104:'s Administration Report for the year 1876–77, he reports that indigo cultivation in Bengal is divided into three methods that planters refer to as "tirhut". These are characterized as systems of tenure and conditions of indigo cultivation. The first of these, "zerat", is used if the land is in the planter's sole possession, and the ryot employed to work the land is a hired labourer. The term "assamiviar" is relevant when the land is in the rayat's possession and he is compelled (being the planter's tenant) to grow indigo on it at fixed rates. Lastly, the term "khooshgee" is appropriate when the rayat, under no compulsion, grows the plant as a remunerative crop. Sometimes referred to as "compulsory labour",
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at times of loss of crop suffered losses and was even unable to cover the loan taken from the planter. The basic difference in the Zerat system was the planter had not only to pay for the labour costs but also bear all risks involved with raising the crop, and as such he did not prefer this option.
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The ryot option was preferred by the planter, as his involvement was limited only to finance the cultivation and not pay for any other costs of labour and other inputs required to raise the crop or even loss of crop, particularly in indigo cultivation. The risk was entirely that of the peasant, who
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were common practices which represented two labour hiring processes. The ryot (or raiyat) ("peasant") was a small land holder who took financial support from the planter and in return had to come to a written understanding to turn over the produce from his land to the planter at a predetermined
62:. It refers to the private land of the landlord, which would often be cultivated by peasants. Zerat was mainly responsible for a change in traditional forms of agricultural organization in some parts of India, replacing the
97:”, which had a direct impact on the peasants. The ploy of the planter in demesne was to encroach the land of the peasant and eventually claim it as his own and expand his control over the peasantry as a Zamindar.
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cultivation, which is direct cultivation by the planter, however, was an exclusive practice of the planter in which he hired labour to work on his fields to grow crops of his choice. 'Zerat' literally means “the
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system. It produced a strain on the peasant economy, despite peasants being free to grow their own crops.
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Sinha, Narendra
Krishna; Committee, History of Bengal Publication (1996).
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245:. Printed by the Superintendent of Government Printing. pp. 424–
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Watt, Sir George; India. Dept. of
Revenue and Agriculture (1890).
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History of
Science, Philosophy and Culture in Indian Civilization
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peasants made up the largest group of the zerat labour force.
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Kumar, Dharma; Raychaudhuri, Tapan; Desai, Meghnad (1983).
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cultivation practiced by planters in Bihar and Bengal, the
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242:A dictionary of the economic products of India
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176:The Indian economic and social history review
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267:The Cambridge economic history of India
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179:. Vikas Pub. House. pp. 213–16
173:Delhi School of Economics (1970).
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207:. In D. P. Chattopadhyaya (ed.).
203:Chaudhuri, Binay Bhushan (2008).
146:The history of Bengal, 1757–1905
270:. CUP Archive. pp. 326–.
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309:Labour relations in India
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149:. University of Calcutta
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319:Indigo dye production
100:In the Magistrate of
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298:Categories
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44:Zerat
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