135:
126:. Shortly after that, Hamdan Qarmat disappeared, while Abu Muhammad was murdered in the same year at the instigation of Zakarawayh, apparently on the instructions of Salamiya. After Hamdan's disappearance, the term "Qarmatians" was retained by all Isma'ilis who refused to recognize the claims of Sa'id, and subsequently of the Fatimid dynasty. Hamdan's and Abu Muhammad's followers threatened to kill Zakarawayh, who was forced to go into hiding.
254:
346:. As Daftary writes, there were several reasons for Zakarawayh's failure: his movement attacked both Sunnis and other Shi'a factions and antagonized both townspeople and peasants; its military component was based on the unreliable Bedouin, who lacked constancy of purpose; and operated close to the heartland of the Abbasid Caliphate, a factor that had doomed many previous Shi'a revolts.
186:("Fatimids"). Their successful conversion of the restive Bedouin provided them with a potent military force, but one with limitations: the Bedouin were more concerned with extracting booty from the settled communities, and were ill-suited to campaigns of conquering and holding territories. The brothers launched raids against the
319:
days later of his wounds. Many of his followers also fell in this battle, and others were captured and executed. Their interrogation of
Zakarawayh's captured brother-in-law by Muhammad ibn Da'ud al-Jarrah provided the Abbasid government authorities with the "first reliable information concerning the clandestine Isma'ili
226:
had prevailed, according to which
Zakarawayh and his sons remained loyal to Sa'id, and their actions aimed at securing possession of Syria and triggering a general rebellion against the Abbasids. In Halm's interpretation, Sa'id regarded the uprising as premature, and felt that it compromised his own
318:
pilgrims at al-Aqaba (on the modern Iraqi–Saudi border), killing most of them in the process. On 10 January, however, Abbasid troops under Wasif defeated and scattered his men in a two-day battle at Wadi Dhi Qar, near the "Ruins of Iram". Zakarawayh himself was wounded, and died in captivity a few
217:
The motivations of
Zakarawayh and his sons have been variously interpreted by modern scholars. Traditionally this movement has been regarded as wholly Qarmatian in character, and a threat to Sa'id, which prompted the latter's flight from Salamiya; the
235:, and thence to Egypt and the Maghreb, where he would establish the Fatimid Caliphate in 909. If the movement of Zakarawayh and his sons is entirely disavowed by later Fatimid sources, it was because of its failure; Halm even speaks of a
306:; at Saw'ar, they were met by Zakarawayh himself, who now emerged from his hiding to openly lead his followers. In mid-October, they defeated an Abbasid army sent to confront them, and began raiding the caravans of
288:
s, al-Qasim ibn Ahmad, to lead the
Bedouin that remained loyal, promising that the day of his own appearance, and of their final victory, was drawing near. Thus inspired, the Bedouin moved into the rural environs
227:
safety as the brothers called their supporters to visit the supposedly "hidden" leader at
Salamiya. Not only did not join the brothers, but left Salamiya with his son and a few close supporters, first for
245:
after the death of his brother. As a result, after Sa'id's flight and the defeat of the
Bedouin at Hama, the movement headed by Zakarawayh "acquired the characteristics of dissident Qarmatism".
222:
is reported by a
Fatimid source to have massacred the inhabitants of Salamiya and destroyed Sa'ids residence when he came there. In recent years, however, the argument of
295:) of Kufa and were joined there by Zakarawayh's supporters. On 2 October 906, some 800 Isma'ili horsemen attacked the city's populace, who had just celebrated the
894:
790:
750:
689:
663:
281:. This activity lasted until Nasr was killed by some of the Bedouin, who hoped to secure an amnesty by the Abbasid authorities, in July 906.
166:. Husayn was successful in converting the Kalbi clan of the Banu'l-Ulays and some of the Banu'l-Asbagh, claiming to preach on behalf of an
879:
261:
Undeterred, in 906 Zakarawayh sent another of his followers, Abu Ghanim Nasr, to the Banu Kalb. Under his leadership, the
Bedouin sacked
874:
303:
904:
899:
182:("Master of the She-camel"), and who assumed the leadership of the movement. The brothers' followers adopted the name of
864:
825:
728:
334:
refused to accept his death and believed in his return, but his death brought the great
Qarmatian uprisings in the
884:
808:
719:
155:
119:
142:
From 900, from his refuge at Saw'ar, he resumed his missionary work among the Syrian Desert
Bedouin tribes of
162:("Man with the Mole"), to the western Syrian Desert, for missionary work among the large tribal group of the
171:
84:
110:
In 899, a major rift occurred in the Isma'ili movement, when Abu Muhammad Abdan and his brother-in-law
175:
889:
869:
782:
The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates: The Islamic Near East from the 6th to the 11th Century
723:
232:
299:
outside its walls; they looted the Kufans, but their attempt to take the city was unsuccessful.
241:
against them. The destruction of Salamiya was an act of revenge by the disappointed and enraged
843:
786:
746:
685:
659:
237:
123:
58:
835:
800:
764:
738:
711:
374:
257:
Map of southern Iraq with its provinces and its major settlements in the 9th/10th centuries
776:
707:
134:
34:
820:
816:
715:
649:
211:
17:
858:
839:
812:
742:
111:
104:
804:
703:
314:. In November 906 Zakarawayh and his men looted one of the caravans of Persian and
138:
Map of Syria with its provinces and its major settlements in the 9th/10th centuries
73:
area, adjacent to the Hadd canal. His father was one of the first followers of the
780:
653:
296:
74:
46:
760:
699:
673:
223:
151:
92:
847:
324:
163:
147:
143:
100:
69:
He was born in the village of al-Maysaniyya, near the town of Saw'ar in the
50:
266:
174:. The success was such that Zakarawayh sent a nephew and then another son,
253:
367:
339:
315:
270:
199:
154:. His efforts there were less than successful, so in 901 he sent his son
115:
335:
191:
187:
96:
79:
274:
195:
278:
91:
for his native district of Saylahin. There he was active among the
311:
291:
262:
252:
228:
133:
684:] (in German). Munich: C. H. Beck. pp. 66–73, 169–176.
323:
organization", and forms the core of the contemporary historian
307:
167:
70:
54:
327:'s report on the origins of the Qarmatian movement in Iraq.
658:(Second ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
594:
592:
590:
588:
210:
then took over, until he was defeated and captured at the
617:
615:
613:
611:
609:
607:
479:
477:
475:
539:
537:
512:
510:
508:
506:
504:
61:
in the 900s, until his defeat and death in January 907.
338:
to an end, although a Qarmatian movement, known as the
419:
417:
415:
413:
411:
409:
407:
405:
403:
401:
87:. Already in his youth, Zakarawayh was appointed a
450:
448:
446:
444:
442:
440:
438:
436:
434:
432:
27:10th-century Isma'ili and Qarmatian leader in Iraq
682:The Empire of the Mahdi: The Rise of the Fatimids
678:Das Reich des Mahdi: Der Aufstieg der Fatimiden
114:denounced the movement's secret leadership at
99:tribe living between the fertile lands of the
8:
655:The Ismāʿı̄lı̄s: Their History and Doctrines
302:The Qarmatians withdrew to the environs of
826:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
729:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
834:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 660–665.
202:from December 902 to July 903, where the
598:
567:
483:
57:who led a series of revolts against the
633:
621:
579:
555:
543:
528:
516:
495:
466:
397:
355:
330:Some of Zakarawayh's followers in the
130:Uprising of Zakarawayh's sons in Syria
7:
785:(Second ed.). Harlow: Longman.
769:Encyclopædia Iranica, online edition
737:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. p. 405.
454:
423:
38:
277:region, and attacked Damascus and
25:
895:Rebels from the Abbasid Caliphate
840:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0451
743:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_8092
248:
284:Zakarawayh sent another of his
118:, which had been taken over by
1:
249:Zakarawayh's uprising in Iraq
129:
122:, the future founder of the
880:10th-century Iranian people
921:
875:9th-century Iranian people
373:are Arabized forms of the
45:in modern sources, was an
704:"Zakarawayh b. Mihrawayh"
765:"ZEKRAWAYH B. MEHRAWAYH"
310:pilgrims returning from
31:Zakarawayh ibn Mihrawayh
198:, even laying siege to
178:, who was known as the
18:Zikrawayh ibn Mihrawayh
258:
139:
41:) often misspelled as
905:10th-century Ismailis
256:
158:, who was called the
137:
65:Early life and career
900:9th-century Ismailis
172:Muhammad ibn Isma'il
582:, pp. 123–124.
558:, pp. 122–123.
531:, pp. 286–287.
469:, pp. 116–117.
120:Sa'id ibn al-Husayn
865:9th-century births
570:, p. 660–661.
342:, survived in the
259:
140:
85:Abu Muhammad Abdan
801:Madelung, Wilferd
792:978-0-582-40525-7
752:978-90-04-12756-2
691:978-3-406-35497-7
665:978-0-521-61636-2
238:damnatio memoriae
214:in November 903.
194:provinces of the
124:Fatimid Caliphate
59:Abbasid Caliphate
16:(Redirected from
912:
851:
796:
772:
756:
724:Heinrichs, W. P.
695:
669:
637:
631:
625:
619:
602:
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577:
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559:
553:
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541:
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493:
487:
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470:
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458:
452:
427:
421:
386:
381:("Zachary") and
360:
206:was killed. The
40:
39:زکرويه بن مهرويه
21:
920:
919:
915:
914:
913:
911:
910:
909:
855:
854:
821:Bosworth, C. E.
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716:Bosworth, C. E.
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692:
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650:Daftary, Farhad
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362:His given name
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170:descended from
132:
67:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
918:
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867:
857:
856:
853:
852:
809:van Donzel, E.
797:
791:
773:
757:
751:
720:van Donzel, E.
708:Bearman, P. J.
696:
690:
670:
664:
644:
641:
639:
638:
626:
624:, p. 124.
603:
601:, p. 661.
584:
572:
560:
548:
546:, p. 286.
533:
521:
519:, p. 123.
500:
498:, p. 122.
488:
486:, p. 660.
471:
459:
428:
426:, p. 405.
396:
394:
391:
388:
387:
354:
353:
351:
348:
250:
247:
243:ṣāḥib al-shāma
220:ṣāḥib al-shāma
212:Battle of Hama
208:ṣāḥib al-shāma
160:ṣāḥib al-shāma
131:
128:
66:
63:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
917:
906:
903:
901:
898:
896:
893:
891:
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886:
885:Ismaili da'is
883:
881:
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876:
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871:
868:
866:
863:
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860:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
827:
822:
818:
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788:
784:
783:
778:
777:Kennedy, Hugh
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
748:
744:
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736:
732:
730:
725:
721:
717:
713:
712:Bianquis, Th.
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
661:
657:
656:
651:
647:
646:
642:
636:, p. 99.
635:
630:
627:
623:
618:
616:
614:
612:
610:
608:
604:
600:
599:Madelung 1978
595:
593:
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581:
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569:
568:Madelung 1978
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530:
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484:Madelung 1978
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328:
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246:
244:
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225:
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215:
213:
209:
205:
204:ṣāḥib al-nāqa
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
184:al-Fāṭimiyyūn
181:
180:ṣāḥib al-nāqa
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
136:
127:
125:
121:
117:
113:
112:Hamdan Qarmat
108:
106:
105:Syrian Desert
102:
98:
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90:
86:
82:
81:
76:
72:
64:
62:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
36:
32:
19:
831:
824:
781:
768:
734:
727:
681:
677:
654:
634:Daftary 2007
629:
622:Daftary 2007
580:Daftary 2007
575:
563:
556:Daftary 2007
551:
544:Kennedy 2004
529:Kennedy 2004
524:
517:Daftary 2007
496:Daftary 2007
491:
467:Daftary 2007
462:
382:
378:
370:
363:
358:
343:
331:
329:
320:
301:
290:
285:
283:
260:
242:
236:
219:
216:
207:
203:
183:
179:
159:
141:
109:
88:
78:
77:missionary (
68:
42:
30:
29:
817:Pellat, Ch.
761:Halm, Heinz
700:Halm, Heinz
674:Halm, Heinz
304:al-Qadisiya
297:Eid al-Adha
890:Qarmatians
870:907 deaths
859:Categories
830:Volume IV:
733:Volume XI:
393:References
364:Zakarawayh
224:Heinz Halm
93:Banu Tamim
53:leader in
848:758278456
813:Lewis, B.
805:"Ḳarmaṭī"
455:Halm 2015
424:Halm 2002
371:Mihrawayh
350:Footnotes
325:al-Tabari
316:Khurasani
233:Palestine
164:Banu Kalb
156:al-Husayn
101:Euphrates
51:Qarmatian
43:Zikrawayh
832:Iran–Kha
823:(eds.).
803:(1978).
779:(2004).
763:(2015).
726:(eds.).
702:(2002).
676:(1991).
652:(2007).
379:Zakarōya
368:patronym
366:and his
340:Baqliyya
273:and the
271:Tiberias
200:Damascus
116:Salamiya
103:and the
75:Isma'ili
47:Isma'ili
643:Sources
383:Mehrōya
375:Persian
336:Mashriq
192:Tulunid
188:Abbasid
97:Bedouin
846:
819:&
789:
749:
722:&
688:
662:
377:names
275:Hawran
267:Dara'a
196:Levant
150:, and
35:Arabic
807:. In
706:. In
680:[
344:sawād
332:sawād
321:da'wa
312:Mecca
292:sawād
263:Bosra
229:Ramla
176:Yahya
152:Tamim
844:OCLC
787:ISBN
747:ISBN
686:ISBN
660:ISBN
308:hajj
286:dā'ī
190:and
168:imam
148:Tayy
144:Asad
95:, a
89:dā'ī
80:dā'ī
71:Kufa
55:Iraq
49:and
836:doi
739:doi
735:W–Z
279:Hīt
231:in
33:, (
861::
842:.
828:.
815:;
811:;
767:.
745:.
731:.
718:;
714:;
710:;
606:^
587:^
536:^
503:^
474:^
431:^
400:^
269:,
265:,
146:,
107:.
83:)
37::
850:.
838::
795:.
771:.
755:.
741::
694:.
668:.
457:.
385:.
289:(
20:)
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