546:. There were identified four Vgs. Two of them seem to be recent tandem duplications pretty conserved. One of these duplications is closely related to Neofem3 a specific gene implied in reproduction in other termite species. Three of the Four Vgs are significantly expressed in reproductive queens. One of the Vgs genes is moderately expressed in nymphs and non-reproductive workers. Vgs seem to have acquired a role in the regulation of caste behaviour. Overexpression of Vgs plays an important role as antioxidant and this feature could participate in reproductive females' longevity.
135:
711:
Mitchell, Robert D.; Munoz-Torres, Monica C.; Mustard, Julie A.; Pan, Hailin; Reese, Justin T.; Scharf, Michael E.; Sun, Fengming; Vogel, Heiko; Xiao, Jin; Yang, Wei; Yang, Zhikai; Yang, Zuoquan; Zhou, Jiajian; Zhu, Jiwei; Brent, Colin S.; Elsik, Christine G.; Goodisman, Michael A. D.; Liberles, David A.; Roe, R. Michael; Vargo, Edward L.; Vilcinskas, Andreas; Wang, Jun; Bornberg-Bauer, Erich; Korb, Judith; Zhang, Guojie; Liebig, Jürgen (20 May 2014). "Molecular traces of alternative social organization in a termite genome".
156:
25:
499:
Homogeneous populations living in high density are perfect targets for infections. This termite concretely lives in a pathogen-rich environment. The genome was analyzed in order to establish the relationship between eusociality and disease resistance. There were found all the vias related to immunity
411:
Among gene families with a significant expansion, four of them exhibit overexpression on fertile males and they are linked to male spermatogenesis or cellular division: Kelch-like proteins 10 (KLHL10) and Seven-in-abstenia (SINA). The codified proteins are associated with E3-ubiquitine-ligase complex
710:
Terrapon, Nicolas; Li, Cai; Robertson, Hugh M.; Ji, Lu; Meng, Xuehong; Booth, Warren; Chen, Zhensheng; Childers, Christopher P.; Glastad, Karl M.; Gokhale, Kaustubh; Gowin, Johannes; Gronenberg, Wulfila; Hermansen, Russell A.; Hu, Haofu; Hunt, Brendan G.; Huylmans, Ann
Kathrin; Khalil, Sayed M. S.;
650:
Terrapon, N.; Li, C.; Robertson, H. M.; Ji, L.; Meng, X.; Booth, W.; Chen, Z.; Childers, C. P.; Glastad, K. M.; Gokhale, K.; Gowin, J.; Gronenberg, W.; Hermansen, R. A.; Hu, H.; Hunt, B. G.; Huylmans, A. K.; Khalil, S. M. S.; Mitchell, R. D.; Munoz-Torres, M. C.; Mustard, J. A.; Pan, H.; Reese, J.
613:
are haeme-thiolate enzymes. In insects they contribute in endogenous and xenobiotics compound degradation. CYP4 and CYP5 families are implied in JH synthesis and degradation. CYP450 is involved with the JH-dependent differentiation from worker to soldier termites. There were found 55 CYP450 genes.
530:
The differentiation in castes and the reproductive division of labor is a marker of insect eusociality. Within
Hymenoptera it has been proposed some regulators including vitelogenines (Vgs), juvenile hormone (JH), biogenic amines and other regulator like juvenile hormone binding proteins and some
490:
has a limited ability to discriminate odours. The majority of the termites live their lives within a single log. A colony rarely meet other termites outside the log. In the other hand eusocial insects like bees has a developed sense of smell. This feature provide bees a sophisticated weapon to
430:
shows expansion on genes implied in chemical communication, a crucial component in insects societies. It has approximately 280 functional chemoreceptor genes. This number is over the average of insects, but intermediate among ants or bees. Although the total number of genes is comparable, its
555:
are involved in insect development, reproduction, longevity and both solitary and social behaviour. In termites it is well known that JHs module caste differentiation and adult gonadal activity. JHs have different functions among development stages and a lot of different functions within a
412:
implicated in espermatide proteins degradation. There are other gene families which are not expanded but shows a differential expression pattern among developmental stages and castes. Collectively, the data suggest an expanded role around spermatogenesis regulation and termite evolution.
481:
is formed by glomeruli. The glomeruli are tightly packed and they are composed by terminal axons projected from receptor neurons to the antennae. The sensor neurons which express the same chemoreceptors extend their axons to the same glomeruli.
387:
genome was to find molecular traces of eusociality. The authors compared the whole sequenced and assembled genome and 25 transcriptomes from different development states and castes with the already sequenced genomes of eusocial
632:. Two of them are implicated in JH availability. Hexamerins reduce the JH availability in workers and nymphal stages. The overexpression during this plastic stages inhibits the differentiation to soldiers.
508:, more than in other insects. One of them is specific of insect and the rest are specific of termites. This feature means that this kind of genes were expanded early within the evolution of this species.
764:
Masuoka, Yudai; Yaguchi, Hajime; Suzuki, Ryutaro; Maekawa, Kiyoto (September 2015). "Knockdown of the juvenile hormone receptor gene inhibits soldier-specific morphogenesis in the damp-wood termite
518:
3 antimicrobian peptides (AMPs) (attacin, dipericine and a termicine ortologue). It was unexpected because the ant response against living in a pathogen rich environment is the expansion of AMPs.
486:
only has 72 glomeruli, the majority of them are joined to the 63 ORs. As a result, only a few number of IRs and GRs are implied in olfaction, the rest may be implied in gustation. The termite
565:
531:
signaling pathways like insulin/insulin growth factor and yellow/major royal jelly protein like genes. The main genes involved in the reproductive division of labor are:
591:
one of each group is highly expressed in reproductive forms. The reproductive co-expression of these genes makes them hydrocarbon signaling regulators candidates in
1009:
1048:
983:
42:
1022:
560:
there was found all the enzymes of the JHIII biosynthetic pathway and major regulators such as JH-binding proteins impact caste differentiation.
419:
mate repeatedly during the mature stage and need to increase sperm production. Moreover, males activate and deactivate their testes cyclically.
811:
Liebig, Jürgen; Eliyahu, Dorit; Brent, Colin S. (October 2009). "Cuticular hydrocarbon profiles indicate reproductive status in the termite
576:
take part in lifespan regulation. There was found two histone-deacetylases overexpressed in reproductive females, sirtuin 6 and sirtuin 7.
403:
genes copies, the smallest number of opsin genes known among the insects, as a result of living in the dark for tens of millions of years.
850:
Cornette, R.; Koshikawa, S.; Hojo, M.; Matsumoto, T.; Miura, T. (April 2006). "Caste-specific cytochrome P450 in the damp-wood termite
1099:
89:
522:
Pathogens play an important role in eusocial insects, but the mechanisms improved to combat them differs in a taxon-specific manner.
1094:
108:
61:
68:
46:
1027:
542:. These proteins have been found outside egg production and they were implied in the regulation of caste differentiation in
134:
75:
587:
is directed by the abundance of four long chain polyunsaturated alkenes. From 16 elongases and 10 desaturases found in
155:
931:
57:
1053:
500:
in
Drosophila and other insects, including pattern recognition receptors, signaling pathways and regulatory genes.
477:
The great difference between ORs and IRs gives an opportunity to study the organization of the olfactive lobe. The
35:
466:
899:
936:
260:
957:
777:
720:
664:
82:
651:
T.; Scharf, M. E.; Sun, F.; Vogel, H.; Xiao, J.; Yang, W.; Yang, Z.; Yang, Z.; et al. (2014).
1040:
572:
The reproductive division of labor is associated with an increased longevity of reproductives and
879:
832:
150:
431:
distribution within different gene families diverge from what has been observed in
Hymenoptera.
1014:
1089:
1061:
871:
793:
746:
692:
339:
The Nevada termite lives in central and central-east
California, and in central-west Nevada.
1066:
863:
824:
785:
736:
728:
682:
672:
550:
440:
301:
227:
368:
781:
724:
668:
628:
are usually storage proteins in solitary insects. There were found 5 hexamerin genes in
305:
443:. These genes are pretty expanded on ants (344-400 genes) and bees (163 genes) but in
1083:
867:
478:
883:
836:
237:
922:
1035:
996:
619:
389:
24:
789:
828:
564:
352:
970:
207:
187:
167:
875:
797:
750:
696:
579:
In eusocial insects and the reproductive division of labor is regulated by
741:
687:
944:
916:
653:"Molecular traces of alternative social organization in a termite genome"
539:
356:
293:
949:
988:
732:
677:
652:
615:
348:
297:
217:
1001:
372:
197:
177:
893:
975:
563:
400:
415:
Male termites complete gamete maturation after their moult. Male
962:
897:
393:
18:
142:
Male reproductive soldier (top) and male soldier (bottom) of
458:(87 genes) and other eusocial insects (10-97 genes).
906:
439:confers most of the specificity and sensitivity of
375:, spiders, lizards, salamanders, frogs, and toads.
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
304:, a group known as the dampwood termites. It is a
513:signaling pathway genes related to immune system
8:
894:
618:, but intermediate compared with eusocial
515:are overexpressed in reproductive females.
465:are implied in gustation and olfaction in
133:
122:
770:Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
740:
686:
676:
606:are implicated in caste differentiation.
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
642:
538:are precursors of the egg yolk protein
614:This number is lower than in solitary
506:Gram-negative binding proteins (GNBPs)
7:
47:adding citations to reliable sources
817:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
367:The Nevada termite is preyed on by
319:is subdivided into two subspecies,
14:
383:The main objective of sequencing
868:10.1111/j.1365-2583.2006.00632.x
598:Previous studies indicated that
491:identify their colony partners.
329:Zootermopsis nevadensis nuttingi
154:
23:
768:(Isoptera: Archotermopsidae)".
34:needs additional citations for
526:Reproductive division of labor
1:
583:. The reproductive status in
568:Caste differentiation scheme
347:The Nevada termite lives in
1116:
854:(Isoptera, Termopsidae)".
790:10.1016/j.ibmb.2015.07.013
463:ionotropic receptors (IRs)
454:are similarly expanded in
399:This termite only has two
1100:Insects described in 1858
829:10.1007/s00265-009-0807-5
600:cytochromes P450 (CYP450)
574:histone-modifying enzymes
469:and they are expanded in
437:olfactive receptors (ORs)
331:that has been sequenced.
300:(Isoptera) in the family
266:
259:
151:Scientific classification
149:
141:
132:
125:
58:"Zootermopsis nevadensis"
1095:Insects of North America
856:Insect Molecular Biology
452:gustative receptor (GRs)
447:there are only 63 genes.
908:Zootermopsis nevadensis
852:Hodotermopsis sjostedti
813:Zootermopsis nevadensis
766:Zootermopsis nevadensis
467:Drosophila melanogaster
428:Zootermopsis nevadensis
385:Zootermopsis nevadensis
317:Zootermopsis nevadensis
285:Zootermopsis nevadensis
270:Zootermopsis nevadensis
127:Zootermopsis nevadensis
581:cuticular hydrocarbons
569:
556:development stage. In
327:. It is the genome of
713:Nature Communications
657:Nature Communications
567:
536:Vitellogenines (Vgs)
43:improve this article
782:2015IBMB...64...25M
725:2014NatCo...5.3636T
669:2014NatCo...5.3636T
473:too with 137 genes.
359:, and rural areas.
733:10.1038/ncomms4636
678:10.1038/ncomms4636
570:
252:Z. nevadensis
16:Species of termite
1077:
1076:
1062:Open Tree of Life
900:Taxon identifiers
823:(12): 1799–1807.
551:Juvenile hormones
281:
280:
119:
118:
111:
93:
1107:
1070:
1069:
1057:
1056:
1044:
1043:
1031:
1030:
1018:
1017:
1005:
1004:
992:
991:
979:
978:
966:
965:
953:
952:
940:
939:
927:
926:
925:
895:
888:
887:
847:
841:
840:
808:
802:
801:
761:
755:
754:
744:
707:
701:
700:
690:
680:
647:
611:Cytochromes P450
441:insect olfaction
321:Z. n. nevadensis
302:Archotermopsidae
272:
228:Archotermopsidae
159:
158:
144:Z. n. nevadensis
137:
123:
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
1115:
1114:
1110:
1109:
1108:
1106:
1105:
1104:
1080:
1079:
1078:
1073:
1065:
1060:
1052:
1047:
1039:
1034:
1026:
1021:
1013:
1008:
1000:
995:
987:
982:
974:
969:
961:
956:
948:
943:
935:
930:
921:
920:
915:
902:
892:
891:
849:
848:
844:
810:
809:
805:
763:
762:
758:
709:
708:
704:
649:
648:
644:
639:
528:
497:
425:
423:Chemoperception
409:
381:
369:passerine birds
365:
345:
337:
314:
277:
274:
268:
255:
153:
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1113:
1111:
1103:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1082:
1081:
1075:
1074:
1072:
1071:
1058:
1045:
1032:
1019:
1006:
993:
980:
967:
954:
941:
928:
912:
910:
904:
903:
898:
890:
889:
862:(2): 235–244.
842:
803:
756:
742:2286/R.I.44873
702:
688:2286/R.I.44873
641:
640:
638:
635:
634:
633:
623:
562:
561:
547:
544:Apis mellifera
527:
524:
520:
519:
516:
509:
496:
493:
475:
474:
459:
448:
424:
421:
408:
407:Male fertility
405:
380:
377:
364:
361:
344:
341:
336:
333:
325:Z. n. nuttingi
313:
310:
306:hemimetabolous
290:Nevada termite
279:
278:
275:
264:
263:
257:
256:
249:
247:
243:
242:
235:
231:
230:
225:
221:
220:
215:
211:
210:
205:
201:
200:
195:
191:
190:
185:
181:
180:
175:
171:
170:
165:
161:
160:
147:
146:
139:
138:
130:
129:
117:
116:
31:
29:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1112:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1087:
1085:
1068:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1011:
1007:
1003:
998:
994:
990:
985:
981:
977:
972:
968:
964:
959:
955:
951:
946:
942:
938:
933:
929:
924:
918:
914:
913:
911:
909:
905:
901:
896:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
846:
843:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
807:
804:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
760:
757:
752:
748:
743:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
706:
703:
698:
694:
689:
684:
679:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
646:
643:
636:
631:
630:Z. nevadensis
627:
624:
621:
617:
612:
609:
608:
607:
605:
601:
596:
594:
593:Z. nevadensis
590:
589:Z. nevadensis
586:
585:Z. nevadensis
582:
577:
575:
566:
559:
558:Z. nevadensis
554:
552:
548:
545:
541:
537:
534:
533:
532:
525:
523:
517:
514:
510:
507:
503:
502:
501:
494:
492:
489:
488:Z. nevadensis
485:
484:Z. nevadensis
480:
479:antennal lobe
472:
471:Z. nevadensis
468:
464:
460:
457:
456:Z. nevadensis
453:
449:
446:
445:Z. nevadensis
442:
438:
434:
433:
432:
429:
422:
420:
418:
417:Z. nevadensis
413:
406:
404:
402:
397:
395:
391:
386:
378:
376:
374:
370:
362:
360:
358:
354:
350:
342:
340:
334:
332:
330:
326:
322:
318:
311:
309:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
286:
273:
271:
265:
262:
261:Binomial name
258:
254:
253:
248:
245:
244:
241:
240:
236:
233:
232:
229:
226:
223:
222:
219:
216:
213:
212:
209:
206:
203:
202:
199:
196:
193:
192:
189:
186:
183:
182:
179:
176:
173:
172:
169:
166:
163:
162:
157:
152:
148:
145:
140:
136:
131:
128:
124:
121:
113:
110:
102:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
907:
859:
855:
851:
845:
820:
816:
812:
806:
773:
769:
765:
759:
716:
712:
705:
660:
656:
645:
629:
625:
610:
603:
599:
597:
592:
588:
584:
580:
578:
573:
571:
557:
549:
543:
535:
529:
521:
512:
505:
498:
487:
483:
476:
470:
462:
455:
451:
444:
436:
427:
426:
416:
414:
410:
398:
384:
382:
366:
346:
338:
328:
324:
320:
316:
315:
289:
284:
283:
282:
269:
267:
251:
250:
239:Zootermopsis
238:
214:Infraorder:
143:
126:
120:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
1036:NatureServe
997:iNaturalist
719:(1): 3636.
620:Hymenoptera
390:Hymenoptera
296:species of
276:Hagen, 1858
1084:Categories
637:References
626:Hexamerins
604:hexamerins
353:grasslands
312:Subspecies
308:organism.
188:Arthropoda
69:newspapers
923:Q13582528
776:: 25–31.
363:Predators
246:Species:
208:Blattodea
174:Kingdom:
168:Eukaryota
1090:Termites
1041:2.926589
1015:10601149
945:BugGuide
917:Wikidata
884:33172819
876:16640734
798:26188329
751:24845553
697:24845553
663:: 3636.
540:vitellin
495:Immunity
357:prairies
294:eusocial
224:Family:
218:Isoptera
184:Phylum:
178:Animalia
164:Domain:
99:May 2023
989:2007390
837:6879252
778:Bibcode
721:Bibcode
665:Bibcode
616:Diptera
349:deserts
343:Habitat
298:termite
292:, is a
234:Genus:
204:Order:
198:Insecta
194:Class:
83:scholar
1067:612406
1054:136037
1028:623965
1002:296482
976:ZOOTNE
963:472120
950:162746
937:201671
882:
874:
835:
796:
749:
695:
379:Genome
373:shrews
288:, the
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
1010:IRMNG
880:S2CID
833:S2CID
553:(JHs)
401:opsin
335:Range
90:JSTOR
76:books
1049:NCBI
1023:ITIS
984:GBIF
971:EPPO
932:BOLD
872:PMID
794:PMID
747:PMID
693:PMID
602:and
461:The
450:The
435:The
394:ants
392:and
323:and
62:news
958:EoL
864:doi
825:doi
815:".
786:doi
737:hdl
729:doi
683:hdl
673:doi
45:by
1086::
1064::
1051::
1038::
1025::
1012::
999::
986::
973::
960::
947::
934::
919::
878:.
870:.
860:15
858:.
831:.
821:63
819:.
792:.
784:.
774:64
772:.
745:.
735:.
727:.
715:.
691:.
681:.
671:.
659:.
655:.
595:.
511:5
504:6
396:.
371:,
355:,
351:,
886:.
866::
839:.
827::
800:.
788::
780::
753:.
739::
731::
723::
717:5
699:.
685::
675::
667::
661:5
622:.
112:)
106:(
101:)
97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
39:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
