175:
197:
152:
141:
242:
163:
265:
225:
213:
130:
275:
253:
285:
187:
294:
1253:'s infant daughter and bodyguards by a car bomb explosion in February 1979 and later of Bashir himself in September 1982, although the degree of involvement of the Zgharta-based militia on any of these attacks remains unclear. After 1978, the Frangiehs switched their allegiance to the LNM camp and then to Syria, even lending their support to
1292:
Pushed to the sidelines for the rest of the civil war, the Al-Marada/ZLA was able to remain active thanks to Syrian support and although its numbers dwindled to 1,600 fighters by the mid-1980s, the Al-Marada managed to hold on to the 'Northern Canton'. On July 11, 1984, the Al-Marada/ZLA clashed with
439:-style gangster organization rather than a true political party, the Al-Marada/ZLA seems to have never devised a coherent program or adhered to a particular ideology. Although conservative in outlook, sharing with the other rightist Christian parties similar viewpoints regarding the
1317:, with the ZLA eventually managing to drive out the SSNP and assert their dominance over the entire region until the end of the war. It was also alleged that they received the tacit backing from a contingent of unspecified number from the 1,700 men-strong Lebanese Army's
508:, by January 1976 the Frangieh-controlled militia ranks had swollen to 2,400 troops, a total comprising 800 full-time fighters and 1,500 irregulars. At its height in the late 1970s, the Al-Marada mustered some 3,500 men and women equipped with modern small-arms.
1430:
Upon the end of the war in
October 1990, Al-Marada/ZLA militia forces operating in Beirut and the 'Northern Canton' were ordered by the Lebanese Government on March 28, 1991 to disband and surrender their heavy weaponry by April 30 as stipulated by the
1248:
by the end of the 1970s, kidnapping or slaughtering nearly 100 Phalange' members and forcing the remainder 25,000 either to flee the region or go underground. It has also been suspected that the Al-Marada/ZLA were behind the assassinations of
520:, who besides providing training, weapons and ammunition, also lent to the ZLA sophisticated mobile communications equipment. Additional weapons, vehicles, and other non-lethal equipments were initially procured on the international
1243:
In the months immediately after the Ehden killings, the
Frangiehs were not only able to prevent the ZLA of being totally destroyed or absorbed into the Lebanese Forces, but also succeeded in ruthlessly driving the latter out of the
1219:
who represented the party in
Zgharta and wanted to open an office in the region. This would bring about retaliation as the Lebanese Forces would respond with an attack on Ehden where Tony Frangieh commanded his militia from. After
451:
Structured along semi-conventional lines into mechanized infantry, 'commando', signals, medical and military police branches, the ZLA had a distinct regional orientation, since its military HQ was established at the small town of
443:'s (PLO) military presence in Lebanon and the preservation of the pre-war Christian-dominated political status quo, they were generally regarded as a corps of feudal retainers infamous for their brutality and corruption.
2569:
Samir
Makdisi and Richard Sadaka, "The Lebanese Civil War, 1975–1990", American University of Beirut, Institute of Financial Economics, Lecture and Working Paper Series (2003 No.3), pp. 1–53. –
427:
leading a group of armed militiamen in order to secure his father's election to the
Presidency – an illegal move that the Lebanese official authorities proved powerless to prevent.
419:
The Al-Marada's military wing was secretly formed in 1967 and at the outbreak of the war in April 1975, they numbered just 700–800 men armed with obsolete firearms acquired on the
1109:
on shops and offices owned by
Christians from Zgharta by local Muslim militias. On 28 August 1975, the ZLA clashed again at Tripoli with the local Sunni militias, but also at
2772:
2807:
2085:
944:
and direct fire support roles. These light Anti-Aircraft pieces were either seized from
Lebanese Army stocks, acquired on the black market or provided by Syria.
2613:, Library of Congress, Federal Research Division, Headquarters, Department of the Army (DA Pam 550-24), Washington D.C., December 1987 (Third edition 1989). –
1975:
2812:
1408:
1294:
179:
1486:
1676:
2572:
2202:"من جرائم جماعة المردة بإمرة سليمان "الزغير" – الجزء الأول: اغتيال الشبّان بهاء سركيس الدويهي ورومانس الدويهي ووهيب طنوس في أرده في 2 أيار 1987"
469:
2565:
2362:
Identités et solidarités croisées dans les conflits du Liban contemporain; Chapitre 12: L'économie politique des milices: le phénomène mafieux
1827:
Identités et solidarités croisées dans les conflits du Liban contemporain; Chapitre 12: L'économie politique des milices: le phénomène mafieux
1814:
Identités et solidarités croisées dans les conflits du Liban contemporain; Chapitre 12: L'économie politique des milices: le phénomène mafieux
2683:
2664:
2604:
2534:
2505:
2444:
2385:
2314:
2269:
2252:
1932:
167:
1203:, prompted them to break from the Lebanese Front in 1977, an act that would ultimately led to the tragic events of the following year.
2749:
2730:
2711:
2697:
2650:
2524:
2430:
2402:
1414:
On 2 May 1987, a ZLA unit called Marada 3/400 set up an ambush meant to kill Bahaa
Douaihy and Roumanos Douaihy amid the long-running
1388:
747:
2590:
2557:
2488:
2416:
2352:
2338:
2300:
2286:
1481:
1266:
909:
905:
897:
864:
860:
440:
70:
1080:. They also levied tolls on the transit trade of agricultural products and other goods at a number of in-land checkpoints, such as
1286:
461:
2614:
1114:
465:
2468:
1959:
1506:
1318:
805:
2817:
145:
2448:
92:
2456:, Aberdeen, MD: U.S. Army Human Engineering Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Technical Memorandum 11-79, June 1979.
399:, but it also fought in Beirut. The ZLA fought against various Palestinian and Lebanese Muslim militias as well as the
2093:
783:
2273:
1144:'s Christian militias earlier that same day. Deployed again to Beirut in March 1976, they assisted the hard-pressed
1145:
1129:
1050:
673:
217:
1124:
troops in a vain attempt to curb the fighting. In
October that year, ZLA militiamen were heavily committed in the
500:, and other areas of northern Lebanon, being engaged mostly in fighting local Muslim militias, but also fought in
2176:
1476:
1435:. Disbanded in the early 1990s as a military force, they later re-emerged as a legal political organization, the
1229:
1133:
1006:
890:
841:
837:
717:
400:
246:
1466:
1362:
968:
529:
473:
460:, where the latter residents spend the summer. While their membership and command structure was predominantly
278:
1949:
2802:
1076:, which were used for contraband of arms, agricultural goods and industrial products, drug-trafficking, and
493:
489:
481:
301:
234:
1199:
or 'Phalange' – and their disagreements with the other
Christian leaders over their tactical alliance with
1183:
alliance that gathered the main rightist Christian parties and their militias, the Frangiehs close ties to
1128:
in Beirut, though later on 14 January 1976 they were rushed to defend Zgharta, which was besieged by PLO –
1274:
1102:
677:
472:
into their ranks. They initially allied themselves with the other Christian rightist parties' militias –
347:
196:
728:) machine guns were employed as platoon and company weapons, but could also be found mounted on APCs and
1237:
1053:
the television and radio signals emitted by the government-owned station at (location unknown), sending
989:
886:
802:
775:
626:
525:
517:
505:
424:
269:
257:
134:
101:
46:
2550:
L'armée libanaise pendant la guerre: un instrument du pouvoir du président de la République (1975–1985)
1892:
L'armée libanaise pendant la guerre: un instrument du pouvoir du président de la République (1975–1985)
1866:
L'armée libanaise pendant la guerre: un instrument du pouvoir du président de la République (1975-1985)
1853:
L'armée libanaise pendant la guerre: un instrument du pouvoir du président de la République (1975-1985)
583:
1341:
parties when the former tried to expand their power in the region, ZLA/Marada militiamen assassinated
2570:
1456:
1262:
1258:
1233:
1125:
779:
751:
598:
575:
97:
42:
1160:(LAA) assault, though prior to the attack President Suleiman Frangieh had decamped to the safety of
2326:
937:
883:
813:
790:
729:
701:
423:. They first came to light on 17 August 1970 at Beirut, when Tony Frangieh forced his way into the
387:) seven years before the war began. The force was initially commanded by Suleiman Franjieh's son,
1471:
1392:
1157:
1101:
The small ZLA entered the civil war only in July 1975, in response to a series of attacks in the
1060:
Initially funded by Suleiman Frangieh's own personal fortune, the Al-Marada/ZLA also resorted to
957:
868:
642:
366:
312:
229:
162:
2745:
2726:
2707:
2693:
2679:
2660:
2646:
2600:
2586:
2553:
2520:
2501:
2492:
2484:
2464:
2440:
2426:
2412:
2398:
2381:
2373:
2356:
2348:
2334:
2322:
2310:
2296:
2282:
2265:
2256:
2248:
1955:
1928:
1173:
1002:
901:
872:
845:
829:
658:
373:
2395:
Technicals: Non-Standard Tactical Vehicles from the Great Toyota War to modern Special Forces
2389:
1762:
Technicals: Non-Standard Tactical Vehicles from the Great Toyota War to modern Special Forces
1081:
1069:
2623:
1980:
1922:
1381:
1350:
1106:
1085:
1077:
1073:
1054:
1022:
1018:
1014:
853:
786:
755:
743:
735:
Portable anti-tank weapons and guided missile systems were also widely employed, comprising
685:
654:
497:
392:
1620:
2786:
2776:
2766:
2734:
2715:
2668:
2576:
2561:
2542:
2509:
2369:
2365:
2318:
1491:
1440:
1436:
1415:
1338:
1153:
1046:
1034:
1026:
767:
721:
634:
630:
362:
338:
105:
370:
1501:
1496:
1461:
1432:
1404:
1400:
1358:
1354:
1314:
1270:
1250:
1245:
1225:
1192:
1188:
1180:
1141:
1117:
1010:
849:
697:
662:
586:
477:
297:
200:
66:
2676:
The Tragedy of Lebanon: Christian Warlords, Israeli Adventurers, and American Bunglers
1384:
on 22 April 1979, being tipped off about the gathering of the victims by the Syrians.
2796:
2472:
2177:"من حكايا لبنان السياسية 2/2 بشير الجميل.. رئيساً منتخباً لم يتسلّم سلطاته الدستورية"
1342:
1221:
1216:
1149:
1121:
1029:, who were also entrusted of running the militia's own television and radio service,
980:
961:
953:
876:
856:
833:
388:
38:
2201:
1681:
1346:
1334:
1232:(LF) in June 1978, he was replaced in the militia's command by his younger brother
1212:
1196:
1061:
825:
549:
521:
420:
109:
2773:
Chamussy (René) – Chronique d’une guerre: Le Liban 1975–1977 – éd. Desclée – 1978
2744:, Princeton Series on the Middle East, Markus Wiener Publishers, Princeton 1997.
2476:
1370:
1310:
1282:
1254:
1161:
964:
941:
921:
879:
725:
709:
705:
693:
646:
638:
618:
614:
552:
545:
501:
274:
156:
2531:
Un Siècle d'Armement Mondial: Armes à feu d'infanterie de petit calibre, tome 4
1697:
Un Siècle d'Armement Mondial: Armes à feu d'infanterie de petit calibre, tome 4
544:
Al-Marada/ZLA militiamen were provided with a variety of small-arms, including
532:(ISF) police stations. After June 1978, they were financed and armed mainly by
1377:
1278:
933:
763:
637:
semi-automatic models. Sniper rifles were also used, and models comprised the
1677:"Military rifle cartridges of Lebanon Part 2: from independence to Hezbollah"
516:
Prior to the war, the ZLA militia initially received covert support from the
1302:
809:
740:
689:
590:
568:
564:
560:
485:
382:
288:
284:
191:
2627:
2364:, Thèse de Doctorat d'Histoire – 1993, Université de Paris VIII, 2007 (in
1788:
Modern Conflicts 2 – The Lebanese Civil War, From 1975 to 1991 and Beyond
1110:
666:
369:. The militia was formed in 1967 by the future President of Lebanon and
2538:
1419:
1165:
1025:. The Canton was run by the Al-Marada's own civil administration of 80
929:
893:
821:
817:
801:
The Al-Marada fielded since January 1976 a mechanized corps made of ex-
622:
457:
404:
396:
293:
264:
224:
212:
129:
81:
2380:, Cornell University Press, Ithaca and London 1989 (revised edition).
2620:
Modern Conflicts 2 – The Lebanese civil war from 1975–1991 and Beyond
1396:
1322:
1306:
1298:
1200:
1137:
1065:
681:
650:
602:
594:
579:
556:
252:
2411:(World Leaders Past & Present), Chelsea House Publishers, 1988.
1005:, the so-called 'Northern Canton', which comprised the districts of
2782:
1297:(SSNP) militia forces for the control of the Christian villages of
1064:, with additional revenues being generated by the illegal ports of
766:
anti-tank missiles. Crew-served and indirect fire weapons included
2723:
La Guerre du Liban: De la dissension nationale au conflit régional
2622:, Modern Conflicts Profile Guide Volume II, AK Interactive, 2021.
2454:
Military operations in selected Lebanese built-up areas, 1975–1978
1269:(LNSF), subsequently supporting in 1988–1990 the Syrian-sponsored
1184:
1169:
771:
759:
736:
606:
533:
453:
436:
408:
85:
1325:, being regarded as loyal to former president Suleiman Frangieh.
2279:
By Way of Deception: The Making and Unmaking of a Mossad Officer
713:
2437:
The Lebanese Army – A National institution in a divided society
2397:, New Vanguard series 257, Osprey Publishing Ltd, Oxford 2018.
2227:
The Lebanese Army – A National institution in a divided society
952:
They also maintained a small 'naval' branch equipped with some
2599:, Men-at-Arms series 165, Osprey Publishing Ltd, London 1985.
1366:
925:
610:
572:
1257:
units at east Beirut against the Christian militias and the
1211:
On June 7 1978, six Marada militiamen would assassinate the
1001:
The Frangieh clan established in 1978 their own fief in the
2762:
2264:, Middle East in Focus, Palgrave Macmillan, London 2009.
1376:
They also disguised themselves as Kataeb militiamen in a
1361:, on 28 June 1978, ZLA militiamen captured and killed 26
1191:), along with their bitter political squabbling with the
836:(Spanish-produced version of the Land-Rover series III),
2704:
La Tuerie d'Ehden ou la malédiction des Arabes chrétiens
2519:, Weapon series 68, Osprey Publishing Ltd, Oxford 2019.
2295:, Weapon series 87, Osprey Publishing Ltd, Oxford 2023.
1633:
Military operations in selected Lebanese built-up areas
2783:
Histoire militaire de l'armée libanaise de 1975 à 1990
2659:, Presses Universitaires de France – PUF, Paris 1993.
2423:
Syrian Intervention in Lebanon: The 1975–76 Civil War
1840:
Syrian Intervention in Lebanon: The 1975–76 Civil War
621:, and former East German MPi-KMS-72 assault rifles).
2742:
Faces of Lebanon: Sects, Wars, and Global Extensions
2678:, Just World Books, Charlottesville, Virginia 2012.
1187:(Suleiman was a personal friend of Syrian President
967:, being used as a shock force for both military and
940:
and heavier transport trucks) were employed in both
352:
2483:, London: Oxford University Press, (3rd ed. 2001).
2439:, State University of New York Press, Albany 2009.
1924:
Global Security Watch—Lebanon: A Reference Handbook
1273:and the parliament-based provisional government of
308:
206:
123:
115:
91:
77:
62:
52:
34:
21:
2498:Liban, L'instruction d'un crime – 30 ans de guerre
2245:Middle East Perspectives: From Lebanon (1968–1988)
2155:Liban, L'instruction d'un crime – 30 ans de guerre
2086:"MP Keyrouz slams OTV's program on Ehden massacre"
1387:The ZLA/Marada militia destroyed the residence of
997:Administrative organization and illegal activities
2452:Paul Jureidini, R. D. McLaurin, and James Price,
2595:Samuel M. Katz, Lee E. Russel, and Ron Volstad,
2307:Histoire du Liban contemporain: Tome 2 1943–1990
1132:(LNM) forces in retaliation for the fall of the
956:and converted civilian fishing craft armed with
16:Marada Movement branch in the Lebanese Civil War
2345:The Breakdown of the State in Lebanon 1967–1976
504:. Thanks to the secret support provided by the
361:, was the paramilitary branch of the Lebanese
1380:operation and massacred 13 Kataeb members in
1068:– Lebanon's industrial hub at the time – and
865:Chevrolet C-20 Scottsdale light pickup trucks
8:
1542:(2003), p. 44, Table 1: War Period Militias.
882:. For logistical support, the ZLA relied on
613:assault rifles (other variants included the
25:
2643:A History of Modern Lebanon: Second Edition
1670:
1668:
1666:
1664:
1662:
1660:
1658:
589:. Assault rifles and carbines consisted of
2692:, Praeger Publishers Inc., New York 1980.
2533:, Crépin-Leblond éditions, Chaumont 1981.
2461:Sanctuary and Survival: the PLO in Lebanon
1927:. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. p. 7.
1179:Despite having joined in January 1976 the
1120:(ZG) militia, despite the intervention of
18:
2262:Lebanon: Liberation, Conflict, and Crisis
2060:Lebanon: Liberation, Conflict, and Crisis
1909:Lebanon: Liberation, Conflict, and Crisis
1650:Lebanon: Liberation, Conflict, and Crisis
1621:Library of Congress: APPENDIX B - Lebanon
1609:Lebanon: Liberation, Conflict, and Crisis
1487:List of weapons of the Lebanese Civil War
2725:, Éditions Karthala/CERMOC, Paris 1994.
2583:30 Years of Military Vehicles in Lebanon
2463:, Boulder: Westview Press, Oxford 1990.
2425:, Oxford University Press, Oxford 1986.
1954:. Cornell University Press. p. 98.
1801:30 Years of Military Vehicles in Lebanon
1775:30 Years of Military Vehicles in Lebanon
1749:30 Years of Military Vehicles in Lebanon
1736:30 Years of Military Vehicles in Lebanon
1289:-dominated military interim government.
1156:from a two-pronged combined PLO – LNM –
816:'. The latter consisted of commandeered
496:(TTC) –, operating mainly in and out of
1518:
1333:Amid tensions in the North between the
2073:Middle East Perspectives: From Lebanon
22:Marada Brigade/Zgharta Liberation Army
2808:Military wings of nationalist parties
2281:, St. Martin's Press, New York 1990.
7:
168:Palestinian National Salvation Front
2618:Zach Sex & Bassel Abi-Chahine,
2333:, Palgrave Macmillan, London 1998.
1409:1982 Lebanese presidential election
563:(or its Italian-produced copy, the
447:Military structure and organization
342:
26:
2813:Factions in the Lebanese Civil War
1403:in retaliation after he voted for
1097:Early stages and expansion 1975–78
975:List of Marada military commanders
14:
2277:Claire Hoy and Victor Ostrovsky,
2166:Jabbour, "Burden of Trust" (2020)
1540:The Lebanese Civil War, 1975–1990
1482:Lebanese National Salvation Front
1267:Lebanese National Salvation Front
1105:-dominated northern port city of
1092:The ZLA in the Lebanese Civil War
910:GMC C7500 heavy-duty cargo trucks
441:Palestine Liberation Organization
71:Lebanese National Salvation Front
2206:Lebanese Forces Official Website
1631:Jureidini, McLaurin, and Price,
1447:). The ZLA is no longer active.
1236:, later succeeded by his nephew
464:, they did included a number of
292:
283:
273:
263:
251:
240:
223:
211:
195:
185:
173:
161:
150:
139:
128:
2706:, Éditions Fayard, Paris 2009.
2481:Pity the Nation: Lebanon at War
2309:, Éditions Fayard, Paris 2005.
1295:Syrian Social Nationalist Party
1265:. They joined in July 1983 the
850:Dodge D series (3rd generation)
806:M113 armored personnel carriers
700:(variants included the Chinese
180:Syrian Social Nationalist Party
2657:Histoire de la guerre du Liban
2378:The war for Lebanon, 1970-1985
2092:. 16 June 2008. Archived from
1951:The War for Lebanon, 1970-1983
1507:7th Infantry Brigade (Lebanon)
954:Zodiac rubber inflatable boats
724:(or its Yugoslav variant, the
708:) light machine guns. Heavier
1:
2585:, Beirut: Elite Group, 2003.
2331:Civil War in Lebanon, 1975–92
335:Zgharta Liberation Army – ZLA
2645:, Pluto Press, London 2012.
2500:, Cheminements, Paris 2005.
2347:, I.B. Tauris, London 2000.
1675:Scarlata, Paul (July 2009).
906:GMC C4500 medium-duty trucks
884:Range Rover first generation
861:Chevrolet C-10/C-15 Cheyenne
674:Chatellerault FM Mle 1924/29
391:. It operated mainly out of
2552:, Lulu.com, Beyrouth 2012.
2114:Katz, Russel, and Volstad,
2015:Katz, Russel, and Volstad,
1948:Itamar, Rabinovich (1984).
1551:Katz, Russel, and Volstad,
1525:Katz, Russel, and Volstad,
1365:members in the villages of
986:Robert Frangieh (1978–1982)
672:Squad weapons consisted of
353:
2834:
1921:David S. Sorenson (2009).
1357:. To seek revenge for the
1313:and several others in the
1146:Republican Guard battalion
1130:Lebanese National Movement
898:Chevrolet C-50 medium-duty
824:(civilian versions of the
744:anti-tank rocket launchers
218:Lebanese National Movement
2597:Armies in Lebanon 1982–84
2116:Armies in Lebanon 1982–84
2017:Armies in Lebanon 1982–84
1553:Armies in Lebanon 1982–84
1527:Armies in Lebanon 1982–84
1207:The later years 1979–1990
1031:"The Voice of the Marada"
926:ZPU (ZPU-1, ZPU-2, ZPU-4)
891:Toyota Land Cruiser (J42)
842:Toyota Land Cruiser (J44)
838:Toyota Land Cruiser (J40)
748:M2 Carl Gustaf 84 mm
359:Zghartawi Liberation Army
318:
2611:Lebanon: a country study
2129:Lebanon: a country study
2004:Lebanon: a country study
1592:Lebanon: a country study
1467:Kataeb Regulatory Forces
1363:Kataeb Regulatory Forces
1134:Palestinian refugee camp
830:Land-Rover series II–III
530:Internal Security Forces
474:Kataeb Regulatory Forces
279:Kataeb Regulatory Forces
2763:Al-Marada official site
1786:Sex & Abi-Chahine,
678:Bren Mk. I .303 (7.7mm)
494:Tyous Team of Commandos
490:Lebanese Youth Movement
482:Guardians of the Cedars
302:Guardians of the Cedars
235:Tyous Team of Commandos
2690:The Lebanese Civil War
2609:Thomas Collelo (ed.),
2421:Naomi Joy Weinberger,
2293:The SVD Dragunov Rifle
2260:Barry Rubin (editor),
2056:Lebanon's Militia Wars
1976:"Lebanon's Christians"
1905:Lebanon's Militia Wars
1723:The SVD Dragunov Rifle
1646:Lebanon's Militia Wars
1605:Lebanon's Militia Wars
1148:in the defense of the
1072:, both located in the
902:Dodge F600 medium-duty
887:Sport utility vehicles
846:Dodge Power Wagon W200
584:Heckler & Koch MP5
354:Jayish Tahrir Zaghrita
1699:(1981), page unknown.
1238:Suleiman Frangieh Jr.
1043:"La Voix des Maradah"
1039:Iza'at Sawt al-Marada
990:Suleiman Frangieh Jr.
857:Sierra Custom K25/K30
784:L6 Wombat 120 mm
710:Browning M2HB .50 Cal
627:Winchester Model 1200
599:Heckler & Koch G3
576:semi-automatic rifles
526:Lebanese Armed Forces
512:Weapons and equipment
435:Often described as a
258:Israel Defense Forces
102:Christian nationalism
47:Suleiman Frangieh Jr.
2818:Lebanese nationalism
2243:Bassil A. Mardelli,
2131:(1989), pp. 223–224.
2043:Civil War in Lebanon
1879:Civil War in Lebanon
1842:(1986), pp. 157–158.
1538:Makdisi and Sadaka,
1457:Army of Free Lebanon
1353:, which ignited the
1259:Army of Free Lebanon
1140:in the hands of the
1126:Battle of the Hotels
1037:: عزة صوت المرادة |
826:Willys M38A1 MD jeep
653:. Handguns included
380:(also translated as
119:2,400–3,500 fighters
98:Lebanese nationalism
2740:William W. Harris,
2702:Richard Labévière,
2517:The G3 Battle Rifle
2407:Matthew S. Gordon,
2247:, iUniverse, 2012.
2142:The War for Lebanon
1984:. 22 September 1982
1710:The G3 Battle Rifle
1579:The war for Lebanon
1566:The war for Lebanon
1228:perpetrated by the
1150:Presidential Palace
936:(mostly mounted on
528:(LAF) reserves and
2674:Jonathan Randall,
2641:Fawwaz Traboulsi,
2575:2017-08-10 at the
2360:Fawwaz Traboulsi,
1881:(1998), pp. 46-47.
1829:(2007), parte III.
1816:(2007), parte III.
1652:(2009), pp. 40–41.
1635:(1979), pp. 42–45.
1581:(1989), pp. 66–68.
1568:(1989), pp. 66–68.
1472:Lebanese Civil War
1224:was killed in the
1158:Lebanese Arab Army
958:heavy machine guns
869:heavy machine guns
834:Santana Series III
789:(often mounted on
565:Beretta Model 1952
553:bolt-action rifles
367:Lebanese Civil War
313:Lebanese Civil War
230:Lebanese Arab Army
54:Dates of operation
2684:978-1-935982-16-6
2665:978-2-13-045801-2
2605:978-0-85045-602-8
2506:978-2-84478-368-4
2445:978-0-7914-9345-8
2386:978-0-8014-9313-3
2374:Itamar Rabinovich
2315:978-2-213-61521-9
2270:978-1-349-37326-0
2253:978-1-4759-0672-1
1934:978-0-313-36579-9
1263:Hundred Days' War
1261:(AFL) during the
1195:– leaders of the
1174:Keserwan District
1055:pirate broadcasts
873:recoilless rifles
787:recoilless rifles
756:recoilless rifles
704:and the Yugoslav
655:MAB PA-15 pistols
431:Political beliefs
374:Suleiman Frangieh
357:), also known as
351:
331:
330:
2825:
2548:Joseph Hokayem,
2515:Leroy Thompson,
2496:Roger J. Azzam,
2343:Farid El-Kazen,
2327:Edgar O'Ballance
2230:
2223:
2217:
2216:
2214:
2213:
2198:
2192:
2191:
2189:
2188:
2173:
2167:
2164:
2158:
2151:
2145:
2138:
2132:
2125:
2119:
2112:
2106:
2105:
2103:
2101:
2082:
2076:
2069:
2063:
2052:
2046:
2039:
2033:
2026:
2020:
2013:
2007:
2000:
1994:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1981:Montreal Gazette
1972:
1966:
1965:
1945:
1939:
1938:
1918:
1912:
1901:
1895:
1888:
1882:
1875:
1869:
1862:
1856:
1849:
1843:
1836:
1830:
1823:
1817:
1810:
1804:
1797:
1791:
1784:
1778:
1771:
1765:
1758:
1752:
1745:
1739:
1732:
1726:
1719:
1713:
1706:
1700:
1693:
1687:
1686:
1672:
1653:
1642:
1636:
1629:
1623:
1618:
1612:
1601:
1595:
1588:
1582:
1575:
1569:
1562:
1556:
1549:
1543:
1536:
1530:
1523:
1445:Tayyar al-Marada
1443:: تيار المردة |
1281:against General
1086:Batroun District
1074:Batroun District
1003:northern Lebanon
772:SPG-9 73 mm
768:L16 81mm mortars
686:Rheinmetall MG 3
540:Infantry weapons
425:Parliament House
356:
346:
344:
322:Preceded by
309:Battles and wars
296:
287:
277:
268:
267:
256:
255:
245:
244:
243:
228:
227:
216:
215:
199:
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188:
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165:
155:
154:
153:
144:
143:
142:
133:
132:
55:
30:
29:
28:
19:
2833:
2832:
2828:
2827:
2826:
2824:
2823:
2822:
2793:
2792:
2759:
2754:
2637:
2635:Further reading
2632:
2577:Wayback Machine
2393:Leigh Neville,
2305:Denise Ammoun,
2239:
2234:
2233:
2229:(2009), p. 173.
2224:
2220:
2211:
2209:
2200:
2199:
2195:
2186:
2184:
2175:
2174:
2170:
2165:
2161:
2157:(2005), p. 292.
2152:
2148:
2139:
2135:
2126:
2122:
2113:
2109:
2099:
2097:
2096:on 24 June 2018
2084:
2083:
2079:
2075:(2012), p. 390.
2070:
2066:
2053:
2049:
2040:
2036:
2027:
2023:
2014:
2010:
2006:(1989), p. 240.
2001:
1997:
1987:
1985:
1974:
1973:
1969:
1962:
1947:
1946:
1942:
1935:
1920:
1919:
1915:
1902:
1898:
1889:
1885:
1876:
1872:
1863:
1859:
1850:
1846:
1837:
1833:
1824:
1820:
1811:
1807:
1798:
1794:
1790:(2021), p. 213.
1785:
1781:
1772:
1768:
1759:
1755:
1746:
1742:
1733:
1729:
1720:
1716:
1707:
1703:
1694:
1690:
1674:
1673:
1656:
1643:
1639:
1630:
1626:
1619:
1615:
1602:
1598:
1594:(1989), p. 240.
1589:
1585:
1576:
1572:
1563:
1559:
1550:
1546:
1537:
1533:
1524:
1520:
1515:
1492:Marada Movement
1477:Lebanese Forces
1453:
1437:Marada Movement
1428:
1395:at the town of
1331:
1319:Seventh Brigade
1277:Prime-Minister
1234:Robert Frangieh
1230:Lebanese Forces
1209:
1168:, and later to
1154:Baabda District
1113:with the local
1099:
1094:
1027:public servants
999:
977:
950:
918:
896:light pickups,
799:
780:M40 106 mm
776:B-10 82 mm
647:Zastava M76/M78
639:Dragunov SVD-63
635:Franchi SPAS-15
631:Franchi SPAS-12
587:submachine guns
542:
514:
466:Greek-Catholics
449:
433:
417:
401:Lebanese Forces
363:Marada Movement
343:جيش تحرير زغرتا
327:
326:
324:
300:
291:
282:
272:
262:
261:
250:
249:
247:Lebanese Forces
241:
239:
238:
233:
222:
221:
210:
194:
186:
184:
183:
174:
172:
171:
160:
159:
151:
149:
148:
140:
138:
137:
127:
108:
106:Christian right
104:
100:
69:
53:
43:Robert Frangieh
27:جيش تحرير زغرتا
24:
23:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2831:
2829:
2821:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2803:Lebanese Front
2795:
2794:
2791:
2790:
2780:
2770:
2758:
2757:External links
2755:
2753:
2752:
2750:978-1558761155
2738:
2731:978-2865374991
2721:Samir Kassir,
2719:
2712:978-2213643656
2700:
2698:978-0030397011
2686:
2672:
2653:
2651:978-0745332741
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2630:
2616:
2607:
2593:
2581:Samer Kassis,
2579:
2567:
2546:
2527:
2525:978-1472828620
2513:
2494:
2474:
2457:
2450:
2433:
2431:978-0195040104
2419:
2405:
2403:978-1472822512
2391:
2371:
2358:
2341:
2324:
2303:
2289:
2275:
2258:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2232:
2231:
2218:
2193:
2168:
2159:
2146:
2144:(1989), p. 98.
2133:
2120:
2107:
2077:
2064:
2062:(2009), p. 41.
2047:
2045:(1998), p. 79.
2034:
2032:(1988), p. 55.
2021:
2008:
1995:
1967:
1960:
1940:
1933:
1913:
1911:(2009), p. 41.
1896:
1894:(2012), p. 30.
1883:
1870:
1868:(2012), p. 21.
1857:
1855:(2012), p. 20.
1844:
1831:
1818:
1805:
1803:(2003), p. 25.
1792:
1779:
1777:(2003), p. 25.
1766:
1753:
1751:(2003), p. 25.
1740:
1738:(2003), p. 25.
1727:
1725:(2023), p. 50.
1714:
1712:(2019), p. 29.
1701:
1688:
1654:
1637:
1624:
1613:
1611:(2009), p. 40.
1596:
1583:
1570:
1557:
1544:
1531:
1517:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1510:
1509:
1504:
1502:Zahliote Group
1499:
1497:Najjadeh Party
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1462:Ehden massacre
1459:
1452:
1449:
1433:Taif Agreement
1427:
1424:
1405:Bachir Gemayel
1401:Koura district
1389:Greek Orthodox
1359:Ehden massacre
1355:Ehden massacre
1330:
1327:
1315:Koura District
1271:Taif Agreement
1251:Bashir Gemayel
1246:Koura District
1226:Ehden massacre
1208:
1205:
1189:Hafez al-Assad
1181:Lebanese Front
1142:Lebanese Front
1118:Zahliote Group
1115:Greek-Catholic
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
998:
995:
994:
993:
987:
984:
976:
973:
949:
946:
917:
914:
798:
795:
752:M67 90 mm
663:SIG Sauer P220
541:
538:
524:or drawn from
513:
510:
478:Tigers Militia
470:Greek-Orthodox
448:
445:
432:
429:
416:
413:
378:Marada Brigade
329:
328:
320:
319:
316:
315:
310:
306:
305:
298:Tigers Militia
208:
204:
203:
201:Toilers League
125:
121:
120:
117:
113:
112:
95:
89:
88:
79:
75:
74:
67:Lebanese Front
64:
60:
59:
56:
50:
49:
36:
32:
31:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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2756:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2688:Marius Deeb,
2687:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2655:Jean Sarkis,
2654:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2628:8435568306073
2625:
2621:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2608:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2592:
2591:9953-0-0705-5
2588:
2584:
2580:
2578:
2574:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2559:
2558:9781291036602
2555:
2551:
2547:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2489:0-19-280130-9
2486:
2482:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2455:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2442:
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2434:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2418:
2417:1-55546-834-9
2414:
2410:
2406:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2372:
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2363:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2353:0-674-08105-6
2350:
2346:
2342:
2340:
2339:0-333-72975-7
2336:
2332:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2302:
2301:9781472855961
2298:
2294:
2291:Chris McNab,
2290:
2288:
2287:0-9717595-0-2
2284:
2280:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2257:
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2250:
2246:
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2236:
2228:
2222:
2219:
2207:
2203:
2197:
2194:
2182:
2178:
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2169:
2163:
2160:
2156:
2150:
2147:
2143:
2137:
2134:
2130:
2124:
2121:
2118:(1985), p. 8.
2117:
2111:
2108:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2081:
2078:
2074:
2068:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2054:Tony Badran,
2051:
2048:
2044:
2038:
2035:
2031:
2025:
2022:
2019:(1985), p. 8.
2018:
2012:
2009:
2005:
1999:
1996:
1983:
1982:
1977:
1971:
1968:
1963:
1957:
1953:
1952:
1944:
1941:
1936:
1930:
1926:
1925:
1917:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1903:Tony Badran,
1900:
1897:
1893:
1887:
1884:
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1874:
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1867:
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1854:
1848:
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1809:
1806:
1802:
1796:
1793:
1789:
1783:
1780:
1776:
1770:
1767:
1764:(2018), p. 9.
1763:
1757:
1754:
1750:
1744:
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1731:
1728:
1724:
1718:
1715:
1711:
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1698:
1692:
1689:
1684:
1683:
1678:
1671:
1669:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1644:Tony Badran,
1641:
1638:
1634:
1628:
1625:
1622:
1617:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1603:Tony Badran,
1600:
1597:
1593:
1587:
1584:
1580:
1574:
1571:
1567:
1561:
1558:
1555:(1985), p. 7.
1554:
1548:
1545:
1541:
1535:
1532:
1529:(1985), p. 8.
1528:
1522:
1519:
1512:
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1383:
1379:
1374:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1343:Joud el Bayeh
1340:
1336:
1328:
1326:
1324:
1321:stationed at
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1290:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1279:Selim Al-Hoss
1276:
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1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1247:
1241:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1222:Tony Frangieh
1218:
1217:Joud el Bayeh
1214:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1198:
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1190:
1186:
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1175:
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1163:
1159:
1155:
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1139:
1135:
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1123:
1122:Lebanese Army
1119:
1116:
1112:
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1096:
1091:
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1028:
1024:
1021:and parts of
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1016:
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1008:
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991:
988:
985:
982:
981:Tony Frangieh
979:
978:
974:
972:
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966:
963:
962:anti-aircraft
959:
955:
947:
945:
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927:
924:20mm, Soviet
923:
915:
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807:
804:
803:Lebanese Army
796:
794:
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785:
781:
777:
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765:
761:
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656:
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625:consisted of
624:
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566:
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547:
539:
537:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
518:Lebanese Army
511:
509:
507:
506:Lebanese Army
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
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444:
442:
438:
430:
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414:
412:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
389:Tony Frangieh
386:
384:
379:
375:
372:
368:
364:
360:
355:
349:
340:
336:
323:
317:
314:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
290:
286:
280:
276:
271:
270:Lebanese Army
266:
259:
254:
248:
236:
231:
226:
219:
214:
209:
205:
202:
198:
193:
181:
169:
164:
158:
147:
146:Amal Movement
136:
135:Lebanese Army
131:
126:
122:
118:
114:
111:
107:
103:
99:
96:
94:
90:
87:
83:
80:
76:
72:
68:
65:
61:
57:
51:
48:
44:
40:
39:Tony Frangieh
37:
33:
20:
2741:
2722:
2703:
2689:
2675:
2656:
2642:
2619:
2610:
2596:
2582:
2549:
2530:
2516:
2497:
2480:
2460:
2459:Rex Brynen,
2453:
2436:
2435:Oren Barak,
2422:
2409:The Gemayels
2408:
2394:
2377:
2361:
2344:
2330:
2306:
2292:
2278:
2261:
2244:
2237:Bibliography
2226:
2221:
2210:. Retrieved
2208:. 2010-06-14
2205:
2196:
2185:. Retrieved
2183:. 2019-01-04
2180:
2171:
2162:
2154:
2149:
2141:
2140:Rabinovich,
2136:
2128:
2123:
2115:
2110:
2098:. Retrieved
2094:the original
2089:
2080:
2072:
2067:
2059:
2055:
2050:
2042:
2041:O'Ballance,
2037:
2030:The Gemayels
2029:
2024:
2016:
2011:
2003:
1998:
1986:. Retrieved
1979:
1970:
1950:
1943:
1923:
1916:
1908:
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1877:O'Ballance,
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1834:
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1682:Shotgun News
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1564:Rabinovich,
1560:
1552:
1547:
1539:
1534:
1526:
1521:
1444:
1429:
1422:clans feud.
1413:
1386:
1375:
1332:
1291:
1242:
1213:Kataeb party
1210:
1197:Kataeb Party
1193:Gemayel clan
1178:
1103:Sunni Muslim
1100:
1062:racketeering
1059:
1042:
1038:
1030:
1000:
971:operations.
951:
928:14.5mm, and
919:
800:
734:
671:
543:
522:black market
515:
450:
434:
421:black market
418:
381:
377:
358:
334:
332:
321:
110:Anti-Zionism
78:Headquarters
2529:Jean Huon,
2477:Robert Fisk
2090:Now Lebanon
1825:Traboulsi,
1812:Traboulsi,
1426:Disbandment
1407:during the
1393:Fouad Ghosn
1371:Ras Baalbek
1329:Controversy
1311:Dahr-al-Ain
1283:Michel Aoun
1255:Syrian Army
1162:Zouk Mikael
992:(1982–1990)
983:(1967–1978)
965:autocannons
948:Naval craft
942:air defense
934:autocannons
922:Zastava M55
880:autocannons
867:armed with
726:Zastava M87
706:Zastava M84
694:Zastava M77
619:Zastava M80
615:Zastava M70
546:Lee-Enfield
502:East Beirut
492:(LYM), and
365:during the
325:700–800 men
157:Syrian Army
58:1967 – 1991
2797:Categories
2539:B009GJSUTE
2469:0861871235
2212:2022-08-13
2187:2022-08-13
2071:Mardelli,
1988:6 November
1961:1501742957
1708:Thompson,
1513:References
1378:false flag
1349:leader in
938:technicals
814:Technicals
810:gun trucks
791:technicals
764:BGM-71 TOW
754:anti-tank
730:technicals
2181:IMLebanon
2127:Collelo,
2002:Collelo,
1890:Hokayem,
1864:Hokayem,
1851:Hokayem,
1760:Neville,
1590:Collelo,
1303:Kfaraakka
1240:in 1982.
1051:hijacking
920:Yugoslav
916:Artillery
822:Jeep CJ-8
818:Jeep CJ-5
741:M80 Zolja
669:pistols.
561:M1 Garand
486:Al-Tanzim
348:romanized
289:Al-Tanzim
207:Opponents
192:Hezbollah
2573:Archived
2028:Gordon,
1799:Kassis,
1773:Kassis,
1747:Kassis,
1734:Kassis,
1451:See also
1416:Frangieh
1287:Maronite
1078:barratry
969:barratry
932:23mm AA
797:Vehicles
667:Glock 19
623:Shotguns
462:Maronite
383:Mardaite
93:Ideology
63:Group(s)
2225:Barak,
2153:Azzam,
2100:9 April
1721:McNab,
1420:Douaihy
1351:Zgharta
1215:leader
1172:in the
1166:Jounieh
1164:, near
1152:in the
1107:Tripoli
1084:in the
1082:Madfoun
1070:Selaata
1023:Batroun
1019:Bsharri
1015:Zgharta
1007:Tripoli
930:ZU-23-2
894:hardtop
770:, plus
718:Type 77
702:Type 80
578:, plus
498:Tripoli
484:(GoC),
476:(KRF),
458:Zgharta
415:Origins
405:Bsharri
397:Zgharta
393:Tripoli
385:Brigade
376:as the
350::
82:Zgharta
35:Leaders
2787:French
2777:French
2767:Arabic
2748:
2735:French
2729:
2716:French
2714:, (in
2710:
2696:
2682:
2669:French
2663:
2649:
2626:
2603:
2589:
2562:French
2560:, (in
2556:
2543:French
2537:
2523:
2510:French
2504:
2487:
2467:
2443:
2429:
2415:
2401:
2384:
2366:French
2351:
2337:
2319:French
2313:
2299:
2285:
2268:
2251:
1958:
1931:
1695:Huon,
1441:Arabic
1397:Kousba
1382:Chmout
1347:Kataeb
1339:Marada
1335:Kataeb
1323:Byblos
1307:Bsarma
1299:Kousba
1201:Israel
1138:Dbayeh
1066:Chekka
1047:French
1035:Arabic
908:, and
758:, and
698:PK/PKM
696:, and
682:FN MAG
659:FN P35
651:SSG 82
633:, and
603:Vz. 58
595:FN FAL
580:MAT-49
557:MAS-49
550:MAS-36
339:Arabic
182:(SSNP)
124:Allies
73:(LNSF)
1275:Sunni
1185:Syria
1170:Kfour
1111:Zahlé
1049:, by
1041:) or
1011:Koura
760:MILAN
737:RPG-7
690:VZ 59
643:Tabuk
607:AK-47
591:M16A1
534:Syria
456:near
454:Ehden
437:Mafia
409:Ehden
371:za'im
304:(GoC)
281:(KRF)
260:(IDF)
237:(TTC)
232:(LAA)
220:(LNM)
86:Ehden
2785:(in
2775:(in
2765:(in
2746:ISBN
2733:(in
2727:ISBN
2708:ISBN
2694:ISBN
2680:ISBN
2667:(in
2661:ISBN
2647:ISBN
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2564:) –
2554:ISBN
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2535:ASIN
2521:ISBN
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2502:ISBN
2485:ISBN
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2413:ISBN
2399:ISBN
2382:ISBN
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2349:ISBN
2335:ISBN
2321:) –
2317:(in
2311:ISBN
2297:ISBN
2283:ISBN
2266:ISBN
2249:ISBN
2102:2013
1990:2012
1956:ISBN
1929:ISBN
1418:and
1369:and
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1337:and
1293:the
960:and
904:and
875:and
863:and
820:and
812:or '
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762:and
750:and
739:and
720:and
714:DShK
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649:and
609:and
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407:and
395:and
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116:Size
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828:),
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716:M,
611:AKM
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567:),
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1992:.
1964:.
1937:.
1685:.
1439:(
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170:)
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