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Ancient DNA is critical to the genetic analysis of animals remains. Whereas modern DNA has very long fragments in samples, ancient DNA has very short fragments, making it very easily contaminated. The extraction and sampling of ancient DNA requires highly specialized training, as well as intensive protocol to prevent it from being contaminated by modern DNA. The paper :Ancient DNA Analysis of the Oldest Canid
Species from the Siberian Arctic and Genetic Contribution to the Domestic Dog" by Lee et al. gives a description of claws and teeth were sampled for ancient DNA. In a facility specially designed for ancient DNA extraction, with the use of personal protective equipment and regular bleaching of surfaces and tools, the claws and teeth were wiped with bleach to destroy all modern DNA on the surface, and were then drilled into a powder. The DNA fragments were extracted from the bone powder using an ancient DNA extraction protocol. After using several processes to replicate the DNA fragments and verify the results (
279:, which can often be subject to interpretation. While more specific identification is preferable, it is better to be less specific in the identification rather than identify a specimen incorrectly. When examining animal remains, it is common that there are bones that are too small or too damaged to be able to accurately identify it. Archaeological context can be used to help with assumptions about species identification. Skeletal classification is the other half of properly identifying animal remains. Zoological osteology is useful to zooarchaeology because certain morphological aspects of a bone are associated with particular periods of growth, which can help narrow down the age the specimen was at death. The analysis of teeth require a slightly different approach than bone, but retain the same level of importance when it comes to analysis. The wear pattern and tooth
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405:, dogs were found buried with children under eight years old or were found buried by themselves. Some of the dogs who were buried alone have grave goods similar to their human contemporaries such as flint weapons and deer antlers. Meanwhile, during the same time period Skateholm II emerged and was very different from Skateholm I, as dogs were buried along on the North and West boundaries of the grave area. Another burial site in Siberia near
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54:, to derive insights into historical human-animal interactions and environmental conditions. While bones and shells tend to be relatively more preserved in archaeological contexts, the survival of faunal remains is generally infrequent. The degradation or fragmentation of faunal remains presents challenges in the accurate analysis and interpretation of data.
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178:. Archaeologists may have to sort through and identify the species and body region of faunal remains. The types of fauna that leave behind these remains will depend on where the archaeological site is located. These animals can be domesticated or wild, and sometimes they find both types of remains at sites.
244:. Distinguishing different types of damage to animal bones is a tedious and complex process that requires background in multiple scientific fields. Some of the physical damage on bones can be seen with the naked eye, but a lens with 10x magnification and good lighting is necessary for seeing most damage.
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example, one of the questions that wildlife preservationists ask is whether they should keep animals facing extinction in several smaller areas, or in one larger area. Based on zooarchaeological evidence, they found that animals that are split up into several smaller areas are more likely to go extinct.
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where ten horses were buried alongside a human male, the horses were fully adorned with saddles, pendants, among other valuables. The oldest horse as also the horse with the grandest attachments. Erica Hill, a professor in archaeology, suggests that the burials of prehistory animals can shed light on
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starting around the 1860s, the second being the
Systematization period beginning in the early 1950s, and lastly the Integration period which began about 1969. Full-time zooarchaeologists came to be during the Systematization period. Prior to the Systemization period, it was just a technique that was
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environments. Faunal remains with cut marks, teeth marks, burns, or butchering can signify human interaction which can be important to archaeological data. Sometimes these analyses can be difficult due to decomposition and weathering, which can cause damage to the remains. Not only do faunal remains
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is an important tool used by zooarchaeologists. Genetic history of an animal can give information on population movement over time and environmental adaptations necessary to live in an area. It can also give context to how animals may or may not have been domesticated over time by a group of people.
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provides information about a species diet and age; the enamel also has biochemical remains of what the animal ate. While animal remains can include more than just bones and teeth, the nature of things like hair and muscle cause it to deteriorate quickly after death, leaving the skeleton behind; this
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Another important aspect of zooarchaeology is its application to the migration patterns of humans. In areas where people are either closely tied to animal as companions or regularly follow the migrations of herds, the data collected from these animals can help give context to human movement as well.
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from being a food source to playing a more intimate role in society. Animals have been used in non-economical ways such as being part of a human burial. However, the majority of zooarchaeology has focused on who was eating what by looking at various remains such as bones, teeth, and fish scales. In
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In addition to helping us understand the past, zooarchaeology can also help us to improve the present and the future. Studying how people dealt with animals, and their effects can help avoid many potential ecological problems. This specifically includes problems involving wildlife management. For
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known as the "Lokomotiv" cemetery had a wolf burial among human graves. Buried together with, but slightly beneath the wolf was a male human skull. The wolf breed was not native to this area as it was warm and other research for the area shows no other wolf habitation. Bazaliiskiy and
Savelyev
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Faunal remains are parts of animals that have been left in the material record, which archaeologists study. These remains are important to the record because they can show cultural practices, such as what food they were eating, based on the remains left behind. Zooarcheologists can find out
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is why most of zooarchaeology revolves around skeletal morphology. Laboratory analysis can include comparing the skeletons found on site with previously identified lab specimens. This not only helps to identify what the animal is, but also whether the animal was domesticated or not.
199:. Techniques used in the study of taphonomy include researching how items are buried and deposited at an archaeological site, what the conditions are that aid in the preservation of these items, and how these items get destroyed, all a part of what is referred to by archaeologist
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on a bone can suggest that it was processed by humans for its marrow, minerals, and nutrients. Other human processes that affect bones include burning and damage from archaeological excavations. Non-human damage to bones includes interspecies damage, damage from
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Some common faunal remains found at sites include, as stated above, bones, shells, hair, chitin, scales, hides, proteins and DNA. These are often found in piles of waste left behind. This means zooarchaeology is part of the general study of waste or
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the twenty-first century researchers have begun to interpret animals in prehistory in wider cultural and social patterns, focusing on how the animals have affected humans and possible animal agency. There is evidence of animals such as the
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analysis (Zooarchaeology by Mass
Spectrometry), the animal species behind a bone fragment or bone artifact can be determined even when no morphological traits survive. The method makes use of interspecies differences in the structure of
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help reconstruct environments from the past they can show other cultural practices as well. These remains are not always from food, but can be found in jewelry, tools, spiritual practices, and more. This information can show the
260:, and studies of archaeological context. The ability to identify a piece of bone requires knowing what element (bone in the body) it is, and to what animal the bone belongs. The latter is referred to as
42:, focusing on the analysis of animal remains within archaeological sites. This field, managed by specialists known as zooarchaeologists or faunal analysts, examines remnants such as bones, shells, hair,
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One important aspect of zooarchaeology is using morphological and genetic evidence to answer questions zooarchaeologists have about the relationship between animals and humans. These questions include:
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Characterized by its interdisciplinary nature, zooarchaeology bridges the studies of ancient human societies and the animal kingdom. Practitioners, from various scientific backgrounds including
69:, aim primarily to identify and understand human interactions with animals and their environments. Through the analysis of faunal remains, zooarchaeologists can gain insight into past diets,
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Acosta, Guillermo; Beramendi, Laura E; González, Gali; Rivera, Iran; Eudave, Itzel; Hernández, Elisa; Sánchez, SerafĂn; Morales, Pedro; Cienfuegos, Edith; Otero, Francisco (2018).
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337:. They make interpretations based on the number and size of the faunal remains. These interpretations include how important different animals might have been to the diet.
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272:) is used because it allows archaeologists to identify and show the genetic and morphological relationships between species. These relationships are based on
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How do modern animals compare to animals of the past, and how does this give context to human populations who interacted/still interact with those animals?
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Lee, Esther J.; Merriwether, D. Andrew; Kasparov, Alexei K.; Nikolskiy, Pavel A.; Sotnikova, Marina V.; Pavlova, Elena Yu; Pitulko, Vladimir V. (2015).
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practices, tool usage, and ritualistic behaviors, thus contributing to a comprehensive view of human-environment interactions and the sub-field of
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Such analyses provide the basis by which further interpretations can be made. Topics that have been addressed by zooarchaeologists include:
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can explain how and why bones were damaged. One source of damage to animal bones is humans. Cut marks on animal bones provide evidence for
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suggests that the presence and significance of the wolf could possibly reflect human interaction. Another example occurred in 300 B.C. in
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Identification is integral to the archaeological analysis of animal remains. Identification of animal remains requires a combination of
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The development of zooarchaeology in eastern North
America can be broken up into three different periods. The first being the
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Steele, Teresa (2015). "The contributions of animal bones from archaeological sites: the past and future of zooarchaeology".
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Orton, David C. (2011). "Anthropological
Approaches to Zooarchaeology: Colonialism, Complexity and Animal Transformations".
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699:) as a leporid remains accumulator: taphonomic analysis of modern rabbit remains recovered from nests of this predator".
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1163:"Ancient DNA Analysis of the Oldest Canid Species from the Siberian Arctic and Genetic Contribution to the Domestic Dog"
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Meadow, Richard H. (January 1983). ""BA" Guide to
Artifacts: The Study of Faunal Remains from Archaeological Sites".
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Carpet exemplifying the image of a
Pazyryk horseman in 300 B.C. The Pazyryk were known as superb horseman please see
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Kaestle, Frederika A.; Horsburgh, K. Ann (2002). "Ancient DNA in
Anthropology: Methods, Applications, and Ethics".
886:"Faunal Remains As Markers Of Ethnic Identity: The Philadelphia House As A Case Study Of German-American Ethnicity"
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Bazaliiskiy; Savelyev (2003). "The Wolf of Baikal: The "Lokomotiv" Early
Neolithic Cemetery in Siberia (Russia)".
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civilizations interacted with the animals in their environment. This information can be used to help reconstruct
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207:. One important aspect of taphonomy is assessing how a specimen became damaged; understanding the taphonomy of a
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nomenclature, which includes varying degrees of specificity in regards to the species. Linnaean nomenclature (
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Studying animal remains can also give context to other remains and artifacts found in association with them.
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Zooarchaeological specialists started to come about partly because of a new approach to archaeology known as
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Lyman, R. L. (1996). "Applied Zooarchaeology: The Relevance of Faunal Analysis to Wildlife Management".
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information like the species the animal is, the age the animal was when it died, and what its sex was.
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Hill, Erica (2013). "Archaeology and Animal Persons: Toward a Prehistory of Human-Animal Relations".
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A reference collection of shinbones (Tibia) of different animal species helps determining old bones.
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Who were the ones to obtain the food, and did the availability of that food depend on age or gender?
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Landon, David B. (2005). "Zooarchaeology and Historical Archaeology: Progress and Prospects".
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How was culture, such as technologies and behavior, influenced by and associated with diet?
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Zooarchaeology overlaps significantly with other areas of study. These include:
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How can faunal remains identify social differences such as class or ethnicity?
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being used for ritualistic purposes, but not being eaten as a food source.
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L. Lloveras; M. Moreno-GarcĂa; J. Nadal (September 2009). "The eagle owl (
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Multiple zooarchaeological datasets and media published in Open Context.
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What was the diet like, and in what ways were the animals used for food?
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Thomas, Kenneth D. (1996). "Zooarchaeology: Past, Present and Future".
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Animal burials date back to prehistory with examples emerging from the
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Analyses of faunal remains are important to show how prehistoric and
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Which animals were eaten, in what amounts, and with what other foods?
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One of the issues to which zooarchaeologists pay close attention is
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began to specialize in zooarchaeology, and their numbers increased.
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located in the area of analyses, as well as cultural significance.
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2015:
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1437:. Cambridge Manuals in Archaeology. Cambridge University Press.
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Human-animal relationships and interactions were diverse during
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353:, other findings alongside the horses can be explored in
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Zooarchaeology and Field Ecology: A Photographic Atlas
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What purposes, other than food, were animals used for?
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Conservation and restoration of archaeological sites
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1464:ArchéoZoo: collaborative website of archaeozoology
1268:"Zooarchaeology | Reading Ancient Animal Remains"
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671:"Zooarchaeology | Reading Ancient Animal Remains"
629:"Zooarchaeology | Reading Ancient Animal Remains"
1433:Reitz, Elizabeth J.; Wing, Elizabeth S. (2008).
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1459:International Council for Archaeozoology (ICAZ)
333:Yet another technique zooarchaeologists use is
153:How have humans domesticated animals over time?
215:. Fractures, such as by percussion impact and
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150:How have human populations changed over time?
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657:Archaeology: The Science of the Human Past
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23:Illustration of an Egyptian mummy of a dog
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1372:BoletĂn de la Sociedad GeolĂłgica Mexicana
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701:International Journal of Osteoarchaeology
1011:Broughton, Jack; Miller, Shawn (2016).
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431:Poster of the Zooarchaeology forum in
147:How did hunter-gatherers collect food?
90:applied but not specifically studied.
1470:OpenContext.org (Zooarchaeology data)
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851:Journal of Archaeological Science
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1881:Mammalian anatomy and morphology
1414:Cambridge Archaeological Journal
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1395:The Archaeology of Animal Bones
1272:zooarch.illinoisstatemuseum.org
1103:from the original on 2022-03-02
675:zooarch.illinoisstatemuseum.org
633:zooarch.illinoisstatemuseum.org
1435:Zooarchaeology, Second Edition
144:What was the environment like?
1:
1145:10.1080/00438243.1996.9980334
884:Muñoz, Jennifer (Fall 2011).
817:10.1080/00438243.1996.9980327
16:Archaeological sub-discipline
2346:electrical resistance survey
1188:10.1371/journal.pone.0125759
659:. Pearson. pp. 248–264.
419:human-animal relationships.
1015:. University of Utah Press.
655:Yohe II, Robert M. (2006).
248:Identification and taxonomy
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2235:Johann Joachim Winckelmann
1033:The Biblical Archaeologist
34:merges the disciplines of
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2316:Philosophy of archaeology
2157:
1513:
1426:10.1017/S0959774311000345
1312:10.1017/S0003598X00061317
890:scholarworks.calstate.edu
871:10.1016/j.jas.2015.02.036
767:10.1007/s10816-005-2395-7
75:environmental archaeology
1393:O'Connor, Terry (2013).
1385:10.18268/BSGM2018v70n1a1
1251:10.3167/ares.2013.040108
563:and environmental change
341:Examples from prehistory
1594:Biological anthropology
1239:Environment and Society
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205:behavioral archaeology
201:Michael Brian Schiffer
118:
95:processual archaeology
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2326:Archaeological ethics
2321:Archaeological diving
2311:Archaeological theory
2123:Alfred Russel Wallace
2033:Water vascular system
1397:. The History Press.
430:
348:
115:Dutch Heritage Agency
112:
46:, scales, hides, and
22:
2265:Augustus Pitt Rivers
2260:William Henry Holmes
2225:Archaeological sites
1984:Cellular respiration
517:Wider areas of study
445:Agricultural science
2255:John Lloyd Stephens
2245:Heinrich Schliemann
2149:Timeline of zoology
2078:Karl Ernst von Baer
1979:Respiratory pigment
1854:Mineralized tissues
1179:2015PLoSO..1025759L
863:2015JArSc..56..168S
306:gel electrophoresis
2779:History portal
2341:geophysical survey
1964:Respiratory system
1952:General physiology
1849:Connective tissues
931:10.1002/ajpa.10179
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2687:Pseudoarchaeology
2304:Method and theory
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2051:Insect physiology
1944:Animal physiology
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1930:Insect morphology
1861:Molecular anatomy
1834:Epithelial tissue
1812:Animal morphology
1133:World Archaeology
1094:msarchaeology.org
805:World Archaeology
537:Cultural exchange
270:Linnaean taxonomy
209:faunal assemblage
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2612:Archaeoastronomy
2579:Paleoethnobotany
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2290:Alfred V. Kidder
2275:Mortimer Wheeler
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1087:"Zooarchaeology"
1085:Jenkins, Cliff.
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527:Animal husbandry
293:Genetic analysis
288:Genetic analysis
236:, environmental
87:Formative period
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2373:Post-excavation
2368:Lithic analysis
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2270:Flinders Petrie
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2056:Fish physiology
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1991:Vascular system
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1839:Muscular tissue
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1788:Platyhelminthes
1763:Xenacoelomorpha
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1567:Lepidopterology
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1331:Further reading
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1266:
1265:
1258:
1236:
1235:
1214:
1173:(5): e0125759.
1160:
1159:
1152:
1130:
1129:
1116:
1106:
1104:
1100:
1089:
1084:
1083:
1076:
1045:10.2307/3209691
1030:
1029:
1020:
1010:
1009:
946:
916:
915:
904:
894:
892:
883:
882:
878:
848:
847:
832:
802:
801:
782:
752:
751:
728:
694:
693:
689:
679:
677:
669:
668:
664:
654:
653:
646:
637:
635:
627:
626:
622:
617:
612:
572:Food processing
519:
514:
425:
416:Pazyryk burials
401:at the site of
379:hunter-gatherer
355:Pazyryk burials
351:Pazyryk culture
343:
331:
314:
290:
250:
217:spiral fracture
193:
188:
167:
107:
83:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2823:
2821:
2813:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2800:Zooarchaeology
2792:
2791:
2785:
2784:
2782:
2781:
2769:
2758:
2755:
2754:
2752:
2751:
2746:
2745:
2744:
2742:Assyriologists
2739:
2732:Archaeologists
2729:
2724:
2723:
2722:
2713:
2711:
2707:
2706:
2703:
2702:
2700:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2608:
2606:
2602:
2601:
2599:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2587:
2586:
2584:Zooarchaeology
2581:
2576:
2574:Geoarchaeology
2566:
2565:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2544:
2539:
2538:
2537:
2535:Paleopathology
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2510:Bioarchaeology
2507:
2501:
2499:
2498:Methodological
2495:
2494:
2492:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2445:
2443:
2439:
2438:
2436:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2394:
2392:
2385:
2379:
2378:
2376:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2354:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2307:
2305:
2301:
2300:
2298:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2280:Dorothy Garrod
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2230:Antiquarianism
2227:
2221:
2219:
2213:
2212:
2207:
2205:
2204:
2197:
2190:
2182:
2173:
2172:
2170:
2169:
2158:
2155:
2154:
2152:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2135:
2133:
2129:
2128:
2126:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2088:Charles Darwin
2085:
2083:Georges Cuvier
2080:
2074:
2072:
2066:
2065:
2062:
2061:
2059:
2058:
2053:
2047:
2045:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2037:
2036:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2024:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2003:
1998:
1988:
1987:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1955:
1953:
1946:
1940:
1939:
1936:
1935:
1933:
1932:
1927:
1925:Spider anatomy
1922:
1921:
1920:
1910:
1905:
1904:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1877:
1875:
1873:and morphology
1867:
1866:
1864:
1863:
1858:
1857:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1844:Nervous tissue
1841:
1836:
1825:
1823:
1814:
1808:Animal anatomy
1804:
1803:
1801:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1739:
1737:
1730:
1729:
1727:
1726:
1724:Zooarchaeology
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1661:
1655:
1646:
1641:
1635:
1630:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1585:
1582:Orthopterology
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1562:Coleopterology
1555:
1550:
1539:Arthropodology
1536:
1530:
1528:
1524:
1523:
1521:
1520:
1514:
1511:
1510:
1505:
1503:
1502:
1495:
1488:
1480:
1474:
1473:
1467:
1461:
1454:
1453:External links
1451:
1450:
1449:
1444:978-0521673938
1443:
1430:
1409:
1404:978-0750935241
1403:
1390:
1355:Zooarchaeology
1343:
1336:
1335:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1326:
1325:
1306:(295): 20–30.
1283:
1256:
1212:
1150:
1114:
1074:
1018:
944:
902:
876:
830:
780:
726:
687:
662:
644:
619:
618:
616:
613:
611:
610:
605:
599:
594:
589:
584:
579:
574:
569:
564:
558:
553:
548:
539:
534:
532:Belief systems
529:
523:
518:
515:
513:
512:
507:
502:
497:
492:
490:Paleopathology
487:
482:
477:
472:
467:
462:
457:
452:
447:
441:
424:
423:Related fields
421:
342:
339:
335:quantification
330:
329:Quantification
327:
313:
310:
289:
286:
249:
246:
232:, damage from
228:, damage from
192:
189:
187:
184:
166:
165:Faunal remains
163:
158:
157:
154:
151:
148:
145:
142:
139:
136:
133:
130:
127:
106:
103:
99:Archaeologists
82:
79:
32:archaeozoology
28:Zooarchaeology
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2822:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2797:
2795:
2780:
2770:
2768:
2760:
2759:
2756:
2750:
2747:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2737:Egyptologists
2735:
2734:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2721:
2718:
2717:
2715:
2714:
2712:
2708:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2682:Phenomenology
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2609:
2607:
2603:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2571:
2570:
2569:Environmental
2567:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2557:Computational
2555:
2553:
2552:Archaeogaming
2550:
2549:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2512:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2502:
2500:
2496:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2446:
2444:
2440:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2423:Post-Medieval
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2403:Protohistoric
2401:
2399:
2396:
2395:
2393:
2391:Chronological
2389:
2386:
2384:
2380:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2338:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2308:
2306:
2302:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2240:Richard Hoare
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2222:
2220:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2203:
2198:
2196:
2191:
2189:
2184:
2183:
2180:
2168:
2160:
2159:
2156:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2130:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2108:Konrad Lorenz
2106:
2104:
2103:Carl Linnaeus
2101:
2099:
2098:William Kirby
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2075:
2073:
2071:
2067:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2042:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2008:
2007:
2006:Blood vessels
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1993:
1992:
1989:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1960:
1957:
1956:
1954:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1941:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1919:
1918:Shark anatomy
1916:
1915:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1883:
1882:
1879:
1878:
1876:
1874:
1868:
1862:
1859:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1831:
1830:
1827:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1778:Aschelminthes
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1731:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1699:Neuroethology
1697:
1695:
1692:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1665:
1662:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1639:
1638:Testudinology
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1619:Helminthology
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1589:
1588:Myriapodology
1586:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1534:Anthrozoology
1532:
1531:
1529:
1525:
1519:
1516:
1515:
1512:
1508:
1501:
1496:
1494:
1489:
1487:
1482:
1481:
1478:
1471:
1468:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1456:
1452:
1446:
1440:
1436:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1420:(2): 323–24.
1419:
1415:
1410:
1406:
1400:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1364:
1363:
1358:
1357:
1356:
1350:
1346:
1330:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1294:
1292:
1290:
1288:
1284:
1273:
1269:
1263:
1261:
1257:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1213:
1208:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1157:
1155:
1151:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1115:
1099:
1095:
1088:
1081:
1079:
1075:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1019:
1014:
1007:
1005:
1003:
1001:
999:
997:
995:
993:
991:
989:
987:
985:
983:
981:
979:
977:
975:
973:
971:
969:
967:
965:
963:
961:
959:
957:
955:
953:
951:
949:
945:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
913:
911:
909:
907:
903:
891:
887:
880:
877:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
845:
843:
841:
839:
837:
835:
831:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
799:
797:
795:
793:
791:
789:
787:
785:
781:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
749:
747:
745:
743:
741:
739:
737:
735:
733:
731:
727:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
691:
688:
676:
672:
666:
663:
658:
651:
649:
645:
634:
630:
624:
621:
614:
609:
606:
603:
600:
598:
597:Social status
595:
593:
590:
588:
585:
583:
580:
578:
575:
573:
570:
568:
565:
562:
559:
557:
556:Domestication
554:
552:
549:
547:
543:
540:
538:
535:
533:
530:
528:
525:
524:
522:
516:
511:
508:
506:
503:
501:
498:
496:
495:Palaeontology
493:
491:
488:
486:
483:
481:
478:
476:
473:
471:
468:
466:
463:
461:
458:
456:
455:Anthrozoology
453:
451:
448:
446:
443:
442:
440:
434:
429:
422:
420:
417:
414:known as the
413:
408:
404:
400:
396:
391:
389:
384:
380:
375:
373:
369:
368:mountain lion
364:
356:
352:
347:
340:
338:
336:
328:
326:
324:
319:
311:
309:
307:
303:
298:
294:
287:
285:
282:
278:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
247:
245:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
190:
185:
183:
179:
177:
171:
164:
162:
155:
152:
149:
146:
143:
140:
137:
134:
131:
128:
125:
124:
123:
116:
111:
104:
102:
100:
96:
91:
88:
80:
78:
76:
72:
71:domestication
68:
64:
60:
55:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
29:
21:
2805:Ethnobiology
2617:Archaeometry
2591:Experimental
2583:
2525:Near Eastern
2484:Near Eastern
2479:Mesopotamian
2433:Contemporary
2250:Arthur Evans
1974:Gas exchange
1913:Fish anatomy
1908:Bird anatomy
1768:Ambulacraria
1723:
1714:Paleozoology
1709:Parasitology
1628:Batrachology
1609:Ethnozoology
1604:Cnidariology
1434:
1417:
1413:
1394:
1375:
1371:
1353:
1352:
1351:profile for
1348:
1303:
1299:
1275:. Retrieved
1271:
1242:
1238:
1170:
1166:
1136:
1132:
1105:. Retrieved
1093:
1039:(1): 49–53.
1036:
1032:
1012:
922:
918:
893:. Retrieved
889:
879:
854:
850:
808:
804:
758:
754:
704:
700:
696:
690:
678:. Retrieved
674:
665:
656:
636:. Retrieved
632:
623:
520:
505:Veterinarian
500:Paleozoology
450:Anthropology
438:
392:
376:
360:
332:
315:
291:
251:
194:
180:
172:
168:
159:
120:
92:
84:
63:paleontology
59:anthropology
56:
31:
27:
26:
2697:Transgender
2622:Battlefield
2398:Prehistoric
2358:Burnt layer
2295:George Bass
2209:Archaeology
2144:Post-Darwin
2021:Capillaries
1959:Respiration
1719:Planktology
1704:Ornithology
1688:Primatology
1644:Ichthyology
1624:Herpetology
1599:Bryozoology
1577:Myrmecology
1572:Melittology
1553:Carcinology
1543:Arachnology
1139:: 110–125.
895:13 November
857:: 168–176.
761:(1): 1–36.
602:Subsistence
592:Seasonality
587:Pastoralism
561:Environment
475:Ethnography
460:Archaeology
407:Lake Baikal
403:Skateholm I
397:period. In
383:Paleolithic
297:ancient DNA
81:Development
40:archaeology
2794:Categories
2720:by country
2652:Industrial
2647:Indigenous
2596:Underwater
2542:Calceology
2464:Australian
2442:Geographic
2428:Historical
2363:Excavation
2139:Pre-Darwin
2113:Thomas Say
2070:Zoologists
2044:By species
1783:Arthropoda
1748:Ctenophora
1694:Nematology
1678:Felinology
1658:Teuthology
1653:Conchology
1649:Malacology
1558:Entomology
1277:2020-10-08
1107:20 October
925:: 92–130.
811:(1): 1–4.
638:2023-10-22
615:References
608:Technology
604:strategies
395:Mesolithic
363:prehistory
281:morphology
238:weathering
226:scavengers
213:butchering
186:Techniques
50:, such as
2657:Landscape
2530:Osteology
2413:Classical
1969:Breathing
1821:Histology
1683:Hippology
1664:Mammalogy
1633:Ophiology
1547:Acarology
1320:164017161
1300:Antiquity
1069:134042623
1053:0006-0895
721:1047-482X
697:Bubo bubo
577:Landscape
567:Ethnicity
546:nutrition
480:Garbology
277:evolution
242:polishing
197:taphonomy
191:Taphonomy
176:garbology
2767:Category
2749:Journals
2667:Mortuary
2662:Maritime
2637:Funerary
2632:Feminist
2627:Conflict
2605:Thematic
2520:Medieval
2474:Egyptian
2469:Oceanian
2454:American
2418:Medieval
2408:Biblical
2285:Max Uhle
2167:Category
2011:Arteries
1896:Elephant
1871:Anatomy
1798:Annelida
1793:Mollusca
1773:Chordata
1758:Cnidaria
1753:Placozoa
1743:Porifera
1673:Cynology
1668:Cetology
1614:Ethology
1527:Branches
1466:(French)
1378:: 1–19.
1207:26018528
1167:PLOS ONE
1098:Archived
939:12653310
825:16475284
775:12323687
323:collagen
262:taxonomy
258:taxonomy
48:proteins
2810:Zoology
2727:Periods
2562:Virtual
2547:Digital
2449:African
2351:Sondage
2217:History
2132:History
1829:Tissues
1518:Outline
1507:Zoology
1345:Scholia
1198:4446326
1175:Bibcode
1061:3209691
859:Bibcode
680:30 July
551:Disease
510:Zoology
485:Geology
470:Ecology
465:Biology
435:(2023).
412:Pazyryk
370:or the
274:species
266:Linnean
254:anatomy
230:rodents
222:raptors
67:ecology
36:zoology
2716:Sites
2642:Gender
2505:Aerial
2489:Nubian
2336:Survey
1736:groups
1734:Animal
1441:
1401:
1347:has a
1318:
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937:
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433:Zagreb
399:Sweden
372:jaguar
295:using
240:, and
65:, and
44:chitin
2710:Lists
2692:Queer
2672:Music
2459:Asian
2028:Heart
2016:Veins
2001:Lymph
1996:Blood
1886:Human
1349:topic
1316:S2CID
1245:(1).
1101:(PDF)
1090:(PDF)
1065:S2CID
1057:JSTOR
771:S2CID
707:(5).
388:fauna
318:ZooMS
316:With
312:ZooMS
234:fungi
2677:Nazi
1439:ISBN
1399:ISBN
1203:PMID
1109:2020
1049:ISSN
935:PMID
897:2020
821:PMID
717:ISSN
682:2020
544:and
542:Diet
304:and
224:and
105:Uses
38:and
1901:Cat
1891:Dog
1422:doi
1380:doi
1308:doi
1247:doi
1193:PMC
1183:doi
1141:doi
1041:doi
927:doi
867:doi
813:doi
763:doi
709:doi
302:PCR
203:as
52:DNA
30:or
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