556:
for her dedication to the
Ethiopian Orthodox faith and her role in a transitional period that set the stage for the modernization efforts that followed. Critics argue that her conservative policies may have hindered Ethiopia's progress and adaptation to the modern world. However, supporters highlight her significant role in maintaining Ethiopian sovereignty and cultural identity during a period of potential upheaval. Her reign remains a topic of study for its insights into the challenges of leadership during a time of significant political and social change.
779:
particularly happy as
Empress. Even though he had treated her abominably, she held much personal affection for her nephew Iyasu, and is said to have wept bitterly for him when told that she was being made Empress as her nephew had been excommunicated for apostasy. Increasingly, the Empress retreated from state responsibility into a world of fasting and prayer, whilst the progressive elements that surrounded the heir, Tafari Makonnen, gained in strength and influence at court.
875:. Tafari was a moderniser, believing that Ethiopia needed to open itself to the world in order to survive. In this, he had the backing of many younger nobles. Zewditu, however, was a conservative, believing in the preservation of Ethiopian tradition. She had the strong backing of the church in this belief. Slowly, however, Zewditu began to withdraw from active politics, leaving more and more power to Tafari. Under Tafari's direction, Ethiopia entered the
684:
634:. The marriage was political, having been arranged when Menelik agreed to submit to Yohannes' rule. Yohannes and Menelik eventually fell into conflict again, however, with Menelik launching a rebellion against Yohannes' rule. Zewditu's marriage was childless, since she was very young during her marriage, although her husband had fathered a son by another woman. When Araya Selassie died in 1888, she left
38:
361:
159:
665:, Negus Menelik of Shewa assumed power and became Emperor of Ethiopia in 1889. This restored the direct male line succession of the dynasty, as Emperor Yohannes's claim to the throne was through a female link to the line. As the daughter of Menelik II, Zewditu would be the last monarch in direct agnatic descent from the
934:
Gugsa Welle was killed in battle, Empress
Zewditu died. According to some popular histories, Zewditu died of shock and grief at hearing of her husband's death, but other accounts contradict this, claiming that Zewditu was not informed of the battle's outcome before her sudden death. Some diplomatic
700:
Tessema, and the ministers agreed that Iyasu's coronation should be postponed until he was a bit older and had taken Holy
Communion with his wife, which would make his marriage insoluble in the eyes of the Orthodox Church. However, Iyasu quickly encountered problems with his rule, and he was never
555:
The death of
Empress Zewditu in 1930, under circumstances that remain somewhat unclear, marked the end of an era and paved the way for Ras Tafari to become Emperor Haile Selassie. Her legacy reflects efforts to maintain traditional values while facing the inevitability of change. She is remembered
638:
and returned to her father's court in Shewa. Despite the hostility between
Menelik and Yohannes, Zewditu managed throughout the conflict to maintain good relations with both. In a sign of his high regard and affection for his daughter-in-law, Emperor Yohannes IV sent Zewditu back to Shewa with a
547:
Faced with significant internal challenges, she navigated power struggles between conservative and modernist factions within the country. Despite her conservative stance, Zewditu had to deal with the complexities of a nation under pressure to modernize and engage with foreign powers. During her
778:
Iyasu, whom her father had wanted to succeed him – while she believed that Iyasu's overthrow was necessary, she had admired her father greatly, and was unhappy at having to disobey his wishes. Her separation from her husband and her guilt about Iyasu's overthrow combined to make
Zewditu not
649:. Gugsa Welle was the nephew of the Empress Taytu, Zewditu's stepmother. Zewditu had already been on good terms with Taytu, but the direct tie between the two helped cement the relationship. Unlike her prior marriages, Zewditu's marriage to Gugsa Welle is thought to have been happy.
548:
reign, Ethiopia experienced political manoeuvring, with Ras Tafari pushing for reforms and international diplomacy, creating a dual power dynamic that defined her rule. Ethiopia's attempts to assert its sovereignty amidst external threats, particularly from colonial powers like
769:, had withdrawn from the capital after Menelik's death, but were still distrusted somewhat due to the evident favoritism she had practiced during the reign of her late husband. In an attempt to limit her influence, the aristocracy arranged for her nephew—Zewditu's husband
552:, marked this period. Her commitment to preserving Ethiopian independence and cultural heritage was a notable aspect of her leadership. However, resistance to rapid modernization and reliance on traditionalist policies led to tensions within the government and society.
773:
Gugsa Welle—to be appointed to a remote governorship, removing him from court. This move, while intended as a strike against Taytu rather than against
Zewditu, is believed to have upset Zewditu considerably. Zewditu also suffered guilt for taking the throne from
839:, the niece of Tafari Makonnen, as his bride. When Iyasu was captured, a tearful Empress Zewditu pleaded that he be kept in a special house on the grounds of the palace, where she would see to his care and he could receive religious counsel. She found
691:
Due to fears of instability that might be caused, the cabinet of ministers decided not to publicly proclaim the death of
Menelik II. As a result, Iyasu was never officially proclaimed as Emperor Iyasu V. However, both Menelik's death and Iyasu's
935:
sources in Addis Ababa reported at the time that the fever-stricken
Empress was immersed in a large container of frigidly cold holy water to cure her of her illness, but that her body went into shock, and she died shortly thereafter.
680:, the son of Zewditu's half-sister Shewa Regga, who had been publicly declared heir apparent in 1909, took the throne. Iyasu considered Zewditu a potential threat to his rule, and exiled her and her husband to the countryside.
806:
was paraded through the streets of Addis Ababa in chains, carrying a rock of repentance on his shoulders, before entering the throne room and kissing the Empress's shoes to beg for her mercy. The heir to the throne,
847:
Habte Giyorgis Dinagde to be unbendingly opposed, and so gave up. She did, however, ensure that special favorite foods and a constant supply of clothing and luxuries reached Iyasu at his place of arrest in Sellale.
798:, a powerful northern leader, Iyasu attempted to regain the throne. The two failed to effectively coordinate their efforts however, and after some initial victories Iyasu's father was defeated and captured at the
527:
Empress Zewditu sought to maintain Ethiopia's traditional values during her reign through a series of conservative policies, resisting rapid modernization. Ascending to the throne in 1916 after the deposition of
618:, Menelik's eventual heir. However, the Emperor remained closest to Zewditu, who also had good relations with her stepmother, the Empress Taytu, and was part of her father's household for most of her life.
764:
While the conservative Ethiopian aristocracy was generally supportive of Zewditu, it was less enthusiastic about many of her relatives. Zewditu's stepmother and the aunt of her husband, Dowager Empress
536:, who saw her as a stabilizing figure. Her rule was characterized by efforts to uphold Ethiopian traditions and the Orthodox Christian faith, contrasting with the modernizing ambitions of her regent,
603:, was a noblewoman of Wollo and a brief companion of Menelik II. Her mother separated from Menelik when Zewditu was very young, and the future empress was raised by her father and his consort
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but had no children by this wife. Menelik had three acknowledged children: Zewditu herself; a son, Asfa Wossen, who died before adulthood; and another daughter Shewa Regga, the mother of
1442:
902:, i.e. Empress), Tafari was now in effect the ruler of Ethiopia. A number of attempts were made to displace him, but they were all unsuccessful. In 1930, Zewditu's husband
918:, hoping to end the regency in spite of his wife's repeated pleas and orders to desist, but was defeated and killed in battle by the modernised Ethiopian army at the
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sympathies. After a troubled few years, Iyasu was removed from power. Zewditu was summoned to the capital, and on 27 September 1916, the Council of State and the
516:), about which she was at best ambivalent and often stridently opposed, due to her staunch conservatism and strong religious devotion. She is the most recent
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890:, but it was unsuccessful. Empress Zewditu was compelled to grant Tafari, who now controlled most of the Ethiopian government, the title of King (
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is an Amharic word meaning "the Crown", though it sometimes appears erroneously Anglicized as "Judith", with which it is not cognate. Her mother,
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officially announced the death of Emperor Menelik II and deposed Iyasu in favour of Zewditu. Zewditu's official title was "Queen of Kings" (
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Tafari was also made heir apparent to Zewditu, for none of her children had survived to adulthood. In 1928, after an attempt to remove
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Tafari Makonnen, was not present at this spectacle out of consideration for the feelings of his wife, who was the granddaughter of
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crowned. He was widely disliked by the nobility for his unstable behavior, and the church held him in suspicion for his alleged
1381:"About this Collection | United States Treaties and Other International Agreements | Digital Collections | Library of Congress"
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As Empress Zewditu's reign progressed, the difference in outlook gradually widened between her and her appointed heir,
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large gift of valuable cattle, at a time when relations between him and her father were at a particularly low point.
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883:. Zewditu busied herself with religious activities, such as the construction of a number of significant churches.
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831:, the son whom Zewditu's first husband had fathered by another woman. Gugsa Araya was rewarded with the title of
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1488:"Prowess, Piety and Politics: the Chronicle of Abeto Iyasu and Empress Zewditu of Ethiopia (1909-1930) (review)"
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from 1916 until her death in 1930. The first female head of an internationally recognized country in
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Initially, Zewditu was not permitted to exercise power herself. Instead, her cousin
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accession were widely known and accepted. The Church authorities, the Lord Regent
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Tafari Makonnen from power failed, the Empress was compelled to crown her cousin
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Upon hearing of his father's defeat and humiliation, Iyasu himself fled to
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1435:"Ethiopia's Foreign Policy Under Emperor Haile Selassie I: an Appraisal"
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Tafari remained under the nominal rule of Zewditu (who was still
1548:"> askalemaryam - አስካለማርያም Ethiopian name Meaning in English"
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The early period of Zewditu's reign was marked by a war against
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Zewditu had two further marriages, both brief, before marrying
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was also linked in the female line. Menelik died in 1913, and
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Ethiopian Treasures – Empress Zawditu, Addis Ababa – Ethiopia
577:(Zauditu), the future Empress was the second daughter of the
713:), a modification of the traditional title "King of Kings" (
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Iyasu, who had escaped captivity. Backed by his father,
1573:"> zewditu - ዘውዲቱ Ethiopian name Meaning in English"
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in the 19th and 20th centuries, and the first and only
822:. After years on the run, Iyasu was later captured by
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Baptised as Askala Maryam ("Askal of Mary", a type of
1526:"Empress Zewditu: A Woman of Faith and Modernization"
532:, she was supported by conservative factions and the
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The Life and Times of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844–1913
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small conservative uprising against Tafari's reforms
1601:. Lawrenceville: Red Sea Press. pp. 241, 261.
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1643:(second ed.). Oxford: James Currey. p.
621:In 1886 the ten-year-old Zewditu was married to
1385:Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA
687:Empress Zewditu with one of her favored priests
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657:Upon the death of Emperor Yohannis IV at the
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122:Learn how and when to remove this message
1756:27 September 1916 – 2 April 1930
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482:; 29 April 1876 – 2 April 1930) was
60:adding citations to reliable sources
1672:. New York: Palgrave. p. 205.
1288:, emperor of Ethiopia, c. 1496–1540
707:Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church
25:
1790:20th-century emperors of Ethiopia
1464:Tesfu, Julianna (14 June 2008).
1445:from the original on 28 May 2024
1282:, emperor of Ethiopia, 14??–1508
1276:, emperor of Ethiopia, 1448–1478
1270:, emperor of Ethiopia, 1399–1468
1243:, emperor of Ethiopia, 12??–1285
930:On 2 April 1930, two days after
540:Tafari Makonnen, later known as
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176:27 September 1916 – 2 April 1930
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1815:20th-century monarchs in Africa
1466:"Empress Zewditu (1876-1930) •"
1433:Abota, Arka (6 December 2002).
1348:Menelik II, emperor of Ethiopia
47:needs additional citations for
726:Tafari Makonnen was appointed
607:. Negus Menelik later married
1:
1805:19th-century Ethiopian people
1336:Sahle Selassie, king of Shewa
1213:Mkhbara Widam (Mahbere-Widam)
1210:Dil Na'od (Last king of Axum)
1810:20th-century Ethiopian women
1800:19th-century Ethiopian women
1639:A History of Modern Ethiopia
1342:Haile Melekot, king of Shewa
1325:Asfaw Wossen, ruler of Shewa
573:), but using the given name
1795:20th-century women monarchs
1332:, 1808–1813, ruler of Shewa
336:Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo
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1597:Marcus, Harold G. (1995).
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542:Emperor Haile Selassie
1835:Daughters of emperors
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1264:, emperor of Ethiopia
1258:, emperor of Ethiopia
1252:, emperor of Ethiopia
760:Political maneuvering
737:Hapte Giorgis Dinagde
686:
587:, the future emperor
583:(or King) Menelik of
405:Your Imperial Majesty
352:Zewditu I of Ethiopia
1635:Bahru Zewde (2001).
1246:Prince Qidma Seggada
1203:Patrilineal descent
926:Death and succession
886:In 1928 there was a
829:Gugsa Araya Selassie
506:and designated heir
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1752:Empress of Ethiopia
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438:Our Lord (familiar)
167:Empress of Ethiopia
1840:People from Oromia
1577:AmharicTeacher.com
1552:AmharicTeacher.com
1528:. 29 February 2024
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922:on 31 March 1930.
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944:Haile Selassie
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900:Negeste Negest
858:Haile Selassie
856:Main article:
853:
852:Rise of Tafari
850:
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711:Negiste Negest
671:Haile Selassie
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524:as president.
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716:Nəgusä Nägäst
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480:Askala Maryam
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242:29 April 1876
233:Askala Maryam
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73: –
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67:Find sources:
61:
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51:
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45:This article
43:
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34:
33:
30:
19:
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1731:2 April 1930
1728:
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1598:
1592:
1580:. Retrieved
1576:
1567:
1555:. Retrieved
1551:
1542:
1530:. Retrieved
1520:
1495:
1491:
1481:
1469:. Retrieved
1459:
1447:. Retrieved
1439:docslib.org/
1438:
1413:. Retrieved
1409:
1400:
1388:. Retrieved
1384:
1375:
1330:Wossen Seged
1250:Amda Seyon I
1241:Yekuno Amlak
1237:Tasfa Iyasus
1153:1867 – 1888
1147:
1138:
1129:
1120:
1103:
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479:
467:
466:
456:"Our master"
455:
449:
422:
416:
399:Spoken style
389:
350:
322:
264:(1930-04-02)
262:2 April 1930
214:
148:
118:
112:January 2017
109:
99:
92:
85:
78:
66:
54:Please help
49:verification
46:
29:
1785:1930 deaths
1780:1876 births
1350:, 1844–1913
1344:, 1824–1855
1338:, 1795–1847
1319:Amha Iyasus
1313:Kidane Kale
1307:Sebestyanos
1231:Bahr Seggad
1219:Sinfa Ar'ad
1124:1876 – 1930
1109:1875 – 1930
1105:Gugsa Welle
1016:1837 – 1889
1012:Yohannes IV
979:1889 – 1913
950:Family tree
843:Tafari and
767:Taytu Betul
663:Mahdist War
647:Gugsa Welle
632:Yohannes IV
609:Taytu Betul
500:the reforms
291:(1900–1930)
289:Gugsa Welle
282:(1882–1888)
269:Addis Ababa
245:Werrehimenu
191:Predecessor
1774:Categories
1623:Menelik II
1362:References
1294:Warada Qal
1268:Zara Yaqob
1222:Negus Zaré
975:Menelik II
914:Tafari in
862:See also:
589:Menelik II
565:Early life
423:"O royal"
313:Menelik II
238:1876-04-29
182:Coronation
82:newspapers
1697:Biography
1512:1535-6574
1367:Citations
1297:Lesba Qal
1121:Zewditu I
908:rebellion
894:). While
864:Rastafari
845:Fitawrari
825:Dejazmach
733:Fitawrari
560:Biography
347:Styles of
201:Successor
195:Lij Iyasu
71:"Zewditu"
18:Zewditu I
1711:Zewditu
1621:Marcus,
1443:Archived
1286:Dawit II
916:Begemder
910:against
815:Mikael.
694:de facto
390:girmāwīt
332:Religion
137:Zewditu
1745:Iyasu V
1262:Dawit I
995:Consort
990:Weyziro
881:slavery
605:Baffana
599:(Lady)
597:Weyziro
593:Zewditu
575:Zewditu
502:of her
494:of the
478:, born
468:Zewditu
450:getochu
442:Amharic
417:djānhoi
409:Amharic
382:Amharic
323:Weyziro
297:Dynasty
96:scholar
1727:
1676:
1651:
1605:
1582:29 May
1557:29 May
1532:28 May
1510:
1471:28 May
1449:28 May
1415:28 May
1390:28 May
1225:Asfiha
992:Abechi
802:. The
728:regent
703:Muslim
636:Mekele
601:Abechi
571:flower
504:Regent
488:Africa
326:Abechi
319:Mother
309:Father
276:Spouse
211:Regent
98:
91:
84:
77:
69:
1729:Died:
1722:Born:
1280:Na'od
1228:Yakob
940:Negus
912:Negus
896:Negus
892:Negus
813:Negus
804:Negus
793:Negus
755:Reign
749:Negus
678:Iyasu
616:Iyasu
585:Shewa
580:Negus
550:Italy
472:Ge'ez
458:(pl.)
454:lit.
421:lit.
386:ግርማዊት
249:Wollo
173:Reign
103:JSTOR
89:books
1674:ISBN
1649:ISBN
1603:ISBN
1584:2024
1559:2024
1534:2024
1508:ISSN
1473:2024
1451:2024
1417:2024
1392:2024
820:Afar
476:ዘውዲቱ
413:ጃንሆይ
259:Died
230:Born
141:ዘውዲቱ
75:news
1645:135
1500:doi
932:Ras
904:Ras
870:Ras
841:Ras
833:Ras
809:Ras
789:Lij
776:Lij
771:Ras
745:Ras
741:Ras
724:Ras
719:).
698:Ras
676:Lij
644:Ras
624:Ras
614:Lij
538:Ras
509:Ras
446:ጌቶቹ
216:Ras
58:by
1776::
1647:.
1575:.
1550:.
1506:.
1494:.
1490:.
1437:.
1425:^
1408:.
1383:.
946:.
751:.
591:.
544:.
474::
448:;
444::
415:;
411::
388:;
384::
251:,
247:,
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1502::
1496:3
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470:(
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236:(
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119:(
114:)
110:(
100:·
93:·
86:·
79:·
52:.
20:)
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