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31:
299:, not a paradox at all. The absorption of a photon at some wavelength, the release of a photon (for example one that has escaped from some mode of a fiber), or even the relaxation of a particle as it enters some region, are all processes that can be interpreted as measurement. Such a measurement suppresses the transition, and is called the Zeno effect in the scientific literature.
291:) as it leaves some region of space. In the 20th century, the trapping (confinement) of a particle in some region by its observation outside the region was considered as nonsensical, indicating some non-completeness of quantum mechanics. Even as late as 2001, confinement by absorption was considered as a paradox. Later, similar effects of the suppression of
196:. In this sense, for the qubit correction, it is sufficient to determine whether the decoherence has already occurred or not. All these can be considered as applications of the Zeno effect. By its nature, the effect appears only in systems with distinguishable quantum states, and hence is inapplicable to classical phenomena and macroscopic bodies.
128:). If one wants to make the measurement process more and more frequent, one has to correspondingly decrease the time duration of the measurement itself. But the request that the measurement last only a very short time implies that the energy spread of the state in which reduction occurs becomes increasingly large. However, the deviations from the
550:
time, the faster it will collapse. So in the decoherence picture, a perfect implementation of the quantum Zeno effect corresponds to the limit where a quantum system is continuously coupled to the environment, and where that coupling is infinitely strong, and where the "environment" is an infinitely large source of thermal randomness.
640:
It is still an open question how closely one can approach the limit of an infinite number of interrogations due to the
Heisenberg uncertainty involved in shorter measurement times. It has been shown, however, that measurements performed at a finite frequency can yield arbitrarily strong Zeno effects.
132:
law for small times is crucially related to the inverse of the energy spread, so that the region in which the deviations are appreciable shrinks when one makes the measurement process duration shorter and shorter. An explicit evaluation of these two competing requests shows that it is inappropriate,
549:
for a brief period of time, and continuous strong coupling is equivalent to frequent "measurement". The time it takes for the wave function to "collapse" is related to the decoherence time of the system when coupled to the environment. The stronger the coupling is, and the shorter the decoherence
58:
Sometimes this effect is interpreted as "a system cannot change while you are watching it". One can "freeze" the evolution of the system by measuring it frequently enough in its known initial state. The meaning of the term has since expanded, leading to a more technical definition, in which time
34:
With the increasing number of measurements the wave function tends to stay in its initial form. In the animation, a free time evolution of a wave function, depicted on the left, is in the central part interrupted by occasional position measurements that localize the wave function in one of nine
302:
In order to cover all of these phenomena (including the original effect of suppression of quantum decay), the Zeno effect can be defined as a class of phenomena in which some transition is suppressed by an interaction – one that allows the interpretation of the resulting state in the terms
148:
Unstable quantum systems are predicted to exhibit a short-time deviation from the exponential decay law. This universal phenomenon has led to the prediction that frequent measurements during this nonexponential period could inhibit decay of the system, one form of the quantum Zeno effect.
303:'transition did not yet happen' and 'transition has already occurred', or 'The proposition that the evolution of a quantum system is halted' if the state of the system is continuously measured by a macroscopic device to check whether the system is still in its initial state.
219:
tends to infinity; that is, that continual observations will prevent motion. Alan and I tackled one or two theoretical physicists with this, and they rather pooh-poohed it by saying that continual observation is not possible. But there is nothing in the standard books (e.g.,
355:. If measurements are made periodically, with some finite interval between each one, at each measurement, the wave function collapses to an eigenstate of the measurement operator. Between the measurements, the system evolves away from this eigenstate into a
90:, which states that because an arrow in flight is not seen to move during any single instant, it cannot possibly be moving at all. In the quantum Zeno effect an unstable state seems frozen – to not 'move' – due to a constant series of observations.
516:, since probabilities are proportional to squared amplitudes, and amplitudes behave linearly. Thus, in the limit of a large number of short intervals, with a measurement at the end of every interval, the probability of making the transition to
648:
The interpretation of experiments in terms of the "Zeno effect" helps describe the origin of a phenomenon. Nevertheless, such an interpretation does not bring any principally new features not described with the
610:
observed the quantum Zeno effect for an unstable quantum system, as originally proposed by
Sudarshan and Misra. They also observed an anti-Zeno effect. Ultracold sodium atoms were trapped in an accelerating
656:
Even more, the detailed description of experiments with the "Zeno effect", especially at the limit of high frequency of measurements (high efficiency of suppression of transition, or high reflectivity of a
67:, among other factors. As an outgrowth of study of the quantum Zeno effect, it has become clear that applying a series of sufficiently strong and fast pulses with appropriate symmetry can also
599:
pulses during the RF pulse. As expected, the ultraviolet pulses suppressed the evolution of the system into the excited state. The results were in good agreement with theoretical models.
113:
of a particle, without the need of an observer in any conventional sense. However, there is controversy over the interpretation of the effect, sometimes referred to as the "
78:
The first rigorous and general derivation of the quantum Zeno effect was presented in 1974 by
Degasperis, Fonda, and Ghirardi, although it had previously been described by
545:, the collapse of the wave function is not a discrete, instantaneous event. A "measurement" is equivalent to strongly coupling the quantum system to the noisy thermal
1491:
Kouznetsov, D.; Oberst, H.; Neumann, A.; Kuznetsova, Y.; Shimizu, K.; Bisson, J.-F.; Ueda, K.; Brueck, S. R. J. (2006). "Ridged atomic mirrors and atomic nanoscope".
626:
demonstrated a quantum Zeno effect as the modulation of the rate of quantum tunnelling in an ultracold lattice gas by the intensity of light used to image the atoms.
514:
595:. After the pulse was applied, the ions were monitored for photons emitted due to relaxation. The ion trap was then regularly "measured" by applying a sequence of
215:
times a second, then, even if the state is not a stationary one, the probability that the system will be in the same state after, say, one second, tends to one as
1573:
Echanobe, J.; Del Campo, A.; Muga, J. G. (2008). "Disclosing hidden information in the quantum Zeno effect: Pulsed measurement of the quantum time of arrival".
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Experimentally, strong suppression of the evolution of a quantum system due to environmental coupling has been observed in a number of microscopic systems.
1925:
1093:
Ghirardi, G. C.; Omero, C.; Rimini, A.; Weber, T. (1979). "Small Time
Behaviour of Quantum Nondecay Probability and Zeno's Paradox in Quantum Mechanics".
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280:
is applied to various transitions, and sometimes these transitions may be very different from a mere "decay" (whether exponential or non-exponential).
260:. It was later shown that the quantum Zeno effect of a single system is equivalent to the indetermination of the quantum state of a single system.
211:
t is easy to show using standard theory that if a system starts in an eigenstate of some observable, and measurements are made of that observable
168:. Frequent measurement prohibits the transition. It can be a transition of a particle from one half-space to another (which could be used for an
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Home, D.; Whitaker, M. A. B. (1987). "The many-worlds and relative states interpretations of quantum mechanics, and the quantum Zeno paradox".
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Nakanishi, T.; Yamane, K.; Kitano, M. (2001). "Absorption-free optical control of spin systems: the quantum Zeno effect in optical pumping".
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Streed, E.; Mun, J.; Boyd, M.; Campbell, G.; Medley, P.; Ketterle, W.; Pritchard, D. (2006). "Continuous and Pulsed
Quantum Zeno Effect".
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923:
Degasperis, A.; Fonda, L.; Ghirardi, G. C. (1974). "Does the lifetime of an unstable system depend on the measuring apparatus?".
2291:
Fischer, M.; Gutiérrez-Medina, B.; Raizen, M. (2001). "Observation of the
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2476:
Layden, D.; Martin-Martinez, E.; Kempf, A. (2015). "Perfect Zeno-like effect through imperfect measurements at a finite frequency".
1946:
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It was shown that the quantum Zeno effect persists in the many-worlds and relative-states interpretations of quantum mechanics.
1352:
Raizen, M. G.; Wilkinson, S. R.; Bharucha, C. F.; Fischer, M. C.; Madison, K. W.; Morrow, P. R.; Niu, Q.; Sundaram, B. (1997).
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observed the quantum Zeno effect for a two-level atomic system that was interrogated during its evolution. Approximately 5,000
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evolution can be suppressed not only by measurement: the quantum Zeno effect is the suppression of unitary time evolution in
1006:
615:, and the loss due to tunneling was measured. The evolution was interrupted by reducing the acceleration, thereby stopping
1251:
607:
546:
2354:
Patil, Y. S.; Chakram, S.; Vengalattore, M. (2015). "Measurement-Induced
Localization of an Ultracold Lattice Gas".
1897:"The quantum Zeno effect of a single system is equivalent to the indetermination of the quantum state of a single system"
2788:
335:
of some measurement operator. Say the system under free time evolution will decay with a certain probability into state
1000:
1896:
1138:
Kraus, K. (1981-08-01). "Measuring processes in quantum mechanics I. Continuous observation and the watchdog effect".
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868:
Facchi, P.; Lidar, D. A.; Pascazio, S. (2004). "Unification of dynamical decoupling and the quantum Zeno effect".
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without taking into account this basic fact, to deal with the actual occurrence and emergence of Zeno's effect.
1952:
1853:(April 1997). "Quantum Zeno Effect and the Impossibility of Determining the Quantum State of a Single System".
224:'s) to this effect, so that at least the paradox shows up an inadequacy of Quantum Theory as usually presented.
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650:
125:
87:
1684:
Franson, J.; Jacobs, B.; Pittman, T. (2006). "Quantum computing using single photons and the Zeno effect".
619:. The group observed suppression or enhancement of the decay rate, depending on the regime of measurement.
1978:
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83:
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121:
98:
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Leibfried, D.; Blatt, R.; Monroe, C.; Wineland, D. (2003). "Quantum dynamics of single trapped ions".
164:, the interaction mentioned is called "measurement" because its result can be interpreted in terms of
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Kominis, I. K. (2009). "Quantum Zeno effect explains magnetic-sensitive radical-ion-pair reactions".
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140:, in which the time evolution of a system is affected by its continuous coupling to the environment.
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to be slowed down by measuring it frequently enough with respect to some chosen measurement setting.
2132:
Kouznetsov, D.; Oberst, H. (2005). "Reflection of Waves from a Ridged
Surface and the Zeno Effect".
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sectors. On the right, a series of very frequent measurements leads to the quantum Zeno effect.
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Peřina, J. (2004). "Quantum Zeno effect in cascaded parametric down-conversion with losses".
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Belavkin, V.; Staszewski, P. (1992). "Nondemolition observation of a free quantum particle".
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recalled Turing's formulation of the quantum Zeno effect in a letter to fellow mathematician
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403:. When the superposition state is measured, it will again collapse, either back into state
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As a result of Turing's suggestion, the quantum Zeno effect is also sometimes known as the
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801:
612:
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1536:
Allcock, J. (1969). "The time of arrival in quantum mechanics I. Formal considerations".
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at MIT observed the dependence of the Zeno effect on measurement pulse characteristics.
82:. The comparison with Zeno's paradox is due to a 1977 article by Baidyanath Misra &
2177:
Panov, A. D. (2001). "Quantum Zeno effect in spontaneous decay with distant detector".
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1412:
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Khalfin, L. A. (1958). "Contribution to the decay theory of a quasi-stationary state".
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Thun, K.; Peřina, J.; Křepelka, J. (2002). "Quantum Zeno effect in Raman scattering".
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Closely related (and sometimes not distinguished from the quantum Zeno effect) is the
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to another. It can be a transition from the subspace without decoherent loss of a
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provided by a variety of sources: measurement, interactions with the environment,
2021:
Yamane, K.; Ito, M.; Kitano, M. (2001). "Quantum Zeno effect in optical fibers".
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Subsequently, it was predicted that measurements applied more slowly could also
79:
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Sudarshan, E. C. G.; Misra, B. (1977). "The Zeno's paradox in quantum theory".
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The
Quantum Challenge: Modern Research on the Foundations of Quantum Mechanics
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Another crucial problem related to the effect is strictly connected to the
117:" in traversing the interface between microscopic and macroscopic objects.
17:
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1700:
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from one mode to another, and it can be a transition of an atom from one
1659:
2629:
Petrosky, T.; Tasaki, S.; Prigogine, I. (1991). "Quantum Zeno effect".
2592:
Petrosky, T.; Tasaki, S.; Prigogine, I. (1990). "Quantum zeno effect".
1999:
1818:
Quantum
Measurements and New Concepts for Experiments with Trapped Ions
1354:"Experimental evidence for non-exponential decay in quantum tunnelling"
1159:
1116:
946:
269:
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and proposed to be part of birds' magnetic compass sensory mechanism (
1815:
Wunderlich, C.; Balzer, C. (2003). Bederson, B.; Walther, H. (eds.).
772:
177:
1821:. Advances in Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics. Vol. 49.
1431:
587:
pulse was applied, which, if applied alone, would cause the entire
237:
R. O. Gandy and C. E. M. Yates, eds. (Elsevier, 2001), p. 267.
2490:
2429:
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1589:
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661:) usually do not behave as expected for an idealized measurement.
189:
93:
According to the reduction postulate, each measurement causes the
794:
https://phys.org/news/2015-10-zeno-effect-verifiedatoms-wont.html
1413:"A general framework for the Quantum Zeno and anti-Zeno effects"
566:
2232:
Itano, W.; Heinzen, D.; Bollinger, J.; Wineland, D. (1990).
105:
of the measurement basis. In the context of this effect, an
1631:
Quantum computing: a short course from theory to experiment
1030:
Facchi, P.; Pascazio, S. (2002). "Quantum Zeno subspaces".
283:
One realization refers to the observation of an object (
2756:"How the quantum Zeno effect impacts Schrodinger's cat"
176:) as in the time-of-arrival problem, a transition of a
523:
495:
475:
454:
432:
410:
388:
366:
341:
317:
447:. However, its probability of collapsing into state
1287:
Foundations and Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics
1902:. In F. De Martini, G. Denardo and Y. Shih (ed.).
1762:
1660:"Quantum computer solves problem, without running"
529:
508:
481:
460:
438:
416:
394:
372:
347:
323:
254:, and in particular the rule sometimes called the
425:as in the first measurement, or away into state
971:Alan Turing: Life and Legacy of a Great Thinker
209:
629:The quantum Zeno effect is used in commercial
622:In 2015, Mukund Vengalattore and his group at
1765:Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics
252:mathematical foundations of quantum mechanics
8:
1741:Mathematische Grundlagen der Quantenmechanik
1486:
1484:
246:. The idea is implicit in the early work of
968:Hofstadter, D. (2004). Teuscher, C. (ed.).
744:
742:
264:Various realizations and general definition
2751:which demonstrates the Quantum Zeno effect
1976:Mielnik, B. (1994). "The screen problem".
2544:
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2428:
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494:
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409:
387:
365:
340:
316:
307:Periodic measurement of a quantum system
29:
1253:Testing Quantum Mechanics on New Ground
738:
153:decay rates, a phenomenon known as the
1927:Quantum Measurement of a Single System
268:The treatment of the Zeno effect as a
7:
1794:Quantum Measurements and Decoherence
1411:Chaudhry, Adam Zaman (2016-07-13).
999:Greenstein, G.; Zajonc, A. (2005).
272:is not limited to the processes of
575:ions were stored in a cylindrical
469:after a very short amount of time
192:to a state with a qubit lost in a
122:time–energy indeterminacy relation
25:
2766:from the original on 17 June 2017
583:to below 250 mK. A resonant
674:
207:, shortly after Turing's death:
1007:Jones & Bartlett Publishers
752:Journal of Mathematical Physics
696:Interference (wave propagation)
2747:A computer program written in
2386:10.1103/PhysRevLett.115.140402
2119:10.1016/j.physleta.2004.03.026
1906:. Wiley-VCH. pp. 539–544.
1628:Stolze, J.; Suter, D. (2008).
591:population to migrate into an
86:.The name comes by analogy to
51:systems allowing a particle's
27:Quantum measurement phenomenon
1:
2563:10.1103/PhysRevLett.97.260402
2325:10.1103/PhysRevLett.87.040402
2211:10.1016/S0375-9601(01)00094-9
2082:10.1016/S0375-9601(02)00629-1
2045:10.1016/S0030-4018(01)01192-0
1064:10.1103/PhysRevLett.89.080401
608:University of Texas at Austin
311:Consider a system in a state
2653:10.1016/0378-4371(91)90048-H
2616:10.1016/0375-9601(90)90173-L
1560:10.1016/0003-4916(69)90251-6
2690:10.1088/0305-4470/20/11/036
295:was considered an expected
2810:
2794:Quantum mechanical entropy
2508:10.1103/PhysRevA.91.022106
2447:10.1103/PhysRevE.80.056115
1771:Princeton University Press
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1515:10.1088/0953-4075/39/7/005
1258:Cambridge University Press
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847:10.1103/PhysRevA.65.013404
554:Experiments and discussion
2731:10.1103/RevModPhys.75.281
2710:Reviews of Modern Physics
2156:10.1007/s10043-005-0363-9
1875:10.1103/PhysRevA.55.R2499
706:Observer effect (physics)
2263:10.1103/PhysRevA.41.2295
1761:von Neumann, J. (1955).
1739:von Neumann, J. (1932).
1221:10.1103/PhysRevA.45.1347
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1791:Menskey, M. B. (2000).
1033:Physical Review Letters
653:of the quantum system.
276:. In general, the term
126:indeterminacy principle
1979:Foundations of Physics
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1904:Quantum Interferometry
1801:. §4.1.1, pp. 315 ff.
1140:Foundations of Physics
531:
510:
483:
462:
440:
418:
396:
374:
349:
325:
240:
84:E. C. George Sudarshan
36:
2234:"Quantum Zeno effect"
2024:Optics Communications
1939:10.1002/9783527617128
721:Wavefunction collapse
606:and his group at the
532:
511:
509:{\displaystyle t^{2}}
484:
463:
441:
419:
397:
375:
350:
326:
33:
2669:Journal of Physics A
1494:Journal of Physics B
651:Schrödinger equation
631:atomic magnetometers
521:
493:
473:
452:
430:
408:
386:
364:
359:state of the states
339:
315:
88:Zeno's arrow paradox
2789:Quantum measurement
2723:2003RvMP...75..281L
2682:1987JPhA...20.3339H
2645:1991PhyA..170..306P
2608:1990PhLA..151..109P
2555:2006PhRvL..97z0402S
2500:2015PhRvA..91b2106L
2439:2009PhRvE..80e6115K
2378:2015PhRvL.115n0402P
2317:2001PhRvL..87d0402F
2255:1990PhRvA..41.2295I
2203:2001PhLA..281....9P
2148:2005OptRv..12..363K
2111:2004PhLA..325...16P
2074:2002PhLA..299...19T
2037:2001OptCo.192..299Y
1992:1994FoPh...24.1113M
1867:1997PhRvA..55.2499A
1710:2004PhRvA..70f2302F
1599:2008PhRvA..77c2112E
1552:1969AnPhy..53..253A
1507:2006JPhB...39.1605K
1441:2016NatSR...629497C
1375:1997Natur.387..575W
1331:1958JETP....6.1053K
1318:Soviet Physics JETP
1213:1992PhRvA..45.1347B
1152:1981FoPh...11..547K
1109:1979NCimA..52..421G
1056:2002PhRvL..89h0401F
939:1974NCimA..21..471D
894:2004PhRvA..69c2314F
839:2001PhRvA..65a3404N
765:1977JMP....18..756M
711:Quantum decoherence
701:Measurement problem
489:is proportional to
257:reduction postulate
235:Mathematical Logic,
166:classical mechanics
115:measurement problem
43:(also known as the
41:quantum Zeno effect
2000:10.1007/BF02057859
1922:Yoshihisa Yamamoto
1893:Yoshihisa Yamamoto
1861:(5): R2499–R2502.
1851:Yoshihisa Yamamoto
1666:. 22 February 2006
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1250:Ghose, P. (1999).
1160:10.1007/bf00726936
1117:10.1007/BF02770851
1096:Il Nuovo Cimento A
947:10.1007/BF02731351
926:Il Nuovo Cimento A
800:2018-09-25 at the
624:Cornell University
543:decoherence theory
527:
506:
479:
458:
436:
414:
392:
370:
345:
321:
199:The mathematician
109:can simply be the
71:a system from its
49:quantum-mechanical
47:) is a feature of
37:
2676:(11): 3339–3345.
2595:Physics Letters A
2478:Physical Review A
2242:Physical Review A
2180:Physics Letters A
2098:Physics Letters A
2061:Physics Letters A
1832:978-0-12-003849-7
1808:978-0-7923-6227-2
1784:978-0-691-02893-4
1754:978-3-540-59207-5
1687:Physical Review A
1645:978-3-527-40787-3
1576:Physical Review A
1539:Annals of Physics
1449:10.1038/srep29497
1301:978-981-02-4614-3
1267:978-0-521-02659-8
1016:978-0-7637-2470-2
985:978-3-540-20020-8
871:Physical Review A
816:Physical Review A
716:Quantum Darwinism
617:quantum tunneling
565:and his group at
563:David J. Wineland
530:{\displaystyle B}
482:{\displaystyle t}
461:{\displaystyle B}
439:{\displaystyle B}
417:{\displaystyle A}
395:{\displaystyle B}
373:{\displaystyle A}
348:{\displaystyle B}
324:{\displaystyle A}
162:quantum mechanics
130:exponential decay
65:stochastic fields
16:(Redirected from
2801:
2775:
2773:
2771:
2734:
2694:
2693:
2663:
2657:
2656:
2626:
2620:
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2589:
2583:
2582:
2548:
2546:cond-mat/0606430
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2467:
2466:
2432:
2412:
2406:
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2371:
2351:
2345:
2344:
2310:
2308:quant-ph/0104035
2288:
2282:
2281:
2279:
2273:. Archived from
2249:(5): 2295–2300.
2238:
2229:
2223:
2222:
2196:
2194:quant-ph/0101031
2174:
2168:
2167:
2142:(5): 1605–1623.
2129:
2123:
2122:
2092:
2086:
2085:
2055:
2049:
2048:
2031:(3–6): 299–307.
2018:
2012:
2011:
1986:(8): 1113–1129.
1973:
1967:
1966:
1964:
1963:
1957:
1951:. Archived from
1932:
1914:
1908:
1907:
1901:
1895:(October 1996).
1885:
1879:
1878:
1843:
1837:
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1812:
1788:
1768:
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1729:
1703:
1701:quant-ph/0408097
1681:
1675:
1674:
1672:
1671:
1656:
1650:
1649:
1634:(2nd ed.).
1625:
1619:
1618:
1592:
1570:
1564:
1563:
1533:
1527:
1526:
1501:(7): 1605–1623.
1488:
1479:
1478:
1468:
1434:
1408:
1402:
1401:
1399:
1393:. Archived from
1358:
1349:
1343:
1342:
1312:
1306:
1305:
1292:World Scientific
1278:
1272:
1271:
1247:
1241:
1240:
1206:
1204:quant-ph/0512138
1197:(3): 1347–1356.
1186:
1180:
1179:
1146:(7–8): 547–576.
1135:
1129:
1128:
1090:
1084:
1083:
1049:
1047:quant-ph/0201115
1027:
1021:
1020:
996:
990:
989:
965:
959:
958:
920:
914:
913:
887:
885:quant-ph/0303132
865:
859:
858:
832:
830:quant-ph/0103034
810:
804:
791:
785:
784:
773:10.1063/1.523304
746:
726:Zeno's paradoxes
684:
679:
678:
641:In 2006, Streed
635:magnetoreception
574:
536:
534:
533:
528:
515:
513:
512:
507:
505:
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488:
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467:
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379:
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354:
352:
351:
346:
330:
328:
327:
322:
293:Raman scattering
289:quantum particle
248:John von Neumann
238:
194:quantum computer
174:atomic nanoscope
21:
2809:
2808:
2804:
2803:
2802:
2800:
2799:
2798:
2779:
2778:
2769:
2767:
2754:
2741:
2706:
2703:
2701:Further reading
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2697:
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2628:
2627:
2623:
2591:
2590:
2586:
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2527:
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2353:
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2289:
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2277:
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2176:
2175:
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2131:
2130:
2126:
2094:
2093:
2089:
2057:
2056:
2052:
2020:
2019:
2015:
1975:
1974:
1970:
1961:
1959:
1955:
1949:
1930:
1916:
1915:
1911:
1899:
1887:
1886:
1882:
1845:
1844:
1840:
1833:
1825:. p. 315.
1814:
1809:
1790:
1785:
1760:
1755:
1747:. Chapter V.2.
1738:
1737:
1733:
1683:
1682:
1678:
1669:
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1658:
1657:
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1410:
1409:
1405:
1397:
1356:
1351:
1350:
1346:
1314:
1313:
1309:
1302:
1294:. p. 341.
1280:
1279:
1275:
1268:
1260:. p. 114.
1249:
1248:
1244:
1188:
1187:
1183:
1137:
1136:
1132:
1092:
1091:
1087:
1029:
1028:
1024:
1017:
1009:. p. 237.
998:
997:
993:
986:
967:
966:
962:
922:
921:
917:
867:
866:
862:
812:
811:
807:
802:Wayback Machine
792:
788:
748:
747:
740:
735:
730:
680:
673:
670:
613:optical lattice
570:
556:
519:
518:
496:
491:
490:
471:
470:
450:
449:
428:
427:
406:
405:
384:
383:
362:
361:
337:
336:
331:, which is the
313:
312:
309:
266:
239:
228:
146:
138:watchdog effect
61:quantum systems
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2807:
2805:
2797:
2796:
2791:
2781:
2780:
2777:
2776:
2752:
2740:
2739:External links
2737:
2736:
2735:
2717:(1): 281–324.
2702:
2699:
2696:
2695:
2658:
2621:
2584:
2539:(26): 260402.
2521:
2468:
2407:
2362:(14): 140402.
2346:
2283:
2280:on 2004-07-20.
2224:
2169:
2135:Optical Review
2124:
2087:
2050:
2013:
1968:
1947:
1909:
1880:
1838:
1831:
1823:Academic Press
1807:
1783:
1753:
1731:
1676:
1651:
1644:
1638:. p. 99.
1620:
1565:
1546:(2): 253–285.
1528:
1480:
1403:
1400:on 2010-03-31.
1344:
1307:
1300:
1273:
1266:
1242:
1181:
1130:
1085:
1022:
1015:
991:
984:
978:. p. 54.
960:
933:(3): 471–484.
915:
860:
805:
786:
759:(4): 756–763.
737:
736:
734:
731:
729:
728:
723:
718:
713:
708:
703:
698:
693:
687:
686:
685:
682:Physics portal
669:
666:
604:Mark G. Raizen
555:
552:
538:goes to zero.
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344:
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244:Turing paradox
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53:time evolution
45:Turing paradox
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2484:(2): 022106.
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2017:
2014:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1980:
1972:
1969:
1958:on 2021-12-04
1954:
1950:
1948:9780471283089
1944:
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1936:
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1694:(6): 062302.
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1583:(3): 032112.
1582:
1578:
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1384:
1383:10.1038/42418
1380:
1376:
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1369:(6633): 575.
1368:
1364:
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665:
662:
660:
659:ridged mirror
654:
652:
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644:
638:
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632:
627:
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620:
618:
614:
609:
605:
600:
598:
594:
593:excited state
590:
586:
582:
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573:
568:
564:
559:
553:
551:
548:
544:
541:According to
539:
537:
524:
501:
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468:
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424:
411:
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389:
380:
367:
358:
357:superposition
342:
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318:
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294:
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286:
281:
279:
275:
274:quantum decay
271:
263:
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249:
245:
236:
232:
231:Andrew Hodges
225:
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187:
186:quantum state
183:
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170:atomic mirror
167:
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131:
127:
124:(part of the
123:
118:
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89:
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81:
76:
75:environment.
74:
70:
66:
62:
56:
54:
50:
46:
42:
32:
19:
2768:. Retrieved
2759:
2714:
2708:
2673:
2667:
2661:
2636:
2630:
2624:
2602:(3–4): 109.
2599:
2593:
2587:
2536:
2530:
2524:
2481:
2477:
2471:
2420:
2417:Phys. Rev. E
2416:
2410:
2359:
2355:
2349:
2298:
2292:
2286:
2275:the original
2246:
2240:
2227:
2184:
2178:
2172:
2139:
2133:
2127:
2105:(1): 16–20.
2102:
2096:
2090:
2068:(1): 19–30.
2065:
2059:
2053:
2028:
2022:
2016:
1983:
1977:
1971:
1960:. Retrieved
1953:the original
1926:
1912:
1903:
1883:
1858:
1855:Phys. Rev. A
1854:
1841:
1817:
1793:
1764:
1740:
1734:
1691:
1685:
1679:
1668:. Retrieved
1654:
1630:
1623:
1580:
1574:
1568:
1543:
1537:
1531:
1498:
1492:
1425:(1): 29497.
1422:
1416:
1406:
1395:the original
1366:
1360:
1347:
1322:
1316:
1310:
1286:
1276:
1252:
1245:
1194:
1191:Phys. Rev. A
1190:
1184:
1143:
1139:
1133:
1100:
1094:
1088:
1037:
1031:
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808:
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756:
750:
691:Einselection
663:
655:
647:
642:
639:
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621:
601:
589:ground-state
581:laser-cooled
577:Penning trap
560:
557:
540:
517:
448:
426:
404:
382:
360:
310:
301:
296:
285:Zeno's arrow
282:
277:
267:
255:
243:
241:
234:
216:
212:
210:
198:
159:
154:
150:
147:
137:
135:
119:
110:
106:
95:wavefunction
92:
77:
68:
57:
44:
40:
38:
1282:Auletta, G.
597:ultraviolet
547:environment
278:Zeno effect
201:Robin Gandy
144:Description
107:observation
80:Alan Turing
18:Zeno effect
2783:Categories
2639:(2): 306.
1962:2021-12-04
1918:Orly Alter
1889:Orly Alter
1847:Orly Alter
1773:. p.
1670:2013-09-21
1432:1604.06561
1103:(4): 421.
733:References
333:eigenstate
229:Quoted by
205:Max Newman
111:absorption
103:eigenstate
73:decohering
2632:Physica A
2516:119628035
2491:1410.3826
2430:0806.0739
2394:0031-9007
2369:1411.2678
2008:121708226
1759:See also
1726:119071343
1636:Wiley-VCH
1615:118335567
1590:0712.0670
1457:2045-2322
1176:121902392
1168:0015-9018
1125:124911216
955:120279111
602:In 2001,
561:In 1989,
287:, or any
182:waveguide
2764:Archived
2760:phys.org
2745:Zeno.qcl
2571:17280408
2455:20365051
2402:26551797
2341:11178428
2333:11461604
2219:18357530
2187:(1): 9.
2164:55565166
1924:(2001).
1799:Springer
1745:Springer
1664:Phys.Org
1523:16653364
1475:27405268
1325:: 1053.
1284:(2000).
1237:14637898
1080:29178016
1072:12190448
976:Springer
910:38253718
855:56052019
798:Archived
668:See also
227:—
99:collapse
69:decouple
2770:18 June
2719:Bibcode
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