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other public benefits, and land ownership. Both were equally contentious issues. ZNLWVA records noted that about 35,000 guerrillas had been demobilised at the end of the
Rhodesian Bush War. They received a flat severance sum from the Zimbabwean military of about Z$ 400, with a two-year allowance of Z$ 185 per month. Some veterans believed this was grossly inadequate, and demanded formal military pensions for their years of service. Additionally, another 25,000 guerrillas had been dismissed before the military began implementing the severance sums and allowances; these received nothing. By 1985 half of the demobilised guerrillas were also insolvent, having been unable to secure long-term employment or receive job training due to rising unemployment.
151:, the Zimbabwean government agreed to delay land redistribution by means of compulsory seizure for ten years. While at least 20% of white-owned farmland was successfully purchased and redistributed between 1980 and 1989, only 50,000 households benefited from this phase of the programme. Additionally, a disproportionate amount of the redistributed land was being held by fewer than 600 landowners, most of whom were wealthy, politically connected and owned multiple properties. Veterans felt disenfranchised and the founders of the ZNLWVA believed they should be the primary beneficiaries of the land.
304:. In all elections since 2000, the members of the ZNLWVA, commonly known as 'war vets' have spearheaded election campaigns for ZANU-PF. After the leadership of Chenjerai Hunzvi came Habulani Sibanda and Joseph Chinotimba. As such war veterans became instrumental for ZANU-PF in suppressing the opposition through the use of harassment, intimidation, and violence. They often act alongside the ZANU-PF's youth formation.
241:
138:
The ZNLWVA was formed in April 1989 by disgruntled former ZANLA and ZIPRA personnel, many of whom felt that they had received insufficient rewards for their wartime service. During the
Rhodesian Bush War, a number of the guerrillas and their supporters had been led to believe that they would receive
166:
for profiting itself while its former guerrillas were ignored and cheated. Since 1980, war veterans had collectively been robbed of a total of $ 10 billion by ZANU (PF) senior officials and Robert Mugabe's close relatives. In the wake of the war veterans' demands, the government panicked and had to
154:
The ZNLWVA's founding in 1989 was opposed by the government, which initially perceived it as a political threat. Following its first congress in 1992, the ZNLWVA resolved to secure the welfare of all ZANLA or ZIPRA veterans, and lobby the state on their behalf concerning two issues: pensions and
223:(MDC). ZNLWVA members working on behalf of ZANU-PF were often accused of abducting, assaulting and killing those with close ties to the MDC. Due to the organization's political clout and known affiliation with several ZANU-PF cabinet ministers, the
171:
at independence had received only meagre pensions of Z$ 185 per month until 1983. Members had watched these savings evaporate in the wake of a growing financial crisis in the early 1990s. The organisation demonstrated at ZANU-PF headquarters in
143:
in the event of a military or political victory. When significant land reform failed to take place immediately after the war, they felt the promises of their political leadership with regards to this issue had not been truly fulfilled.
176:
and successfully lobbied for additional gratuities of Z$ 50,000 (equivalent to US$ 4000). Tax free pensions of Z$ 2,000 a month were also conceded. This success inspired the protests of another group, the
204:. ZNLWVA threatened a "bloodbath" in future "clashes against commercial farmers" unless land hunger was addressed to their satisfaction. Throughout the early 2000s, members of ZNLWVA, notably
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196:, the British High Commissioner to Zimbabwe. It gave vent to the frustrations of landless veterans and blamed the nation's
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126:. While not considered a state entity, the ZNLWVA is dependent on funding and support from Zimbabwe's ruling party, the
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130:(ZANU-PF). In 2005, the government looked into ways to make members of the organisation part of the army of Zimbabwe.
158:
ZNLWVA was a virtual non-entity in the politics of
Zimbabwe for eight years after it was founded. That changed when
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208:, forcibly occupied a number of white-owned commercial farms, which the ZNLWVA described as the
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pay off as concessions. The ZNLWVA pointed out that ZIPRA and ZANLA personnel excluded from the
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to also compensate female partisans who had served as scouts and spies during the bush war.
159:
498:
Polarization and
Transformation in Zimbabwe: Social Movements, Strategy Dilemmas and Change
799:
301:
219:, the ZNLWVA orchestrated a campaign of political violence against supporters of the
182:
641:
Pioneers, settlers, aliens, exiles: the decolonisation of white identity in
Zimbabwe
331:
265:
189:
526:
Guerrilla
Veterans in Post-War Zimbabwe: Symbolic and Violent Politics, 1980-1987
783:
713:
The
Department of Information and Publicity Office of the President and Cabinet
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300:(ZANU-PF), the ruling party, and by extension the government formerly led by
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of predominantly
British descent for refusing to participate in constructive
604:"Online NewsHour – Land Redistribution in Southern Africa: Zimbabwe Program"
111:
57:
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99:
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42:
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was reluctant to investigate the ZNLWVA for its alleged crimes.
234:
179:
Women in the
National Liberation War Collaborators Association
735:. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers. pp. 2712–2713.
580:
The State and
Agrarian Change in Zimbabwe's Communal Areas
528:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 41–42.
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became its chairman in 1997. Hunzvi bitterly criticised
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organisation established by former guerrillas of the
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Zimbabwe National Liberation War Veterans Association
25:
Zimbabwe National Liberation War Veterans Association
188:
In January 2000, ZNLWVA wrote a letter addressed to
606:. Pbs.org. Archived from the original on 1 May 2004
582:. Basingstoke: Palgrave-Macmillan. pp. 84–87.
551:
South Africa's Destabilization of Zimbabwe, 1980-89
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77:
67:
49:
38:
30:
128:Zimbabwe African National Union - Patriotic Front
422:Southern Africa Report, (various) (July 2011).
298:Zimbabwe African National Union-Patriotic Front
500:. Plymouth: Lexington Books. pp. 77–79.
8:
673:Cry Zimbabwe: Independence – Twenty Years On
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731:Maxwell, David (2001). Jones, Derek (ed.).
726:
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457:"Welcome to the Financial Gazette Online!"
264:. Please do not remove this message until
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284:Learn how and when to remove this message
116:Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army
519:
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429:. Randburg: Mopani Media. Archived from
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260:Relevant discussion may be found on the
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217:2000 Zimbabwean parliamentary election
758:"War veterans head for a major split"
139:land expropriated from the country's
7:
406:
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120:Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army
675:. Johannesburg: Galago Publishing.
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826:Organizations established in 1989
296:ZNLWVA has a close alliance with
733:Censorship: A World Encyclopedia
696:Zim 'bloodbath warnings ignored'
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821:1989 establishments in Zimbabwe
315:
221:Movement for Democratic Change
122:(ZIPRA) who served during the
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816:Zimbabwean military personnel
578:Drinkwater, Michael (1991).
181:, which called on President
709:Inside the Third Chimurenga
266:conditions to do so are met
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671:Stiff, Peter (June 2000).
424:"Zimbabwe Security Forces"
707:Mugabe, Robert G (2001).
624:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
496:McCandless, Erin (2011).
192:and communicated through
149:Lancaster House Agreement
23:
388:30 March 2018 – present
362:2001 – 15 November 2014
225:Zimbabwe Republic Police
806:Veterans' organizations
147:In accordance with the
524:Kriger, Norma (2003).
371:Christopher Mutsvangwa
231:Instrument for ZANU-PF
169:Zimbabwe National Army
84:Christopher Mutsvangwa
789:(accessed 18/10/2010)
774:(accessed 02/08/2008)
549:Dzimba, John (1998).
473:(accessed 02/10/2008)
711:. Harare, Zimbabwe:
647:. pp. 159–165.
639:Fisher, J L (2010).
764:on 11 February 2008
557:. pp. 72–135.
454:Threat of War Vets
375:15 November 2014 –
349:1997 – 4 June 2001
253:of this section is
20:
555:Palgrave Macmillan
336:April 1989 – 1997
190:Queen Elizabeth II
124:Rhodesian Bush War
715:. pp. 1–201.
654:978-1-921666-14-8
463:on 20 August 2007
436:on 5 January 2012
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89:Joseph Chinotimba
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345:Chenjerai Hunzvi
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308:List of chairmen
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210:Third Chimurenga
160:Chenjerai Hunzvi
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589:978-0312053505
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141:white minority
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766:. Retrieved
762:the original
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643:. Canberra:
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608:. Retrieved
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465:. Retrieved
461:the original
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438:. Retrieved
431:the original
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384:Hoyini Bhila
332:John Gwitira
295:
280:
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118:(ZANLA) and
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96:Affiliations
39:Headquarters
15:
785:Factbox by
768:11 February
645:ANU E Press
467:11 February
440:24 February
215:During the
202:land reform
800:Categories
395:References
251:neutrality
112:Zimbabwean
86:, Chairman
79:Key people
45:, Zimbabwe
262:talk page
69:Members
620:cite web
274:May 2019
255:disputed
58:Zimbabwe
50:Location
811:ZANU–PF
787:Reuters
323:Period
164:ZANU-PF
134:History
100:ZANU-PF
31:Founded
739:
679:
651:
610:18 May
586:
561:
532:
504:
174:Harare
73:30,000
43:Harare
19:ZNLWVA
434:(PDF)
427:(PDF)
320:Name
770:2008
737:ISBN
677:ISBN
649:ISBN
626:link
612:2016
584:ISBN
559:ISBN
530:ISBN
502:ISBN
469:2008
442:2016
248:The
34:1989
316:No.
802::
721:^
663:^
622:}}
618:{{
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.