1140:
1152:
1202:
1064:
1036:
1094:
736:
1014:
1114:
1222:
958:
1186:
2936:
1052:
2458:
489:. An example would be that when the Shunkang Qianzhuang receives a banknote issued by the Hongsheng Qianzhuang, the first thing that the Shunkang Qianzhuang would do is to send the old secretary or apprentice to the Hongsheng Qianzhuang to confirm the authenticity of the banknote. When the secretary or apprentice delivers the bill he would hold return book, this book indicates the number of produced banknotes. After this the important staff members of the Hongsheng Qianzhuang check to see if there are no problems with the note, they check you see if the Hongsheng Qianzhuang stamps on the left or right corner of the note are correct. If a note has been authenticated the issuing bank must always cash it in. To all
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1174:
1113:
1139:
2930:
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3694:
1897:
3718:
80:
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1151:
898:"when the dealer come to Qianzhuang with the intention to ask for suspension of payment by reporting loss, if the ticket has been paid, or has been used to buy goods, or has been discounted, and there are accounts to be recorded, and goods to be pointed out, then we can be sure that ticket entries into others’ hands, or is stolen by self-theft, or there are other situations, no matter when, Qianzhuang shall not agree to any suspension of payment by reporting the loss of the ticket."
2240:
1201:
2211:
2168:
2120:
2108:
2072:
1063:
2199:
2187:
2132:
987:. In general, seals were affixed by the issuing office or private bank. Overprints were added later after the banknote had already been placed into general circulation, overprints were the products of semi-officials who had some nominal form of authority the merchant class did not have. Endorsements represent acceptance of Chinese banknotes banknote as genuine and were generally placed on the reverse side (or blank side) of the banknote by the many
2924:
1035:
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1093:
1013:
2223:
2144:
2096:
2252:
2084:
22:
1221:
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735:
1185:
624:, much like all the other organic, private-order arrangements were badly hit, in a negative way on the monetary Chinese market. These private arrangements often concerned the individual intermediaries which were employed by foreign banks and financial institutions to guarantee Chinese liabilities like the
641:
and other
Chinese liabilities before foreign institutions, but they did not actually have the leverage to guarantee any metallic money, such as the silver coins, disbursed by foreign institutions in the Chinese (monetary) marketplace. As China was suffering from a highly fractured monetary condition,
628:
notes, the intermediary business rose up during the mid-19th century in
Chinese treaty ports in response to both language barriers and information deficits facing foreigners who wished to do business in local Chinese markets. These intermediaries were commonly known as "compradors" to Westerners or
515:
During this era
Chinese banknotes had a lot of different currency units and almost every small region had their own regional currency with regional standards, Dr. Wen Pei Wei, in his 1914 book "The Currency Problem in China", stated "of a currency system it can be seen that China currently has
696:
formerly practiced. In March of the year 1901 Zhang
Zhidong commanded his subordinates to repudiate those magistrate seals on the Hubei Guanpiao banknotes that were issued as Zhang forthrightly explained to them that his foreign-made printing machines applied anti-forgery techniques, and that
474:(銀錢票, "silver money notes"). This scrip was also accepted by proximate shops but to cash these out would take around 10–15 days after it was given to the shop, this was because couriers would have to liaise with the issuing shop in order to verify their authenticity and rule out fraudulent
547:
and were both accepted by local and foreign banks. The
Qianzhuang would mobilise their domestic resources to an order of magnitude that would exceed the paid-up capital that they initially received several times over, this happened mostly through issuing banknotes and deposit receipts.
755:
in 1927 35 million strings in Hubei
Guanpiao banknotes, which accounted for about half of the total of Hubei Guanpiao issued, were lost in the lengthy recall process by the defunct banks, as these banknotes had become completely worthless.
1051:
2935:
957:
564:
in China that
British banks could simply not just to reject them when they were being offered to them by foreign merchants in China. During this era foreign banking companies tended to have an account at least one
991:(such as "cash shops", T'ien shops, and money changers) through whose hands they would pass. The official seals which were placed on Qing dynasty era banknotes tended to serve a large variety of purposes.
520:
by the fact that many different currency units were traded based on the market rates and their relation to each other rather than using a standardised currency system as is customary in other countries.
1349:“Silver, Copper, Rice, and Debt: Monetary Policy and Office Selling in China during the Taiping Rebellion,” in Money in Asia (1200–1900): Small Currencies in Social and Political Contexts, ed.
1173:
3132:
2124:
1885:
771:(廢兩改元). During this time the Republican government cleared all banknotes denominated in the ancient tael currency, making all bills which used this currency unit obsolete.
2718:
516:
none... No one single unit of currency in the
Chinese system, if it can be called that, serves the function for the country as a whole." This was reflected in the
3589:
2535:
823:
2305:
798:. The Central Government of the Republic of China had enacted these currency reforms to limit currency issuance to three major government-controlled banks: the
838:, and the government had taken many precautions to distribute these banknotes both gradually and fairly. In the first few months following the release of the
2112:
2616:
2457:
549:
1863:
3125:
939:
where it would be kept safe. If 100 days had passed and no credible objections had been made against the loss the loser would then receive their money.
343:
as it would save the amount of money that was circulating and help facilitate more cross-regional trade across China. There issues associated with the
3158:
2984:
2441:
1936:
2148:
842:
banknotes, the
Chinese government did this to wait to see whether the Chinese public would place their trust in the new, unified Chinese currency.
3644:
1878:
928:
and one abroad as well as to report its loss to the local authorities such as the government, this would temporarily suspend payment of the lost
512:
of these government-issued cash notes, a number which increased to three and a half times as much before they were finally abolished in 1859.
3118:
1325:
340:
3743:
3546:
3367:
3088:
3023:
1163:
1121:
744:
681:
280:
140:
3221:
1716:
The book has been translated into
English by Edward 11. Kaplan as A Monetary History of China (Bellingham, WA: Western Washington, 1994).
2711:
814:. Chinese people were required by government mandate to hand in all of their current silver reserves in return for the newly introduced
760:
790:"), from November of the year 1935 to December 1936, the 3 officially sanctioned note-issuing banks issued the new paper currency, the
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2622:
1871:
208:
144:
2610:
2599:
2545:
2298:
2191:
114:
61:
43:
99:
Please help improve this article by looking for better, more reliable sources. Unreliable citations may be challenged and removed.
775:
497:
is regarded the same as cash money (or a "promissory non-recogniser") and they had a very trustful relationship with each other.
1513:, 1981 (158 pp. illus.). Including Subsidiary Notes on “The Silver Dollars and Taels of China” Hong Kong, 1982 (40 pp. illus.).
3248:
2944:
2426:
889:
had created a large number of detailed provisions specifically for the situation where they would have to suspend paying out a
573:
forms that were circulating in the city of Shanghai, this happened through a rather elaborate daily mechanism which was dubbed
447:
32:
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was in fact truly irretrievable because of situations like water damage, fire, or theft, then the customer who had lost their
2704:
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The Hubei Guanpiao was abolished in 1927 with the bankruptcy of the Hubei Guan-Qianju. After the Hubei Guan-Qianju filed for
156:
3624:
3614:
3211:
2512:
2502:
1724:
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stated that in the year 1900 privately produced banknotes made up only 3% of the total volume of Chinese currency stock.
581:
credit banks of Shanghai enjoyed special privileges over the smaller banks such as the right to both issue and to accept
397:. As a result of the transfer and rolling of accounts in this exchange, there had to be imbalances in expenditures, some
3748:
3629:
3619:
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would refuse to pay out a banknote without any conclusive evidence then this can easily lead to the loss of credit for
3738:
3153:
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2605:
2272:
2203:
2076:
1536:"IMPERIAL CHINESE CURRENCY OF THE TAI'PING REBELLION - Part II - CH'ING DYNASTY COPPER CASH NOTES by John E. Sandrock"
1535:
601:
credit banks also operated deposits and issued various types of paper money such as the discountable notes known as
3684:
2687:
2582:
1646:
1567:
93:
818:, this was primarily done by the government in order to supply the silver that the Chinese government owed to the
3564:
3269:
3031:
2588:
2575:
2215:
1975:
1908:
1369:
700:
In the year 1906 the regulations of the North and South city money industry reorganisation stipulated that when
3521:
3424:
3419:
2961:
2637:
2561:
2431:
2408:
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1080:
968:
948:
501:
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guilds set up interbank lending market systems to provide for things such as adjustment and allowed for member
261:
88:
2100:
642:
this enabled the rise other highly specialised financial organisations precisely to that end, which were the
3163:
2671:
2568:
2554:
2160:
720:, this was in accordance to the general rules and regulations of the Chinese financial market at the time.
661:
2853:
2053:
2048:
1954:
1744:
1728:
1670:
807:
779:
79:
1364:
Wen Pin Wei. “The Currency Problem in China” Columbia Studies in the Social Sciences. Ed. Yalman, Ahmet.
3196:
2244:
2136:
984:
903:- Pan Liangui, The History of Shanghai Money (Second Edition), Shanghai People's Publishing House, 2015.
811:
803:
685:
381:
and the note would play its scale effect that was an equivalent to expanding the operating funds of the
243:
429:
they had issued. This interbank lending system was of great convenience for the daily operations of a
3531:
3434:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3201:
3181:
2908:
2876:
2736:
2666:
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2256:
1663:
Shanghai old-style banks (Ch'ien- Chuang), 1800–1925: a traditional institution in a changing society
916:
was obligated to issue a certificate confirming the fact and then give this certificate to the local
257:
2463:
1484:
697:
acquiescing seals would hamper circulating and competing banknotes issued by modern banks in China.
673:
3362:
3253:
3216:
3191:
3186:
2745:
1970:
1666:
1565:
Banking in modern China: entrepreneurs, professional managers and the development of Chinese banks.
594:
276:
485:
had employed some rather strict rules and regulations on their negotiable instruments such as the
36:
that states a Knowledge editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.
3722:
2227:
1732:
1331:
394:
256:
banknotes in China during periods when the government had long stopped issuing them and were an
763:
abolished the ancient silver-based currency unit, the tael and completely replaced it with the
709:
3585:
3577:
3572:
3556:
3404:
3399:
2527:
2363:
2358:
1582:
1514:
1321:
1126:
610:
560:. This makes it plausible that chop loans originated because of the widely used prevalence of
1264:
359:
circulate in different places or in the same city and only be accepted and admitted by local
223:
3671:
3652:
3634:
3409:
3354:
3311:
2953:
2794:
2368:
2177:
1857:
1842:
1831:
1820:
1797:
1782:
1767:
1693:
1636:
1612:
1597:
1313:
1026:
386:
3657:
3505:
3382:
3061:
3057:
2040:
1488:
1309:
1212:
1130:
1104:
1084:
827:
795:
764:
390:
299:
1627:
Kang Guohong (康國宏) (1997). "Qianzhuang (錢莊)", in Men Kui (門巋), Zhang Yanjin (張燕瑾) (ed.),
1407:
2923:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3206:
3065:
2785:
2323:
2210:
2167:
2119:
2107:
2088:
2071:
1411:
1272:
425:
to have a buffer for the times that they wouldn't have sufficient funds to pay out the
3732:
3536:
3455:
3429:
3329:
3274:
3226:
2967:
2891:
2436:
2186:
2155:
2131:
1644:
The salt merchants of Tianjin: state-making and civil society in late Imperial China.
1571:
1462:
1365:
1335:
952:
819:
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509:
265:
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after receiving a deposit and these notes could generally also be cashed in at other
3710:
3698:
3541:
3082:
2728:
2418:
2400:
2382:
2350:
2332:
1999:
1923:
1896:
1317:
787:
204:
2696:
335:
served purely to convert metal coinages into paper money. An advantage which the
3489:
3450:
3394:
3344:
3334:
3319:
3050:
3042:
2340:
2198:
1700:
877:
at sight the customer would have lost their money, but on the other hand if the
654:
192:
3526:
2645:
2009:
1301:
963:
752:
620:
When the chop loan mechanism collapsed this severely affected the standing of
528:
guilds established inter-city and inter-bank remittance houses to support the
454:
316:
213:
3481:
3372:
3339:
3046:
1632:
1510:
925:
835:
1518:
3600:
3414:
3324:
3294:
2488:
2390:
2018:
1816:
1793:
1778:
1763:
1689:
1650:
1485:"China's 1935 Currency Reform: A Nascent Success Cut Short By Noah Elbot"
1463:"A City of Commerce and its Native Banks: Hankou Qianzhuang (1800s-1952)"
544:
371:
328:
252:
1773:
Yao Enquan (姚恩權) (1993). "Qianzhuang (錢莊)", in Shi Quanchang (石泉長), ed.
633:
in Mandarin Chinese. Compradors would personally guarantee the value of
2239:
1989:
1853:
1812:
1608:
1593:
367:
needed a local place for exchange and debit within the city or region.
331:, the credit of modern banknotes come from the power of the state, but
3110:
2283:
569:, since only the guilds operated by them could clear the large number
3377:
2655:
2222:
2143:
2095:
1753:
The Risk Control of Qianzhuang. International Business and Management
1654:
1352:
869:
would stop issuing payments out to that note. This is because if the
727:, all of the brought in notes would need to be carefully identified.
467:
543:
banknotes were a common method of payment in the credit business of
1179:
A banknote of 1 Tiao (吊) issued by the Huan Shan in the year 1925.
1045:
issued by the Fengsheng Money Shop in the year Qianlong 49 (1784).
949:
Great Qing Treasure Note § Seals, overprints, and endorsements
524:
In order to establish an intra-city remittance and lending market,
504:(大清寶鈔) cash notes were suffering from inflation privately produced
3389:
2870:
2314:
2251:
2083:
956:
936:
734:
459:
242:
after they were confirmed to be genuine specimens by checking the
200:
196:
126:
143:(in Jingqian) issued by the Shun Xing He private bank during the
3497:
3038:
2172:
920:
to apply for a suspension. Afterwards the person who lost their
677:
586:
290:
3114:
2700:
2287:
1867:
979:
Three kinds of stamps were used on Chinese banknotes including
826:
were careful to do a controlled release of about 2,000,000,000
1588:
Huang Da (黃達), Liu Hongru (劉鴻儒), Zhang Xiao (張肖), ed. (1990).
998:
924:
had to report on it and declare it publicly in a famous local
73:
15:
1145:
Private banknotes issued by Shandong private banks in 1916.
33:
personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay
1529:
1527:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1250:
417:
in a short-term loan. To remedy this situation many local
1819:: Zhongguo da baike quanshu chubanshe), Vol. 2, 775. (in
1679:
Finance and ‘informal empire’ before the first world war.
1456:
1454:
1452:
747:(or 98 Jingqian) issued by the Yonghe Residence Co., Ltd.
953:
Hubu Guanpiao § Seals, overprints, and endorsements
605:(貼現), furthermore they also issued their own banknotes (
351:
couldn't always verify them, it was more convenient for
191:(期帖) in different contexts, refer to privately produced
1579:
Chūgokutsūshōginkō no setsuritsu to Honkon Shanhaiginkō
409:
did not have enough cash in its reserve to pay for the
39:
857:
If someone reported the loss or theft of one of their
704:
expired that if unfamiliar people would request their
3682:
1195:(串文) issued by the Zhang Long Qing in the year 1928.
1125:(吊文) issued by the Foo Ju Tai & Company from the
2125:
Chartered Mercantile Bank of India, London and China
1057:
A blank and undated banknote from the Qianlong era.
684:
for copper-alloy cash coins. The Hubei Guanpiao had
3643:
3599:
3555:
3514:
3466:
3443:
3353:
3310:
3262:
3172:
3146:
3075:
3015:
2994:
2977:
2952:
2943:
2901:
2863:
2846:
2744:
2735:
2654:
2636:
2544:
2526:
2487:
2471:
2417:
2399:
2377:
2349:
2331:
2322:
2062:
2039:
2017:
2008:
1988:
1963:
1947:
1922:
1915:
1848:Zhao Yulin (趙玉林), Wang Huazhong (王化中), ed. (1990).
1306:
The Monetary System of China under the Qing Dynasty
672:issued their own banknotes which were known as the
1509:Chang, H.: The Silver Dollars and Taels of China.
971:(大清寶鈔) banknote, such endorsements were common on
1837:Zhang Guohui (張國輝) (1988). "Qianzhuang (錢莊)", in
1803:Zhang Guohui (張國輝) (1992). "Qianzhuang (錢莊)", in
932:. The money owed would then be sent to the local
1215:(圓) issued by the Jimin Bank in the year 1928.
896:
593:(錢票, "cash notes") denominated in copper-alloy
303:(元 / 圓) which was based on round silver coins.
211:periods issued by small private banks known as
3126:
2712:
2299:
1879:
1841:(中國大百科全書), Jingjixue (經濟學), Vol. 2, 729. (in
1596:: Jingji guanli chubanshe), Vol. 1, 228. (in
834:banknotes, this was done in order to prevent
556:as a security for the loans they gave out to
297:would also feature denominations such as the
8:
2113:Chartered Bank of India, Australia and China
1296:
1294:
1292:
1290:
1167:(串文) issued by the Wan Fen Zhen Money Shop.
1025:issued by the Tongfa Money Shop in the year
676:(湖北官票), these banknotes were denominated in
552:banks operating in China would often accept
413:and would need to borrow money from another
377:guild had an intricate system of exchanging
1714:]. Shanghai: Shanghai renmin chubanshe.
1581:(中国通商銀行の設立と香港上海銀行). Hitotsubashironsō. (in
723:If the note was discounted as an unexpired
585:(銀票, "silver notes") denominated in silver
3133:
3119:
3111:
2949:
2741:
2719:
2705:
2697:
2651:
2328:
2306:
2292:
2284:
2014:
1919:
1886:
1872:
1864:
1393:
1351:by Jane Kate Leonard and Ulrich Theobald,
3159:List of Chinese cash coins by inscription
2985:Banknotes of the Ta-Ching Government Bank
2442:Banknotes of the Ta-Ching Government Bank
1381:
1103:issued by the Guang Yuan Hao in the year
985:"seals", "overprints", and "endorsements"
115:Learn how and when to remove this message
62:Learn how and when to remove this message
1828:Wan Qing qian zhuang he piao hao yan jiu
1635:: Guoji wenhua chuban gongsi), 102. (in
688:affixed on them as endorsements, as the
314:were privately produced notes issued by
3689:
1971:Chekiang Provincial and Industrial Bank
1856:: Zhongguo jingji chubanshe), 702. (in
1246:
1009:
323:There were several differences between
3058:Yuan / Dollar / Mexican dollar (元 / 圓)
1781:: Liaoning renmin chubanshe), 86. (in
885:. Because of the associated risks the
283:) represented by the currency unit of
260:when government banknotes such as the
2149:Comptoir national d'escompte de Paris
1431:
508:cash notes were valued at double the
405:was needed to recover the cash. If a
268:were later introduced and abolished.
7:
3024:String of cash coins (貫 / 吊 / 串 / 弔)
1792:(古代中國經濟思想史). Fudan daxue chubanshe,
1621:A History of Modern Shanghai Banking
1443:
1263:Ulrich Theobald (24 November 2015).
893:because its loss had been reported.
1688:(上海貨幣史). Shanghai renminchubanshe,
1607:(中國銀行業史). Shanxi jingji chubanshe,
943:Seals, overprints, and endorsements
780:government of the Republic of China
761:government of the Republic of China
320:private banks (or "native banks").
1723:(translated by Edward H. Kaplan).
275:were generally denominated either
14:
3444:Manufacturing and casting process
2192:International Banking Corporation
1745:North China Daily News and Herald
967:stamped on the reverse side of a
822:. The Chinese government and the
794:was completely detached from the
668:), a provincial government-owned
385:, this effect was similar to the
3716:
3704:
3692:
2934:
2928:
2922:
2462:
2456:
2250:
2238:
2221:
2209:
2197:
2185:
2166:
2154:
2142:
2130:
2118:
2106:
2094:
2082:
2070:
1895:
1790:Gudai Zhongguo jingji sixiangshi
1766:: Shangwu yinshuguan, 1934. (in
1577:Hamashita Takeshi (濱下武志) (1980)
1408:"Paper Money in Premodern China"
1220:
1200:
1191:A private Chinese banknote of 5
1184:
1172:
1150:
1138:
1112:
1092:
1062:
1050:
1034:
1012:
78:
20:
3249:Paper money of the Qing dynasty
3222:Jin dynasty coinage (1115–1234)
2427:Paper money of the Qing dynasty
1406:Ulrich Theobald (10 May 2016).
1231:(吊文) Teng Xian Lin Money Shop.
716:would refuse to pay into 12:00
448:Paper money of the Qing dynasty
401:need to pay the cash, and some
3645:Special administrative regions
1669:: Center for Chinese Studies,
1590:Zhongguo jinrong baike quanshu
1318:10.1007/978-981-10-0622-7_54-1
293:(兩) silver weight unit. Later
160:
1:
3522:Charms and amulets (Yansheng)
3212:Southern Song dynasty coinage
2888:Great Qing Silver Coin (大清銀幣)
1725:Western Washington University
850:dealt with missing or stolen
539:During the late 19th century
167:(銀錢票, "silver money notes"),
3302:Yuan of the Red Army Command
1741:Chinese Currency and Banking
577:(非匯, "draft exchange"). The
466:(莊票) and (if denominated in
227:(貼現, "discountable notes").
3744:Economy of the Qing dynasty
3154:History of Chinese currency
3102:History of Chinese currency
2273:History of banking in China
2204:Netherlands Trading Society
2077:Asiatic Banking Corporation
1909:Banking in the Qing dynasty
1721:A monetary history of China
1712:A Monetary History of China
1603:Huang Jianhui (黃鑒暉) (1994)
3765:
2688:List of Chinese inventions
1647:University of Hawaii Press
1568:Cambridge University Press
946:
767:in a process known as the
617:(匯票, "remittance notes").
532:that were issued by other
445:
163:), alternatively known as
3666:
3270:Historical money of Tibet
3098:
2920:
2753:Abkai fulingga han jiha (
2684:
2454:
2265:
2216:Oriental Bank Corporation
1976:Kwangtung Provincial Bank
1906:
1901:Banks of the Qing dynasty
1839:Zhongguo da baike quanshu
1805:Zhongguo da baike quanshu
1788:Ye Shichang (葉世昌) (2003)
1719:Peng Xinwei (彭信威) (1994)
1684:Pan Liangui (潘連貴) (2004)
1629:Zhonghua guocui da cidian
1534:John E. Sandrock (1997).
1370:Columbia University Press
1081:Lake Tai ancestral temple
171:(會票, "corporate notes"),
135:(specifically named as a
3425:Great Qing Treasure Note
3420:Great Ming Treasure Note
2962:Great Qing Treasure Note
2809:Xianfeng Zhongbao (咸豐重寶)
2791:Yongzheng Tongbao (雍正通寶)
2432:Great Qing Treasure Note
2409:Great Ming Treasure Note
1932:Ta-Ching Government Bank
1707:
1661:McElderry, A.L. (1976).
1541:. The Currency Collector
1487:. Duke East Asia Nexus (
969:Great Qing Treasure Note
502:Great Qing Treasure Note
262:Great Qing Treasure Note
3174:By period (before 1912)
3164:Ancient Chinese coinage
2885:Xuantong Yuanbao (宣統元寶)
2839:Xuantong Tongbao (宣統通寶)
2830:Guangxu Zhongbao (光緒重寶)
2824:Tongzhi Zhongbao (同治重寶)
2818:Qixiang Zhongbao (祺祥重寶)
2812:Xianfeng Yuanbao (咸豐元寶)
2806:Xianfeng Tongbao (咸豐通寶)
2803:Daoguang Tongbao (道光通寶)
2766:Tianming Tongbao (天命通寳)
2672:Triple Stimulus Voucher
2161:Deutsch-Asiatische Bank
1681:Economic History Revue.
1461:Yun Liu (August 2013).
1355:: Brill, 2015, 343-395.
1207:Private banknotes of 1
1129:under the reign of the
217:. Other than banknotes
209:early Republic of China
145:early Republic of China
87:Some of this article's
3076:Alternative currencies
2882:Guangxu Yuanbao (光緒元寶)
2854:Great Qing Copper Coin
2833:Guangxu Dingwei (光緒丁未)
2827:Guangxu Tongbao (光緒通寶)
2821:Tongzhi Tongbao (同治通寶)
2815:Qixiang Tongbao (祺祥通寶)
2800:Jiaqing Tongbao (嘉慶通寶)
2782:Shunzhi Tongbao (順治通寶)
2054:National Bank of China
2049:Imperial Bank of China
1955:Bank of Communications
1671:University of Michigan
1623:. Armonk: M.E. Sharpe.
976:
900:
808:Bank of Communications
748:
363:there and these local
148:
42:by rewriting it in an
3197:Southern Tang coinage
2836:Guangxu Wushen (光緒戊申)
2137:City Bank of New York
2101:Banque de l'Indochine
1775:Zhonghua baike yaolan
1739:Wagel, S. S. (1915).
1605:Zhongguo yinhangyeshi
1304:(28 September 2018).
961:The names of various
960:
812:Farmers Bank of China
804:Central Bank of China
759:In the year 1933 the
738:
662:Hupeh Provincial Bank
613:(which were known as
389:effect of modernised
130:
3532:Vault protector coin
3244:Qing dynasty coinage
3239:Ming dynasty coinage
3234:Yuan dynasty coinage
3202:Liao dynasty coinage
3182:Zhou dynasty coinage
2909:Great Qing Gold Coin
2667:ROC consumer voucher
2257:Yokohama Specie Bank
1751:Wang, Y. F. (2017).
1642:Kwan Man Bun (2001)
1563:Cheng Linsun (2003)
776:1935 currency reform
258:alternative currency
3749:Chinese numismatics
3515:Historical exonumia
3217:Western Xia coinage
3192:Xin dynasty coinage
3187:Han dynasty coinage
3141:Currencies of China
3068:= 1000 Cash (厘 / 文)
3062:Jiao or Hou (角 / 毫)
1948:National government
1760:Zhongguo de Yinhang
1667:Ann Arbor, Michigan
1619:Ji Zhaojin (2002).
1483:Noah Elbot (2019).
1099:A banknote of 1000
1041:A banknote of 2000
1019:A banknote of 1000
3739:Banknotes of China
3066:Fen or Sin (分 / 仙)
2769:Sure han ni jiha (
2727:Currencies of the
2472:Privately produced
2232:Russo-Asiatic Bank
2228:Russo-Chinese Bank
1758:Wu Chengxi (吴承禧).
1705:Zhongguo huobi shi
1446:, p. 886–889.
1434:, p. 114–118.
1269:錢莊, private banks"
1004:
977:
873:would pay for the
769:fei liang gai yuan
749:
653:Chinese historian
395:monetary economics
149:
44:encyclopedic style
31:is written like a
3680:
3679:
3586:New Taiwan dollar
3578:Chinese gold yuan
3573:Old Taiwan dollar
3565:Customs gold unit
3557:Republic of China
3263:Other territories
3108:
3107:
3011:
3010:
2918:
2917:
2694:
2693:
2680:
2679:
2528:New Taiwan dollar
2452:
2451:
2281:
2280:
2245:Sino-Belgian Bank
2035:
2034:
1984:
1983:
1686:Shanghai huobishi
1327:978-981-10-0622-7
1312:. pp. 1–22.
1238:
1237:
1127:Shandong province
1073:banknote of 1068
1002:
731:Republic of China
666:Hubei Guan-Qianju
611:bills of exchange
458:issued their own
125:
124:
117:
72:
71:
64:
3756:
3721:
3720:
3719:
3709:
3708:
3707:
3697:
3696:
3695:
3688:
3672:Economy of China
3653:Hong Kong dollar
3135:
3128:
3121:
3112:
2950:
2938:
2932:
2926:
2795:Qianlong Tongbao
2778:
2762:
2742:
2721:
2714:
2707:
2698:
2659:stimulus coupons
2652:
2546:Hong Kong dollar
2466:
2460:
2329:
2308:
2301:
2294:
2285:
2255:
2254:
2243:
2242:
2226:
2225:
2214:
2213:
2202:
2201:
2190:
2189:
2178:HSBC (Hong Kong)
2171:
2170:
2159:
2158:
2147:
2146:
2135:
2134:
2123:
2122:
2111:
2110:
2099:
2098:
2087:
2086:
2075:
2074:
2041:Commercial banks
2015:
1993:("Shanxi banks")
1964:Provincial banks
1920:
1916:Government banks
1900:
1899:
1888:
1881:
1874:
1865:
1858:Mandarin Chinese
1850:Jingjixue cidian
1843:Mandarin Chinese
1832:Mandarin Chinese
1821:Mandarin Chinese
1798:Mandarin Chinese
1783:Mandarin Chinese
1768:Mandarin Chinese
1755:, 14 (2), 38-47.
1748:
1715:
1694:Mandarin Chinese
1677:McLean D (1976)
1674:
1637:Mandarin Chinese
1624:
1613:Mandarin Chinese
1598:Mandarin Chinese
1551:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1540:
1531:
1522:
1507:
1501:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1480:
1474:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1458:
1447:
1441:
1435:
1429:
1423:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1403:
1397:
1396:, p. 54–57.
1391:
1385:
1379:
1373:
1362:
1356:
1346:
1340:
1339:
1298:
1285:
1284:
1282:
1280:
1260:
1227:A banknote of 5
1224:
1204:
1188:
1176:
1154:
1142:
1119:A banknote of 1
1116:
1096:
1066:
1054:
1038:
1016:
999:
904:
810:, and later the
686:magistrate seals
650:metal assayers.
391:commercial banks
387:money multiplier
162:
120:
113:
109:
106:
100:
82:
74:
67:
60:
56:
53:
47:
24:
23:
16:
3764:
3763:
3759:
3758:
3757:
3755:
3754:
3753:
3729:
3728:
3727:
3717:
3715:
3705:
3703:
3693:
3691:
3683:
3681:
3676:
3662:
3658:Macanese pataca
3639:
3595:
3551:
3510:
3462:
3439:
3383:Kaiyuan Tongbao
3349:
3306:
3258:
3168:
3142:
3139:
3109:
3104:
3094:
3071:
3053:
3034:
3032:Copper coin (枚)
3007:
2990:
2973:
2939:
2933:
2927:
2914:
2897:
2859:
2842:
2776:
2774:
2772:
2770:
2760:
2758:
2756:
2754:
2731:
2725:
2695:
2690:
2676:
2650:
2632:
2540:
2522:
2483:
2467:
2461:
2448:
2413:
2395:
2373:
2345:
2318:
2312:
2282:
2277:
2261:
2249:
2237:
2220:
2208:
2196:
2184:
2165:
2153:
2141:
2129:
2117:
2105:
2093:
2081:
2069:
2058:
2031:
2004:
1992:
1980:
1959:
1943:
1911:
1902:
1894:
1892:
1826:Zhang Guohui -
1738:
1709:
1699:
1660:
1618:
1574:, pp 1897–1937.
1560:
1555:
1554:
1544:
1542:
1538:
1533:
1532:
1525:
1508:
1504:
1494:
1492:
1489:Duke University
1482:
1481:
1477:
1467:
1465:
1460:
1459:
1450:
1442:
1438:
1430:
1426:
1416:
1414:
1405:
1404:
1400:
1394:Ji Zhaojin 2002
1392:
1388:
1384:, p. 8–10.
1380:
1376:
1363:
1359:
1347:
1343:
1328:
1300:
1299:
1288:
1278:
1276:
1262:
1261:
1248:
1243:
1232:
1225:
1216:
1205:
1196:
1189:
1180:
1177:
1168:
1155:
1146:
1143:
1134:
1131:Guangxu Emperor
1117:
1108:
1097:
1088:
1067:
1058:
1055:
1046:
1039:
1030:
1017:
997:
955:
945:
906:
902:
855:
796:silver standard
782:introduced the
733:
680:for silver and
450:
444:
439:
341:Chinese economy
309:
289:(文), or in the
281:strings thereof
121:
110:
104:
101:
98:
83:
68:
57:
51:
48:
40:help improve it
37:
25:
21:
12:
11:
5:
3762:
3760:
3752:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3731:
3730:
3726:
3725:
3713:
3701:
3678:
3677:
3675:
3674:
3667:
3664:
3663:
3661:
3660:
3655:
3649:
3647:
3641:
3640:
3638:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3606:
3604:
3597:
3596:
3594:
3593:
3583:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3567:
3561:
3559:
3553:
3552:
3550:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3518:
3516:
3512:
3511:
3509:
3508:
3503:
3495:
3487:
3479:
3470:
3468:
3464:
3463:
3461:
3460:
3459:
3458:
3447:
3445:
3441:
3440:
3438:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3386:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3359:
3357:
3351:
3350:
3348:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3316:
3314:
3308:
3307:
3305:
3304:
3299:
3298:
3297:
3290:Xinjiang coins
3287:
3285:Mengjiang yuan
3282:
3280:Manchukuo yuan
3277:
3272:
3266:
3264:
3260:
3259:
3257:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3230:
3229:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3207:Da Shu coinage
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3178:
3176:
3170:
3169:
3167:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3150:
3148:
3144:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3137:
3130:
3123:
3115:
3106:
3105:
3099:
3096:
3095:
3093:
3092:
3086:
3079:
3077:
3073:
3072:
3070:
3069:
3054:
3035:
3019:
3017:
3016:Currency units
3013:
3012:
3009:
3008:
3006:
3005:
2998:
2996:
2992:
2991:
2989:
2988:
2981:
2979:
2975:
2974:
2972:
2971:
2965:
2958:
2956:
2947:
2941:
2940:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2915:
2913:
2912:
2905:
2903:
2899:
2898:
2896:
2895:
2889:
2886:
2883:
2880:
2874:
2867:
2865:
2861:
2860:
2858:
2857:
2850:
2848:
2844:
2843:
2841:
2840:
2837:
2834:
2831:
2828:
2825:
2822:
2819:
2816:
2813:
2810:
2807:
2804:
2801:
2798:
2792:
2789:
2786:Kangxi Tongbao
2783:
2780:
2767:
2764:
2750:
2748:
2739:
2733:
2732:
2726:
2724:
2723:
2716:
2709:
2701:
2692:
2691:
2685:
2682:
2681:
2678:
2677:
2675:
2674:
2669:
2663:
2661:
2649:
2648:
2642:
2640:
2634:
2633:
2631:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2579:
2572:
2565:
2558:
2550:
2548:
2542:
2541:
2539:
2538:
2532:
2530:
2524:
2523:
2521:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2494:
2492:
2485:
2484:
2482:
2481:
2475:
2473:
2469:
2468:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2449:
2447:
2446:
2445:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2423:
2421:
2415:
2414:
2412:
2411:
2405:
2403:
2397:
2396:
2394:
2393:
2387:
2385:
2383:Yuan dynasties
2375:
2374:
2372:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2355:
2353:
2347:
2346:
2344:
2343:
2337:
2335:
2326:
2324:Imperial China
2320:
2319:
2313:
2311:
2310:
2303:
2296:
2288:
2279:
2278:
2276:
2275:
2270:
2266:
2263:
2262:
2260:
2259:
2247:
2235:
2234:
2233:
2218:
2206:
2194:
2182:
2181:
2180:
2163:
2151:
2139:
2127:
2115:
2103:
2091:
2089:Bank of Taiwan
2079:
2066:
2064:
2060:
2059:
2057:
2056:
2051:
2045:
2043:
2037:
2036:
2033:
2032:
2030:
2029:
2023:
2021:
2012:
2006:
2005:
2003:
2002:
1996:
1994:
1986:
1985:
1982:
1981:
1979:
1978:
1973:
1967:
1965:
1961:
1960:
1958:
1957:
1951:
1949:
1945:
1944:
1942:
1941:
1940:
1939:
1928:
1926:
1917:
1913:
1912:
1907:
1904:
1903:
1893:
1891:
1890:
1883:
1876:
1868:
1862:
1861:
1846:
1835:
1824:
1809:Zhongguo lishi
1801:
1786:
1771:
1756:
1749:
1736:
1717:
1697:
1682:
1675:
1658:
1640:
1625:
1616:
1601:
1586:
1575:
1559:
1556:
1553:
1552:
1523:
1502:
1475:
1448:
1436:
1424:
1412:Chinaknowledge
1398:
1386:
1382:McElderry 1976
1374:
1357:
1341:
1326:
1286:
1273:Chinaknowledge
1245:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1236:
1235:
1234:
1233:
1226:
1219:
1217:
1206:
1199:
1197:
1190:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1171:
1169:
1161:banknote of 1
1156:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1137:
1135:
1118:
1111:
1109:
1098:
1091:
1089:
1079:issued by the
1068:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1049:
1047:
1040:
1033:
1031:
1018:
1011:
1006:
1005:
996:
993:
944:
941:
895:
854:
844:
774:Following the
739:A 1915 (民國三年)
732:
729:
674:Hubei Guanpiao
637:issued by the
443:
440:
438:
435:
308:
305:
244:banknote seals
234:would issue a
123:
122:
89:listed sources
86:
84:
77:
70:
69:
28:
26:
19:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3761:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3736:
3734:
3724:
3714:
3712:
3702:
3700:
3690:
3686:
3673:
3669:
3668:
3665:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3650:
3648:
3646:
3642:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3598:
3591:
3587:
3584:
3582:Silver dollar
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3562:
3560:
3558:
3554:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3537:Zhaona Xinbao
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3519:
3517:
3513:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3501:
3496:
3494:
3493:
3488:
3486:
3485:
3480:
3478:
3477:
3472:
3471:
3469:
3465:
3457:
3456:Ancestor coin
3454:
3453:
3452:
3449:
3448:
3446:
3442:
3436:
3435:Silver Dragon
3433:
3431:
3430:Hubu Guanpiao
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3365:
3364:
3361:
3360:
3358:
3356:
3352:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3330:Ant-nose coin
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3317:
3315:
3313:
3309:
3303:
3300:
3296:
3293:
3292:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3275:Kucha coinage
3273:
3271:
3268:
3267:
3265:
3261:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3228:
3227:Da Qi coinage
3225:
3224:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3179:
3177:
3175:
3171:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3151:
3149:
3145:
3136:
3131:
3129:
3124:
3122:
3117:
3116:
3113:
3103:
3097:
3090:
3087:
3084:
3081:
3080:
3078:
3074:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3052:
3048:
3047:Candareen (分)
3044:
3040:
3036:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3014:
3003:
3000:
2999:
2997:
2993:
2986:
2983:
2982:
2980:
2976:
2969:
2968:Hubu Guanpiao
2966:
2963:
2960:
2959:
2957:
2955:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2942:
2937:
2931:
2925:
2910:
2907:
2906:
2904:
2900:
2893:
2892:Sichuan rupee
2890:
2887:
2884:
2881:
2878:
2877:Dragon dollar
2875:
2872:
2869:
2868:
2866:
2862:
2855:
2852:
2851:
2849:
2845:
2838:
2835:
2832:
2829:
2826:
2823:
2820:
2817:
2814:
2811:
2808:
2805:
2802:
2799:
2796:
2793:
2790:
2787:
2784:
2781:
2768:
2765:
2752:
2751:
2749:
2747:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2722:
2717:
2715:
2710:
2708:
2703:
2702:
2699:
2689:
2683:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2664:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2653:
2647:
2644:
2643:
2641:
2639:
2635:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2618:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2601:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2584:
2580:
2578:
2577:
2573:
2571:
2570:
2566:
2564:
2563:
2559:
2557:
2556:
2552:
2551:
2549:
2547:
2543:
2537:
2534:
2533:
2531:
2529:
2525:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2486:
2480:
2477:
2476:
2474:
2470:
2465:
2459:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2437:Hubu Guanpiao
2435:
2433:
2430:
2429:
2428:
2425:
2424:
2422:
2420:
2416:
2410:
2407:
2406:
2404:
2402:
2398:
2392:
2389:
2388:
2386:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2356:
2354:
2352:
2348:
2342:
2339:
2338:
2336:
2334:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2321:
2316:
2309:
2304:
2302:
2297:
2295:
2290:
2289:
2286:
2274:
2271:
2268:
2267:
2264:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2230:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2179:
2176:
2175:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2067:
2065:
2063:Foreign banks
2061:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2046:
2044:
2042:
2038:
2028:
2025:
2024:
2022:
2020:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2007:
2001:
1998:
1997:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1968:
1966:
1962:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1950:
1946:
1938:
1935:
1934:
1933:
1930:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1921:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1905:
1898:
1889:
1884:
1882:
1877:
1875:
1870:
1869:
1866:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1737:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1713:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1659:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1645:
1641:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1617:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1573:
1569:
1566:
1562:
1561:
1557:
1537:
1530:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1506:
1503:
1490:
1486:
1479:
1476:
1464:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1440:
1437:
1433:
1428:
1425:
1413:
1409:
1402:
1399:
1395:
1390:
1387:
1383:
1378:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1361:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1345:
1342:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1310:Springer Link
1307:
1303:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1287:
1274:
1270:
1268:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1247:
1240:
1230:
1223:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1203:
1198:
1194:
1187:
1182:
1175:
1170:
1166:
1165:
1160:
1153:
1148:
1141:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1123:
1115:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1095:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1077:
1072:
1065:
1060:
1053:
1048:
1044:
1037:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1023:
1015:
1010:
1008:
1007:
1001:
1000:
994:
992:
990:
986:
983:, these were
982:
974:
970:
966:
965:
959:
954:
950:
942:
940:
938:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
905:
899:
894:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
853:
849:
845:
843:
841:
837:
833:
830:worth of new
829:
825:
821:
820:United States
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
800:Bank of China
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
772:
770:
766:
762:
757:
754:
746:
742:
737:
730:
728:
726:
721:
719:
718:post meridiem
715:
711:
707:
703:
698:
695:
692:by the local
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
658:
656:
651:
649:
645:
640:
636:
632:
627:
623:
618:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
563:
559:
555:
551:
546:
542:
537:
535:
531:
527:
522:
519:
513:
511:
510:nominal value
507:
503:
498:
496:
492:
488:
484:
479:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
456:
449:
441:
436:
434:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
373:
368:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
321:
319:
318:
313:
306:
304:
302:
301:
296:
292:
288:
287:
282:
278:
274:
269:
267:
266:Hubu Guanpiao
263:
259:
255:
254:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
228:
226:
225:
220:
216:
215:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
158:
154:
146:
142:
138:
134:
129:
119:
116:
108:
96:
95:
90:
85:
81:
76:
75:
66:
63:
55:
45:
41:
35:
34:
29:This article
27:
18:
17:
3542:Bamboo tally
3499:
3491:
3483:
3475:
3320:Cowrie shell
3083:Bamboo tally
3051:Cash (厘 / 釐)
3001:
2954:Xianfeng era
2847:Other copper
2729:Qing dynasty
2615:
2598:
2581:
2574:
2567:
2560:
2553:
2478:
2419:Qing dynasty
2401:Ming dynasty
2351:Song dynasty
2333:Tang dynasty
2026:
2000:Rishengchang
1924:Central bank
1849:
1838:
1827:
1808:
1804:
1789:
1774:
1759:
1752:
1743:. Shanghai:
1740:
1720:
1711:
1704:
1701:Peng, Xinwei
1685:
1678:
1662:
1643:
1628:
1620:
1604:
1592:(中國金融百科全書) (
1589:
1578:
1564:
1543:. Retrieved
1505:
1495:15 September
1493:. Retrieved
1478:
1466:. Retrieved
1439:
1427:
1415:. Retrieved
1401:
1389:
1377:
1360:
1344:
1305:
1277:. Retrieved
1266:
1228:
1208:
1192:
1162:
1158:
1120:
1100:
1083:in the year
1074:
1070:
1042:
1020:
988:
980:
978:
972:
962:
933:
929:
921:
917:
913:
909:
907:
901:
897:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
856:
851:
847:
839:
831:
824:central bank
815:
791:
788:legal tender
783:
773:
768:
758:
750:
740:
724:
722:
713:
705:
701:
699:
693:
689:
669:
665:
659:
652:
647:
643:
638:
634:
630:
625:
621:
619:
614:
606:
602:
599:huihuazhuang
598:
590:
582:
579:huihuazhuang
578:
574:
570:
566:
561:
557:
553:
540:
538:
533:
529:
525:
523:
517:
514:
505:
499:
494:
490:
486:
482:
480:
475:
471:
463:
453:
451:
442:Qing dynasty
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
382:
378:
374:
369:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
339:had for the
336:
332:
324:
322:
315:
311:
310:
298:
294:
284:
272:
270:
251:
247:
239:
235:
231:
229:
222:
221:also issued
218:
212:
205:Qing dynasty
195:(or company
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
152:
150:
136:
132:
111:
105:October 2021
102:
91:
58:
52:October 2021
49:
30:
3723:Numismatics
3467:Near modern
3451:Mother coin
3395:Flying cash
3345:Spade money
3335:Knife money
3089:Token coins
2945:Paper money
2341:Flying cash
2317:paper money
1807:(中國大百科全書),
1631:(中華國粹大辭典) (
1211:(串文) and 1
1087:10 (1805).
1029:47 (1782).
655:Peng Xinwei
472:yinqianpiao
347:as faraway
327:and modern
203:during the
193:paper money
165:Yinqianpiao
131:An undated
92:may not be
3733:Categories
3670:See also:
3527:Horse coin
3482:Candareen
3363:Cash coins
3100:See also:
3002:Zhuangpiao
2746:Cash coins
2686:See also:
2646:Joss paper
2536:5th series
2479:Zhuangpiao
2027:Zhuangpiao
2010:Qianzhuang
1777:(中華百科要覽) (
1733:Washington
1729:Bellingham
1432:Wagel 1915
1302:Niv Horesh
1267:qianzhuang
1241:References
1159:zhuangpiao
1157:A Chinese
1107:8 (1871).
1071:Zhuangpiao
989:qianzhuang
981:zhuangpiao
973:zhuangpiao
964:qianzhuang
947:See also:
934:qianzhuang
930:zhuangpiao
922:zhuangpiao
918:qianzhuang
914:zhuangpiao
910:zhuangpiao
891:zhuangpiao
887:qianzhuang
883:qianzhuang
879:qianzhuang
875:zhuangpiao
871:qianzhuang
867:qianzhuang
863:qianzhuang
859:zhuangpiao
852:zhuangpiao
848:qianzhuang
753:bankruptcy
741:zhuangpiao
725:zhuangpiao
714:qianzhuang
706:zhuangpiao
702:zhuangpiao
694:qianzhuang
690:zhuangpiao
670:qianzhuang
639:qianzhuang
635:zhuangpiao
626:zhuangpiao
622:zhuangpiao
607:zhuangpiao
595:cash coins
571:zhuangpiao
567:qianzhuang
562:zhuangpiao
558:qianzhuang
554:zhuangpiao
541:zhuangpiao
534:qianzhuang
530:zhuangpiao
526:qianzhuang
518:zhuangpiao
506:zhuangpiao
495:zhuangpiao
491:qianzhuang
487:zhuangpiao
483:qianzhuang
476:zhuangpiao
464:zhuangpiao
455:qianzhuang
446:See also:
431:qianzhuang
427:zhuangpiao
423:qianzhuang
419:qianzhuang
415:qianzhuang
411:zhuangpiao
407:qianzhuang
403:qianzhuang
399:qianzhuang
383:qianzhuang
379:zhuangpiao
375:qianzhuang
365:qianzhuang
361:qianzhuang
357:zhuangpiao
353:qianzhuang
349:qianzhuang
345:zhuangpiao
337:zhuangpiao
333:zhuangpiao
325:zhuangpiao
317:qianzhuang
312:Zhuangpiao
295:zhuangpiao
277:cash coins
273:zhuangpiao
250:served as
248:zhuangpiao
240:qianzhuang
236:zhuangpiao
232:qianzhuang
219:qianzhuang
214:qianzhuang
199:) made in
187:(壺瓶帖), or
153:Zhuangpiao
133:zhuangpiao
3373:Ban Liang
3340:Ying Yuan
2987:(大清銀行兌換券)
2656:Taiwanese
2019:Banknotes
1937:banknotes
1852:(經濟學辭典) (
1762:(中國的銀行).
1703:(1988) .
1633:Hong Kong
1519:863439444
1511:Hong Kong
1468:17 August
1444:Peng 1988
1336:158146530
1209:chuàn wén
1193:chuàn wén
1164:chuàn wén
926:newspaper
836:inflation
710:cashed in
500:When the
462:known as
355:to let a
329:banknotes
185:Hupingtie
3601:Renminbi
3415:Jiaochao
3355:Imperial
3325:Tong Bei
3295:Hongqian
3254:Shengbao
3147:Overview
3043:Mace (錢)
3039:Tael (兩)
3028:Cash (文)
2638:Exonumia
2489:Renminbi
2391:Jiaochao
2269:See also
1817:Shanghai
1811:(中國歷史) (
1794:Shanghai
1779:Shenyang
1764:Shanghai
1690:Shanghai
1651:Honolulu
1583:Japanese
1572:New York
1545:20 April
1417:27 March
1366:New York
1279:9 August
1229:diào wén
1122:diào wén
1027:Qianlong
664:(湖北官錢局,
591:qianpiao
545:Shanghai
372:Shanghai
253:de facto
181:Shangtie
94:reliable
3685:Portals
3635:Digital
3500:(liǎng)
3368:Strings
3312:Ancient
3091:(中國代用幣)
3049:= 1000
3026:≈ 1000
2995:Private
2757:ᡶᡠᠯᡳᠩᡤᠠ
2737:Coinage
2315:Chinese
1990:Piaohao
1854:Beijing
1813:Beijing
1609:Taiyuan
1594:Beijing
1558:Sources
1372:, 1914.
1105:Tongzhi
1085:Jiaqing
1003:Gallery
995:Gallery
908:If the
682:strings
644:gonguju
615:huipiao
603:tiexian
583:yinpiao
550:British
478:notes.
437:History
307:Concept
224:Tiexian
173:Pingtie
169:Huipiao
157:Chinese
139:) of 2
137:pingtie
38:Please
3603:series
3492:(qián)
3405:Guanzi
3400:Jiaozi
3378:Wu Zhu
3064:= 100
3045:= 100
2978:Modern
2970:(戶部官票)
2964:(大清寶鈔)
2911:(大清金幣)
2894:(四川藏洋)
2864:Silver
2856:(大清銅幣)
2797:(乾隆通寶)
2788:(康熙通寶)
2628:$ 1000
2491:series
2364:Guanzi
2359:Jiaozi
1796:. (in
1692:. (in
1611:. (in
1517:
1353:Leiden
1334:
1324:
951:; and
786:(法幣, "
712:, the
708:to be
631:maiban
609:) and
597:. The
575:Huihua
468:silver
271:Early
183:(上帖),
179:(兌帖),
177:Duitie
175:(憑帖),
159::
3711:Money
3699:China
3547:Token
3498:Tael
3490:Mace
3484:(fēn)
3476:(wén)
3474:Cash
3410:Huizi
3390:Sycee
3060:= 10
3041:= 10
2871:Sycee
2755:ᠠᠪᡴᠠᡳ
2623:$ 500
2617:$ 150
2611:$ 100
2369:Huizi
1710:[
1708:中国货币史
1655:Hawai
1539:(PDF)
1332:S2CID
937:guild
861:to a
743:of 1
678:taels
648:yinlu
587:taels
460:scrip
452:Many
201:China
197:scrip
189:Qitie
3569:Fabi
3506:Yuan
3085:(錢籌)
3004:(莊票)
2902:Gold
2879:(龍銀)
2873:(元寶)
2777:ᠵᡳᡴᠠ
2771:ᠰᡠᡵᡝ
2761:ᠵᡳᡴᠠ
2606:$ 50
2600:$ 25
2594:$ 20
2589:$ 10
2381:and
2173:HSBC
1830:(in
1547:2019
1515:OCLC
1497:2019
1470:2019
1419:2019
1322:ISBN
1281:2019
1213:yuan
865:the
846:How
840:fabi
832:fabi
828:yuan
816:fabi
792:fabi
784:fabi
778:the
765:yuan
745:tiao
660:The
646:and
589:and
481:The
370:The
300:yuan
291:tael
279:(or
264:and
207:and
151:The
141:tiao
3630:5th
3625:4th
3620:3rd
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