GĂŒrĂŒn, Kanat; YĂŒncĂŒ, Eren; Vural, Kıvılcım BaĆak; AtaÄ, Gözde; Akbaba, Ali; Fidan, Fatma Rabia; SaÄlıcan, Ekin; AltınıĆık, N. Ezgi (2023-06-07).
2282:
774:
across the species range, including Crimea, Italy, the
Iberian Peninsula and Anatolia indicated that it was hunted by people, including both modern humans and
1375:
Cassoli, P. F., Fiore, I. & Tagliacozzo, A. Butchering and exploitation of large mammals in the
Epigravettian levels of Grotta Romanelli (Apulia, Italy).
2269:
969:
Crees, Jennifer J.; Turvey, Samuel T. (May 2014). "Holocene extinction dynamics of Equus hydruntinus, a late-surviving
European megafaunal mammal".
2328:
1391:"Neanderthals of Crimea â Creative generalists of the late Middle Paleolithic. Contextualizing the leaf point industry Buran-Kaya III, Level C"
1312:
SĂĄnchez-HernĂĄndez, Carlos; Gourichon, Lionel; Soler, Joaquim; Soler, NarcĂs; Blasco, Ruth; Rosell, Jordi; Rivals, Florent (August 2020).
2358:
2333:
847:
787:
1446:
915:
BernĂĄldezâSĂĄnchez, EloĂsa; GarcĂaâViñas, Esteban; Sanguino, Fernando; VillalĂłn, David; Leonard, Jennifer A. (February 2024).
2338:
1844:
2363:
2343:
431:
in the
Iberian Peninsula that date later than the end of the Late Pleistocene (also corresponding to the end of the
2287:
2205:
2348:
2353:
147:
1231:
Vereshchagin, N. K.; Baryshnikov, G. F. (1991). "The
Ecological Structure of the 'Mammoth Fauna' in Eurasia".
1059:
Orlando, Ludovic; Machkour, Maryam; Burke, Ariane (July 2006). "Geographic distribution of an extinct equid (
638:
586:
471:
2222:
2195:
403:
it was widespread throughout much of western
Eurasia from the Middle East to Europe, especially along the
2260:
2110:
604:
255:
1998:
1966:
1958:
1715:
2118:
2168:
2102:
2070:
1990:
1982:
1402:
1325:
1271:
1133:
1122:"Taming the late Quaternary phylogeography of the Eurasiatic wild ass through ancient and modern DNA"
1072:
1025:
978:
751:
455:
436:
2006:
2046:
1835:
1800:
1764:
1439:
1870:
1858:
467:
2136:
2094:
2086:
2062:
1974:
1555:
1390:
1240:
1096:
1041:
396:
306:
142:
39:
1791:
2295:
2176:
1213:
1169:
1151:
1088:
994:
948:
897:
731:
2300:
2152:
1809:
1773:
1583:
1485:
1410:
1358:
1333:
1289:
1279:
1203:
1159:
1141:
1080:
1033:
986:
938:
928:
887:
739:
439:, surviving into the Holocene, its range contracted further, persisting in small regions of
400:
381:
377:
365:
324:
1192:"The first complete genome of the extinct European wild ass ( Equus hemionus hydruntinus )"
2323:
2078:
2030:
2014:
1574:
1565:
1527:
1499:
1354:
1012:
Burke, Ariane; Eisenmann, Vera; Ambler, Graeme K. (May 2003). "The systematic position of
517:
440:
1355:
The first complete genome of the extinct European wild ass ( Equus hemionus hydruntinus )
1406:
1329:
1275:
1191:
1137:
1076:
1029:
982:
423:
in Huelva, Spain, later research found it was more likely that the phalange came from a
356:
129:
2160:
2125:
2054:
2022:
1947:
1823:
1782:
1657:
1639:
1592:
1518:
1432:
1164:
1121:
916:
735:
478:, or around 748â406 cal years BC) , suggest that all modern Asiatic wild ass lineages (
475:
463:
420:
345:
199:
1037:
2317:
1932:
1899:
1648:
1630:
1456:
1084:
412:
404:
302:
219:
80:
1045:
990:
2144:
2038:
1940:
1742:
1100:
1063:: Mammalia, Equidae) revealed by morphological and genetical analyses of fossils".
794:
775:
763:
523:
444:
416:
395:
appeared first in the fossil record around 600,000 years before present during the
1414:
1338:
1313:
1284:
1259:
1146:
2254:
466:. However, study of the full mitochondral and nuclear genomes of specimens from
432:
55:
2200:
1684:
1362:
917:"Equids (Equus sp.) in southern Spain from the Palaeolithic to the Bronze Age"
100:
65:
2245:
1424:
1217:
1155:
998:
952:
901:
892:
875:
767:
734:. It is considered an ecologically important part of the ecosystem known as
723:
715:
706:
448:
408:
373:
340:
314:
159:
105:
49:
1173:
1092:
2239:
1294:
771:
711:
310:
179:
95:
90:
75:
70:
60:
43:
1244:
943:
2274:
2190:
1909:
747:
730:). It is believed to have shared this habitat with species such as the
334:
209:
110:
85:
1208:
458:
suggested that it was a subspecies of Asiatic wild ass, closer to the
1755:
1733:
1706:
1541:
1508:
1476:
933:
727:
719:
702:
501:
451:, with reported dates in that region ranging until 1500â500 BC.
319:
231:
189:
169:
17:
2216:
1894:
1696:
1675:
1616:
743:
644:
493:
Cladogram based on whole nuclear genomes after Ăzkan et al. 2024.
483:
355:
1904:
459:
424:
2220:
1428:
701:
The evidence shows that the European ass favoured semi-arid,
317:, and possibly North Africa. It is a member of the subgenus
738:
where it filled a niche equivalent to that provided by the
766:
cave paintings and engravings from France, as well as on
876:"Biostratigraphy and Palaeoecology of European Equus"
582:
547:
2229:
1918:
1887:
1857:
1822:
1741:
1732:
1683:
1674:
1615:
1540:
1484:
1475:
1264:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
486:) are more closely related to each other than to
427:, and thus there are no unambigious specimens of
874:Boulbes, Nicolas; van Asperen, Eline N. (2019).
821:Engraving on a pendant from Putois cave, France
1258:Strani, Flavia; DeMiguel, Daniel (June 2023).
833:Hunting scene on Neolithic pottery from Turkey
809:Engraving in the cave Les Trois FrĂšres, France
1440:
8:
1016:, an extinct species of Pleistocene equid".
2217:
1738:
1680:
1481:
1447:
1433:
1425:
128:
31:
1337:
1293:
1283:
1207:
1163:
1145:
942:
932:
891:
859:
783:
705:conditions and showed a preference for
869:
867:
865:
863:
1307:
1305:
7:
1185:
1183:
1114:
1112:
1110:
964:
962:
527:African wild ass + domestic donkeys
323:, and closely related to the living
630:
575:
568:
540:
509:
496:
880:Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution
435:). Its range fragmented after the
376:(high crowned). The shafts of the
25:
848:List of extinct animals of Europe
1085:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2006.02922.x
826:
814:
802:
786:
146:
991:10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.03.003
555:(European wild ass/hydruntine)
1389:Bataille, Guido (April 2017).
762:The hydruntine is depicted in
1:
2329:Pleistocene mammals of Europe
1038:10.1016/S0033-5894(03)00059-0
921:Journal of Quaternary Science
419:based on a phalange found at
1415:10.1016/j.quaint.2015.12.071
1339:10.1016/j.quaint.2020.01.008
1285:10.1016/j.palaeo.2023.111564
1147:10.1371/journal.pone.0174216
384:bones are also more robust.
1845:Hartmann's mountain zebra (
1530:Equus africanus somaliensis
1467:Extinct species are marked
2380:
2206:Domestication of the horse
1605:Equus hemionus hydruntinus
1521:Equus africanus atlanticus
971:Quaternary Science Reviews
360:Complete skull from Crimea
294:Equus hemionus hydruntinus
2359:Mammals described in 1907
2334:Extinct mammals of Europe
2186:
1542:Onager / Asiatic wild ass
1502:Equus africanus africanus
1465:
1363:10.1101/2023.06.05.543765
1233:Annales Zoologici Fennici
635:
628:
601:
580:
573:
566:
545:
538:
514:
507:
261:
254:
143:Scientific classification
141:
136:
127:
34:
27:Extinct species of mammal
1395:Quaternary International
1318:Quaternary International
758:Relationship with humans
327:. The specific epithet,
1767:Equus quagga burchellii
1718:Equus ferus przewalskii
1568:Equus hemionus hemippus
1558:Equus hemionus hemionus
893:10.3389/fevo.2019.00301
642:(Mongolian wild ass) +
639:Equus hemionus hemionus
587:Equus hemionus hemippus
2196:Evolution of the horse
1847:Equus zebra hartmannae
1803:Equus quagga crawshayi
1617:Kiang/Tibetan wild ass
1511:Equus africanus asinus
1379:25â26, 309â318 (1997).
645:Equus (hemionus) kiang
361:
1836:Cape mountain zebra (
1794:Equus quagga chapmani
1785:Equus quagga borensis
1651:Equus kiang holdereri
1595:Equus hemionus onager
1455:Species of the genus
605:Equus hemionus onager
364:In comparison to the
359:
2339:Holocene extinctions
1812:Equus quagga selousi
1716:Przewalski's horse (
1699:Equus ferus caballus
1660:Equus kiang polyodon
1586:Equus hemionus kulan
1556:Mongolian wild ass (
1357:(Report). Genomics.
456:mitochondrial genome
437:Last Glacial Maximum
388:Evolutionary history
2111:Equus parastylidens
1776:Equus quagga boehmi
1758:Equus quagga quagga
1603:European wild ass (
1577:Equus hemionus khur
1407:2017QuInt.435..211B
1330:2020QuInt.557...47S
1276:2023PPP...62011564S
1138:2017PLoSO..1274216B
1077:2006MolEc..15.2083O
1030:2003QuRes..59..459B
1018:Quaternary Research
983:2014QSRv...91...16C
793:Cave painting from
411:in Germany and the
247:E. hydruntinus
2344:Middle Pleistocene
2137:Equus semiplicatus
2128:Equus simplicidens
2095:Equus occidentalis
2087:Equus niobrarensis
2063:Equus mauritanicus
1975:Equus conversidens
1948:Giant Cape zebra (
1801:Crawshay's zebra (
1765:Burchell's zebra (
1584:Turkmenian kulan (
590:(Syrian wild ass)
397:Middle Pleistocene
362:
307:Middle Pleistocene
40:Middle Pleistocene
2311:
2310:
2296:Open Tree of Life
2261:Equus hydruntinus
2231:Equus hydruntinus
2223:Taxon identifiers
2214:
2213:
2177:Equus yunnanensis
1999:Equus dalianensis
1967:Equus complicatus
1959:Equus cedralensis
1883:
1882:
1838:Equus zebra zebra
1792:Chapman's zebra (
1728:
1727:
1709:Equus ferus ferus
1670:
1669:
1633:Equus kiang kiang
1575:Indian wild ass (
1566:Syrian wild ass (
1528:Somali wild ass (
1500:Nubian wild ass (
1377:Anthropozoologica
1209:10.1111/mec.17440
1196:Molecular Ecology
1065:Molecular Ecology
1061:Equus hydruntinus
1014:Equus hydruntinus
732:woolly rhinoceros
693:
692:
684:
683:
675:
674:
666:
665:
657:
656:
617:
616:
608:(Persian onager)
552:Equus hydruntinus
393:Equus hydruntinus
288:Equus hydruntinus
283:European wild ass
279:
278:
268:Equus hydruntinus
137:Life restoration
35:European wild ass
16:(Redirected from
2371:
2349:Late Pleistocene
2304:
2303:
2291:
2290:
2278:
2277:
2265:
2264:
2263:
2250:
2249:
2248:
2218:
2153:Equus sivalensis
2126:Hagerman horse (
2119:Equus pectinatus
1824:Mountain zebra (
1783:Maneless zebra (
1739:
1681:
1658:Southern kiang (
1640:Northern kiang (
1593:Persian onager (
1519:Atlas wild ass (
1486:African wild ass
1482:
1449:
1442:
1435:
1426:
1419:
1418:
1386:
1380:
1373:
1367:
1366:
1350:
1344:
1343:
1341:
1309:
1300:
1299:
1297:
1287:
1255:
1249:
1248:
1239:(3/4): 253â259.
1228:
1222:
1221:
1211:
1187:
1178:
1177:
1167:
1149:
1116:
1105:
1104:
1071:(8): 2083â2093.
1056:
1050:
1049:
1009:
1003:
1002:
966:
957:
956:
946:
936:
934:10.1002/jqs.3580
912:
906:
905:
895:
871:
830:
818:
806:
790:
740:African wild ass
631:
584:
576:
569:
549:
541:
510:
497:
482:, including the
443:, including the
401:Late Pleistocene
366:Asiatic wild ass
325:Asiatic wild ass
270:
266:
151:
150:
132:
122:
52:
48:0.6â0.0025
38:Temporal range:
32:
21:
2379:
2378:
2374:
2373:
2372:
2370:
2369:
2368:
2354:Extinct mammals
2314:
2313:
2312:
2307:
2299:
2294:
2286:
2281:
2273:
2268:
2259:
2258:
2253:
2244:
2243:
2238:
2225:
2215:
2210:
2182:
2169:Equus uralensis
2103:Equus pacificus
2079:Equus namadicus
2071:Equus mexicanus
2031:Equus giganteus
2015:Equus fraternus
1991:Equus cumminsii
1983:Equus crinidens
1920:
1914:
1879:
1871:Grévy's zebra (
1859:Grévy's zebra (
1853:
1818:
1810:Selous' zebra (
1774:Grant's zebra (
1724:
1666:
1649:Eastern kiang (
1642:Equus kiang chu
1631:Western kiang (
1618:
1611:
1543:
1536:
1490:Equus africanus
1487:
1471:
1461:
1453:
1423:
1422:
1388:
1387:
1383:
1374:
1370:
1352:
1351:
1347:
1311:
1310:
1303:
1257:
1256:
1252:
1230:
1229:
1225:
1189:
1188:
1181:
1132:(4): e0174216.
1118:
1117:
1108:
1058:
1057:
1053:
1011:
1010:
1006:
968:
967:
960:
914:
913:
909:
873:
872:
861:
856:
844:
839:
838:
837:
834:
831:
822:
819:
810:
807:
798:
791:
760:
746:in the African
699:
694:
685:
676:
667:
658:
618:
518:Equus africanus
441:southern Europe
390:
354:
275:
272:
264:
263:
250:
145:
123:
121:
120:
119:
118:
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
47:
46:
36:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2377:
2375:
2367:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2316:
2315:
2309:
2308:
2306:
2305:
2292:
2279:
2266:
2251:
2235:
2233:
2227:
2226:
2221:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2187:
2184:
2183:
2181:
2180:
2172:
2164:
2161:Equus stenonis
2156:
2148:
2140:
2132:
2122:
2114:
2106:
2098:
2090:
2082:
2074:
2066:
2058:
2055:Equus lenensis
2050:
2042:
2034:
2026:
2023:Equus gallicus
2018:
2010:
2007:Equus excelsus
2002:
1994:
1986:
1978:
1970:
1962:
1954:
1950:Equus capensis
1944:
1936:
1927:
1925:
1916:
1915:
1913:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1891:
1889:
1885:
1884:
1881:
1880:
1878:
1877:
1867:
1865:
1855:
1854:
1852:
1851:
1842:
1832:
1830:
1820:
1819:
1817:
1816:
1807:
1798:
1789:
1780:
1771:
1762:
1751:
1749:
1743:Plains zebra (
1736:
1730:
1729:
1726:
1725:
1723:
1722:
1713:
1703:
1693:
1691:
1678:
1672:
1671:
1668:
1667:
1665:
1664:
1655:
1646:
1637:
1627:
1625:
1613:
1612:
1610:
1609:
1599:
1590:
1581:
1572:
1562:
1552:
1550:
1546:Equus hemionus
1538:
1537:
1535:
1534:
1525:
1515:
1506:
1496:
1494:
1479:
1473:
1472:
1466:
1463:
1462:
1454:
1452:
1451:
1444:
1437:
1429:
1421:
1420:
1381:
1368:
1345:
1301:
1250:
1223:
1179:
1106:
1051:
1024:(3): 459â469.
1004:
958:
927:(2): 261â276.
907:
858:
857:
855:
852:
851:
850:
843:
840:
836:
835:
832:
825:
823:
820:
813:
811:
808:
801:
799:
792:
785:
782:
781:
780:
759:
756:
736:mammoth steppe
698:
695:
691:
690:
687:
686:
682:
681:
678:
677:
673:
672:
669:
668:
664:
663:
660:
659:
655:
654:
651:
650:
634:
629:
627:
624:
623:
620:
619:
615:
614:
611:
610:
600:
597:
596:
593:
592:
579:
574:
572:
567:
565:
562:
561:
558:
557:
544:
539:
537:
534:
533:
530:
529:
513:
508:
506:
505: (asses)
495:
488:E. hydruntinus
476:Before Present
464:Persian onager
429:E. hydruntinus
389:
386:
370:Equus hemionus
353:
350:
313:of Europe and
301:is an extinct
277:
276:
273:
259:
258:
252:
251:
243:
241:
237:
236:
229:
225:
224:
217:
213:
212:
207:
203:
202:
200:Perissodactyla
197:
193:
192:
187:
183:
182:
177:
173:
172:
167:
163:
162:
157:
153:
152:
139:
138:
134:
133:
125:
124:
116:
115:
114:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
53:
37:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2376:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2321:
2319:
2302:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2271:
2267:
2262:
2256:
2252:
2247:
2241:
2237:
2236:
2234:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2219:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2188:
2185:
2179:
2178:
2173:
2171:
2170:
2165:
2163:
2162:
2157:
2155:
2154:
2149:
2147:
2146:
2141:
2139:
2138:
2133:
2131:
2129:
2123:
2121:
2120:
2115:
2113:
2112:
2107:
2105:
2104:
2099:
2097:
2096:
2091:
2089:
2088:
2083:
2081:
2080:
2075:
2073:
2072:
2067:
2065:
2064:
2059:
2057:
2056:
2051:
2049:
2048:
2047:Equus latipes
2043:
2041:
2040:
2035:
2033:
2032:
2027:
2025:
2024:
2019:
2017:
2016:
2011:
2009:
2008:
2003:
2001:
2000:
1995:
1993:
1992:
1987:
1985:
1984:
1979:
1977:
1976:
1971:
1969:
1968:
1963:
1961:
1960:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1945:
1943:
1942:
1937:
1935:
1934:
1933:Equus alaskae
1929:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1917:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1892:
1890:
1886:
1876:
1874:
1869:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1862:
1856:
1850:
1848:
1843:
1841:
1839:
1834:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1827:
1821:
1815:
1813:
1808:
1806:
1804:
1799:
1797:
1795:
1790:
1788:
1786:
1781:
1779:
1777:
1772:
1770:
1768:
1763:
1761:
1759:
1753:
1752:
1750:
1748:
1746:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1731:
1721:
1719:
1714:
1712:
1710:
1704:
1702:
1700:
1695:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1673:
1663:
1661:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1629:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1614:
1608:
1606:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1573:
1571:
1569:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1554:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1539:
1533:
1531:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1498:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1464:
1460:
1459:
1450:
1445:
1443:
1438:
1436:
1431:
1430:
1427:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1385:
1382:
1378:
1372:
1369:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1349:
1346:
1340:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1308:
1306:
1302:
1296:
1295:11573/1678265
1291:
1286:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1254:
1251:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1227:
1224:
1219:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1186:
1184:
1180:
1175:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1107:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1055:
1052:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1008:
1005:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
965:
963:
959:
954:
950:
945:
940:
935:
930:
926:
922:
918:
911:
908:
903:
899:
894:
889:
885:
881:
877:
870:
868:
866:
864:
860:
853:
849:
846:
845:
841:
829:
824:
817:
812:
805:
800:
796:
789:
784:
779:
777:
773:
769:
765:
757:
755:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
726:(favoured by
725:
721:
718:(favoured by
717:
713:
708:
704:
696:
689:
688:
680:
679:
671:
670:
662:
661:
653:
652:
649:
647:
646:
641:
640:
633:
632:
626:
625:
622:
621:
613:
612:
609:
607:
606:
599:
598:
595:
594:
591:
589:
588:
578:
577:
571:
570:
564:
563:
560:
559:
556:
554:
553:
543:
542:
536:
535:
532:
531:
528:
526:
525:
520:
519:
512:
511:
504:
503:
499:
498:
494:
491:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
452:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
413:British Isles
410:
406:
405:Mediterranean
402:
398:
394:
387:
385:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
358:
351:
349:
347:
343:
342:
337:
336:
330:
326:
322:
321:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
295:
290:
289:
284:
274:Regalia, 1907
271:
269:
260:
257:
256:Binomial name
253:
249:
248:
242:
239:
238:
235:
234:
230:
227:
226:
223:
222:
218:
215:
214:
211:
208:
205:
204:
201:
198:
195:
194:
191:
188:
185:
184:
181:
178:
175:
174:
171:
168:
165:
164:
161:
158:
155:
154:
149:
144:
140:
135:
131:
126:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
51:
45:
41:
33:
30:
19:
2230:
2174:
2166:
2159:
2150:
2145:Equus scotti
2142:
2134:
2127:
2116:
2108:
2100:
2092:
2084:
2076:
2068:
2060:
2052:
2044:
2039:Equus lambei
2036:
2028:
2020:
2012:
2004:
1996:
1988:
1980:
1972:
1964:
1956:
1949:
1941:Equus andium
1938:
1930:
1921:
1872:
1860:
1846:
1837:
1825:
1811:
1802:
1793:
1784:
1775:
1766:
1757:
1745:Equus quagga
1744:
1717:
1708:
1698:
1686:
1685:Wild horse (
1659:
1650:
1641:
1632:
1620:
1604:
1602:
1594:
1585:
1576:
1567:
1557:
1545:
1529:
1520:
1510:
1501:
1489:
1468:
1457:
1398:
1394:
1384:
1376:
1371:
1348:
1321:
1317:
1267:
1263:
1253:
1236:
1232:
1226:
1199:
1195:
1129:
1125:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1054:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1007:
974:
970:
944:10261/362568
924:
920:
910:
883:
879:
795:Lascaux cave
776:Neanderthals
764:Palaeolithic
761:
700:
643:
637:
636:
603:
602:
585:
581:
551:
550:
546:
524:Equus asinus
522:
516:
515:
500:
492:
487:
479:
453:
428:
417:Chalcolithic
392:
391:
369:
363:
339:
332:
328:
318:
298:
293:
292:
287:
286:
282:
280:
267:
262:
246:
245:
232:
220:
29:
2255:Wikispecies
1919:Prehistoric
1873:Equus grevy
1861:Equus grevy
1826:Equus zebra
1687:Equus ferus
1621:Equus kiang
1401:: 211â236.
720:true horses
472:Ăadır HöyĂŒk
433:Paleolithic
421:Cabezo Juré
352:Description
329:hydruntinus
2364:ĂatalhöyĂŒk
2318:Categories
2201:Wild horse
1270:: 111564.
854:References
714:, between
480:sensu lato
468:ĂatalhöyĂŒk
382:metatarsal
378:metacarpal
299:hydruntine
228:Subgenus:
1324:: 47â62.
1218:0962-1083
1156:1932-6203
999:0277-3791
977:: 16â29.
953:0267-8179
902:2296-701X
768:Neolithic
724:grassland
716:shrubland
707:temperate
462:than the
449:West Asia
409:North Sea
399:. In the
374:hypsodont
341:Hydruntum
315:West Asia
305:from the
240:Species:
166:Kingdom:
160:Eukaryota
2240:Wikidata
1756:Quagga (
1707:Tarpan (
1509:Donkey (
1245:23735450
1174:28422966
1126:PLOS ONE
1093:16780426
1046:84330920
842:See also
797:, France
772:Iron Age
712:biotopes
648:(kiang)
331:, means
311:Holocene
309:to Late
206:Family:
190:Mammalia
180:Chordata
176:Phylum:
170:Animalia
156:Domain:
44:Holocene
2301:1029142
2275:8340016
2246:Q631645
2191:Equidae
1924:species
1910:Zebroid
1888:Hybrids
1697:Horse (
1403:Bibcode
1326:Bibcode
1272:Bibcode
1165:5396879
1134:Bibcode
1101:9698728
1073:Bibcode
1026:Bibcode
979:Bibcode
886:: 301.
748:savanna
703:steppic
697:Ecology
335:Otranto
265:†
244:†
216:Genus:
210:Equidae
196:Order:
186:Class:
117:↓
2324:Onager
2288:379504
1734:Zebras
1676:Horses
1243:
1216:
1202:(14).
1172:
1162:
1154:
1099:
1091:
1044:
997:
951:
900:
752:browse
728:bovids
722:) and
502:Asinus
445:Danube
320:Asinus
303:equine
233:Asinus
1922:Equus
1900:Kunga
1895:Hinny
1477:Asses
1458:Equus
1241:JSTOR
1097:S2CID
1042:S2CID
744:Zebra
484:kiang
346:Latin
333:from
297:) or
221:Equus
18:Zebro
2283:NCBI
2270:GBIF
1905:Mule
1214:ISSN
1170:PMID
1152:ISSN
1089:PMID
995:ISSN
949:ISSN
898:ISSN
470:and
460:Khur
425:mule
380:and
281:The
56:Preê
1411:doi
1399:435
1359:doi
1334:doi
1322:557
1290:hdl
1280:doi
1268:620
1204:doi
1160:PMC
1142:doi
1081:doi
1034:doi
987:doi
939:hdl
929:doi
888:doi
742:or
348:).
344:in
291:or
2320::
2298::
2285::
2272::
2257::
2242::
1409:.
1397:.
1393:.
1332:.
1320:.
1316:.
1304:^
1288:.
1278:.
1266:.
1262:.
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1235:.
1212:.
1200:33
1198:.
1194:.
1182:^
1168:.
1158:.
1150:.
1140:.
1130:12
1128:.
1124:.
1109:^
1095:.
1087:.
1079:.
1069:15
1067:.
1040:.
1032:.
1022:59
1020:.
993:.
985:.
975:91
973:.
961:^
947:.
937:.
925:39
923:.
919:.
896:.
882:.
878:.
862:^
778:.
754:.
521:+
106:Pg
50:Ma
42:-
2175:â
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2158:â
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2143:â
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2124:â
2117:â
2109:â
2101:â
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2069:â
2061:â
2053:â
2045:â
2037:â
2029:â
2021:â
2013:â
2005:â
1997:â
1989:â
1981:â
1973:â
1965:â
1957:â
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1946:â
1939:â
1931:â
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1769:)
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1720:)
1711:)
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1469:â
1448:e
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1434:v
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1413::
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1361::
1342:.
1336::
1328::
1298:.
1292::
1282::
1274::
1247:.
1220:.
1206::
1176:.
1144::
1136::
1103:.
1083::
1075::
1048:.
1036::
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1001:.
989::
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955:.
941::
931::
904:.
890::
884:7
583:â
548:â
368:(
338:(
285:(
111:N
101:K
96:J
91:T
86:P
81:C
76:D
71:S
66:O
61:ê
20:)
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