609:. This school incorporated both male and female students, who were very popular amongst the aristocracy of the time. According to Ibn Hayyan, Ziryab developed various tests for them. If a student didn't have a large vocal capacity, for instance, he would put pieces of wood in their jaw to force them to hold their mouth open. Or he would tie a sash tightly around the waist to make them breathe in a particular way, and he would test incoming students by having them sing as loudly and as long a note as they possibly could to see whether they had lung capacity.
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According to the main source, Ibn Hayyan, Ziryab had eight sons and two daughters. Five of the sons and both daughters became musicians of some prominence. These children kept their father's music school alive, but the female slave singers he trained also were regarded as reliable sources for his
1258:
Kitab nafh al-tib min ghousn al-Andalous al-ratib wa dzikr waziriha Lisan al-Din ibn al-Khatib, histoire politique et littéraire de l'Espagne, par Ahmad ibn
Mohammad al-Makkari al-Maliki al-Maghribi al-Ashʿari, dont la première partie traite de la géographie et de l'histoire de l'Espagne, et la
781:, establishing it as a major cultural center of its time. He introduced various innovations in clothing, styles, foods, hygiene products, and music, which had a lasting impact on Andalusian culture. His contributions to music were particularly notable, laying the early groundwork for classical
668:
trends. Royalty used to wash their hair with rose water, but Ziryab introduced the use of salt and fragrant oils to improve the hair's condition. He is alleged by some to have opened beauty parlors for women of the
Cordoban elite. However, this is not supported by the early sources.
659:
court wore their long hair parted in the middle and hung down loose down to the shoulders. Ziryab had his hair cut with bangs down to his eyebrows and straight across his forehead, "new short hairstyles leaving the neck, ears and eyebrows free,". He popularized
960:(...) in the career of Abū al-Ḥassan ʿAlī ibn Nafayni (known as Ziryāb), a 9th-c. ce Iranian polymath who, arriving in Córdoba, used the prestige of his origins to set the court fashions in poetry, music, and manners in accordance with those of Baghdad.
506:
In
Cordoba, he was celebrated as the court's aficionado of food, fashion, singing, and music. He introduced standards of excellence in all these fields as well as setting new norms for elegant and noble manners. He established a
398:
There are conflicting accounts of why Ziryab left the court. He may have had a falling out with
Ziyadat Allah by offending him or some powerful figure with his musical talent. One account recorded by
409:(d. 809), with the result that al-Mawsili told him to leave the city. Earlier, more reliable sources indicate that he outlived both Harun and his son al-Amin and left after al-Amin's death in 813.
432:, renewed his father's invitation. He was an intimate companion of the prince. Abd al-Rahman II was a great patron of the arts and Ziryab was given a great deal of freedom. Ziryab settled in
640:
He created a deodorant to get rid of bad odors, promoted morning and evening baths, and emphasized the maintenance of personal hygiene. Ziryab is thought to have invented an early
594:, Ziryab appears to have popularized an early song-sequence, which may have been a precursor to the nawba (originally simply a performer's "turn" to perform for the prince), or
1598:
1535:
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today to Ziryab, but argues that "Without a doubt, a lone man could not achieve this transformation. It is rather a development which shook the Muslim world in general..."
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Please remove or replace such wording and instead of making proclamations about a subject's importance, use facts and attribution to demonstrate that importance.
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575:) by adding a fifth pair of strings, and using an eagle's beak or quill instead of a wooden pick. Ziryab also dyed the four strings a color to symbolize the
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Ziryab started a vogue by changing clothes according to the weather and season. He suggested different clothing for mornings, afternoons and evenings.
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Ziryab was a "major trendsetter of his time" creating trends in fashion, hairstyles, and hygiene. His students took these trends with them throughout
363:
Ziryab was trained in the art of music from a young age. During that time, Baghdad was an important center of music in the Muslim world. The musician
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491:
soon became well-known centers for music within the
Islamic world. During the 8th and 9th centuries, many musicians and artists from across the
893:
503:(Fragrant Breeze): "There never was, either before or after him (Ziryab), a man of his profession who was more generally beloved and admired".
1284:
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545:, in common with erudite men of his time he was well versed in many areas of classical study such as astronomy, history, and geography.
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456:, 'Ali Ibn Nafi' was called Blackbird because of his dark complexion, the clarity of his voice, and "the sweetness of his character."
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648:. The exact ingredients of this toothpaste are unknown, but it was reported to have been both "functional and pleasant to taste".
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as a container for drinks, which was more effective than metal. This claim is supported by accounts of him cutting large crystal
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2012:
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He is said to have created a unique and influential style of musical performance, and written songs that were performed in
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Modernism had been brought from the court of Harun ar-Rashid by Ziryab, the
Persian singer who became an arbiter ...
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1947:
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Terrasse, H. (1958) 'Islam d'Espagne' une rencontre de l'Orient et de l'Occident", Librairie Plon, Paris, pp. 52–53.
910:
The most influential courtier was the musician Ziryab, a
Persian, who had held high position in the court at Baghdad
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that trained singers and musicians and which influenced musical performance for at least two generations after him.
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598:, which is known today as the classical Arabic music of North Africa, though the connections are tenuous at best.
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813 CE: Ziryab left
Baghdad during the reign of al-Ma'mun some time after the year 813. He then traveled first to
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689:, and dessert. Prior to his time, food was served plainly on platters on bare tables, as was the case with the
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487:, who had their own styles of music. Muslims and Arabs introduced new styles of music, and the main cities of
344:. His ethnic origin is unclear. Based on his appearance and background, different sources suggest him to be a
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As the
Islamic armies conquered more and more territories, their musical culture spread with them, as far as
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Ziryab was a gifted pupil of
Ibrahim al-Mawsili in Baghdad, where Ziryab got his beginner lessons. He left
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681:. He insisted that meals should be served on leathern tablecloths in three separate courses consisting of
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music. Ziryab's extensive contributions made him a prominent cultural figure in 8th and 9th century
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says that Ziryab inspired the jealousy of his mentor by giving an impressive performance for the
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texte, Ahmad ibn Mohammad al-Makkari al-Maliki al-Maghribi al-Ashʿari Auteur du (1765–1766).
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were a small minority for quite some time. Muslims were greatly outnumbered by the majority
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Ziryab "revolutionized the local cuisine" by introducing new fruit and vegetables such as
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Ziryab's students took the trends and inventions he started to North Africa and Europe.
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Susanne Utzt, Sahar Eslah, Martin Carazo Mendez, Christian Twente (30 October 2016).
1040:. Department of Culture and Tourism, Government of Sindh. pp. 31–32 – via
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Colors of Enchantment: Theater, Dance, Music, and the Visual Arts of the Middle East
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Menocal, María Rosa; Raymond P. Scheindlin; Michael Anthony Sells, eds. (2000),
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According to Al-Maqqari, before the arrival of Ziryab, men and women of
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Fixing a Misbegotten Biography: Ziryab in the Mediterranean World
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in the west. After their 8th-century conquest of nearly all of
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Rhythms of the Lower Indus: Perspectives on the Music of Sindh
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568:
180:
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seconde, de la biographie du vizir Lisan al-Din ibn al-Khatib
1244:, vol. 21, Al-Masaq: Islam in the Medieval Mediterranean
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humors, and the fifth string to represent the soul. Ziryab's
1369:] (Video documentary) (in German). Germany: Terra X via
1277:
1001 inventions & awesome facts from Muslim civilization
1279:. Washington, D.C.: National Geographic. 2012. p. 18.
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moved to Iberia. In reputation, Ziryab surpassed them all.
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and North Africa. Ziryab also became the example of how a
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in what is now Spain with a monthly salary of 200 gold
704:. He is also said to have popularized wine drinking.
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Titus Burckhardt, "Die Maurische Kultur in Spanien.
301:, where he was accepted as a court musician in the
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1524:Titus Burckhardt, "Die Maurische Kultur in Spanien
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940:Scheindlin, R. P.; Barletta, V. (24 August 2017).
583:musical style became very popular in the court of
191:, and teacher. He lived and worked in what is now
67:In the area of modern day Iraq, possibly Baghdad,
331:, he was born around 175 AH/790 into a family of
1165:, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press
946:The Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics
1184:Salma Khadra Jayyusi and Manuela Marin (1994),
1592:
777:Ziryab significantly influenced the court at
518:for generations. He was a great influence on
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242:
8:
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828:(4). Illustrated by Norman MacDonald: 24–33.
249:, pronounced "Zaryāb". He was also known as
1477:Chapter V, part 31, "The craft of singing."
1331:Lebling Jr., Robert W. (July–August 2003),
743:promotes the subject in a subjective manner
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1493:Kitab al-Aghani by Abu l-Faraj al-Isfahani
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948:(4 ed.). Princeton University Press.
924:Hispano-Arabic poetry: a student anthology
38:
20:
1481:Ta'rikh fath al-Andalus by Ibn al-Qutiyya
813:Robert W. Lebling Jr (July–August 2003).
765:Learn how and when to remove this message
1180:
1178:
1176:
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892:O'Callaghan, Joseph F. (15 April 2013).
554:repertoire in the following generation.
420:(ruled 796–822). He found on arrival in
2165:Musicians of the medieval Islamic world
1103:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.31002
848:. Oxford University Press. p. 81.
800:
522:, and is considered the founder of the
321:790 CE: Ziryab was most likely born in
237:His nickname, "Ziryab", comes from the
2150:Geographers from the Abbasid Caliphate
837:
835:
81:27 January 857 (aged 67–68)
2185:Cuisine of the medieval Islamic world
1161:Constable, Olivia Remie, ed. (1997),
1057:"Baghdad - music's fertile territory"
970:
968:
808:
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387:) in Kairouan, where he lived at the
7:
2160:Musicians from the Abbasid Caliphate
1541:African music pieces, by Elijah Wald
922:Monroe, James T. (30 January 2004).
716:Monument of Ziryab represented as a
567:Ziryab is said to have improved the
740:This section contains wording that
176:
44:An image of Ziryab playing the oud.
2135:9th-century people from al-Andalus
1011:American University in Cairo Press
745:without imparting real information
644:, which he popularized throughout
14:
2190:Slaves from the Abbasid Caliphate
2180:Medieval Arabic-language singers
1394:Medieval Iberia: an encyclopedia
1055:Deboick, Sophia (7 March 2021).
879:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_sim_8172
731:
601:He established one of the first
271:. He first achieved fame at the
1552:The Cultural Icon of al-Andalus
664:the face among men and set new
978:Love Songs: The Hidden History
696:He also introduced the use of
448:Ziryab's career flourished in
1:
1505:Mughrib fi hula l-Maghrib by
1490:Ta'rikh Baghdad by Ibn Tayfur
845:Andalucia: A Cultural History
317:Historical context/early life
177:أبو الحسن علي ابن نافع, زریاب
168:
164:
78:
62:
16:9th-century musician and poet
1988:Abu al-Majd ibn Abi al-Hakam
1373:. Event occurs at 24:05 min
1222:, Cambridge University Press
1220:The Literature of Al-Andalus
1188:, p. 117, Brill Publishers,
1120:UK public library membership
898:. Cornell University Press.
869:H.G., Farmer; E., Neubauer.
1536:MuslimHeritage.com article.
1081:Neubauer, Eckhard (2001b).
981:. Oxford University Press.
944:. In Greene, Roland (ed.).
895:A History of Medieval Spain
483:and a smaller community of
412:822 CE: He was invited to
2211:
1773:Yunus al-Katib al-Mughanni
1496:Tawq al-hamama by Ibn Hazm
1367:Great peoples 2: The Arabs
1362:Große Völker 2: Die Araber
1186:The Legacy of Muslim Spain
1622:Persian traditional music
1612:
1607:Medieval Perso-Arab music
1560:The Language of the Heart
1464:al-Muqtabis by Ibn Hayyan
1438:The Language of the Heart
1396:. Routledge. p. 850.
1333:"Flight of the Blackbird"
1311:"Flight of the Blackbird"
1137:. KDP. pp. 234–237.
1135:The Language of the Heart
815:"Flight of the Blackbird"
243:
146:Abu l-Hasan 'Ali Ibn Nafi
139:
59:Abu l-Hasan 'Ali Ibn Nafi
37:
30:
2082:Kitab al-Musiqa al-Kabir
2033:Abu al-Faraj al-Isfahani
290:during the reign of the
1554:at Lost Islamic History
1546:Flight of the Blackbird
1499:Jawdhat al-Muqtabis by
1428:Robert W. Lebling Jr.,
1426:Flight of the Blackbird
1392:Gerli, Michael (2003).
1309:Robert W., Lebling Jr.
1095:Oxford University Press
942:"Al-Andalus, Poetry of"
428:had died, but his son,
416:by the Umayyad prince,
259:. He was active at the
2195:Slaves from al-Andalus
2048:Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi
1558:Epstein, Joel (2019).
1521:Article at Fravahr.org
1461:Encyclopaedia of Islam
1436:Epstein, Joel (2019).
1133:Epstein, Joel (2019).
1042:University of Michigan
724:
367:was Ziryab's teacher.
328:Encyclopaedia of Islam
251:
210:period. He was also a
2170:9th-century musicians
2145:9th-century travelers
2043:Safi al-Din al-Urmawi
1240:Davila, Carl (2009),
1034:Yusuf, Zohra (1988).
926:. Gorgias Press LLC.
715:
471:, which they renamed
33:أبو الحسن علي بن نافع
2140:History of chemistry
1958:Sarirah al-Ra’iqiyya
1868:Ibrahim ibn al-Mahdi
1858:Ulayya bint al-Mahdi
1548:, Saudi Aramco World
1531:Newroz films article
1484:al-'Iqd al-farid by
214:, with knowledge in
975:Gioia, Ted (2015).
842:Gill, John (2008).
613:Fashion and hygiene
151:, better known as
2175:9th-century slaves
2099:Islamic Golden Age
2058:Abu Ahmad Monajjem
1953:Arib al-Ma'muniyya
1938:Inan bint Abdallah
1853:Ibrahim al-Mawsili
1430:Saudi Aramco World
1338:Saudi Aramco World
1315:Saudi Aramco World
1090:Grove Music Online
822:Saudi Aramco World
725:
365:Ibrahim al-Mawsili
281:Ibrahim al-Mawsili
241:word for jay-bird
187:player, composer,
88:Emirate of Córdoba
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1996:
1995:
1966:
1965:
1831:
1830:
1803:Atika bint Shuhda
1716:
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1432:July/August 2003.
1286:978-1-4263-1258-8
1118:(subscription or
1112:978-1-56159-263-0
1020:978-977-424-607-4
988:978-0-19-935757-4
855:978-0-19-537610-4
775:
774:
767:
395:(ruled 816–837).
325:According to the
255:('blackbird') in
179:), was a singer,
143:
142:
69:Abbasid Caliphate
2202:
1968:
1948:Faḍl al-Shāʻirah
1909:
1888:Allawayh al-Asar
1883:Ishaq al-Mawsili
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1410:1992, pp. 43-45.
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603:schools of music
585:Abd al-Rahman II
524:Andalusian music
463:in the east and
430:Abd ar-Rahman II
307:Abd ar-Rahman II
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1486:Ibn 'Abd Rabbih
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509:school of music
452:. According to
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407:Harun al-Rashid
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311:Umayyad Dynasty
234:, and fashion.
197:Northern Africa
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269:Islamic Iberia
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1783:Malik al-Ta'i
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1738:Sa'ib Khathir
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1437:
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224:meteorology
203:during the
2130:857 deaths
2119:Categories
2001:Theorists
1778:Ibn Muhriz
1763:Ibn Surayj
1743:Ibn Misjaḥ
1639:Achaemenid
1617:Arab music
1501:Al-Humaydī
1417:References
1377:13 January
1345:28 January
1093:. Oxford:
653:al-Andalus
642:toothpaste
631:the Orient
592:al-Tifashi
543:Ibn Hayyan
497:Al-Maqqari
481:Christians
473:Al-Andalus
454:Ibn Hayyan
450:Al-Andalus
444:Reputation
426:Al-Hakam I
422:Al-Andalus
418:Al-Hakam I
414:Al-Andalus
400:al-Maqqari
121:astronomer
102:geographer
94:Occupation
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1748:al-Gharid
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263:court of
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216:astronomy
201:Andalusia
129:etiquette
2053:Ibn Kurr
2038:Avempace
2028:Avicenna
2008:Al-Kindi
1983:Avempace
1943:Shāriyah
1928:Mahbubah
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212:polymath
205:medieval
114:musician
98:linguist
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1698:Bamshad
1631:Origins
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666:haircut
662:shaving
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607:Córdoba
477:Muslims
434:Córdoba
385:Tunisia
358:African
346:Persian
337:of the
323:Baghdad
309:of the
299:Córdoba
288:Baghdad
277:Baghdad
273:Abbasid
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261:Umayyad
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135:advisor
133:fashion
110:chemist
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31:"زرياب"
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
