855:. Following the purchase of about 300 hectares (740 acres) of land around the main breeding site, all livestock has been removed from the breeding areas, allowing the vegetation to recover, although breeding still only occurs on ledges that were never accessible to grazing animals. The research and predator control by the Freira Conservation Project and the national park which started in 1986 was expanded in 2001 with additional EU funding. The increase in productivity (29 chicks fledged in 2004) meant that this species was downgraded from
45:
31:
715:
566:, but is smaller. The size difference and lighter flight may not be apparent at sea, especially with lone birds, but a recent study helped to clarify other useful features. Zino's has a diagnostically small, delicate, often rather long and slender bill, which may be obvious in the most slender-billed examples, which are probably mostly females, but can be difficult to determine in larger-billed, probably adult male, birds. Another useful feature is a large whitish panel on the
644:
94:
484:
69:
215:
689:
their breeding sites. However, the few birds that have been identified with certainty have all been Fea's. Zino's petrel may have a similar strategy since preliminary results from geolocation studies indicate widespread dispersal over the North
Atlantic central ridge during the breeding season and migration towards the Brazilian coast in the non-breeding period.
723:
shallow burrow or old rabbit tunnel up to 140 cm (55 in) long in thick soil on vegetated ledges. The length of the burrow is related to the age of the pair that uses it, young birds making shorter tunnels, which are extended in subsequent years. The oval white egg is laid from mid-May to mid-June in a chamber at the end of the burrow and
829:
Predation by introduced rats meant that breeding success in the small population was low, and no young at all fledged in 1985. The Freira
Conservation Project was founded in 1986 with the aim of increasing the population of Zino's petrel by controlling rats and human interference; the control was extended to cats after the mass predation of 1990.
837:, and in the longer term climate change may have an adverse effect, since all nests are within 1,000 m (3,300 ft) of the top of the highest mountain in the breeding area. Formerly, shepherds collected nestlings for food, and egg collectors have raided burrows. Currently, the main threats continue to be predation of eggs and chicks by
863:
vegetation, reinforcing the surviving nests, and setting poison bait for rats around the now exposed nest sites. The action plan also included the provision of artificial burrows, seed dispersal to help the vegetation recover, and the use of anti-erosion materials. By 2018, the colony had recovered and was stable at 160 adults.
286:. This long-winged petrel has a grey back and wings, with a dark "W" marking across the wings, and a grey upper tail. The undersides of the wings are blackish apart from a triangle of white at the front edge near the body, and the belly is white with grey flanks. It is very similar in appearance to the slightly larger
602:, and a much less frequent sound like the whimpering of a pup. It is silent at sea. The breeding calls are very similar to those of Fea's petrel, and Bretagnolle's analysis of the calls of the soft-plumaged petrel complex led him to suggest in 1995 only a two-way species split, with the northern forms
862:
A disaster struck the colony on 13 August 2010, when a forest fire swept through the breeding site killing three adults and 25 of the 38 chicks. The fire destroyed the vegetation and several nesting burrows. Conservation action to protect the 13 remaining chicks included removing dead birds and burnt
823:
Zino's petrel has a very restricted range on the mountaintops of a single island and is one of Europeâs most endangered seabirds. The birds, already confined to a limited area when discovered, were thought to be extinct by the mid-twentieth century. Two freshly fledged juveniles were found within the
321:
Zino's petrel nests in burrows which are visited only at night, when they give their haunting calls. The single white egg is incubated by both adults, one sitting during the day while the other feeds on fish and squid at sea. Eggs, chicks and adults have been subject to predation by introduced cats
688:
brings increasing numbers of tropical species into temperate waters. The timing of the reports, mainly in late spring and summer in the western North
Atlantic, and in late summer and early autumn in the east, has suggested that birds follow a clockwise route around the North Atlantic after leaving
742:
This species mates for life and pairs return to the same burrow year after year. The single egg is not replaced if lost. This is a long-lived species: one individual was observed to return to its burrow for ten consecutive years, and the lifespan is estimated to be about 16 years. The age of
722:
Zino's petrel breed two months earlier than the Fea's petrel on Bugio, only 50 km (31 mi) away. The birds return from sea to their breeding grounds in late March or early April and courting occurs over the main breeding area during the late evening and early morning hours. The nest is a
634:
species. It may have been an unusual variant of Zino's but this is unlikely since no similar bird has been seen amongst the more than 100 caught at the nest. It may alternatively be a single aberrant individual, a hybrid or an unknown taxon from
Madeira or elsewhere. No conclusion is possible on
578:
sometimes shows a rounded wing tip, so this feature is not diagnostic. Previously suggested criteria such as head, upper wing and flank patterns were found to be inconclusive. Off the eastern United States and the Azores, both
Macaronesian petrels are easily distinguished from the larger Bermuda
474:
were found in two cave sites in
Gibraltar. They consist of a more abundant form similar in size to Zino's, and a larger, less common type. It is uncertain whether they represent the site of a former breeding colony, or are the result of a seabird wreck in which storms blow birds inland. They do
828:
in the early 1940s, presumably attracted there by lights, but the species was not seen again until 1969. In 1969, Paul Zino played a tape of Fea's petrel from Bugio to a shepherd from Curral das
Freiras; he immediately recognised the call and led the researchers to the remaining nesting area.
675:. The breeding ledges have to be inaccessible to introduced goats so that they remain rich in endemic flora. The vegetation ensures that there is sufficient earth on the ledges to allow the birds to burrow and make their nests, and trampling by grazing animals reduces the soil cover.
464:(Nun's Valley) near the breeding site claimed that the nocturnal wailing of the petrels in the breeding season were the calls of the suffering souls of the nuns. The sisters had taken refuge in the valley from attacks on the island by French pirates in 1566 that lasted for 15 days.
322:
and rats, and in the past have been taken for food by local shepherds. Predator control, and other measures such as the removal of grazing animals that trample the burrows, have enabled the population to recover to 65â80 breeding pairs; the species remains listed as
1636:
Medina, FĂ©lix M; Oliveira, Paulo; Menezes, Dilia; Teixeira, SĂ©rgio; GarcĂa, Rafael; Nogales, Manuel (July 2010). "Trophic habits of feral cats in the high mountain shrublands of the
Macaronesian islands (NW Africa, Atlantic Ocean)".
400:, from Bugio Island, and from Zino's petrels from the Madeiran mainland showed that there were marked differences between the two seabirds in terms of the parasites they carried, suggesting that they have long been isolated since
678:
This petrel is only present in
Madeiran waters during the breeding season. Its distribution at sea during the rest of the year is poorly known due to the rarity of the species and the difficulty of separating it from other
832:
There are now 130â160 known individuals (65â80 breeding pairs) confirmed to breed on just six ledges. There may be some disturbance from visitors at night and from the construction of a NATO radar station on the summit of
409:
species. This suggests that despite the close physical proximity of the two species of gadfly petrel found in the
Madeiran archipelago, they may have arisen from separate colonisations of mainland Madeira and, later, the
683:
petrels at sea. Birds identified as either Zino's or Fea's have been recorded from both sides of the North Atlantic, and in Ireland and Britain there has been a large increase in the number of reports, perhaps because
404:
can normally only be transferred through physical contact in the nest. The species on Zino's petrel are most similar to those of the Bermuda petrel, whereas Fea's petrel's lice are like those of Caribbean and Pacific
743:
first breeding is unknown but assumed to be four or more years. Despite the proximity of their breeding sites, Zino's and Fea's petrels have never been found at each other's nesting areas, and Zino's is not known to
344:
are seabirds of temperate and tropical oceans. Many are little-known, and their often similar appearance have caused the taxonomy of the group to be rather fluid. The forms breeding in Macaronesia on Madeira,
330:. However, conservation efforts had a major setback in August 2010 when fires killed three adults and 65 percent of the chicks. The population eventually recovered and was stable at 160 individuals by 2018.
414:. Although their reproductive isolation has allowed the separate evolutionary development of the two species, genetic evidence shows the three Macaronesian petrels are each other's closest relatives.
421:, who failed to realise that they were different from the Fea's petrels he had seen in the Desertas. The species was formally described as a race of soft-plumaged petrel by Australian amateur
739:. It stays 3â5 km (1.9â3.1 mi) offshore during the day, coming to land in darkness. It calls from about 30 minutes after nightfall until dawn, including on moonlit nights.
507:, grey wings with a dark "W" marking across them, and a grey upper tail. The undersides of the wings are blackish, apart from a triangle of white at the front edge near the body, and the
539:
is black and the legs are flesh pink, the colour continuing onto the first third of the feet, the rest of the toes and webs being black-brown. It gives the general impression of a small
785:, is a rodent hunter. Other than bats, there are no native land mammals on Madeira, although there are a number of introduced species, two of which will take birds or chicks. These are
1698:
1601:
Masseti, Marco (March 2010). "Mammals of the Macaronesian islands (the Azores, Madeira, the Canary and Cape Verde islands): redefinition of the ecological equilibrium".
2002:
2054:
781:
Their nocturnal approach to the breeding sites means that Zino's petrels avoid the attentions of gulls or diurnal raptors, and the only owl on the island, the
1000:
382:
793:. Even the high mountain nest sites of the Zino's petrel are not safe from these adaptable predators, ten adults being killed by cats in 1990. Feather
2147:
1976:
1042:
spp. from the Northeastern Atlantic Ocean: molecular evidence for specific status of Bugio and Cape Verde petrels and implications for conservation"
651:
Zino's petrel is endemic to the main island of Madeira, where it breeds on inaccessible and well-vegetated ledges in the central mountains between
630:
petrel (possibly the same bird) with largely white underwings, but upper wings like Zino's or Fea's. This plumage does not correspond to any known
2015:
1712:
1247:
Harrop, Andrew H J (January 2004). "The 'soft-plumaged petrel' complex: a review of the literature on taxonomy, identification and distribution".
2177:
2067:
1210:
940:
318:. It is one of Europe's most endangered seabirds, with breeding areas restricted to a few ledges high in the central mountains of Madeira.
1482:
1446:
2167:
1412:
1924:
2162:
1585:
1514:
1395:
1363:
1338:
1280:
1179:
1307:
Shirihai, Hadoram; Bretagnolle, Vincent; Zino, Francis (July 2010). "Identification of Fea's, Desertas and Zino's Petrels at sea".
859:
to endangered on the IUCN Red List in 2004. Its population appeared to be stable or increasing slightly up to the summer of 2010.
667:, but grasses may also be present. It nests at heights above 1,650 m (5,410 ft). It was formerly more widespread, since
2172:
2106:
735:
about 85 days later in late September and October. This petrel is strictly nocturnal at the breeding sites to avoid predation by
547:, with a fast flight; in strong winds it shears high above the surface with angled wings. Nothing is known of the fresh juvenile
73:
1672:
365:
analysis, and differences in size, vocalisations, breeding behaviour, showed that the northern birds are not closely related to
1937:
428:
in 1934. Following the recognition of the Madeiran birds as a full species, they were named after the British ornithologist,
2020:
961:
Sangster, George; Knox, Alan G; Helbig, Andreas J; Parkin, David T (2002). "Taxonomic recommendations for European birds".
2041:
417:
The petrels breeding in the high central mountains of Madeira were first recorded in 1903 by German naturalist and priest
1133:
Zino, Francis; Oliveira, Paulo; King, Susan; Buckle Alan; Biscoito, Manuel; Neves, H Costa; Vasconcelos, Amilcar (2001).
1805:
574:. The wing panel is exclusive to Zino's but is only shown by 15% of the birds. Zino's has a more rounded wing tip, but
1865:
660:
755:
Zino's petrel, like its relatives, feed on small squid and fish. The vomited stomach contents of one bird contained
93:
1955:
2059:
2157:
1968:
849:
306:, but they are not closely related, and Zino's was raised to the status of a species because of differences in
432:, who was instrumental in their conservation during the latter half of the twentieth century. The genus name
701:
on surprisingly few occasions; a claim of possible Zino's from South Africa is now thought to be erroneous.
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44:
30:
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1676:
725:
589:
581:
568:
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533:
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509:
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1870:
856:
188:
1720:
906:
714:
848:
Zino's petrel is protected under the EU's Wild Birds Directive, and its breeding sites lie within the
2111:
1834:
1816:
540:
418:
307:
299:
491:
This long-winged petrel is 32â34 cm (13â13 in) long with an 80â86 cm (31â34 in)
2152:
1036:
Jesus, JosĂ©; Menezes, DĂlia; Gomes, Sara; Oliveira, Paulo; Nogales, Manuel; Brehm, AntĂłnio (2009).
429:
357:
archipelago were long considered to be subspecies of the Southern Hemisphere soft-plumaged petrel,
58:
1462:
731:
for 51â54 days, each parent alternating between sitting on the nest and feeding at sea. The young
2098:
1654:
1618:
1455:
Makaronesia, the Bulletin of the Association of Friends of the Natural History Museum of Tenerife
672:
461:
323:
237:
88:
1545:
Carlile, Nicholas; Priddel, David; Zino, Francis; Natividad, Cathleen; Wingate, David B (2003).
2007:
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2080:
2033:
1888:
1692:
1581:
1391:
1359:
1334:
1276:
1206:
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389:
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145:
1423:
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972:
901:
623:
544:
411:
350:
1857:
1821:
834:
765:
760:
652:
425:
381:
on the Desertas and Cape Verde as full species, and the species split was accepted by the
374:
204:
1572:
1546:
883:
563:
378:
287:
1963:
1950:
963:
694:
685:
626:
expeditions to the Madeira archipelago in 2008, 2009, and 2010 each had sightings of a
483:
471:
370:
155:
2141:
2028:
1547:"A review of four successful recovery programmes for threatened sub-tropical petrels"
1155:
1134:
1109:
1084:
976:
892:
852:
805:
388:
Nunn and Zino estimated that the two Macaronesian species diverged at the end of the
327:
272:
165:
78:
2124:
1658:
1650:
1622:
598:
This species at its breeding sites gives a long mournful call like the hooting of a
1893:
346:
214:
1880:
2093:
2046:
1989:
1942:
1790:
744:
422:
291:
1781:
2119:
1058:
1037:
991:
811:
770:
756:
656:
373:
or Cahow may be the closest relative of the Macaronesian birds. Ornithologist
354:
340:
295:
726:
842:
838:
786:
668:
599:
105:
1929:
1271:
Mullarney, Killian; Svensson, Lars; Zetterstrom, Dan; Grant, Peter (1999).
475:
suggest, however, that members of the genus were formerly more widespread.
1745:
1614:
1844:
1775:
782:
664:
582:
556:
452:, "running", and refers to the bird's swift erratic flight. The specific
279:
125:
1916:
1713:"Catastrophic forest fire delivers huge blow to Europe's rarest seabird"
1068:
1021:
petrels from the Madeira archipelago inferred from their feather lice".
569:
1981:
1829:
825:
526:
494:
294:
species at sea is very challenging. It was formerly considered to be a
283:
268:
550:
1172:
Dictionary of birds of the United States: scientific and common names
933:
Albatrosses, Petrels and Shearwaters of the World (Helm Field Guides)
732:
698:
518:
115:
1994:
1752:
671:
remains have been found in a cave in eastern Madeira, and on nearby
510:
499:, and an average weight of 290 g (10.3 in). It has a grey
1906:
773:. Like other small petrels, Zino's does not normally follow ships.
590:
534:
502:
1901:
794:
713:
642:
531:, a dark cap, and a dark spot below and behind the brown eye. The
482:
401:
393:
275:
2072:
736:
135:
1756:
1388:
The Birds of the Western Palearctic concise edition (2 volumes)
877:
875:
790:
456:
refers to the island on which it breeds. The Portuguese name
1227:
1481:
Zino, Francis; Heredia, Borja; Biscoito, Manuel J (1995).
1451:
del archipiélago de Madeira. Dos especies en recuperación"
559:
sequence, and age assessment is currently not feasible.
1445:
Oliveira, Paulo; Menezes, DĂlia; RamĂrez, IvĂĄn (2007).
1356:
Guide to the offshore wildlife of the northern Atlantic
377:
recommended establishing Zino's petrel on Madeira and
1333:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 339â341.
1083:
Zino, Francis; Brown, Ruth; Biscoito, Manuel (2008).
470:
petrel remains dated between 60,000 and 25,000 years
1765:
1390:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 39â40.
845:, although at much reduced levels due to trapping.
1673:"Radar station in Madeira threatens Zino's Petrel"
1386:Snow, David; Perrins, Christopher M, eds. (1998).
1358:. Austin: University of Texas Press. p. 111.
907:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22698062A132622973.en
562:This species is very similar in appearance to the
1017:Zonfrillo, Bernard (1993). "Relationships of the
1697:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
1679:. Archived from the original on December 1, 2010
1580:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 198.
1494:. Brussels: European Commission. pp. 1â14.
1174:. Portland, Oregon: Timber Press. p. 171.
587:, which are uniformly dark but for a pale grey
1440:
1438:
1436:
1038:"Phylogenetic relationships of gadfly petrels
8:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1093:(Fea's Petrel) (Aves : Procellariidae)"
392:, 850,000 years ago. An analysis of feather
1515:"BirdLife International Species factsheet:
1509:
1507:
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1302:
1300:
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1232:(in Portuguese) Retrieved 14 September 2010
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1001:Association of European Rarities Committees
383:Association of European Rarities Committees
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1057:
905:
1719:. BirdLife International. Archived from
1331:Albatrosses and petrels across the world
935:. London: Christopher Helm. p. 17.
16:Small seabird in the gadfly petrel genus
1476:
1474:
1472:
926:
924:
871:
659:. The typical ledge plants are endemic
523:. The head has a mottled whitish-brown
1690:
1574:Handbook of Avian Hybrids of the World
1413:"The use of sounds in bird systematic"
1381:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1023:Boletim do Museu Municipal do Funchal
931:Onley, Derek; Scofield, Paul (2007).
7:
1969:d198bf95-6e48-4689-8edd-3722e01d36ad
993:AERC TAC's Taxonomic Recommendations
228: Nesting areas (winters at sea)
893:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
614:all as subspecies of Fea's petrel.
1420:Introductory Research Essay No. 2.
1226:Romano, Hugo; Fagundes, Catarina.
824:walls of the governor's palace in
809:species and an unnamed species of
693:petrels have been recorded in the
14:
2148:IUCN Red List endangered species
1156:10.1046/j.1365-3008.2001.00165.x
1110:10.1111/j.1474-919X.2007.00794.x
990:AERC Taxonomy Committee (2003).
977:10.1046/j.0019-1019.2001.00026.x
797:found on Zino's petrels include
460:means "nun"; the inhabitants of
338:The gadfly petrels in the genus
92:
1651:10.4098/j.at.0001-7051.069.2009
1484:Action plan for Zino's Petrel (
1275:. London: Collins. p. 72.
1201:. London: New Holland. p.
1135:"Conservation of Zino's petrel
1046:Bird Conservation International
882:BirdLife International (2018).
1139:in the archipelago of Madeira"
1:
2178:Taxa named by Gregory Mathews
1329:Brooke, Michael de L (2004).
1170:Holloway, Joel Ellis (2003).
1354:Tove, Michael Henry (2001).
647:Track to the breeding ledges
1571:McCarthy, Eugene M (2006).
841:, and of nesting adults by
290:, and separating these two
2194:
2168:Endangered biota of Africa
718:Chick at several weeks old
396:taken from Fea's petrels,
1059:10.1017/S0959270909008296
900:: e.T22698062A132622973.
850:Parque Natural da Madeira
314:, breeding behaviour and
246:Pterodroma mollis madeira
243:
236:
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194:
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89:Scientific classification
87:
65:
56:
51:
42:
37:
28:
23:
2163:Endemic fauna of Madeira
1521:. BirdLife International
1025:. Supplement 2: 325â321.
747:with any other species.
639:Distribution and habitat
579:petrel by that species'
267:, is a species of small
2173:Birds described in 1934
1461:: 54â69. Archived from
1198:Madeira and Porto Santo
777:Predators and parasites
487:Illustration of species
398:Pterodroma feae deserti
1677:BirdLife International
1422:: 1â17. Archived from
719:
648:
488:
436:is derived from Greek
1615:10.1515/MAMM.2010.011
1447:"Petreles del género
1411:Alström, Per (2001).
1195:Bolt, Rodney (2007).
1089:(Zino's Petrel) from
857:critically endangered
800:Trabeculus schillingi
717:
646:
618:"Snowy-winged petrel"
486:
1964:Fauna Europaea (new)
419:Ernst Johann Schmitz
300:soft-plumaged petrel
1085:"The separation of
819:Conservation status
789:and feral domestic
635:current knowledge.
515:is white with grey
430:Paul Alexander Zino
59:Conservation status
52:View of underparts
38:View of upperparts
2125:Pterodroma-madeira
1822:Pterodroma_madeira
1797:Pterodroma madeira
1767:Pterodroma madeira
1554:Marine Ornithology
1517:Pterodroma madeira
1486:Pterodroma madeira
1273:Collins Bird Guide
1137:Pterodroma madeira
1087:Pterodroma madeira
886:Pterodroma madeira
720:
673:Porto Santo Island
649:
489:
462:Curral das Freiras
260:Pterodroma madeira
198:Pterodroma madeira
24:Zino's petrel
2135:
2134:
2081:Open Tree of Life
1759:Taxon identifiers
1723:on 29 August 2010
1639:Acta Theriologica
1228:"Aves da Madeira"
1212:978-1-86011-364-2
942:978-0-7136-4332-9
390:Early Pleistocene
363:mitochondrial DNA
316:mitochondrial DNA
282:to the island of
252:
251:
146:Procellariiformes
82:
2185:
2158:Birds of Madeira
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2127:
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2047:NHMSYS0000533727
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661:hemicryptophytes
624:Hadoram Shirihai
592:
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545:great shearwater
536:
528:
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512:
504:
496:
444:, "a wing", and
412:Desertas Islands
385:(AERC) in 2003.
351:Desertas Islands
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76:
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70:
47:
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1213:
1194:
1193:
1189:
1182:
1169:
1168:
1164:
1132:
1131:
1118:
1091:Pterodroma feae
1082:
1081:
1077:
1035:
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1016:
1015:
1008:
996:
989:
988:
984:
960:
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943:
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929:
922:
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881:
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869:
821:
779:
766:Electrona risso
753:
730:
712:
707:
653:Pico do Arieiro
641:
620:
594:
586:
576:P. feae deserti
573:
554:
538:
530:
522:
514:
506:
498:
481:
426:Gregory Mathews
375:George Sangster
369:, and that the
336:
232:
231:
230:
225:
224:
208:
202:
196:
183:
180:P. madeira
91:
83:
72:
68:
61:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2191:
2189:
2181:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2140:
2139:
2133:
2132:
2130:
2129:
2116:
2103:
2090:
2077:
2064:
2051:
2038:
2025:
2012:
1999:
1986:
1973:
1960:
1951:Fauna Europaea
1947:
1934:
1921:
1911:
1898:
1885:
1875:
1862:
1849:
1839:
1826:
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1757:
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1739:External links
1737:
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1664:
1645:(3): 241â250.
1628:
1593:
1586:
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1532:
1497:
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1465:on 2010-06-16.
1457:(in Spanish).
1432:
1429:on 2007-06-10.
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1116:
1103:(2): 326â334.
1075:
1052:(3): 199â214.
1028:
1006:
982:
971:(1): 153â159.
948:
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761:bioluminiscent
752:
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695:Canary Islands
686:global warming
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371:Bermuda petrel
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1340:0-19-850125-0
1336:
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1315:(6): 239â275.
1314:
1310:
1309:Birding World
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1003:. p. 22.
1002:
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851:
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830:
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806:Saemundssonia
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423:ornithologist
420:
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368:
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353:, and in the
352:
348:
343:
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333:
331:
329:
328:IUCN Red List
325:
319:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
274:
273:gadfly petrel
270:
266:
262:
261:
256:
255:Zino's petrel
248:
247:
242:
239:
235:
220:
216:
211:
206:
201:
199:
193:
190:
189:Binomial name
186:
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176:
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100:
95:
90:
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75:
64:
60:
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50:
46:
41:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
1766:
1750:
1727:15 September
1725:. Retrieved
1721:the original
1716:
1707:
1681:. Retrieved
1667:
1642:
1638:
1631:
1606:
1602:
1596:
1573:
1566:
1557:
1553:
1523:. Retrieved
1516:
1487:
1483:
1463:the original
1458:
1454:
1448:
1424:the original
1419:
1406:
1387:
1355:
1349:
1330:
1312:
1308:
1272:
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1197:
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1171:
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1078:
1069:10261/213967
1049:
1045:
1039:
1031:
1022:
1018:
992:
985:
968:
962:
932:
911:. Retrieved
897:
891:
885:
861:
847:
831:
822:
810:
804:
798:
780:
764:
754:
741:
721:
690:
680:
677:
665:chamaephytes
650:
631:
627:
621:
611:
607:
603:
597:
575:
564:Fea's petrel
561:
490:
467:
466:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
416:
406:
397:
387:
379:Fea's petrel
366:
358:
339:
337:
320:
303:
292:Macaronesian
288:Fea's petrel
264:
259:
258:
254:
253:
245:
244:
197:
195:
179:
178:
166:
18:
2094:SeaLifeBase
1990:iNaturalist
1791:Wikispecies
1609:(1): 3â34.
913:19 November
771:crustaceans
757:cephalopods
479:Description
2153:Pterodroma
2142:Categories
2120:Xeno-canto
1560:: 185â192.
1449:Pterodroma
1040:Pterodroma
1019:Pterodroma
867:References
843:feral cats
812:Halipeurus
787:brown rats
769:and small
691:Pterodroma
681:Pterodroma
657:Pico Ruivo
632:Pterodroma
628:Pterodroma
583:upperparts
468:Pterodroma
434:Pterodroma
407:Pterodroma
355:Cape Verde
341:Pterodroma
324:endangered
308:morphology
296:subspecies
167:Pterodroma
74:Endangered
745:hybridise
727:incubated
705:Behaviour
669:subfossil
600:tawny owl
570:underwing
367:P. mollis
359:P. mollis
304:P. mollis
263:) or the
174:Species:
112:Kingdom:
106:Eukaryota
2034:22698062
2008:11150674
1858:22698062
1853:BirdLife
1842:BioLib:
1782:Q1272830
1776:Wikidata
1693:cite web
1683:July 29,
1659:25579227
1623:86776297
1603:Mammalia
783:barn owl
710:Breeding
697:and the
527:forehead
495:wingspan
334:Taxonomy
238:Synonyms
152:Family:
126:Chordata
122:Phylum:
116:Animalia
102:Domain:
79:IUCN 3.1
1982:2481463
1830:Avibase
1525:24 July
1255:: 6â15.
826:Funchal
751:Feeding
612:deserti
604:madeira
555:or the
551:plumage
454:madeira
349:in the
326:on the
298:of the
284:Madeira
280:endemic
271:in the
269:seabird
205:Mathews
162:Genus:
142:Order:
132:Class:
77: (
2112:137198
2086:713614
2073:137198
2021:562558
1938:EURING
1914:ECOS:
1907:madpet
1881:madpet
1871:112683
1810:feapet
1657:
1621:
1584:
1394:
1362:
1337:
1279:
1209:
1178:
939:
759:, the
733:fledge
699:Azores
541:Cory's
519:flanks
458:Freira
450:dromos
446:ÎŽÏÎżÎŒÎżÏ
442:pteron
438:ÏÏΔÏÎżÎœ
361:, but
265:freira
226:
207:, 1934
2107:WoRMS
2099:82368
2060:53706
2003:IRMNG
1956:96580
1925:EUNIS
1902:eBird
1894:6WKJS
1878:BOW:
1845:20989
1655:S2CID
1619:S2CID
1578:(PDF)
1550:(PDF)
1492:(PDF)
1427:(PDF)
1416:(PDF)
997:(PDF)
763:fish
737:gulls
557:moult
511:belly
347:Bugio
312:calls
276:genus
2068:OBIS
2055:NCBI
2029:IUCN
2016:ITIS
1995:4058
1977:GBIF
1930:1241
1917:7620
1866:BOLD
1729:2010
1717:News
1699:link
1685:2010
1582:ISBN
1527:2010
1392:ISBN
1360:ISBN
1335:ISBN
1277:ISBN
1207:ISBN
1176:ISBN
1143:Oryx
1097:Ibis
964:Ibis
937:ISBN
915:2021
898:2018
839:rats
795:lice
791:cats
663:and
655:and
622:The
610:and
608:feae
591:rump
535:bill
503:back
402:lice
394:lice
136:Aves
2042:NBN
1943:263
1889:CoL
1817:ADW
1806:ABA
1647:doi
1611:doi
1151:doi
1105:doi
1101:150
1064:hdl
1054:doi
973:doi
969:144
902:doi
543:or
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2083::
2070::
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2044::
2031::
2018::
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1992::
1979::
1966::
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1695:}}
1691:{{
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257:(
81:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
