794:
38:
654:
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408:
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507:), starting with the Warring States and going down to the Five Dynasties, drawing on other books besides the Official Histories and taking in all that a ruler ought to know—matters which are related to the rise and fall of dynasties and connected with the joys and sorrows of the people, and of which the good can become a model and the evil a warning.
394:
regards it as reference quality: "It had an enormous influence on later
Chinese historical writing, either directly or through its many abbreviations, continuations, and adaptations. It remains an extraordinarily useful first reference for a quick and reliable coverage of events at a particular
500:
Since I was a child I have ranged through histories. It has appeared to me that in the annal-biography form the words are so diffuse and numerous that even an erudite scholar who reads them, again and again, cannot comprehend and sort them out. ... I have constantly wished to write a
641:'s annotated translation of the next ten chapters (70–79) covering up to 265 AD. There are also self-published translations into English of Chapters 1–8, covering the years 403–207 BC and some additional sections pertaining to the
527:
is a distillation from 322 disparate sources, the selection, drafting, and editing processes used in creating the work as well as potential political biases of Sima Guang, in particular, have been the subject of academic debate.
636:
has published annotated translations of chapters 54–59 and 59–69 under the titles "Emperor Huan and
Emperor Ling" and "To Establish Peace" respectively, covering 157–220 AD, building upon the publication of
1355:
1340:
399:
wrote ", and its numerous re-arrangements, abridgments, and continuations, were practically the only general histories with which most of the reading public of pre-Republican China were familiar."
1350:
357:(960–1127) that provides a record of Chinese history from 403 BC to 959 AD, covering 16 dynasties and spanning almost 1400 years. The main text is arranged into 294 scrolls (
1158:
Tillman, Hoyt (2004). "Textual
Liberties and Restraints in Rewriting China's Histories The Case of Ssu-ma Kuang's Re-construction of Chu-ko Liang's Story". In Lee, Thomas H.C. (ed.).
386:
of China, and granted him funding and the authority to appoint his own staff. His team took 19 years to complete the work and in 1084 it was presented to
Emperor Yingzong's successor
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1295:, University of Helsinki, 2005. 273 pages. 2.1 Introduction to the Sources on the Pre-dynastic Khitan (pp. 19–23) > The
1186:
Xiao-bin, Ji (2003). "Mirror for
Government: Ssu-ma Kuang's Thought on Politics and Government". In Lee, Thomas H.C. (ed.).
297:
153:
872:
can be literally translated as 'mirror', but here means something more like 'reflection', as in "reflections on oneself".
747:
1063:
Historiography and narrative construction of the Five
Dynasties Period (907-960) in the Zizhi tongjian and its sources
840:
835:
456:
Sima Guang departed from the format used in traditional
Chinese dynastic histories, consisting primarily of 'annals' (
768:
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580:(1777–1783) was published posthumously in Paris. The condensed Zizhi Tongjian Gangmu was also the main source for
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658:
383:
1112:
De
Crespigny, Rafe (1973). "Universal Histories". In Leslie, Donald D.; Mackerras, Colin; Gungwu, Wang (eds.).
387:
375:
390:. It was well-received and has proved to be immensely influential among both scholars and the general public.
1045:
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1201:(Doctoral dissertation). University of Helsinki, Faculty of Arts, Institute for Asian and African Studies.
429:, Qin, Han, Three Kingdoms, Jin and the Sixteen Kingdoms, Southern and Northern dynasties, Sui, Tang, and
325:
665:
The book consisted of 294 chapters, of which the following number describe each respective dynastic era:
596:
588:, a political history of China from antiquity to 906, published in 1929 by the French Jesuit missionary
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Histoire générale de la Chine, ou
Annales de cet Empire; traduit du Tong-kien-kang-mou par de Mailla
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519:), a Han history expert. In 1070 Emperor Shenzong approved Guang's request to add Fan Zuyu (
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205:
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1100:
813:
589:
561:
430:
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318:
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1195:
Xu, Elina-Qian (2005). "2.1 Introduction to the
Sources on the Pre-dynastic Khitan".
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Chan, Ming K. (1975). "The Historiography of the Tzu-chih t'ung-chien: A Survey".
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Zizhi tongjian: Warring States and Qin by Sima Guang Volume 1 to 8 - 403-207 BCE
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515:) and Zhao Junxi as his main assistants, but Zhao was soon replaced by Liu Ban (
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The only surviving eight chapters of the original manuscript are housed in the
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1171:(Revised and enlarged ed.). Cambridge: Harvard University Asia Center.
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chronological history roughly in accordance with the form of the Tso-chuan (
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over 294 scrolls, sweeping through many Chinese historical periods (
476:) of officials. Instead, Sima shifted from a 'biographical style' (
1250:. Translated by Yap, Joseph P. North Charleston, SC: CreateSpace.
1125:. Harvard-Yenching Institute Studies VI, Harvard University Press.
652:
406:
323:
1116:. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press. pp. 64–70.
433:), supplemented with two sections of 30 scrolls each—'tables' (
367:), each equivalent to a chapter—totaling around 3 million
1101:"Zizhi Tongjian ("Comprehensive Mirror to Aid in Government")"
1044:[Chinese Literature: Tongjian gangmu]. Archived from
302:
564:. This Manchu version was itself translated into French by
1065:(Doctoral dissertation). Ca' Foscari University of Venice.
278:
264:
250:
1228:
Wars With The Xiongnu, A Translation from Zizhi tongjian
1356:
History books about the Northern and Southern dynasties
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History books about the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms
1190:. Hong Kong: Chinese University Press. pp. 1–32.
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1198:Historical development of the pre-dynastic Khitan
1210:. Vol. 1. Taipei: Yuan-Liou Publishing Co.
550:. This version was itself later translated into
496:). Guang wrote in a memorandum to the Emperor:
27:1084 Chinese chronicle covering 403 BC – 959 AD
540:produced a reworked, condensed version of the
1351:History books about the Jin dynasty (266–420)
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382:(1019–1086), to lead a project to compile a
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1281:"Comprehensive Mirror to Aid in Government"
1134:. Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press.
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599:edition contains textual criticism made by
421:comprises a year-by-year narrative of the
353:(1084) is a chronicle published during the
170:"Comprehensive Mirror in Aid of Governance"
1266:'s textual research on the Warring States.
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1208:Modern Chinese Edition of Zizhi Tongjian
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1162:. Hong Kong: Chinese University Press.
570:Joseph-Anne-Marie de Moyriac de Mailla
523:), a Tang history expert. Because the
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1151:A History of Greek Fire and Gunpowder
511:Initially, Sima Guang hired Liu Shu (
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1371:History books about the Tang dynasty
1262:With annotations and translation of
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1361:History books about the Qin dynasty
1346:History books about the Han dynasty
1123:The Chronicle of the Three Kingdoms
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617:Comments After Reading the Tongjian
1153:. Cambridge: W. Heffer & Sons.
1149:Partington, James Riddick (1960).
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1222:The first of a set of 72 volumes.
1132:Science and Civilisation in China
42:Section from one of the original
1230:. Bloomington, IN: AuthorHouse.
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1107:(1st Chinese History ed.).
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466:) of rulers and 'biographies' (
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847:Records of the Grand Historian
661:Ancient Books Library, Beijing
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1167:Wilkinson, Endymion (2000).
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572:. His 12-volume translation
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841:History of the Song dynasty
836:Culture of the Song dynasty
687:(206 BC – 220 AD)
611:also wrote a commentary on
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378:commissioned his official,
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1331:11th-century history books
1326:11th-century Chinese books
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376:Emperor Yingzong of Song
140:Traditional Chinese
1381:Song dynasty literature
1246:Yap, Joseph P. (2016).
1226:Yap, Joseph P. (2009).
1121:Fang, Achilles (1952).
154:Simplified Chinese
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355:Northern Song dynasty
1188:Tzu-chih t'ung-chien
213:Tzŭ-chih t'ung-chien
1048:on October 11, 2007
557:Tung giyan g'ang mu
326:/t͡siɪ.ɖɨtʰuŋ.kˠam/
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1099:Chen, Guangchong.
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607:. The philosopher
584:Textes historiques
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392:Endymion Wilkinson
369:Chinese characters
1237:978-1-4490-0604-4
634:Rafe de Crespigny
384:universal history
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246:Yale Romanization
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1052:9 February
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1264:Yang Kuan
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880:Citations
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764:(936–947)
762:Later Jin
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615:, titled
483:jìzhuàntǐ
374:In 1065,
1092:40726165
1078:: 1–38.
1023:Yap 2009
1011:Yap 2016
786:See also
706:Liu Song
649:Contents
645:people.
613:Tongjian
403:The text
260:Jyutping
66:Language
1032:Sources
897:Xu 2005
643:Xiongnu
100:Scrolls
76:Subject
46:of the
44:scrolls
1299:, p.20
1254:
1234:
1214:
1175:
1138:
1090:
566:Jesuit
552:Manchu
538:Zhu Xi
298:Tâi-lô
61:et al.
55:Author
1088:JSTOR
854:Notes
720:Liang
473:zhuàn
450:kǎoyì
1252:ISBN
1232:ISBN
1212:ISBN
1173:ISBN
1136:ISBN
1054:2022
1041:通鑑綱目
741:Tang
727:Chen
671:Zhou
621:讀通鑑論
595:The
440:mùlù
364:juǎn
347:The
160:资治通鉴
146:資治通鑑
91:1084
1080:doi
734:Sui
699:Jin
692:Wei
685:Han
678:Qin
629:).
554:as
521:范祖禹
488:編年體
478:紀傳體
453:).
274:IPA
222:IPA
1317::
1283:—
1103:.
1086:.
1076:31
1074:.
931:^
916:^
887:^
713:Qi
623:;
592:.
517:劉攽
513:劉恕
504:左傳
490:;
480:;
470:;
463:jì
460:;
447:;
445:考異
437:;
435:目錄
371:.
361:;
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869:鑑
619:(
468:傳
458:紀
359:卷
20:)
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