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871:, opposition parties polled 2.25% and gained 19 of 163 seats in Parliament—the first time opposition parties had actually managed to get into the chamber. Ben Ali was unopposed for a second full term, again after being the only candidate to get enough endorsements to qualify. Turnout was officially reported at 95%. However, at this and subsequent elections, opposition parties never accounted for more than 24 percent of the seats in the Chamber of Deputies. All legislation continued to originate with the president, and there was little meaningful opposition to executive decisions.
1189:
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political figures. Given the RCD's near-absolute dominance of the political scene, prospective opposition candidates discovered they could not get their nomination papers signed. The subsequent years saw the return of several
Bourguiba-era restrictions. For many years, the press had been expected to practice self-censorship, but this increasingly gave way to official censorship. Amendments to the press code allowed the Interior Ministry to review all newspaper and magazine articles before publication. In 1992, the president's younger brother
1030:
857:
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himself. The day of his accession to power was celebrated annually in
Tunisia as New Era Day. Two of the names given to Ben Ali's rise to the presidency include "the medical coup d'état" and the "Tunisian revolution". Ben Ali favoured the latter. Ben Ali’s assumption of the presidency was in conformity with Article 57 of the Tunisian Constitution. The country had faced 10% inflation, external debt accounting for 46% of GDP and a
897:
1653:
1383:
6389:
1599:
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1617:
1635:
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1459:
425:
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55:
1161:, Saudi Arabia. Subsequent reports in the media rumoured that Ben Ali was seeking protection in either France or Malta, although a Tunisian pilot who was involved in the arrangement of the flight stated that the plan was "to fly directly to Jeddah", which is also supported by recordings released by the BBC in 2022. Ben Ali and his family were accepted by
889:, creating the Chamber of Advisers. It also allowed the president to run for an unlimited number of five-year terms and amended the upper age limit for a presidential candidate to 75 years old (previously 70). The latter measures were clearly aimed at keeping Ben Ali in office; he faced having to give up the presidency in 2004. He was duly reelected in
720:, declared to a parliamentary committee that "from 1985 to 1987, we organized a coup of sorts in Tunisia, putting president Ben Ali as head of state, replacing Bourguiba who wanted to flee". Bourguiba, although a symbol of anti-colonial resistance, was considered incapable of leading his country any longer, and his reaction to the rising Islamic
1280:
612:
655:. He also held a diploma in electronics engineering from a local university. Returning to Tunisia in 1964, he began his professional military career the same year as a Tunisian staff officer. During his time in military service, he established the Military Security Department and directed its operations for 10 years. He briefly served as
1148:, dissolved the government on 14 January 2011, and promised new legislative elections within six months. However, events moved quickly, and it appears the armed forces and key members of the legislature had lost confidence in Ben Ali and had decided to take steps of their own. With power slipping from Ben Ali's grasp, prime minister
976:
lackluster tourism (partly due to some tourists being nervous about flying in the aftermath of the 9/11 attacks in New York), better conditions after 2003 helped push growth to about 5% of GDP. For about 20 years after 1987, the GDP annual growth averaged nearly 5%. A report published in July 2010 by the Boston
Consulting Group (
1255:(approximately €50 million, and $ 64 million) that Ben Ali was required to pay. This verdict was dismissed as a "charade" by some Tunisians dissatisfied with the trial and as a "joke" by Ben Ali's lawyer. The sentences were to take immediate effect, although Ben Ali and his wife were living in Saudi Arabia and the
912:, who was harassed and imprisoned for his criticism of Ben Ali. By the dawn of the new millennium, Ben Ali was reckoned as leading one of the most repressive regimes in the world. Under his rule, Tunisia consistently ranked near the bottom of most international rankings for human rights and press freedom.
1227:
On 26 January 2011, the
Tunisian government issued an international arrest warrant for Ben Ali, accusing him of taking money out of the nation illegally and illegally acquiring real estate and other assets abroad, Justice Minister Lazhar Karoui Chebbi said. Videos show that the president stashed cash
844:
was little different from past elections. The RCD swept every seat in the legislature, and Ben Ali appeared alone on the ballot in
Tunisia's first presidential election since 1974. Although opposition parties had been legal since 1981, presidential candidates were required to get endorsements from 30
736:
According to
Martini, the SISMI did not have an operational role in Ben Ali's rise to power, but organised a move to support his new government politically and economically, preventing Tunisia from falling into an open confrontation with fundamentalists, as happened in Algeria in the following years.
1206:
However, this arrangement was very short-lived, because early the following day (15 January 2011), the
Constitutional Council of Tunisia determined that Ben Ali was not "temporarily unable" to exercise his duties and that the presidency was in fact vacant. The arrangements he had made with the Prime
1012:
Committed to fighting poverty at home, Ben Ali instituted reforms, including the
National Solidarity Fund, which slashed the Tunisian poverty rate from 7.4% in 1990 to an estimated 3.8% in 2005. The National Solidarity Fund was part of a dual strategy to fight current and potential terrorism through
1041:
promoting peaceful settlement of conflicts. Tunisia took a middle of the road approach contributing to peacemaking, especially in the Middle East and Africa. Tunisia hosted the first-ever
Palestinian American dialogue. While contributing actively to the Middle East peace process, Tunisian diplomacy
820:
Alan Cowell, a prominent New York Times journalist, believed Ben Ali's initial promises of a more democratic way of ruling the country than had prevailed under
Bourguiba. One of his first acts upon taking office was to loosen restrictions on the press; for the first time state-controlled newspapers
1320:
reported that a Saudi source had confirmed that Ben Ali had indeed sustained severe complications of a stroke and that he was in critical condition. The information has never been confirmed or denied by the Saudi government. However, on 17 June 2011, Ben Ali's attorney, Jean-Yves Leborgne, stated
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for his suspected involvement in some of the country's largest businesses during his 23-year-long reign. On 20 June 2011, Ben Ali and his wife were sentenced to 35 years in prison after being found guilty of theft and unlawful possession of cash and jewelry. The verdict also included a penalty of
975:
As president, Ben Ali instituted economic reforms that increased Tunisia's growth rate and foreign investment. During his administration, Tunisia's per capita GDP more than tripled from $ 1,201 in 1986 to $ 3,786 in 2008. Although growth in 2002 slowed to a 15-year low of 1.9% due to drought and
704:
On the morning of 7 November 1987, doctors attending to President Bourguiba filed an official medical report declaring him medically incapacitated and unable to fulfill the duties of the presidency. Ben Ali, next in line to the presidency, removed Bourguiba from office and assumed the presidency
1013:
economic assistance, development and the rule of law, but also increased opportunities for corruption and clientelism. The fund provided opportunities to those living in impoverished areas and are vulnerable to recruitment by terrorists. It was a critical element in the fight against terrorism.
1218:
Mebazaa took the oath in his office in parliament, swearing to respect the constitution in the presence of his senate counterpart, Abdallal Kallel, and representatives of both houses. It was also announced that the speaker of parliament would occupy the post of president temporarily and that
1084:
Ben Ali's government was considered to have one of the worst human rights records in the world. It largely bucked the trend toward greater democracy in Africa. The level of repression became particularly severe during what would be the last decade of his rule. Ben Ali's government was deemed
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which led to the fall of his government. Many of Ben Ali's family members subsequently also fled the country. On 20 January 2011, Tunisian television reported that 33 members of Ben Ali's family had been arrested in the past week, as they tried to flee the country.
1046:
in 1982–1993, Ben Ali's government tried to moderate the views of that organisation. Tunisia, since the early 1990s, called for a "concerted" international effort against terrorism. It was also a key US partner in the effort to fight global terrorism through the
1016:
However, Tunisia continued to suffer from high unemployment, especially among youth. Left out of the recent prosperity were many rural and urban poor, including small businesses facing the world market. This and the blocking of free speech were the causes of the
935:
indicated that Tunisia had not permitted monitoring of the election by international observers, but that the U.S. was still committed to working with the Ben Ali and the Tunisian government. There also were reports of mistreatment of an opposition candidate.
670:, and served in that position for four years. He also served as the military intelligence chief from 1964 to 1974 and later Director General of national security between December 1977 and 1980 until he was appointed as Minister of Defense. Soon after the
943:
against Ben Ali's government. On 13 January 2011, he announced he would not run for another term in 2014, and pledged steps to improve the economy and loosen restrictions on the press. The following day, however, thousands demonstrated in the center of
1207:
Minister before leaving the country were found to be unconstitutional under article 57 of the constitution. The country's constitutional council, at the time the highest legal authority on constitutional matters, announced the transition saying that
1152:
announced that he would act as head of state during the president's "temporary" absence. With the army surrounding the Presidential Palace in Tunis, Ben Ali and close members of his family hastily left and headed to Laouina airport (annexed to the
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in January 1984, he was reappointed director-general of national security. Ben Ali subsequently served as Minister of State in charge of the interior before being appointed Interior Minister on 28 April 1986 then Prime Minister by President
2047:
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1266:
In November 2016, Ben Ali made a statement via the office of his lawyer, Mounir Ben Salha, acknowledging his regime made "errors, abuses and violations". His statement came as a reaction to the public hearing sessions made by the
1067:
to eradicate poverty and promote social development based on the successful experience of the Tunisian National Solidarity Fund. Ben Ali also played a lead role in the UN's proclaiming 2010 as the International Year of Youth.
878:, Ben Ali became the first Tunisian president to actually face an opponent after the 30-signature requirement was lifted a few months earlier. However, he won a third full term with an implausible 99.4 percent of the vote.
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was deemed "a bit too energetic" by Martini; Bourguiba's threat to execute the suspects might have generated strong negative responses in neighbouring countries. Acting under directives from Italian Prime Minister
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Ben Ali joined the local resistance against French colonial forces and was imprisoned. His expulsion from secondary school was the reason why he never completed his secondary education. He studied at the Sousse
6262:
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995:(Davos World Economic Forum) ranked Tunisia 1st in Africa and 32nd globally out of 139 countries but it dropped to 40th in 2011/12 as a result of political instability and was not ranked in 2012/13.
821:
published statements from the opposition. Ben Ali also released some political prisoners and granted them with pardons. In 1988, he changed the name of the ruling Destourian Socialist Party to the
3718:
1848:
1203:
went on state television to say "Since the president is temporarily unable to exercise his duties, it has been decided that the prime minister will temporarily exercise the (presidential) duties."
1308:, which works to empower women in Arab states. She has three children: Nesrine, Halima and Mohamed Zine El Abidine. Ben Ali has three daughters from his first marriage: Ghazwa, Dorsaf and Cyrine.
534:
by declaring him incompetent. Ben Ali led an authoritarian regime. He was reelected in several non-democratic elections where he won with enormous majorities, each time exceeding 90% of the vote,
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to 35 years in prison on 20 June 2011 on charges of theft and unlawful possession of cash and jewelry, which was put up for auction. In June 2012, a Tunisian court sentenced him
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1105:. They criticised Tunisian officials for not observing international standards of political rights and interfering with the work of local human rights organisations. In
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Steady increases in GDP growth continued through positive trade relations with the European Union, a revitalised tourism industry and sustained agricultural production.
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Other close associates and family members who attempted to leave the country via Tunis-Carthage were prevented from doing so by the army, which had seized the airport.
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1963:
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to life imprisonment for inciting violence and murder and another life sentence by a military court in April 2013 for violent repression of protests in
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to live in Saudi Arabia under the condition that he should keep out of politics. Ben Ali and his family went to exile in Jeddah, the same city where
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Ben Ali was born in 1936 to moderate-income parents as the fourth of eleven children in the family. His father worked as a guard at the port city of
6411:
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1157:). The military allowed Ben Ali's plane to take off, immediately after which the Tunisian airspace was closed. The presidential plane then left for
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980:) listed Tunisia as one of the African "Lions" and indicated the eight such countries account for 70% of the continent's gross domestic product.
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Tsourapas, Gerasimos (2013). "The Other Side of a Neoliberal Miracle: Economic Reform and Political De-Liberalization in Ben Ali's Tunisia".
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that Ben Ali "is not in the state that he's said to be in" and that "a meeting with his client took place under 'normal circumstances'".
825:(RCD), and pushed through constitutional amendments that limited the president to three five-year terms, with no more than two in a row.
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1304:, a group that promotes social integration and provides employment opportunities for the disabled. She was also the president of the
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1841:"Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, Former Tunisian President, Sentenced To 35 Years in Jail For Theft, Unlawful Cash And Jewelry Possession"
1063:. He took several initiatives to promote solidarity, dialogue and cooperation among nations. Ben Ali initiated the creation of the
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On 17 February 2011, it was reported that Ben Ali had suffered a stroke, and had been hospitalised for an indefinite period.
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According to the Oxford Business Group, Tunisia's economy was likely to grow from 2008 thanks to its diversified industries.
932:
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875:
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209:
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1122:, ranking 144th out of 167 countries studied. In 2008, in terms of freedom of the press, Tunisia was ranked 143 out of 173.
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and jewellery in the president's palace. The gold and jewellery will be redistributed to the people by the government. The
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in 1958. Nevertheless, after being chosen as one among a group of young officers, he was awarded training in France at the
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4256:"Nelson Mandela – Speeches – Address by President Nelson Mandela at a banquet in honour of President Ben Ali of Tunisia"
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ECOSOC Endorses Decision to Establish World Solidarity Fund to Eradicate Poverty and Promote Social Development
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2739:"Two International Organizations Protest Ongoing Harassment of Tunisian Journalist | Human Rights Watch"
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announced that it was freezing millions of dollars held in bank accounts by his family. On 28 January 2011,
808:
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was tried in absentia in France for laundering the proceeds of drug trafficking, in a case known as the "
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1212:
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948:, demanding Ben Ali's immediate resignation. On 14 January 2011, Ben Ali, his wife and children fled to
3349:"Dans le monde de l'après-11 septembre, seule la paix protège les libertés – Reporters sans frontières"
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1932:
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1173:, lived in exile until his death in 2003 after being removed from power in 1979 at the end of the
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2601:"Couscous connection. (Tunisian President Zinc el-Abidine Ben Ali's brother on trial in France)"
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4148:"Past Recipients of Honorary Membership in Maltese Honours and Awards and Date of Conferment"
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987:, increasing foreign investment, improvements in government efficiency and reduction of the
909:
733:, Martini claims to have brokered the accord that led to the peaceful transition of powers.
730:
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566:
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312:
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2018:"جريدة الدستور : في عيد مولده.. هل فهم زين العابدين بن علي الشعب التونسي حقًا؟ (طباعة"
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issued an arrest warrant for Ben Ali and his six family members, including his wife Leïla.
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Ben Ali and his family were accused of corruption, which was a major contribution to the
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Ganley, Elaine; Charlton, Angela; Keaten, Jamey; Al-Shalchi, Hadeel (14 January 2011).
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coming on 25 October 2009. Ben Ali was the penultimate surviving leader deposed in the
17:
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Recipients of the Grand Star of the Decoration for Services to the Republic of Austria
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Tunisia: President Ben Ali stresses need to intensify cooperation to combat terrorism
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Opposition leader who gave TV interview in Paris is beaten by police on his return
931:, who described the election as "free and fair". However, a spokesperson from the
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The African Challengers: Global Competitors Emerge from the Overlooked Continent
2861:"EA WorldView – Home – Tunisia LiveBlog: Will Ben Ali's "Last Card" Be Trumped?"
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Donald H. Rumsfeld and Peter Rodman meet with Ben Ali in Tunis, in February 2006
978:
The African Challengers: Global Competitors Emerge from the Overlooked Continent
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and Spain before being appointed General Director of National Security in 1977.
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1707:(in French). Department of Justice of Canada. 16 December 2011. Archived from
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1056:
362:
3924:"Tunisia's Ben Ali, Autocrat Who Inspired Arab Spring Revolts, Dies in Exile"
3542:
2908:
2542:
1748:
5060:
4048:
3272:
3064:
2105:
1446:
964:
721:
2017:
939:
In December 2010 and January 2011, riots over unemployment escalated into
631:
but failed to earn a professional certificate and joined the newly formed
54:
5972:
5389:
4955:
3392:"Flight of the dictator: The pilot who flew Tunisia's Ben Ali into exile"
1622:
1233:
1166:
904:
Tunisia under Ben Ali had problems with human rights violations, such as
648:
562:
893:, again by an implausibly high margin—this time 94 percent of the vote.
595:, on 19 September 2019 at the age of 83 after nearly a decade in exile.
5604:
5564:
4674:
4537:
4318:
3812:"BASMA Association for the Promotion of Employment of Disabled Persons"
3220:
Delinda C. Hanley, Washington Report on Middle East Affairs, April 2005
3095:
1640:
1586:
1464:
780: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
660:
410:
2253:
The Making of the Tunisian Revolution: Contexts, Architects, Prospects
2073:"زين العابدين بن علي... الرئيس الذي حكم تونس 23 عاما وأسقطه بائع خضار"
611:
5599:
5409:
4322:
4014:"Tunisia's former president Zine El-Abidine Ben Ali has died: lawyer"
3907:
3323:"Tunisie – Droits de l'Homme : après le harcèlement, l'asphyxie"
1568:
1500:
1354:
1325:
1170:
1158:
647:, and also in the United States at the Senior Intelligence School in
620:
588:
245:
226:
3211:
Tunisia's President Ben Ali Seeks Solidarity in Fight to End Poverty
4044:"Tunisia ex-president Ben Ali buried in Muslim holy city of Medina"
3423:"Secret audio sheds light on toppled dictator's frantic last hours"
1219:
elections would be held within a period of between 45 and 60 days.
863:
is welcomed by Ben Ali at the Presidential Palace in Tunis, in 2000
853:". French television news was blocked in Tunisia during the trial.
4064:"Reply to a parliamentary question about the Decoration of Honour"
3837:
1780:
Ben Ali's Tunisia: Power and Contention in an Authoritarian Regime
1676:
1550:
1536:
1518:
1482:
1278:
1187:
1135:
1075:
1028:
997:
963:
945:
895:
855:
827:
807:
717:
692:
652:
610:
602:
5520:
National Coalition for Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces
2363:"Tunisie: la Révolution des "Nouzouh"* n'a pas l'odeur du jasmin"
526:
in October 1987. He assumed the Presidency on 7 November 1987 in
4225:
584:
561:
and their three children. The interim Tunisian government asked
6407:
5226:
4843:
4643:
4506:
5222:
3954:"Lawyer: Tunisia's toppled ruler Zine El Abidine Ben Ali dies"
3737:"Ben Ali: My regime 'committed errors, abuses and violations'"
1093:
and undemocratic by international human rights groups such as
749:
2664:. United Nations Development Department. 2010. Archived from
2531:"THE WORLD; An Opening In Tunisia, A More Open North Africa?"
494:
3834:"First Lady Leila Ben Ali: Activities of the AWO Presidency"
1469:
Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria
952:, and a caretaker ruling committee headed by Prime Minister
565:
to issue an international arrest warrant, charging him with
3632:
2930:
Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, President of the Tunisian Republic
2770:. United Nations, Tunisian Government. 2009. Archived from
2156:
Zine El Abidine Bin Ali, President of the Tunisian Republic
587:. He served none of those sentences, subsequently dying in
499:; 3 September 1936 – 19 September 2019), commonly known as
908:, highlighted by the official treatment of the journalist
2352:
2350:
1553: : Honorary Companions of Honour with Collar of the
1539: : Collar of the Order of the Grand Conqueror (1992)
3563:
3561:
3559:
2331:. Encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com. 7 November 1987.
1037:
During Ben Ali's presidency, Tunisia pursued a moderate
3756:"Tunisia Leader Shaken as Riots Hit Hamlet of Hammamet"
3494:"Tunisia: President Zine al-Abidine Ben Ali forced out"
2632:"En Tunisie, une loi contre le cannabis et la jeunesse"
1907:"Tunisia's Ben Ali sentenced for incitement to murder"
615:
A young Ben Ali, as a military officer, in Tunis, 1961
5540:
National Coordination Committee for Democratic Change
3656:"As Protests Mount, Tunisia Delays Cabinet Reshuffle"
2485:"Tunisia, il golpe italiano 'Si', scegliemmo Ben Ali"
507:, was a Tunisian politician who served as the second
4369:
Call by Ben Ali to establish 'World Solidarity Fund'
3525:"Tunisian leader flees amid protests, PM takes over"
3034:"Global Competitiveness Index, World Economic Forum"
2514:"An Opening In Tunisia, A More Open North Africa?".
1428:
Grand Master of the Order of the Seventh of November
1042:
has supported the Palestinian cause. As host to the
1005:
meets with Ben Ali in the Oval Office on 18 Feb 2004
651:
and the School for Anti-Aircraft Field Artillery in
482:
385:
Zine El Abidine Ben Haj Hamda Ben Haj Hassen Ben Ali
6324:
6293:
6235:
6194:
6026:
5623:
5379:
5273:
5099:
4881:
3922:Hubbard, Ben; Gladstone, Rick (19 September 2019).
3719:"Tunisians dissatisfied with quick Ben Ali verdict"
2890:
UNdata Record View Per Capita GDP at Current Prices
2423:"Republic of Tunisia Country Assistance Evaluation"
666:In April 1980, Ben Ali was appointed ambassador to
444:
436:
416:
398:
381:
361:
332:
272:
252:
237:
215:
192:
187:
171:
159:
149:
131:
118:
106:
86:
68:
34:
3786:"Ousted Tunisian leader Ben Ali's family arrested"
3599:"Tunisia issues intl warrant for ousted president"
2572:
573:. A Tunisian court sentenced Ben Ali and his wife
4871:Chairpersons of the Organisation of African Unity
3984:"Décès de l'ex président Zine El Abidine Ben Ali"
2174:
2172:
1192:A banner demanding the resignation of Ben Ali in
1055:foreign policy, though he improved ties with the
991:presented challenges for the future. The 2010/11
927:to cover the election. The delegation was led by
716:, former head of Italian military secret service
377:School for Anti-Aircraft Field Artillery in Texas
1144:In response to the protests, Ben Ali declared a
6718:First Class of the Order of the Star of Romania
3836:. Arab Women Organization. 2009. Archived from
2579:. Lanham, Maryland: Stryker-Post Publications.
1705:"Étrangers politiquement vulnérables (Tunisie)"
885:—the first ever held in Tunisia—established a
6419:
5238:
4855:
4655:
4518:
4485:Chairman of the Organisation of African Unity
2399:/moofid.com. 25 February 2011. Archived from
1991:(in Arabic). Islam Message. 15 January 2011.
8:
3152:Institute for Security Studies, 1 June 2008
3084:Field Listing: Population Below Poverty Line
2566:
2564:
2227:(in Arabic). BBC News Arabic. 20 June 2011.
1397:18 October Coalition for Rights and Freedoms
1349: He was buried on 21 September at the
1051:. Ben Ali mostly retained his predecessor's
511:from 1987 to 2011. In that year, during the
43:
6708:Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint-Charles
6643:Democratic Constitutional Rally politicians
3713:
3711:
2020:(in Arabic). Al-Dustour. 3 September 2016.
919:for a fifth term with 89% of the vote. The
6426:
6412:
6404:
5245:
5231:
5223:
4862:
4848:
4840:
4824:
4662:
4648:
4640:
4624:
4525:
4511:
4503:
4374:
4345:
4122:"Visiting Tunisian President Zine El-Abid"
3625:"Ousted Tunisian president 'stashed' cash"
82:7 November 1987 – 14 January 2011
53:
31:
3754:Kirkpatrick, David D. (13 January 2011).
3692:. Agence France-Presse. 28 January 2011.
3654:Kirkpatrick, David D. (26 January 2011).
3192:The Report: Tunisia 2007: Country Profile
2393:"La révolution par le feu et par un clic"
2301:
2299:
2201:(in Arabic). Ali Tihad. 15 January 2011.
2012:
2010:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1451:Order of the Liberator General San Martín
1413:Grand Master of the Order of Independence
1239:After Ben Ali fled Tunisia following the
1049:Trans-Saharan Counterterrorism Initiative
812:Ben Ali with Iraqi Deputy Prime Minister
796:Learn how and when to remove this message
599:Early life, education and military career
145:2 October 1987 – 7 November 1987
2693:. DPEPA/UNDESA. May 2002. Archived from
2104:(in French). abdijan.net. Archived from
2075:(in Arabic). France24. 18 January 2011.
1503: : Grand Cross of the Order of the
971:meeting with Ben Ali on 17 February 2004
2256:. Oxford University Press. p. 66.
1877:"Ben Ali sentenced to 35 years in jail"
1870:
1868:
1866:
1693:
1215:, had been appointed acting president.
375:Senior Intelligence School in Maryland
6678:Socialist Destourian Party politicians
4266:from the original on 19 September 2019
4024:from the original on 21 September 2019
3994:from the original on 25 September 2019
3964:from the original on 21 September 2019
3934:from the original on 23 September 2019
3721:. Agence France-Presse. Archived from
3269:"Tunisia | Amnesty International"
2918:The Boston Consulting Group, June 2010
2719:"Win confirms Tunisia leader in power"
2067:
2065:
1609:Grand Collar of the State of Palestine
1332:on 19 September 2019 at the age of 83.
27:President of Tunisia from 1987 to 2011
4286:"BOE.es – Documento BOE-A-1991-13147"
4200:"Estrangeiros com Ordens Portuguesas"
4128:from the original on 2 September 2022
4096:"Ces Légions d'honneur controversées"
3870:from the original on 19 February 2011
3766:from the original on 16 November 2016
3696:from the original on 25 November 2020
3666:from the original on 18 November 2018
2745:from the original on 18 February 2011
2455:"L'Italia dietro il golpe in Tunisia"
2435:from the original on 21 December 2011
2205:from the original on 24 December 2017
2096:
2094:
2079:from the original on 24 December 2017
2050:from the original on 27 November 2020
2024:from the original on 24 December 2017
1995:from the original on 24 December 2017
1983:
1981:
1966:from the original on 24 December 2017
1960:"Ben Ali, le dictateur "bac moins 3""
1939:from the original on 24 December 2017
1699:
1697:
941:a widespread popular protest movement
637:École Spéciale Militaire de Saint-Cyr
546:, the latter dying in February 2020.
7:
5530:Syrian Revolution General Commission
4296:from the original on 5 February 2019
3792:from the original on 20 January 2019
3686:"Interpol pursues toppled president"
3579:from the original on 28 January 2011
3504:from the original on 15 January 2011
3433:from the original on 14 January 2022
2982:from the original on 6 December 2010
2741:. Human Rights Watch. 4 April 2000.
2465:from the original on 20 January 2011
2225:"نبذة عن : زين العابدين بن علي"
1851:from the original on 20 October 2017
1772:
1770:
1155:Tunis–Carthage International Airport
1080:Ben Ali's portrait thrown into trash
1065:United Nations World Solidarity Fund
778:adding citations to reliable sources
607:Hammam Sousse, birthplace of Ben Ali
368:Special Military School of Saint Cyr
2575:The World Today Series: Africa 2012
2231:from the original on 9 January 2018
1989:"محطات في حياة زين العابدين بن علي"
472:
44:
6758:21st-century presidents of Tunisia
6733:Tunisian emigrants to Saudi Arabia
6728:Deaths from cancer in Saudi Arabia
6653:People expelled from public office
5580:Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet
5495:Society for Development and Change
4236:from the original on 31 March 2022
4206:from the original on 28 April 2019
4102:from the original on 21 April 2018
3631:. 20 February 2011. Archived from
3569:"Tunisia Swears in Interim Leader"
3452:Edwards, Alex (July–August 2012).
3046:from the original on 25 March 2019
2607:. 28 November 1992. Archived from
2549:from the original on 27 April 2023
2495:from the original on 27 March 2019
2135:from the original on 16 April 2018
25:
6743:21st-century Tunisian politicians
6738:20th-century Tunisian politicians
6663:People of the Tunisian revolution
4355:collected news and commentary at
4339:collected news and commentary at
4330:collected news and commentary at
3605:from the original on 21 June 2013
2871:from the original on 27 June 2019
2796:"Tunisian president in fifth win"
2642:from the original on 10 June 2021
2179:Zine el-Abidine Ben Ali Biography
2129:"عهد الجنرال زين العابدين بن علي"
1913:from the original on 17 June 2019
1887:from the original on 7 April 2017
1804:Yannick Vely (23 November 2009).
1755:from the original on 13 June 2018
1044:Palestine Liberation Organization
883:constitutional referendum in 2002
6638:Ambassadors of Tunisia to Poland
6388:
6387:
4823:
4810:
4623:
4610:
4551:
4076:from the original on 22 May 2020
3530:The Atlanta Journal-Constitution
3402:from the original on 6 July 2020
3014:from the original on 1 July 2014
2630:Mekki, Thameur (1 August 2018).
2335:from the original on 6 June 2013
1669:
1651:
1633:
1615:
1597:
1579:
1561:
1543:
1529:
1511:
1493:
1475:
1457:
1439:
1381:
1367:
915:On 25 October 2009, Ben Ali was
754:
699:presidential palace of Carthage.
549:On 14 January 2011, following a
515:, he was overthrown and fled to
423:
403:
299:
6181:Libyan civil war (2011–present)
5560:Constitutional Democratic Rally
5425:National Association for Change
3866:(in French). 17 February 2011.
3329:from the original on 5 May 2013
2970:"Global Competitiveness Report"
2046:(in Arabic). AlJazeera Arabic.
1731:"A Coup is reported in Tunisia"
1555:National Order of Merit (Malta)
1199:At about 18:00, Prime Minister
1118:, Tunisia was classified as an
1072:International characterisations
900:Zine El Abidine Ben Ali in 2002
823:Democratic Constitutional Rally
765:needs additional citations for
321:
295:
264:Constitutional Democratic Rally
6648:Leaders who took power by coup
5831:Abdullah bin Abdulaziz Al Saud
3086:CIA, The World Fact Book, 2005
2899:United Nations, 10 August 2010
2428:. World Bank. September 2004.
1681:Order of Isabella the Catholic
1324:Ben Ali died at a hospital in
1259:ignored Tunisia's requests to
1:
6748:Interior ministers of Tunisia
5575:Tunisian General Labour Union
5465:National Transitional Council
5265:Ash-shab yurid isqat an-nizam
3888:Aljazeera Satellite Channel,
3788:. BBC News. 20 January 2011.
3294:Freedom in the World (report)
3271:. Amnesty.org. Archived from
2529:Cowell, Alan (5 March 1989).
2199:"زين العابدين بن علي في سطور"
1958:Farhat, Mehdi (7 July 2011).
993:Global Competitiveness Report
553:against his rule, he fled to
542:; he was survived by Egypt's
6658:People convicted in absentia
5806:Moulaye Ould Mohamed Laghdaf
5504:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party
3325:. Rfi.fr. 16 December 2004.
3129:10.1080/13629395.2012.761475
2571:Dickovick, J. Tyler (2008).
2306:Bourguiba Described in Tunis
1875:Jo Adetunji (20 June 2011).
1645:Order of the Star of Romania
1521: : Grand Cordon of the
1269:Truth and Dignity Commission
1223:Flight and trial in absentia
840:However, the conduct of the
832:Zine El Abidine Ben Ali and
495:
6723:Deaths from prostate cancer
6703:Tunisian military personnel
6186:Egyptian crisis (2011–2014)
5395:February 14 Youth Coalition
4069:(in German). p. 1586.
3249:Address by Mr. Samir Labidi
3201:Oxford Business Group, 2007
2959:Oxford Business Group, 2010
2805:, BBC News, 26 October 2009
2662:"Arab Parliaments: Tunisia"
1962:(in French). SlateAfrique.
1812:(in French). Archived from
1783:. Oxford University Press.
1661: : Grand Cross of the
1589: : Grand Cross of the
1571: : Grand Cross of the
697:Portrait of Ben Ali at the
659:in the Tunisian embassy of
641:School of Applied Artillery
483:
372:School of Applied Artillery
6774:
6673:Prime ministers of Tunisia
2688:"Tunisia Votes on Reforms"
1806:"Ben Ali, sans discussion"
1523:Order of the Chrysanthemum
1467: : Grand Star of the
1340:Excessive citations inline
1312:Health condition and death
1129:
686:
257:Socialist Destourian Party
6753:Burials at Jannat al-Baqī
6442:
6383:
5610:General People's Congress
5590:Alliance of Yemeni Tribes
5430:National Democratic Party
5260:
4819:
4808:
4686:
4619:
4608:
4558:
4549:
4491:
4482:
4474:
4469:
4453:
4444:
4436:
4426:
4420:Prime Minister of Tunisia
4417:
4409:
4399:
4390:
4382:
4377:
3814:. BASMA Association. 2010
3690:The Sydney Morning Herald
3454:"Understanding Dictators"
3351:. Rsf.org. Archived from
3235:25 September 2013 at the
2801:16 September 2023 at the
2131:(in Arabic). Arab Times.
2102:"Zine El Abidine Ben Ali"
1933:"Zine El Abidine Ben Ali"
1591:Order of Ouissam Alaouite
1408:Tunisian national honours
689:1987 Tunisian coup d'état
458:
454:
393:
389:
183:
138:
133:Prime Minister of Tunisia
75:
64:
52:
41:
6683:Tunisian anti-communists
6268:death of Muammar Gaddafi
5656:Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa
5631:Women in the Arab Spring
5460:National Liberation Army
5440:Revolutionary Socialists
5435:National Salvation Front
4393:Minister of the Interior
3096:National Solidarity Fund
2950:Country Coverage Tunisia
1140:Graffiti against Ben Ali
1126:Revolution and overthrow
1103:Protection International
887:two-chambered parliament
484:Zayn al-ʿĀbidīn bin ʿAlī
6435:Zine El Abidine Ben Ali
6237:International reactions
5998:Abdul Majeed al-Zindani
5921:Zine El Abidine Ben Ali
5801:Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz
5691:Mohamed Hussein Tantawy
5535:Syrian National Council
5485:Women to drive movement
4716:Zine El Abidine Ben Ali
4570:Zine El Abidine Ben Ali
4353:Zine El-Abidine Ben Ali
4337:Zine El Abidine Ben Ali
4328:Zine El Abidine Ben Ali
3467:: 32–37. Archived from
3174:25 January 2021 at the
3070:21 October 2010 at the
2955:8 November 2010 at the
2937:21 October 2010 at the
2933:at Changement.tn, 2009
2865:www.enduringamerica.com
2843:19 October 2017 at the
2820:3 November 2009 at the
2765:"Tunisian Constitution"
2728:, BBC News, 27 May 2002
2184:5 November 2010 at the
2163:21 October 2010 at the
2159:at Changement.tn, 2009
1424:National Order of Merit
1345:considered for deletion
1328:, Saudi Arabia, due to
1306:Arab Women Organization
1243:, he and his wife were
1169:, the late dictator of
528:a bloodless coup d'état
465:Zine El Abidine Ben Ali
354:Mohamed Zine El Abidine
36:Zine El Abidine Ben Ali
18:Zine el-Abidine Ben Ali
6018:Mohammed Ali al-Houthi
5876:Muhammad Naji al-Otari
5475:February 25th Movement
5405:April 6 Youth Movement
4226:"Cancelaria Ordinelor"
3378:2 October 2006 at the
3254:3 October 2011 at the
3197:3 October 2011 at the
3117:Mediterranean Politics
1935:. GlobalSecurity.org.
1679: : Collar of the
1643: : Collar of the
1625:: Grand Collar of the
1573:Order of Saint-Charles
1485: : Collar of the
1286:
1196:
1141:
1081:
1034:
1006:
972:
901:
864:
837:
817:
741:Presidency (1987–2011)
701:
639:in Coëtquidan and the
616:
608:
530:that ousted President
522:Ben Ali was appointed
496:Zīn il-ʿĀbdīn bin ʿAlī
6668:Presidents of Tunisia
6263:military intervention
6013:Abdul-Malik al-Houthi
5988:Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi
5968:United Arab Emirates:
5776:Saif al-Islam Gaddafi
4020:. 19 September 2019.
3960:. 19 September 2019.
3309:29 April 2011 at the
3180:Middle East Quarterly
3102:25 March 2012 at the
2928:Ben Ali's biography:
2636:Le Monde diplomatique
2329:"Tunisia New Era Day"
2293:United Nations, 2009.
2284:Tunisian Constitution
2154:Ben Ali's biography:
2044:"زين العابدين بن علي"
1627:Order of Prince Henry
1418:Order of the Republic
1300:was the chair of the
1282:
1213:Speaker of Parliament
1191:
1139:
1095:Amnesty International
1079:
1032:
1001:
967:
899:
859:
831:
811:
729:and Foreign Minister
696:
614:
606:
536:his final re-election
437:Years of service
5911:Hamza Ali Al-Khateeb
5716:Khaled Mohamed Saeed
5641:Abdelaziz Bouteflika
4447:President of Tunisia
4230:canord.presidency.ro
4180:Sovereign Ordonnance
4052:. 21 September 2019.
3743:on 19 November 2016.
3601:. Apnews.myway.com.
3258:United Nations, 2008
3239:United Nations, 2003
3216:26 July 2011 at the
3169:"The Tunisian Model"
3156:20 July 2011 at the
3150:Terrorism in Tunisia
3074:The World Bank, 2008
3007:. www3.weforum.org.
2975:. www3.weforum.org.
2914:16 June 2019 at the
2895:26 July 2011 at the
2611:on 24 September 2015
2289:7 April 2019 at the
2250:Gana, Nouri (2013).
1422:Grand Master of the
1416:Grand Master of the
1184:Succession confusion
1120:authoritarian regime
906:freedom of the press
774:improve this article
672:Tunisian bread riots
557:along with his wife
509:president of Tunisia
298: 1964;
70:President of Tunisia
6688:Critics of Islamism
6003:Ali Mohsen al-Ahmar
5936:Rashid al-Ghannushi
5891:Wael Nader al-Halqi
5781:Mustafa Abdul-Jelil
5671:Ali Jawad al-Sheikh
4185:9 June 2013 at the
4124:. 21 January 2011.
3860:"Ben Ali in a coma"
3725:on 24 January 2013.
3575:. 16 January 2011.
3500:. 14 January 2011.
3398:. 2 February 2017.
2724:31 May 2009 at the
2700:on 21 December 2011
2397:Le Quotidien d'Oran
2367:Témoignage chrétien
2311:1 July 2017 at the
2108:on 24 December 2017
1777:Wolf, Anne (2023).
1743:. 7 November 1987.
1711:on 24 December 2017
1291:Tunisian Revolution
1241:Tunisian revolution
1175:Uganda–Tanzania War
1132:Tunisian Revolution
1019:Tunisian revolution
933:US State Department
929:Benjamin Bounkoulou
851:couscous connection
814:Taha Yassin Ramadan
629:Technical Institute
513:Tunisian revolution
473:زين العابدين بن علي
45:زين العابدين بن علي
6698:Exiled politicians
6309:domestic responses
6294:Domestic reactions
5983:Ali Abdullah Saleh
5926:Mohamed Ghannouchi
5415:Muslim Brotherhood
4734:Mohamed Ghannouchi
4458:Mohamed Ghannouchi
4378:Political offices
4358:The New York Times
4332:Al Jazeera English
4260:www.mandela.gov.za
4202:. 2 October 1995.
3928:The New York Times
3892:, 17 February 2011
3840:on 21 October 2010
3760:The New York Times
3660:The New York Times
2535:The New York Times
2373:on 28 January 2011
2316:The New York Times
2127:Yahya Abu Zekrih.
1816:on 29 October 2009
1736:The New York Times
1663:Order of Good Hope
1575:(7 September 2006)
1449:: Grand Cross of
1287:
1201:Mohamed Ghannouchi
1197:
1150:Mohamed Ghannouchi
1146:state of emergency
1142:
1082:
1035:
1007:
973:
954:Mohamed Ghannouchi
902:
865:
838:
818:
707:debt service ratio
702:
683:Rise to presidency
617:
609:
125:Mohamed Ghannouchi
101:Mohamed Ghannouchi
6615:
6614:
6401:
6400:
5946:Beji Caid Essebsi
5886:Riyad Farid Hijab
5726:Mohamed ElBaradei
5274:Events by country
5220:
5219:
4837:
4836:
4740:Beji Caid Essebsi
4698:Hedi Amara Nouira
4637:
4636:
4588:Beji Caid Essebsi
4501:
4500:
4492:Succeeded by
4470:Diplomatic posts
4464:
4454:Succeeded by
4427:Succeeded by
4400:Succeeded by
3178:by Jerry Sorkin,
2828:, 27 October 2009
2668:on 11 August 2010
2318:, 9 November 1987
2263:978-0-7486-9103-6
1790:978-0-19-286850-3
1487:Order of the Nile
1302:BASMA Association
806:
805:
798:
679:in October 1987.
645:Châlons-sur-Marne
551:month of protests
493:
481:
462:
461:
449:Brigadier general
268:
261:
219:19 September 2019
16:(Redirected from
6765:
6428:
6421:
6414:
6405:
6391:
6390:
5956:Mohamed Bouazizi
5861:Hassan al-Turabi
5836:Khaled al-Johani
5791:Mohammed Nabbous
5756:Marouf al-Bakhit
5751:King Abdullah II
5550:Foreign fighters
5525:Free Syrian Army
5513:National Command
5508:Regional Command
5247:
5240:
5233:
5224:
4864:
4857:
4850:
4841:
4827:
4826:
4814:
4813:
4664:
4657:
4650:
4641:
4627:
4626:
4614:
4594:Mohamed Ennaceur
4555:
4527:
4520:
4513:
4504:
4475:Preceded by
4462:
4460:
4437:Preceded by
4410:Preceded by
4383:Preceded by
4375:
4349:
4306:
4305:
4303:
4301:
4282:
4276:
4275:
4273:
4271:
4252:
4246:
4245:
4243:
4241:
4222:
4216:
4215:
4213:
4211:
4196:
4190:
4176:
4170:
4169:
4167:
4165:
4159:
4153:. Archived from
4152:
4144:
4138:
4137:
4135:
4133:
4118:
4112:
4111:
4109:
4107:
4092:
4086:
4085:
4083:
4081:
4075:
4068:
4060:
4054:
4053:
4040:
4034:
4033:
4031:
4029:
4010:
4004:
4003:
4001:
3999:
3980:
3974:
3973:
3971:
3969:
3950:
3944:
3943:
3941:
3939:
3919:
3913:
3912:
3899:
3893:
3886:
3880:
3879:
3877:
3875:
3856:
3850:
3849:
3847:
3845:
3830:
3824:
3823:
3821:
3819:
3808:
3802:
3801:
3799:
3797:
3782:
3776:
3775:
3773:
3771:
3751:
3745:
3744:
3739:. Archived from
3733:
3727:
3726:
3715:
3706:
3705:
3703:
3701:
3682:
3676:
3675:
3673:
3671:
3651:
3645:
3644:
3642:
3640:
3621:
3615:
3614:
3612:
3610:
3595:
3589:
3588:
3586:
3584:
3565:
3554:
3553:
3551:
3549:
3535:Associated Press
3520:
3514:
3513:
3511:
3509:
3490:
3484:
3483:
3481:
3479:
3473:
3458:
3449:
3443:
3442:
3440:
3438:
3418:
3412:
3411:
3409:
3407:
3388:
3382:
3371:
3365:
3364:
3362:
3360:
3345:
3339:
3338:
3336:
3334:
3319:
3313:
3302:
3296:
3291:
3285:
3284:
3282:
3280:
3265:
3259:
3246:
3240:
3227:
3221:
3208:
3202:
3189:
3183:
3166:
3160:
3147:
3141:
3140:
3112:
3106:
3093:
3087:
3081:
3075:
3062:
3056:
3055:
3053:
3051:
3045:
3038:
3030:
3024:
3023:
3021:
3019:
3013:
3006:
2998:
2992:
2991:
2989:
2987:
2981:
2974:
2966:
2960:
2947:
2941:
2925:
2919:
2906:
2900:
2887:
2881:
2880:
2878:
2876:
2857:
2851:
2850:, 1 October 2009
2835:
2829:
2812:
2806:
2793:
2787:
2786:
2784:
2782:
2776:
2769:
2761:
2755:
2754:
2752:
2750:
2735:
2729:
2716:
2710:
2709:
2707:
2705:
2699:
2692:
2684:
2678:
2677:
2675:
2673:
2658:
2652:
2651:
2649:
2647:
2627:
2621:
2620:
2618:
2616:
2597:
2591:
2590:
2586:978-161048-881-5
2578:
2568:
2559:
2558:
2556:
2554:
2526:
2520:
2519:
2511:
2505:
2504:
2502:
2500:
2481:
2475:
2474:
2472:
2470:
2451:
2445:
2444:
2442:
2440:
2434:
2427:
2419:
2413:
2412:
2410:
2408:
2389:
2383:
2382:
2380:
2378:
2369:. Archived from
2357:Michael, Ayari;
2354:
2345:
2344:
2342:
2340:
2325:
2319:
2303:
2294:
2281:
2275:
2274:
2272:
2270:
2247:
2241:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2221:
2215:
2214:
2212:
2210:
2195:
2189:
2176:
2167:
2151:
2145:
2144:
2142:
2140:
2124:
2118:
2117:
2115:
2113:
2098:
2089:
2088:
2086:
2084:
2069:
2060:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2040:
2034:
2033:
2031:
2029:
2014:
2005:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1985:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1955:
1949:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1929:
1923:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1909:. 13 June 2012.
1903:
1897:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1872:
1861:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1847:. 20 June 2011.
1837:
1826:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1801:
1795:
1794:
1774:
1765:
1764:
1762:
1760:
1741:Associated Press
1727:
1721:
1720:
1718:
1716:
1701:
1675:
1673:
1672:
1657:
1655:
1654:
1639:
1637:
1636:
1621:
1619:
1618:
1603:
1601:
1600:
1585:
1583:
1582:
1567:
1565:
1564:
1549:
1547:
1546:
1535:
1533:
1532:
1517:
1515:
1514:
1505:Legion of Honour
1499:
1497:
1496:
1481:
1479:
1478:
1463:
1461:
1460:
1445:
1443:
1442:
1391:
1386:
1385:
1377:
1372:
1371:
1370:
1351:Al-Baqi Cemetery
1348:
1257:Saudi government
1251:91 million
1230:Swiss government
1113:
910:Taoufik Ben Brik
801:
794:
790:
787:
781:
758:
750:
731:Giulio Andreotti
657:military attaché
571:drug trafficking
567:money laundering
498:
488:
486:
476:
474:
429:
427:
426:
418:
409:
407:
406:
325:
323:
303:
301:
297:
266:
259:
242:Al-Baqi Cemetery
233:
222:
203:3 September 1936
202:
200:
188:Personal details
174:
162:
143:
121:
109:
89:
80:
57:
48:
47:
46:
32:
21:
6773:
6772:
6768:
6767:
6766:
6764:
6763:
6762:
6693:Tunisian exiles
6618:
6617:
6616:
6611:
6438:
6432:
6402:
6397:
6379:
6320:
6289:
6231:
6190:
6106:Iraqi Kurdistan
6036:Occupy movement
6022:
5993:Tawakkol Karman
5931:Moncef Marzouki
5901:Burhan Ghalioun
5871:Bashar al-Assad
5841:Manal al-Sharif
5771:Muammar Gaddafi
5619:
5375:
5269:
5256:
5251:
5221:
5216:
5095:
4883:
4882:Organisation of
4877:
4868:
4838:
4833:
4815:
4811:
4806:
4805:
4782:Hichem Mechichi
4682:
4671:Prime ministers
4668:
4638:
4633:
4615:
4606:
4605:
4596:(2019; Interim)
4582:Moncef Marzouki
4578:(2011; Interim)
4564:Habib Bourguiba
4556:
4545:
4531:
4497:
4488:
4480:
4465:
4461:
4456:
4450:
4442:
4440:Habib Bourguiba
4432:
4423:
4415:
4405:
4396:
4388:
4315:
4310:
4309:
4299:
4297:
4284:
4283:
4279:
4269:
4267:
4254:
4253:
4249:
4239:
4237:
4224:
4223:
4219:
4209:
4207:
4198:
4197:
4193:
4187:Wayback Machine
4177:
4173:
4163:
4161:
4160:on 4 March 2016
4157:
4150:
4146:
4145:
4141:
4131:
4129:
4120:
4119:
4115:
4105:
4103:
4094:
4093:
4089:
4079:
4077:
4073:
4066:
4062:
4061:
4057:
4042:
4041:
4037:
4027:
4025:
4012:
4011:
4007:
3997:
3995:
3982:
3981:
3977:
3967:
3965:
3952:
3951:
3947:
3937:
3935:
3921:
3920:
3916:
3901:
3900:
3896:
3887:
3883:
3873:
3871:
3858:
3857:
3853:
3843:
3841:
3832:
3831:
3827:
3817:
3815:
3810:
3809:
3805:
3795:
3793:
3784:
3783:
3779:
3769:
3767:
3753:
3752:
3748:
3735:
3734:
3730:
3717:
3716:
3709:
3699:
3697:
3684:
3683:
3679:
3669:
3667:
3653:
3652:
3648:
3638:
3636:
3623:
3622:
3618:
3608:
3606:
3597:
3596:
3592:
3582:
3580:
3567:
3566:
3557:
3547:
3545:
3522:
3521:
3517:
3507:
3505:
3492:
3491:
3487:
3477:
3475:
3474:on 30 July 2013
3471:
3456:
3451:
3450:
3446:
3436:
3434:
3427:BBC News Arabic
3420:
3419:
3415:
3405:
3403:
3396:Middle East Eye
3390:
3389:
3385:
3380:Wayback Machine
3372:
3368:
3358:
3356:
3355:on 8 April 2010
3347:
3346:
3342:
3332:
3330:
3321:
3320:
3316:
3311:Wayback Machine
3303:
3299:
3292:
3288:
3278:
3276:
3267:
3266:
3262:
3256:Wayback Machine
3247:
3243:
3237:Wayback Machine
3228:
3224:
3218:Wayback Machine
3209:
3205:
3199:Wayback Machine
3190:
3186:
3176:Wayback Machine
3167:
3163:
3158:Wayback Machine
3148:
3144:
3114:
3113:
3109:
3104:Wayback Machine
3094:
3090:
3082:
3078:
3072:Wayback Machine
3063:
3059:
3049:
3047:
3043:
3036:
3032:
3031:
3027:
3017:
3015:
3011:
3004:
3000:
2999:
2995:
2985:
2983:
2979:
2972:
2968:
2967:
2963:
2957:Wayback Machine
2948:
2944:
2939:Wayback Machine
2926:
2922:
2916:Wayback Machine
2907:
2903:
2897:Wayback Machine
2888:
2884:
2874:
2872:
2859:
2858:
2854:
2845:Wayback Machine
2836:
2832:
2822:Wayback Machine
2815:World datelines
2813:
2809:
2803:Wayback Machine
2794:
2790:
2780:
2778:
2777:on 7 April 2019
2774:
2767:
2763:
2762:
2758:
2748:
2746:
2737:
2736:
2732:
2726:Wayback Machine
2717:
2713:
2703:
2701:
2697:
2690:
2686:
2685:
2681:
2671:
2669:
2660:
2659:
2655:
2645:
2643:
2629:
2628:
2624:
2614:
2612:
2599:
2598:
2594:
2587:
2570:
2569:
2562:
2552:
2550:
2528:
2527:
2523:
2518:. 5 March 1989.
2513:
2512:
2508:
2498:
2496:
2483:
2482:
2478:
2468:
2466:
2453:
2452:
2448:
2438:
2436:
2432:
2425:
2421:
2420:
2416:
2406:
2404:
2403:on 14 July 2011
2391:
2390:
2386:
2376:
2374:
2359:Vincent Geisser
2356:
2355:
2348:
2338:
2336:
2327:
2326:
2322:
2313:Wayback Machine
2304:
2297:
2291:Wayback Machine
2282:
2278:
2268:
2266:
2264:
2249:
2248:
2244:
2234:
2232:
2223:
2222:
2218:
2208:
2206:
2197:
2196:
2192:
2186:Wayback Machine
2177:
2170:
2165:Wayback Machine
2152:
2148:
2138:
2136:
2126:
2125:
2121:
2111:
2109:
2100:
2099:
2092:
2082:
2080:
2071:
2070:
2063:
2053:
2051:
2042:
2041:
2037:
2027:
2025:
2016:
2015:
2008:
1998:
1996:
1987:
1986:
1979:
1969:
1967:
1957:
1956:
1952:
1942:
1940:
1931:
1930:
1926:
1916:
1914:
1905:
1904:
1900:
1890:
1888:
1874:
1873:
1864:
1854:
1852:
1845:Huffington Post
1839:
1838:
1829:
1819:
1817:
1803:
1802:
1798:
1791:
1776:
1775:
1768:
1758:
1756:
1729:
1728:
1724:
1714:
1712:
1703:
1702:
1695:
1690:
1670:
1668:
1652:
1650:
1634:
1632:
1616:
1614:
1598:
1596:
1580:
1578:
1562:
1560:
1544:
1542:
1530:
1528:
1512:
1510:
1494:
1492:
1476:
1474:
1458:
1456:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:Foreign honours
1410:
1405:
1389:Politics portal
1387:
1380:
1373:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1333:
1330:prostate cancer
1314:
1277:
1253:Tunisian dinars
1225:
1186:
1134:
1128:
1116:Democracy Index
1111:
1074:
1027:
962:
956:was announced.
923:sent a team of
802:
791:
785:
782:
771:
759:
748:
743:
709:of 21% of GDP.
691:
685:
677:Habib Bourguiba
601:
532:Habib Bourguiba
490:Tunisian Arabic
424:
422:
404:
402:
394:Military career
376:
374:
370:
357:
328:
327:
324: 1992)
319:
315:
305:
302: 1988)
293:
289:
286:
262:
253:Political party
225:
224:
220:
204:
198:
196:
172:
160:
154:Habib Bourguiba
144:
139:
119:
113:Habib Bourguiba
107:
99:
95:
87:
81:
76:
60:
59:Ben Ali in 2009
42:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6771:
6769:
6761:
6760:
6755:
6750:
6745:
6740:
6735:
6730:
6725:
6720:
6715:
6710:
6705:
6700:
6695:
6690:
6685:
6680:
6675:
6670:
6665:
6660:
6655:
6650:
6645:
6640:
6635:
6630:
6620:
6619:
6613:
6612:
6610:
6609:
6604:
6599:
6594:
6589:
6584:
6579:
6574:
6569:
6564:
6559:
6554:
6549:
6544:
6539:
6534:
6529:
6524:
6519:
6514:
6509:
6504:
6499:
6494:
6489:
6484:
6479:
6474:
6469:
6464:
6459:
6454:
6449:
6443:
6440:
6439:
6433:
6431:
6430:
6423:
6416:
6408:
6399:
6398:
6396:
6395:
6384:
6381:
6380:
6378:
6377:
6372:
6367:
6362:
6357:
6352:
6347:
6342:
6337:
6331:
6329:
6322:
6321:
6319:
6318:
6313:
6312:
6311:
6303:
6297:
6295:
6291:
6290:
6288:
6287:
6282:
6277:
6272:
6271:
6270:
6265:
6260:
6252:
6247:
6241:
6239:
6233:
6232:
6230:
6229:
6224:
6219:
6214:
6209:
6204:
6198:
6196:
6195:UN Resolutions
6192:
6191:
6189:
6188:
6183:
6178:
6173:
6171:United Kingdom
6168:
6167:
6166:
6161:
6153:
6148:
6143:
6138:
6137:
6136:
6131:
6123:
6118:
6113:
6108:
6103:
6098:
6097:
6096:
6091:
6083:
6078:
6073:
6068:
6063:
6062:
6061:
6056:
6048:
6043:
6038:
6032:
6030:
6024:
6023:
6021:
6020:
6015:
6010:
6008:Sadiq al-Ahmar
6005:
6000:
5995:
5990:
5985:
5976:
5975:
5970:
5964:
5963:
5958:
5953:
5948:
5943:
5938:
5933:
5928:
5923:
5914:
5913:
5908:
5906:Moaz al-Khatib
5903:
5898:
5896:Maher al-Assad
5893:
5888:
5883:
5878:
5873:
5864:
5863:
5858:
5856:Omar al-Bashir
5849:
5848:
5843:
5838:
5833:
5824:
5823:
5821:Abbas El Fassi
5818:
5809:
5808:
5803:
5794:
5793:
5788:
5783:
5778:
5773:
5764:
5763:
5758:
5753:
5744:
5743:
5741:Bassem Youssef
5738:
5733:
5728:
5723:
5718:
5713:
5711:Kamal Ganzouri
5708:
5703:
5698:
5693:
5688:
5683:
5674:
5673:
5668:
5663:
5661:Hasan Mushaima
5658:
5649:
5648:
5643:
5634:
5633:
5627:
5625:
5624:Notable people
5621:
5620:
5618:
5617:
5612:
5607:
5602:
5597:
5592:
5583:
5582:
5577:
5572:
5567:
5562:
5553:
5552:
5547:
5545:Hizb ut-Tahrir
5542:
5537:
5532:
5527:
5522:
5517:
5516:
5515:
5510:
5498:
5497:
5492:
5487:
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5477:
5468:
5467:
5462:
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5447:
5442:
5437:
5432:
5427:
5422:
5412:
5407:
5398:
5397:
5392:
5383:
5381:
5377:
5376:
5374:
5373:
5368:
5366:Western Sahara
5363:
5358:
5353:
5348:
5343:
5338:
5333:
5328:
5323:
5318:
5313:
5308:
5303:
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5114:
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5018:
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5008:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4983:
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4973:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4898:
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4887:
4885:
4879:
4878:
4869:
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4866:
4859:
4852:
4844:
4835:
4834:
4832:
4831:
4820:
4817:
4816:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4803:
4797:
4791:
4785:
4779:
4776:Elyes Fakhfakh
4773:
4770:Youssef Chahed
4767:
4761:
4755:
4749:
4743:
4737:
4731:
4725:
4722:Hédi Baccouche
4719:
4713:
4707:
4704:Mohammed Mzali
4701:
4695:
4688:
4687:
4684:
4683:
4669:
4667:
4666:
4659:
4652:
4644:
4635:
4634:
4632:
4631:
4620:
4617:
4616:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4603:
4602:(2019–present)
4597:
4591:
4585:
4579:
4573:
4567:
4560:
4559:
4557:
4550:
4547:
4546:
4532:
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4476:
4472:
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4467:
4466:
4455:
4452:
4443:
4438:
4434:
4433:
4430:Hédi Baccouche
4428:
4425:
4416:
4411:
4407:
4406:
4401:
4398:
4389:
4386:Mohammed Mzali
4384:
4380:
4379:
4373:
4372:
4366:
4361:
4350:
4334:
4325:
4314:
4313:External links
4311:
4308:
4307:
4277:
4247:
4217:
4191:
4178:Nomination by
4171:
4139:
4113:
4087:
4055:
4035:
4005:
3975:
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3914:
3894:
3881:
3851:
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3777:
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3707:
3677:
3646:
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3590:
3555:
3515:
3485:
3444:
3413:
3383:
3366:
3340:
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3297:
3286:
3260:
3241:
3222:
3203:
3184:
3161:
3142:
3107:
3088:
3076:
3057:
3025:
2993:
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2942:
2920:
2901:
2882:
2852:
2830:
2807:
2788:
2756:
2730:
2711:
2679:
2653:
2622:
2592:
2585:
2560:
2521:
2516:New York Times
2506:
2476:
2446:
2414:
2384:
2346:
2320:
2295:
2276:
2262:
2242:
2216:
2190:
2168:
2146:
2119:
2090:
2061:
2035:
2006:
1977:
1950:
1924:
1898:
1862:
1827:
1796:
1789:
1766:
1722:
1692:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1685:
1684:
1666:
1665:(5 April 1995)
1648:
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1392:
1378:
1362:
1359:
1313:
1310:
1276:
1273:
1224:
1221:
1185:
1182:
1130:Main article:
1127:
1124:
1073:
1070:
1039:foreign policy
1026:
1023:
1003:George W. Bush
961:
958:
869:1994 elections
842:1989 elections
804:
803:
786:September 2024
762:
760:
753:
747:
744:
742:
739:
714:Fulvio Martini
687:Main article:
684:
681:
600:
597:
524:Prime Minister
460:
459:
456:
455:
452:
451:
446:
442:
441:
438:
434:
433:
420:
414:
413:
400:
396:
395:
391:
390:
387:
386:
383:
379:
378:
365:
359:
358:
356:
355:
352:
349:
346:
343:
340:
336:
334:
330:
329:
317:
313:Leïla Trabelsi
311:
310:
309:
308:
291:
287:
282:
281:
280:
279:
276:
274:
270:
269:
254:
250:
249:
248:, Saudi Arabia
239:
235:
234:
223:(aged 83)
217:
213:
212:
210:French Tunisia
194:
190:
189:
185:
184:
181:
180:
178:Hédi Baccouche
175:
169:
168:
163:
157:
156:
151:
147:
146:
136:
135:
129:
128:
122:
116:
115:
110:
104:
103:
93:Hédi Baccouche
90:
88:Prime Minister
84:
83:
73:
72:
66:
65:
62:
61:
58:
50:
49:
39:
38:
35:
26:
24:
14:
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10:
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3:
2:
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6208:
6205:
6203:
6200:
6199:
6197:
6193:
6187:
6184:
6182:
6179:
6177:
6176:United States
6174:
6172:
6169:
6165:
6162:
6160:
6157:
6156:
6154:
6152:
6149:
6147:
6144:
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6034:
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6031:
6029:
6025:
6019:
6016:
6014:
6011:
6009:
6006:
6004:
6001:
5999:
5996:
5994:
5991:
5989:
5986:
5984:
5981:
5978:
5977:
5974:
5971:
5969:
5966:
5965:
5962:
5961:Chokri Belaid
5959:
5957:
5954:
5952:
5951:Hamadi Jebali
5949:
5947:
5944:
5942:
5941:Fouad Mebazaa
5939:
5937:
5934:
5932:
5929:
5927:
5924:
5922:
5919:
5916:
5915:
5912:
5909:
5907:
5904:
5902:
5899:
5897:
5894:
5892:
5889:
5887:
5884:
5882:
5879:
5877:
5874:
5872:
5869:
5866:
5865:
5862:
5859:
5857:
5854:
5851:
5850:
5847:
5844:
5842:
5839:
5837:
5834:
5832:
5829:
5828:Saudi Arabia:
5826:
5825:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5814:
5811:
5810:
5807:
5804:
5802:
5799:
5796:
5795:
5792:
5789:
5787:
5786:Mahmud Gebril
5784:
5782:
5779:
5777:
5774:
5772:
5769:
5766:
5765:
5762:
5759:
5757:
5754:
5752:
5749:
5746:
5745:
5742:
5739:
5737:
5736:Hesham Qandil
5734:
5732:
5731:Mohamed Morsi
5729:
5727:
5724:
5722:
5719:
5717:
5714:
5712:
5709:
5707:
5704:
5702:
5699:
5697:
5694:
5692:
5689:
5687:
5686:Omar Suleiman
5684:
5682:
5681:Hosni Mubarak
5679:
5676:
5675:
5672:
5669:
5667:
5664:
5662:
5659:
5657:
5654:
5651:
5650:
5647:
5646:Ahmed Ouyahia
5644:
5642:
5639:
5636:
5635:
5632:
5629:
5628:
5626:
5622:
5616:
5613:
5611:
5608:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5591:
5588:
5585:
5584:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5570:Popular Front
5568:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5558:
5555:
5554:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5543:
5541:
5538:
5536:
5533:
5531:
5528:
5526:
5523:
5521:
5518:
5514:
5511:
5509:
5506:
5505:
5503:
5500:
5499:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5482:Saudi Arabia:
5480:
5479:
5476:
5473:
5470:
5469:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5455:
5454:
5451:
5450:Ultras Ahlawy
5448:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5420:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5400:
5399:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5388:
5385:
5384:
5382:
5378:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5364:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5299:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5278:
5276:
5272:
5267:
5266:
5259:
5255:
5248:
5243:
5241:
5236:
5234:
5229:
5228:
5225:
5213:
5210:
5208:
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5185:
5183:
5180:
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5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5104:
5102:
5100:African Union
5098:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4888:
4886:
4884:African Unity
4880:
4876:
4875:African Union
4872:
4865:
4860:
4858:
4853:
4851:
4846:
4845:
4842:
4830:
4822:
4821:
4818:
4801:
4800:Kamel Madouri
4798:
4795:
4794:Ahmed Hachani
4792:
4789:
4786:
4783:
4780:
4777:
4774:
4771:
4768:
4765:
4762:
4759:
4756:
4753:
4752:Ali Laarayedh
4750:
4747:
4746:Hamadi Jebali
4744:
4741:
4738:
4735:
4732:
4729:
4726:
4723:
4720:
4717:
4714:
4711:
4708:
4705:
4702:
4699:
4696:
4693:
4690:
4689:
4685:
4680:
4676:
4672:
4665:
4660:
4658:
4653:
4651:
4646:
4645:
4642:
4630:
4622:
4621:
4618:
4613:
4601:
4598:
4595:
4592:
4589:
4586:
4583:
4580:
4577:
4576:Fouad Mebazaa
4574:
4571:
4568:
4565:
4562:
4561:
4554:
4548:
4543:
4539:
4535:
4528:
4523:
4521:
4516:
4514:
4509:
4508:
4505:
4496:
4487:
4486:
4479:
4478:Hosni Mubarak
4473:
4468:
4459:
4449:
4448:
4441:
4435:
4431:
4422:
4421:
4414:
4408:
4404:
4395:
4394:
4387:
4381:
4376:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4359:
4354:
4351:
4348:
4344:
4343:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4320:
4317:
4316:
4312:
4295:
4291:
4287:
4281:
4278:
4265:
4261:
4257:
4251:
4248:
4235:
4231:
4227:
4221:
4218:
4205:
4201:
4195:
4192:
4188:
4184:
4181:
4175:
4172:
4156:
4149:
4143:
4140:
4127:
4123:
4117:
4114:
4101:
4097:
4091:
4088:
4072:
4065:
4059:
4056:
4051:
4050:
4045:
4039:
4036:
4023:
4019:
4015:
4009:
4006:
3993:
3989:
3985:
3979:
3976:
3963:
3959:
3955:
3949:
3946:
3933:
3929:
3925:
3918:
3915:
3910:
3909:
3904:
3898:
3895:
3891:
3885:
3882:
3869:
3865:
3861:
3855:
3852:
3839:
3835:
3829:
3826:
3813:
3807:
3804:
3791:
3787:
3781:
3778:
3765:
3761:
3757:
3750:
3747:
3742:
3738:
3732:
3729:
3724:
3720:
3714:
3712:
3708:
3695:
3691:
3687:
3681:
3678:
3665:
3661:
3657:
3650:
3647:
3635:on 6 May 2021
3634:
3630:
3626:
3620:
3617:
3604:
3600:
3594:
3591:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3564:
3562:
3560:
3556:
3544:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3531:
3526:
3519:
3516:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3489:
3486:
3470:
3466:
3462:
3455:
3448:
3445:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3421:Nader, Emir.
3417:
3414:
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3397:
3393:
3387:
3384:
3381:
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3370:
3367:
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3308:
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3275:on 9 May 2010
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3065:Tunisia: Data
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2641:
2637:
2633:
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2623:
2610:
2606:
2605:The Economist
2602:
2596:
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2577:
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2536:
2532:
2525:
2522:
2517:
2510:
2507:
2494:
2490:
2489:la Repubblica
2486:
2480:
2477:
2464:
2460:
2459:la Repubblica
2456:
2450:
2447:
2431:
2424:
2418:
2415:
2402:
2398:
2395:(in French).
2394:
2388:
2385:
2372:
2368:
2365:(in French).
2364:
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2317:
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2200:
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2188:Biography.com
2187:
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2097:
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2078:
2074:
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2066:
2062:
2049:
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2039:
2036:
2023:
2019:
2013:
2011:
2007:
1994:
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1683:(25 May 1991)
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1375:Africa portal
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1303:
1299:
1298:Leïla Ben Ali
1295:
1292:
1285:
1284:Leïla Ben Ali
1281:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1264:
1262:
1258:
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1237:
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1214:
1210:
1209:Fouad Mebazaa
1204:
1202:
1195:
1190:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1163:King Abdullah
1160:
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1133:
1125:
1123:
1121:
1117:
1110:
1109:
1108:The Economist
1104:
1100:
1099:Freedom House
1096:
1092:
1091:authoritarian
1088:
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1031:
1024:
1022:
1020:
1014:
1010:
1004:
1000:
996:
994:
990:
989:trade deficit
986:
985:Privatization
981:
979:
970:
966:
959:
957:
955:
951:
947:
942:
937:
934:
930:
926:
922:
921:African Union
918:
913:
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907:
898:
894:
892:
888:
884:
879:
877:
872:
870:
862:
861:William Cohen
858:
854:
852:
848:
847:Habib Ben Ali
843:
835:
830:
826:
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800:
797:
789:
779:
775:
769:
768:
763:This section
761:
757:
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751:
745:
740:
738:
734:
732:
728:
727:Bettino Craxi
723:
719:
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710:
708:
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695:
690:
682:
680:
678:
673:
669:
664:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
633:Tunisian Army
630:
624:
622:
613:
605:
598:
596:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
577:
572:
568:
564:
560:
559:Leïla Ben Ali
556:
552:
547:
545:
544:Hosni Mubarak
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
520:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
497:
491:
485:
479:
470:
466:
457:
453:
450:
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443:
439:
435:
432:
431:Tunisian Army
421:
415:
412:
401:
397:
392:
388:
384:
380:
373:
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364:
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353:
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344:
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314:
307:
306:
285:
278:
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275:
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265:
258:
255:
251:
247:
243:
240:
238:Resting place
236:
232:
228:
218:
214:
211:
207:
206:Hammam Sousse
195:
191:
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167:
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158:
155:
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148:
142:
137:
134:
130:
126:
123:
117:
114:
111:
105:
102:
98:
94:
91:
85:
79:
74:
71:
67:
63:
56:
51:
40:
33:
30:
19:
6522:Belhaj Kacem
6434:
6350:Saudi Arabia
6071:Burkina Faso
5979:
5967:
5920:
5917:
5867:
5852:
5846:Nimr al-Nimr
5827:
5812:
5797:
5767:
5747:
5721:Essam Sharaf
5701:Ahmed Shafik
5677:
5652:
5637:
5586:
5556:
5501:
5481:
5471:
5456:
5401:
5386:
5346:Saudi Arabia
5263:
5050:
4802:(since 2024)
4788:Najla Bouden
4728:Hamed Karoui
4715:
4692:Bahi Ladgham
4569:
4495:Meles Zenawi
4483:
4445:
4418:
4391:
4356:
4342:The Guardian
4340:
4300:19 September
4298:. Retrieved
4289:
4280:
4270:19 September
4268:. Retrieved
4259:
4250:
4240:19 September
4238:. Retrieved
4229:
4220:
4208:. Retrieved
4194:
4174:
4162:. Retrieved
4155:the original
4142:
4130:. Retrieved
4116:
4104:. Retrieved
4090:
4078:. Retrieved
4058:
4047:
4038:
4028:19 September
4026:. Retrieved
4017:
4008:
3998:19 September
3996:. Retrieved
3987:
3978:
3968:19 September
3966:. Retrieved
3957:
3948:
3938:19 September
3936:. Retrieved
3927:
3917:
3906:
3903:"Forbes.com"
3897:
3889:
3884:
3872:. Retrieved
3863:
3854:
3842:. Retrieved
3838:the original
3828:
3816:. Retrieved
3806:
3794:. Retrieved
3780:
3768:. Retrieved
3759:
3749:
3741:the original
3731:
3723:the original
3698:. Retrieved
3689:
3680:
3670:19 September
3668:. Retrieved
3659:
3649:
3637:. Retrieved
3633:the original
3628:
3619:
3607:. Retrieved
3593:
3581:. Retrieved
3572:
3546:. Retrieved
3528:
3518:
3506:. Retrieved
3497:
3488:
3476:. Retrieved
3469:the original
3464:
3460:
3447:
3435:. Retrieved
3426:
3416:
3404:. Retrieved
3395:
3386:
3369:
3357:. Retrieved
3353:the original
3343:
3331:. Retrieved
3317:
3300:
3289:
3277:. Retrieved
3273:the original
3263:
3244:
3225:
3206:
3187:
3179:
3164:
3145:
3123:(1): 23–41.
3120:
3116:
3110:
3091:
3079:
3060:
3048:. Retrieved
3028:
3016:. Retrieved
3002:"GCR Report"
2996:
2984:. Retrieved
2964:
2945:
2929:
2923:
2904:
2885:
2875:19 September
2873:. Retrieved
2864:
2855:
2847:
2833:
2826:Deseret News
2825:
2810:
2791:
2779:. Retrieved
2772:the original
2759:
2747:. Retrieved
2733:
2714:
2702:. Retrieved
2695:the original
2682:
2670:. Retrieved
2666:the original
2656:
2644:. Retrieved
2635:
2625:
2613:. Retrieved
2609:the original
2604:
2595:
2574:
2551:. Retrieved
2534:
2524:
2515:
2509:
2497:. Retrieved
2488:
2479:
2467:. Retrieved
2458:
2449:
2437:. Retrieved
2417:
2405:. Retrieved
2401:the original
2387:
2375:. Retrieved
2371:the original
2337:. Retrieved
2323:
2315:
2279:
2267:. Retrieved
2252:
2245:
2233:. Retrieved
2219:
2207:. Retrieved
2193:
2155:
2149:
2137:. Retrieved
2122:
2110:. Retrieved
2106:the original
2081:. Retrieved
2052:. Retrieved
2038:
2026:. Retrieved
1997:. Retrieved
1968:. Retrieved
1953:
1941:. Retrieved
1927:
1915:. Retrieved
1901:
1889:. Retrieved
1881:The Guardian
1880:
1853:. Retrieved
1844:
1818:. Retrieved
1814:the original
1809:
1799:
1779:
1757:. Retrieved
1734:
1725:
1713:. Retrieved
1709:the original
1659:South Africa
1338:
1323:
1315:
1296:
1288:
1271:in Tunisia.
1265:
1246:
1238:
1226:
1217:
1205:
1198:
1179:
1143:
1106:
1083:
1061:Muslim world
1036:
1015:
1011:
1008:
982:
977:
974:
969:Colin Powell
950:Saudi Arabia
938:
914:
903:
880:
873:
866:
839:
834:Carlos Menem
819:
792:
783:
772:Please help
767:verification
764:
735:
711:
703:
665:
625:
618:
593:Saudi Arabia
580:
574:
555:Saudi Arabia
548:
521:
517:Saudi Arabia
504:
500:
464:
463:
231:Saudi Arabia
221:(2019-09-19)
173:Succeeded by
140:
120:Succeeded by
97:Hamed Karoui
77:
29:
6633:2019 deaths
6628:1936 births
6050:Azerbaijan
5816:Mohammed VI
5798:Mauritania:
5761:Samir Rifai
5706:Wael Ghonim
5696:Ahmed Nazif
5472:Mauritania:
5445:Shayfeencom
5254:Arab Spring
5157:Hailemariam
4796:(2023–2024)
4790:(2021–2023)
4784:(2020–2021)
4772:(2016–2020)
4766:(2015–2016)
4764:Habib Essid
4760:(2014–2015)
4758:Mehdi Jomaa
4754:(2013–2014)
4748:(2011–2013)
4736:(1999–2011)
4730:(1989–1999)
4724:(1987–1989)
4712:(1986–1987)
4710:Rachid Sfar
4706:(1980–1986)
4700:(1970–1980)
4694:(1969–1970)
4590:(2014–2019)
4584:(2011–2014)
4572:(1987–2011)
4566:(1957–1987)
4413:Rachid Sfar
4403:Habib Ammar
4319:Appearances
4210:2 September
3874:17 February
3770:28 February
3700:20 February
3461:The Majalla
3182:(Fall 2001)
2235:24 December
2209:24 December
2139:24 December
2112:24 December
2083:24 December
2054:19 November
2028:24 December
1999:24 December
1970:24 December
1943:24 December
1891:18 December
1855:18 February
1810:Paris-Match
1715:24 December
1403:Decorations
1247:in absentia
1087:dictatorial
1053:pro-western
581:in absentia
576:in absentia
540:Arab Spring
267:(1988–2011)
260:(1986–1988)
166:Rachid Sfar
161:Preceded by
108:Preceded by
6622:Categories
6447:Ghannouchi
6328:by country
5881:Adel Safar
5666:Ali Salman
5326:Mauritania
5197:Tshisekedi
5162:Abdel Aziz
5076:Bouteflika
4921:Boumédiène
4600:Kais Saied
4534:Presidents
4489:1994–1995
4451:1987–2011
4397:1986–1987
4371:UN Website
4290:www.boe.es
4080:1 November
3988:MosaiqueFM
3844:14 October
3818:14 October
3609:30 January
3583:30 January
3573:Al Jazeera
3548:14 January
3508:15 January
3437:14 January
3359:31 January
3333:31 January
3279:31 January
3050:31 January
2781:14 October
2749:14 January
2704:14 October
2672:14 October
2646:1 November
2499:15 January
2469:15 January
2439:31 January
2339:31 January
1883:. London.
1688:References
1318:Al Jazeera
917:re-elected
399:Allegiance
363:Alma mater
284:Naïma Kefi
199:1936-09-03
6557:El Gharbi
6542:M'Dhaffar
6502:Chalghoum
6482:Ben Salem
6326:Timelines
6258:civil war
6159:2011–2012
5341:Palestine
5212:Ghazouani
5207:Assoumani
5192:Ramaphosa
5142:Mutharika
5091:Mwanawasa
5036:Babangida
4961:Ramgoolam
4941:Hassan II
4049:France 24
3629:Euro News
3543:1539-7459
3137:154822868
2543:0362-4331
1749:0362-4331
1605:Palestine
1447:Argentina
1343:is being
1261:extradite
1025:Diplomacy
925:observers
722:integrism
712:In 1999,
478:romanized
440:1958–1980
382:Full name
150:President
141:In office
127:(interim)
78:In office
6587:Ouederni
6497:Malouche
6472:El Basti
6452:Ben Dhia
6393:Category
6141:Portugal
6116:Maldives
5973:UAE Five
5918:Tunisia:
5813:Morocco:
5653:Bahrain:
5638:Algeria:
5595:Al-Islah
5557:Tunisia:
5390:Al Wefaq
5387:Bahrain:
5291:Djibouti
5117:Obasanjo
5112:Chissano
5071:Compaoré
5031:Museveni
4996:Mengistu
4911:Selassie
4891:Selassie
4873:and the
4294:Archived
4264:Archived
4234:Archived
4204:Archived
4189:(French)
4183:Archived
4126:Archived
4100:Archived
4071:Archived
4022:Archived
4018:euronews
3992:Archived
3962:Archived
3932:Archived
3890:Newshour
3868:Archived
3864:Le Monde
3790:Archived
3764:Archived
3694:Archived
3664:Archived
3639:10 April
3603:Archived
3577:Archived
3502:Archived
3431:Archived
3400:Archived
3376:Archived
3327:Archived
3307:Archived
3252:Archived
3233:Archived
3214:Archived
3195:Archived
3172:Archived
3154:Archived
3100:Archived
3068:Archived
3041:Archived
3009:Archived
2977:Archived
2953:Archived
2935:Archived
2912:Archived
2893:Archived
2869:Archived
2848:Menassat
2841:Archived
2818:Archived
2799:Archived
2743:Archived
2722:Archived
2640:Archived
2553:27 April
2547:Archived
2493:Archived
2463:Archived
2430:Archived
2407:14 March
2377:14 March
2361:(2011).
2333:Archived
2309:Archived
2287:Archived
2229:Archived
2203:Archived
2182:Archived
2161:Archived
2133:Archived
2077:Archived
2048:Archived
2022:Archived
1993:Archived
1964:Archived
1937:Archived
1911:Archived
1885:Archived
1849:Archived
1753:Archived
1623:Portugal
1361:See also
1336:template
1234:Interpol
1167:Idi Amin
746:Politics
649:Maryland
563:Interpol
417:Service/
333:Children
6592:Jaidane
6537:Zenaidi
6527:Bououni
6512:Tekkari
6507:Morjane
6457:Mansour
6437:cabinet
6335:Bahrain
6280:Tunisia
6245:Bahrain
6155:Turkey
6125:Mexico
6066:Belarus
6046:Armenia
6041:Albania
5748:Jordan:
5605:Houthis
5565:Ennahda
5361:Tunisia
5331:Morocco
5316:Lebanon
5286:Bahrain
5281:Algeria
5137:Gaddafi
5132:Kikwete
5122:Nguesso
5086:Chiluba
5081:Eyadéma
5051:Ben Ali
5046:Mubarak
5026:Mubarak
5011:Nguesso
5001:Nyerere
4986:Stevens
4981:Senghor
4976:Tolbert
4971:Nimeiry
4901:Nkrumah
4675:Tunisia
4538:Tunisia
4164:1 April
4132:1 April
4106:1 April
3796:20 June
3478:4 April
3406:6 March
1917:20 June
1641:Romania
1587:Morocco
1465:Austria
1114:s 2010
960:Economy
867:At the
836:in 1997
816:in 1988
661:Morocco
501:Ben Ali
480::
411:Tunisia
348:Nesrine
326:
318:
304:
292:
288:
273:Spouses
6602:Tekaya
6597:Baccar
6572:Zouari
6552:Hadhri
6547:Omrane
6517:Chelbi
6492:Hamada
6487:Agrebi
6477:Jouini
6467:Labidi
6305:Libya
6254:Libya
6202:65/265
6146:Russia
6111:Israel
6085:India
6081:Greece
6028:Impact
5980:Yemen:
5868:Syria:
5853:Sudan:
5768:Libya:
5678:Egypt:
5615:Hiraak
5600:Hashid
5587:Yemen:
5502:Syria:
5490:CDHRAP
5457:Libya:
5410:Kefaya
5402:Egypt:
5380:Groups
5311:Kuwait
5306:Jordan
5182:Kagame
5167:Mugabe
5147:Obiang
5127:Kufuor
5066:Mugabe
5021:Traoré
5016:Kaunda
4936:Daddah
4931:Kaunda
4926:Ahidjo
4916:Mobutu
4906:Ankrah
4896:Nasser
4778:(2020)
4742:(2011)
4718:(1987)
4463:Acting
4323:C-SPAN
3908:Forbes
3541:
3135:
3018:7 July
2986:7 July
2615:14 May
2583:
2541:
2269:13 May
2260:
1787:
1747:
1674:
1656:
1647:(2003)
1638:
1629:(1995)
1620:
1611:(1996)
1602:
1593:(1987)
1584:
1569:Monaco
1566:
1557:(2005)
1548:
1534:
1525:(1996)
1516:
1507:(1989)
1501:France
1498:
1489:(1990)
1480:
1471:(2003)
1462:
1453:(1997)
1444:
1355:Medina
1326:Jeddah
1275:Family
1263:them.
1245:tried
1211:, the
1194:French
1171:Uganda
1159:Jeddah
1101:, and
668:Poland
621:Sousse
589:Jeddah
505:Ezzine
469:Arabic
428:
419:branch
408:
351:Halima
345:Cyrine
342:Dorsaf
339:Ghazwa
246:Medina
227:Jeddah
6607:Jomaa
6582:Slama
6577:Chihi
6567:Ourak
6562:Tleti
6532:Grira
6462:Ammar
6375:Egypt
6370:Libya
6365:Yemen
6360:Yemen
6355:Syria
6345:Libya
6340:Egypt
6316:Syria
6301:Egypt
6285:Yemen
6275:Syria
6250:Egypt
6151:Spain
6076:China
5371:Yemen
5356:Syria
5351:Sudan
5321:Libya
5296:Egypt
5177:Condé
5107:Mbeki
5056:Meles
5041:Diouf
5006:Diouf
4966:Bongo
4951:Barre
4946:Gowon
4424:1987
4158:(PDF)
4151:(PDF)
4074:(PDF)
4067:(PDF)
3472:(PDF)
3457:(PDF)
3133:S2CID
3098:2009
3044:(PDF)
3037:(PDF)
3012:(PDF)
3005:(PDF)
2980:(PDF)
2973:(PDF)
2775:(PDF)
2768:(PDF)
2698:(PDF)
2691:(PDF)
2433:(PDF)
2426:(PDF)
1820:2 May
1759:2 May
1677:Spain
1551:Malta
1537:Libya
1519:Japan
1483:Egypt
1334:‹The
1112:'
946:Tunis
718:SISMI
653:Texas
320:(
316:
294:(
290:
6227:2016
6222:2014
6217:2009
6212:1973
6207:1970
6164:2013
6134:2012
6129:2011
6121:Mali
6101:Iran
6094:2012
6089:2011
6059:2013
6054:2011
5336:Oman
5301:Iraq
5202:Sall
5187:Sisi
5172:Déby
5152:Boni
5061:Biya
4956:Amin
4829:List
4679:List
4629:List
4542:List
4302:2019
4272:2019
4242:2019
4212:2022
4166:2018
4134:2018
4108:2018
4082:2012
4030:2019
4000:2019
3970:2019
3958:CNBC
3940:2019
3876:2011
3846:2010
3820:2010
3798:2018
3772:2017
3702:2020
3672:2019
3641:2011
3611:2011
3585:2011
3550:2011
3539:ISSN
3510:2011
3480:2013
3465:1574
3439:2022
3408:2023
3361:2013
3335:2013
3281:2013
3052:2013
3020:2021
2988:2021
2877:2019
2783:2010
2751:2011
2706:2010
2674:2010
2648:2020
2617:2015
2581:ISBN
2555:2023
2539:ISSN
2501:2011
2471:2011
2441:2013
2409:2011
2379:2011
2341:2013
2271:2015
2258:ISBN
2237:2017
2211:2017
2141:2017
2114:2017
2085:2017
2056:2020
2030:2017
2001:2017
1972:2017
1945:2017
1919:2018
1893:2016
1857:2020
1822:2010
1785:ISBN
1761:2010
1745:ISSN
1717:2017
1059:and
1057:Arab
891:2004
876:1999
585:Sfax
569:and
445:Rank
300:div.
216:Died
193:Born
5419:FJP
4991:Moi
4673:of
4536:of
4321:on
3498:BBC
3125:doi
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