42:
324:
692:
761:
effects of unfrozen groundwater has been observed regulating the temperature of their soil habitats. They find warm microhabitats that do not drop below the freezing point of their body fluids. These lizards have exceptional hardiness to the cold, which allows them to hibernate in upper soil layers in temperatures as low as −10 °C (14 °F). This cold hardiness along with the favorable hydrogeological conditions of groundwater-warmed soil habitats allows for the wide distribution of lizards throughout the palearctic.
583:
635:
eggs, only once. Proponents of this theory also argue that if this is the case, it is possible, though rare, for species to transition back to oviparity. Research from Yann Surget-Groba suggests that there have in fact been multiple events of the evolution of viviparity from oviparity across different clades of the viviparous lizard. They also argue that a reversion to oviparity is not as rare as once believed, but has occurred 2 to 3 times in the history of the species.
617:
819:
environment. The number of offspring that they produce correlates with the colour morph: yellow females produce the fewest offspring, while orange females produce more than yellow, but fewer than mixed females, which produce the most offspring. The amount of offspring produced varies in regards to colour frequencies in the population; for example, if yellow females have higher density within the population, the clutch size for orange lizards is usually lower.
86:
832:. In mixed-coloured females, reproductive success is less sensitive to competition and frequency-dependent environments. Since these lizards show a mixture of yellow and orange colouration, they adopt benefits from both of the morphs. As a result, they can maintain high reproductive success and hatching success with large clutch sizes. Their colour morph remains in the population due to its high fitness, which selection will favor.
765:
208:
61:
343:
predator avoidance, and social cues, specifically sexual reproduction. Through an experiment conducted by
Vercken et al., colour polymorphism in viviparous lizard is caused by social cues, rather than the other hypotheses. More specifically, the ventral coloration that is seen in female lizards is associated with patterns of sexual reproduction and sex allocation.
848:
721:, called "Capture", the male uses its mouth and jaw to capture the female and initiate copulation. The results of this study demonstrated that males with larger head sizes (both length and width) were more successful in mating than those with smaller heads, suggesting that head size undergoes sexual selection.
351:. Larger males also have been shown to reproduce more frequently during one mating season compared to smaller males. Characteristic behaviors of the species includes tongue flicking in the presence of a predator and female-female aggression that seems to be mediated by the colour of their side stripe.
818:
is low. Increased competition among individuals results in lower survival rates of lizards. Additionally, female lizards disperse through habitats based on the frequency of colour types that are already present in the population. Their reproductive abilities vary according to this frequency-dependent
813:
The frequency of multiple morphs occurring in a population varies with the level of population density and frequency-dependent environments. These factors cause the lizards to vary in terms of their fitness (clutch size, sex ratio, hatching success). In lower density populations, colour polymorphism
664:
juveniles reach sexual maturity during their second year of their life. A study that explored the presence of male sex cells in reproducing males found that for the two weeks following the end of hibernation, males are infertile, and therefore incapable of reproducing. The same study also found that
314:
lives in very cold climates, yet participates in normal thermoregulation instead of thermoconformity. They have the largest range of all terrestrial lizards which even include subarctic regions. It is able to survive these harsh climates as individuals will freeze in especially cold seasons and thaw
729:
Head size has also been shown to be a predictor of success in male-male interactions. The head is used as a weapon in male-male interactions, and a larger head is typically more effective, leading to greater success during male-male aggressive encounters. This aggression and interaction is centered
578:
worm. The species diversity of parasites is affected by the diet of the individual lizard and the number of parasites on a host is affected by the host's size. Results of a study shows that the more carnivorous an individual is, the less diverse its parasite population. Additionally, larger lizards
346:
The underside of the male is typically more colourful and bright, with yellow, orange, green, and blue, and the male typically has spots along its back. On the other hand, females typically have darker stripes down their backs and sides. Additionally, males have been found to have larger heads than
827:
will favor individuals with larger size because of their advantage in physical competition with others. Yellow females have larger clutch sizes early in their life, but their hatch success decreases as the female ages. Their reproductive viability decreases, resulting in fewer offspring throughout
634:
The viviparous lizard is named as such because it is viviparous. This refers to its ability to give birth to live young, although the lizards are also able to lay eggs. The origin of this characteristic is under debate. Some scientists argue that viviparity evolved from oviparity, or the laying of
760:
in this state through the winter until temperatures dropped below −3 °C (27 °F). After that, individuals completely froze until they were thawed by warmer weather later in the year, often 2 months later. Despite very cold air in the subarctic habitats of these lizards, the soil-heating
342:
more commonly than males. A female lizard's display differs in ventral coloration, ranging from pale yellow to bright orange and a mixed coloration. There have been many hypotheses for the genetic cause of this polymorphic coloration. These hypothesis test for coloration due to thermoregulation,
738:
This lizard has an exceptionally large range that includes subarctic geography. As a result, thermoregulation is necessary for the thermal homeostasis of the species. Typically, in temperature extremes, a species will adopt the behavioral strategy of thermoconformity, where they do not actively
805:
has not been thoroughly studied in past years, regardless of the extensive research done on the species itself. Females exhibit three types of body colouration within a population: yellow, orange, and mixture of the two. These discrete traits are inherited maternally and exist throughout the
822:
Orange females are more sensitive to intraspecific and colour-specific competition. They have smaller clutch sizes when the density of the population is high, or when the number of yellow females in the population is high. This could be due to their need to conserve energy for survival and
716:
trait, with males having larger heads than females. The average head width and length of the males measured were found to be 5.6 and 10.5 mm (0.22 and 0.41 in), respectively. The average head width and length of the females measured were found to be 5.3 and 9.7 mm (0.21 and
835:
All three colours have evolutionary advantages in different ways. While yellow females have higher fitness due to their large clutch sizes, orange females enjoy high fitness due to their large body size and increased competitive advantages. Mixed females exhibit both of these advantages.
778:
755:
has remarkable behaviors to combat the cold, and there are geological phenomena in their distribution that maintains their habitats at a temperature that the species can survive in. One of the specific behaviors used to combat the extreme cold is a "supercooled" state.
677:, altitude influences the number of clutches laid in a reproductive season as well as when reproduction begins. Generally, lizards living at higher altitudes have been found to begin reproduction later and lay fewer clutches (often 1) in a given reproductive season.
652:
leads to embryonic malformations in the laboratory. However, these crosses do produce a "hybridized" generation of offspring, with females retaining embryos for much longer in utero than oviparous females, with embryos surrounded by thin, translucent shells.
828:
their lifetime. Yellow morphs remain in the population due to their large clutch size, which causes an increased frequency of those females. Selection favors the yellow morph because of the ability to produce large clutch sizes, which increases the female's
647:
should be considered separate species. Cornetti et al. (2015) identified that viviparous and oviparous subpopulations in contact with each other in the
Italian alps are reproductively isolated. Hybridization between viviparous and oviparous individuals of
665:
larger males produce more sperm during the reproductive season and have fewer left over at the end of the reproductive season than their smaller counterparts. This suggests that the larger a male is, the more reproductive events they participate in.
367:
is terrestrial, so they spend most of their time on the ground, though they do occasionally visit sites of higher elevation. The lizard thermoregulates by basking in the sun for much of the time. In colder weather, they have been known to
823:
reproductive events. Their colour morph remains in the population due to the trade-off between the size of offspring and the clutch size. Offspring born in smaller clutches are often larger and thus have a higher survival likelihood.
500:, and mealworms. The species is a predator, so it actively hunts down all of its prey. One study found that when controlled for body size, females consumed more food than males. Feeding rates also increased with increased sunshine.
303:
The lizard is also unique as it is exclusively carnivorous, eating only flies, spiders, and insects. Studies show that the more carnivorous an individual is (the more insects they eat), the less diverse the population of parasitic
642:
extends from France to Russia. Oviparous populations are only found in northern Spain and the southwest of France. Some research in the
Italian alps has suggested that distinct populations of oviparous and viviparous
455:
of the lizard ranges from 539 m to 1692 m, with males generally having larger home ranges. The size of an individual lizard's home range is also dependent on population density and the presence of prey.
739:
thermoregulate, but adapt to survive in the harsh temperature. This occurs because the cost of thermoregulating in such an extreme environment becomes too high and begins to outweigh the benefits. Despite this,
781:
786:
784:
780:
779:
785:
524:) has been studied, finding that adult males, over adult females and juveniles, were preferentially predated on. This bias may be due to increased activity of adult males during the reproductive season.
334:
is a small lizard, with an average length between {150-200 mm} . They exhibit no particular colour, but can be brown, red, grey, green, or black. The species exhibits some sexual dimorphisms. Female
347:
their female counterparts, and this trait appears to be sexually selected for. Males with larger heads are more likely to be successful in mating and male-male interactions than smaller-headed
783:
1809:
Murphy, Bridget F.; Thompson, Michael B. (2011). "A review of the evolution of viviparity in squamate reptiles: the past, present and future role of molecular biology and genomics".
2407:
2080:
Vercken, Elodie; Sinervo, Barry; Clobert, Jean (2012). "The importance of a good neighborhood: Dispersal decisions in juvenile common lizards are based on social environment".
300:
are equally likely to contract blood parasites. Additionally, larger males have been shown to reproduce more times in a given reproductive season than smaller ones.
2642:
2549:
2311:
609:
was parasitized with an incidence rate of 22.3%. This same study shows that there was not a significant difference between the parasitization of male and female
2588:
2363:
2696:
2726:
782:
2132:
41:
2523:
2285:
2655:
2562:
2324:
1003:"Systematics of the Palaearctic and Oriental lizard tribe Lacertini (Squamata: Lacertidae: Lacertinae), with descriptions of eight new genera"
2668:
1029:
1522:
González-Suárez, Manuela; Mugabo, Marianne; Decencière, Beatriz; Perret, Samuel; Claessen, David; Le
Galliard, Jean-François (2011-02-01).
1405:
1571:
Antczak, Marcin; Ekner-Grzyb, Anna; Majláth, Igor; Majláthová, Viktoria; Bona, Martin; Hromada, Martin; Tryjanowski, Piotr (2019-10-01).
2721:
215:
The viviparous lizard is found across
Northern Europe through Central Asia, ranging further north than any other land-dwelling reptile.
2259:
1249:"To thermoconform or thermoregulate? An assessment of thermoregulation opportunities for the lizard Zootoca vivipara in the subarctic"
1057:
Majláthová, Viktória; Majláth, Igor; Haklová, Božena; Hromada, Martin; Ekner, Anna; Antczak, Marcin; Tryjanowski, Piotr (2010-10-01).
2126:
323:
1852:
Arrayago, Maria-Jesus; Bea, Antonio; Heulin, Benoit (1996). "Hybridization experiment between oviparous and viviparous strains of
928:
2567:
2329:
2660:
2575:
2350:
2706:
1786:
Heulin, B.; Arrayago, M. J.; Bea, A. (1989). "Experience d'hybridation entre les souches ovipare et vivipare du lezard
2731:
2458:
2138:
747:
as it allows for proper locomotive performance, escape behavior, and other key behaviors for survival. The ability of
2502:
2711:
2593:
691:
2515:
2368:
2277:
815:
730:
around available mates, so males with smaller heads have significantly less access to females for reproduction.
85:
2716:
940:
372:
to maintain proper body temperatures. They hibernate between
October and March. Their typical habitats include
1679:
315:
two months later. They also live closer to geological phenomena that provide a warmer environment for them.
265:. It lives farther north than any other species of non-marine reptile, and is named for the fact that it is
751:
to thermoregulate in such harsh environments has been attributed to two primary reasons. The first is that
2150:
1429:
798:
339:
2463:
1739:"Genetic and ecological data reveal species boundaries between viviparous and oviparous lizard lineages"
1656:
290:
197:
180:
2188:
1657:"Multiple origins of viviparity, or reversal from viviparity to oviparity? The European common lizard (
1917:
Berman, Daniil I.; Bulakhova, Nina A.; Alfimov, Arcady V.; Meshcheryakova, Ekaterina N. (2016-12-01).
2484:
2233:
2197:
2043:
1989:
1934:
1703:
1535:
1507:
1260:
861:
1976:
Berman, D. I.; Bulakhova, N. A.; Alfimov, A. V.; et al. (2016). "How the most northern lizard,
1132:
905:
593:
is also infected by blood parasites. In a study investigating the prevalence of blood parasites in
582:
50:
1524:"Disentangling the effects of predator body size and prey density on prey consumption in a lizard"
616:
2059:
2005:
1958:
1834:
1606:
1484:
1358:
1284:
1094:
220:
80:
2647:
2316:
743:
still employs the strategy of thermoregulation, like basking. Thermoregulation is important in
269:, meaning it gives birth to live young (although they will sometimes lay eggs normally). Both "
2601:
2554:
2471:
2389:
2220:
2122:
1950:
1826:
1768:
1719:
1598:
1476:
1350:
1276:
1216:
1156:
1086:
1078:
1025:
1002:
829:
824:
713:
517:
404:
1624:
1059:"Blood parasites in two co-existing species of lizards (Zootoca vivipara and Lacerta agilis)"
2701:
2606:
2402:
2089:
2051:
1997:
1942:
1818:
1758:
1750:
1711:
1588:
1551:
1543:
1466:
1340:
1268:
1206:
1148:
1070:
1017:
900:
2394:
2342:
2376:
1325:"Colour Variation and Alternative Reproductive Strategies in Females of the Common Lizard
853:
2202:
2031:
1502:
1377:
973:
2047:
1993:
1938:
1707:
1539:
1264:
764:
2510:
2497:
2272:
1763:
1738:
1715:
207:
1885:
929:"Synonymy and nomenclatural history of the Common or Viviparous Lizard, by this time:
2690:
2449:
2337:
2032:"Female polymorphisms, sexual conflict and limits to speciation processes in animals"
2009:
1610:
1547:
1523:
1488:
1345:
1324:
891:
882:
396:
70:
65:
2063:
1962:
1838:
1362:
1288:
1098:
2225:
814:
is more prevalent. This is because viviparous lizards thrive in environments where
528:
2476:
2633:
2030:
Svensson, Erik I.; Abbott, Jessica K.; Gosden, Thomas P.; Coreau, Audrey (2009).
1471:
1455:"New record of the viviparous lizard Zootoca vivipara (Jacquin, 1787) in Hungary"
2580:
2536:
2443:
2355:
2298:
2182:
1454:
369:
277:" mean "live birth", in (Latinized) Greek and Latin respectively. It was called
17:
2434:
1593:
1572:
2055:
2001:
1946:
1822:
1272:
1152:
1074:
1021:
843:
575:
452:
424:
266:
147:
2264:
2173:
1954:
1886:"Reproductive Cycle in a Pyrenean Oviparous Population of the Common Lizard (
1723:
1602:
1480:
1280:
1160:
1082:
2246:
2093:
1918:
1625:"Viviparous Lizard – The Animal Facts – Appearance, Diet, Habitat, Behavior"
1248:
1058:
806:
individual's lifetime. The organism's colour morphs are determined by their
571:
486:
385:
373:
305:
97:
1830:
1772:
1354:
1247:
Herczeg, Gábor; Kovács, Tibor; Hettyey, Attila; Merilä, Juha (2003-07-01).
1220:
1090:
1133:"Evolutionary maintenance of sexual dimorphism in head size in the lizard
395:, it is mainly found north of the Alps and the Carpathians, including the
2627:
2428:
2167:
1211:
1190:
807:
696:
544:
428:
381:
377:
137:
117:
1754:
2528:
2381:
2290:
2212:
1556:
791:
420:
408:
400:
259:
157:
127:
2541:
2303:
540:
490:
482:
478:
416:
392:
262:
107:
2144:
1678:
Guillaume, Claude-Pierre; Heulin, Benoît; Beshkov, Vladimir (1997).
717:
0.38 in), respectively. During the first state of courtship in
673:
Research also suggests that in exclusively oviparous populations of
443:
has the largest distribution of any species of lizard in the world.
2251:
1453:
Szűcs, Boldizsár; Horváth, Győző F.; Purger, Jenő J. (2022-01-13).
605:
was found to be parasitized with an incidence rate of 39.8%, while
776:
763:
695:
Female (left) and male (right). Note the tail of the female after
690:
615:
581:
548:
536:
497:
436:
432:
322:
286:
2673:
2238:
1001:
Arnold, E. Nicholas; Arribas, Oscar; Carranza, Salvador (2007).
532:
494:
412:
391:
The viviparous lizard is native to much of northern
Eurasia. In
2148:
1856:: a new insight into the evolution of viviparity in reptiles".
2489:
2112:
A Field Guide to
Reptiles and Amphibians of Britain and Europe
1737:
Cornetti, L.; Ficetola, G. F.; Hoban, S.; Vernesi, C. (2015).
1573:"Do males pay more? A male-biased predation of common lizard (
556:
552:
474:
1323:
Vercken, E.; Massot, M.; Sinervo, B.; Clobert, J. (2006).
927:
Friedrich
Schmidtler, Josef & Böhme, Wolfgang (2011).
881:
Aghasyan, A.; Avci, A.; Tuniyev, B.; et al. (2019).
1692:: reproductive mode and enzyme phenotypes in Bulgaria"
2141:– Distribution details, authority information.
1650:
1648:
1646:
1644:
2617:
2418:
2157:
1195:(Sauria: Lacretidae) in the Pyrenees (North Spain)"
473:is exclusively carnivorous. Their diet consists of
1792:Comptes rendus de l'Académie des sciences, Série 3
1052:
1050:
1048:
1016:. Auckland, New Zealand: Magnolia Press: 1–86.
1912:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1184:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1126:
1124:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1108:
906:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T61741A49741947.en
8:
2075:
2073:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1871:
2025:
2023:
2021:
2019:
579:had a greater number of parasites on them.
2145:
1661:, Lacertidae) and the evolution of parity"
1577:) by great grey shrike (Lanius excubitor)"
1318:
206:
59:
40:
31:
1762:
1592:
1555:
1470:
1344:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1210:
1131:Gvozdík, Lumír; Van Damme, Raoul (2003).
904:
1399:
1397:
873:
638:The range of viviparous populations of
1655:Surget-Groba, Yann (17 January 2006).
1503:"Zootoca vivipara (Viviparous Lizard)"
1378:"Zootoca vivipara (Viviparous Lizard)"
967:
965:
963:
961:
959:
957:
955:
7:
2516:80bbe077-cefa-4af1-bf99-d3e6d56fd613
2278:c02b68fc-7ffb-42b3-8a9d-83454279449c
2697:IUCN Red List least concern species
2110:E. N. Arnold, J. A. Burton (1978).
1811:Journal of Comparative Physiology B
892:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
2727:Taxa named by Hinrich Lichtenstein
1716:10.1111/j.1600-0587.1997.tb00367.x
1406:"Common Lizard (Zootoca vivipara)"
688:typically lives for 5 to 6 years.
527:Predators of this species include
403:, as well as in parts of northern
25:
1548:10.1111/j.1365-2435.2010.01776.x
1346:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2006.01208.x
1191:"Host-parasite relationships of
846:
84:
1919:"How the most northern lizard,
1333:Journal of Evolutionary Biology
1897:Netherlands Journal of Zoology
810:as well as their environment.
508:Birds are common predators of
1:
625:Reproduction and life history
1472:10.3897/herpetozoa.35.e73994
1980:, overwinters in Siberia".
1137:: a test of two hypotheses"
512:. Male-biased predation of
469:Unlike many other lizards,
2748:
2722:Reptiles described in 1823
1884:Roig, Juan Manuel (2000).
1594:10.1007/s10211-019-00318-6
293:, Arribas & Carranza.
2133:ARKive: viviparous lizard
2056:10.1007/s10682-007-9208-2
2002:10.1007/s00300-016-1916-z
1947:10.1007/s00300-016-1916-z
1923:, overwinters in Siberia"
1823:10.1007/s00360-011-0584-0
1273:10.1007/s00300-003-0507-y
1189:Sanchis, Vanessa (2000).
1153:10.1017/S0952836902003308
1075:10.1007/s00436-010-1981-0
1022:10.11646/zootaxa.1430.1.1
816:intraspecific competition
327:Size compared with a hand
308:that infest the lizards.
226:
219:
214:
205:
186:
179:
81:Scientific classification
79:
57:
48:
39:
34:
941:Bonn Zoological Bulletin
630:Viviparity and oviparity
355:Habitat and distribution
2119:Amphibians and reptiles
708:Mate searching behavior
794:
769:
699:
621:
587:
563:Diseases and parasites
415:it is mostly found in
328:
2094:10.1093/BEHECO/ARS075
1063:Parasitology Research
933:(Lichtenstein, 1823)"
899:: e.T61741A49741947.
789:
767:
725:Male-male interaction
694:
619:
585:
419:, excluding northern
326:
2511:Fauna Europaea (new)
2273:Fauna Europaea (new)
2139:The Reptile Database
2036:Evolutionary Ecology
1508:Animal Diversity Web
1382:Animal Diversity Web
1212:10.14411/fp.2000.024
1199:Folia Parasitologica
982:Animal Diversity Web
978:(Viviparous Lizard)"
862:Bimodal reproduction
481:, and various other
285:was split into nine
2707:Arctic land animals
2121:. Wingston: Magna.
2117:Jiří Čihař (1994).
2048:2009EvEco..23...93S
1994:2016PoBio..39.2411B
1939:2016PoBio..39.2411B
1755:10.1038/hdy.2015.54
1708:1997Ecogr..20..240G
1540:2011FuEco..25..158G
1434:The Wildlife Trusts
1265:2003PoBio..26..486H
773:Colour polymorphism
758:Z. vivipara remains
570:can be infested by
51:Conservation status
2732:Reptiles of Russia
2082:Behavioral Ecology
1665:Biological Journal
1528:Functional Ecology
1141:Journal of Zoology
795:
770:
714:sexually dimorphic
700:
622:
588:
423:, and in northern
329:
232:Lichtenstein, 1823
35:Viviparous lizard
2712:Lizards of Europe
2684:
2683:
2602:Open Tree of Life
2390:Open Tree of Life
2151:Taxon identifiers
1988:(12): 2411–2425.
1933:(12): 2411–2425.
1680:"Biogeography of
1404:Trust, Woodland.
1031:978-1-86977-097-6
825:Natural selection
787:
518:great grey shrike
242:viviparous lizard
238:
237:
233:
74:
27:Species of lizard
16:(Redirected from
2739:
2677:
2676:
2664:
2663:
2651:
2650:
2638:
2637:
2636:
2619:Lacerta vivipara
2610:
2609:
2597:
2596:
2584:
2583:
2581:NHMSYS0001706185
2571:
2570:
2558:
2557:
2545:
2544:
2532:
2531:
2519:
2518:
2506:
2505:
2493:
2492:
2480:
2479:
2467:
2466:
2454:
2453:
2452:
2439:
2438:
2437:
2411:
2410:
2398:
2397:
2385:
2384:
2372:
2371:
2359:
2358:
2356:NHMSYS0001706186
2346:
2345:
2333:
2332:
2320:
2319:
2307:
2306:
2294:
2293:
2281:
2280:
2268:
2267:
2255:
2254:
2242:
2241:
2229:
2228:
2216:
2215:
2206:
2205:
2193:
2192:
2191:
2189:Zootoca vivipara
2178:
2177:
2176:
2159:Zootoca vivipara
2146:
2098:
2097:
2088:(5): 1059–1067.
2077:
2068:
2067:
2027:
2014:
2013:
1978:Zootoca vivipara
1973:
1967:
1966:
1921:Zootoca vivipara
1914:
1901:
1900:
1894:
1888:Zootoca vivipara
1881:
1866:
1865:
1854:Lacerta vivipara
1849:
1843:
1842:
1806:
1800:
1799:
1788:Lacerta vivipara
1783:
1777:
1776:
1766:
1734:
1728:
1727:
1675:
1669:
1668:
1659:Zootoca vivipara
1652:
1639:
1638:
1636:
1635:
1629:The Animal Facts
1621:
1615:
1614:
1596:
1575:Zootoca vivipara
1568:
1562:
1561:
1559:
1519:
1513:
1512:
1499:
1493:
1492:
1474:
1450:
1444:
1443:
1441:
1440:
1426:
1420:
1419:
1417:
1416:
1401:
1392:
1391:
1389:
1388:
1373:
1367:
1366:
1348:
1327:Lacerta vivipara
1320:
1293:
1292:
1244:
1225:
1224:
1214:
1193:Zootoca vivipara
1186:
1165:
1164:
1135:Zootoca vivipara
1128:
1103:
1102:
1069:(5): 1121–1127.
1054:
1043:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1007:
998:
992:
991:
989:
988:
976:Zootoca vivipara
969:
950:
949:
937:
931:Zootoca vivipara
924:
918:
917:
915:
913:
908:
885:Zootoca vivipara
878:
856:
851:
850:
849:
788:
734:Thermoregulation
451:The size of the
332:Zootoca vivipara
312:Zootoca vivipara
298:Zootoca vivipara
296:Male and female
281:until the genus
279:Lacerta vivipara
256:Lacerta vivipara
251:Zootoca vivipara
231:
229:Lacerta vivipara
210:
192:
190:Zootoca vivipara
172:Z. vivipara
89:
88:
68:
63:
62:
44:
32:
21:
18:Zootoca vivipara
2747:
2746:
2742:
2741:
2740:
2738:
2737:
2736:
2717:Lizards of Asia
2687:
2686:
2685:
2680:
2672:
2667:
2659:
2654:
2646:
2641:
2632:
2631:
2626:
2613:
2605:
2600:
2592:
2587:
2579:
2574:
2566:
2561:
2553:
2548:
2540:
2535:
2527:
2522:
2514:
2509:
2501:
2496:
2488:
2483:
2475:
2470:
2462:
2457:
2448:
2447:
2442:
2433:
2432:
2427:
2414:
2406:
2401:
2393:
2388:
2380:
2377:Observation.org
2375:
2367:
2362:
2354:
2349:
2341:
2336:
2328:
2323:
2315:
2310:
2302:
2297:
2289:
2284:
2276:
2271:
2263:
2258:
2250:
2245:
2237:
2232:
2224:
2219:
2211:
2209:
2201:
2196:
2187:
2186:
2181:
2172:
2171:
2166:
2153:
2107:
2102:
2101:
2079:
2078:
2071:
2029:
2028:
2017:
1975:
1974:
1970:
1916:
1915:
1904:
1892:
1883:
1882:
1869:
1851:
1850:
1846:
1808:
1807:
1803:
1785:
1784:
1780:
1736:
1735:
1731:
1677:
1676:
1672:
1654:
1653:
1642:
1633:
1631:
1623:
1622:
1618:
1581:Acta Ethologica
1570:
1569:
1565:
1521:
1520:
1516:
1501:
1500:
1496:
1452:
1451:
1447:
1438:
1436:
1430:"Common lizard"
1428:
1427:
1423:
1414:
1412:
1403:
1402:
1395:
1386:
1384:
1375:
1374:
1370:
1322:
1321:
1296:
1246:
1245:
1228:
1188:
1187:
1168:
1130:
1129:
1106:
1056:
1055:
1046:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1005:
1000:
999:
995:
986:
984:
971:
970:
953:
935:
926:
925:
921:
911:
909:
880:
879:
875:
870:
854:Reptiles portal
852:
847:
845:
842:
777:
775:
736:
727:
712:Head size is a
710:
705:
683:
671:
659:
632:
627:
565:
506:
467:
462:
449:
362:
357:
338:undergo colour
321:
201:
194:
188:
175:
83:
75:
64:
60:
53:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2745:
2743:
2735:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2689:
2688:
2682:
2681:
2679:
2678:
2665:
2652:
2639:
2623:
2621:
2615:
2614:
2612:
2611:
2598:
2585:
2572:
2559:
2546:
2533:
2520:
2507:
2498:Fauna Europaea
2494:
2481:
2468:
2455:
2440:
2424:
2422:
2416:
2415:
2413:
2412:
2399:
2386:
2373:
2360:
2347:
2334:
2321:
2308:
2295:
2282:
2269:
2256:
2243:
2230:
2217:
2207:
2194:
2179:
2163:
2161:
2155:
2154:
2149:
2143:
2142:
2136:
2130:
2115:
2106:
2103:
2100:
2099:
2069:
2015:
1968:
1902:
1867:
1844:
1817:(5): 575–594.
1801:
1798:(13): 341–346.
1778:
1749:(6): 517–526.
1729:
1702:(3): 240–246.
1670:
1640:
1616:
1587:(3): 155–162.
1563:
1534:(1): 158–165.
1514:
1494:
1445:
1421:
1410:Woodland Trust
1393:
1376:Day, Chameka.
1368:
1339:(1): 221–232.
1294:
1259:(7): 486–490.
1226:
1205:(2): 118–122.
1166:
1104:
1044:
1030:
993:
972:Day, Chameka.
951:
919:
872:
871:
869:
866:
865:
864:
858:
857:
841:
838:
774:
771:
735:
732:
726:
723:
709:
706:
704:
701:
682:
679:
670:
667:
658:
655:
631:
628:
626:
623:
564:
561:
505:
502:
466:
463:
461:
458:
448:
445:
361:
358:
356:
353:
320:
317:
236:
235:
224:
223:
217:
216:
212:
211:
203:
202:
195:
184:
183:
177:
176:
169:
167:
163:
162:
155:
151:
150:
145:
141:
140:
135:
131:
130:
125:
121:
120:
115:
111:
110:
105:
101:
100:
95:
91:
90:
77:
76:
58:
55:
54:
49:
46:
45:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2744:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2694:
2692:
2675:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2644:
2640:
2635:
2629:
2625:
2624:
2622:
2620:
2616:
2608:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2460:
2456:
2451:
2445:
2441:
2436:
2430:
2426:
2425:
2423:
2421:
2417:
2409:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2208:
2204:
2199:
2195:
2190:
2184:
2180:
2175:
2169:
2165:
2164:
2162:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2147:
2140:
2137:
2134:
2131:
2128:
2127:1-85422-788-2
2124:
2120:
2116:
2113:
2109:
2108:
2104:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2076:
2074:
2070:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2042:(1): 93–108.
2041:
2037:
2033:
2026:
2024:
2022:
2020:
2016:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1982:Polar Biology
1979:
1972:
1969:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1927:Polar Biology
1924:
1922:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1903:
1898:
1891:
1889:
1880:
1878:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1868:
1864:(3): 333–342.
1863:
1859:
1858:Herpetologica
1855:
1848:
1845:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1805:
1802:
1797:
1794:(in French).
1793:
1789:
1782:
1779:
1774:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1733:
1730:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1674:
1671:
1666:
1662:
1660:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1645:
1641:
1630:
1626:
1620:
1617:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1576:
1567:
1564:
1558:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1518:
1515:
1510:
1509:
1504:
1498:
1495:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1449:
1446:
1435:
1431:
1425:
1422:
1411:
1407:
1400:
1398:
1394:
1383:
1379:
1372:
1369:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1328:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1295:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1253:Polar Biology
1250:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1227:
1222:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1194:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1177:
1175:
1173:
1171:
1167:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1136:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1105:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1045:
1033:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1004:
997:
994:
983:
979:
977:
968:
966:
964:
962:
960:
958:
956:
952:
948:(2): 214–228.
947:
943:
942:
934:
932:
923:
920:
907:
902:
898:
894:
893:
888:
886:
877:
874:
867:
863:
860:
859:
855:
844:
839:
837:
833:
831:
826:
820:
817:
811:
809:
804:
800:
793:
772:
766:
762:
759:
754:
750:
746:
742:
733:
731:
724:
722:
720:
715:
707:
702:
698:
693:
689:
687:
680:
678:
676:
668:
666:
663:
657:Fertilization
656:
654:
651:
646:
641:
636:
629:
624:
618:
614:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
584:
580:
577:
573:
569:
562:
560:
558:
557:domestic cats
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
529:birds of prey
525:
523:
519:
515:
511:
503:
501:
499:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
464:
459:
457:
454:
446:
444:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
397:British Isles
394:
389:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
366:
359:
354:
352:
350:
344:
341:
337:
333:
325:
318:
316:
313:
309:
307:
301:
299:
294:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
261:
257:
253:
252:
247:
246:common lizard
243:
234:
230:
225:
222:
218:
213:
209:
204:
199:
193:
191:
185:
182:
181:Binomial name
178:
174:
173:
168:
165:
164:
161:
160:
156:
153:
152:
149:
146:
143:
142:
139:
136:
133:
132:
129:
126:
123:
122:
119:
116:
113:
112:
109:
106:
103:
102:
99:
96:
93:
92:
87:
82:
78:
72:
67:
66:Least Concern
56:
52:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
2618:
2419:
2158:
2118:
2111:
2085:
2081:
2039:
2035:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1971:
1930:
1926:
1920:
1896:
1887:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1847:
1814:
1810:
1804:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1781:
1746:
1742:
1732:
1699:
1695:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1673:
1664:
1658:
1632:. Retrieved
1628:
1619:
1584:
1580:
1574:
1566:
1531:
1527:
1517:
1506:
1497:
1462:
1458:
1448:
1437:. Retrieved
1433:
1424:
1413:. Retrieved
1409:
1385:. Retrieved
1381:
1371:
1336:
1332:
1326:
1256:
1252:
1202:
1198:
1192:
1144:
1140:
1134:
1066:
1062:
1035:. Retrieved
1013:
1009:
996:
985:. Retrieved
981:
975:
945:
939:
930:
922:
910:. Retrieved
896:
890:
884:
876:
834:
821:
812:
802:
799:polymorphism
796:
757:
752:
748:
744:
740:
737:
728:
718:
711:
685:
684:
674:
672:
661:
660:
649:
644:
639:
637:
633:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
589:
567:
566:
526:
522:L. excubitor
521:
513:
509:
507:
485:, including
470:
468:
450:
440:
390:
364:
363:
348:
345:
340:polymorphism
335:
331:
330:
311:
310:
302:
297:
295:
282:
278:
274:
270:
255:
250:
249:
245:
241:
239:
228:
227:
198:Lichtenstein
189:
187:
171:
170:
158:
29:
2537:iNaturalist
2444:Wikispecies
2299:iNaturalist
2183:Wikispecies
1557:10261/36672
1147:(1): 7–13.
912:12 November
803:Z. vivipara
797:The colour
790:On logs in
753:Z. vivipara
749:Z. vivipara
745:Z. vivipara
741:Z. vivipara
719:Z. vivipara
686:Z. vivipara
675:Z. vivipara
662:Z. vivipara
650:Z. vivipara
645:Z. vivipara
640:Z. vivipara
611:Z. vivipara
603:Z. vivipara
595:Z. vivipara
591:Z. vivipara
514:Z. vivipara
510:Z. vivipara
487:hemipterans
471:Z. vivipara
441:Z. vivipara
365:Z. vivipara
349:Z. vivipara
336:Z. vivipara
319:Description
289:in 2007 by
254:, formerly
2691:Categories
2105:References
1634:2023-01-23
1459:Herpetozoa
1439:2023-01-23
1415:2023-01-23
1387:2023-01-23
987:2021-11-05
801:of female
669:Brood size
586:Front foot
574:, a small
568:Z. vivpara
453:home range
447:Home range
425:Kazakhstan
267:viviparous
148:Lacertidae
2634:Q43315273
2010:253806651
1955:1432-2056
1724:1600-0587
1696:Ecography
1611:184483713
1603:1437-9546
1489:245953804
1481:2682-955X
1465:: 21–23.
1281:1432-2056
1161:1469-7998
1083:1432-1955
681:Life span
620:Hind foot
607:L. agilis
599:L. agilis
576:parasitic
572:helminths
545:hedgehogs
504:Predation
489:(such as
386:grassland
374:heathland
370:hibernate
306:helminths
166:Species:
104:Kingdom:
98:Eukaryota
2648:10364949
2628:Wikidata
2435:Q3321770
2429:Wikidata
2408:vivipara
2317:10364873
2239:47045448
2210:BioLib:
2203:pictures
2168:Wikidata
2064:45820908
1963:18342152
1839:20656875
1831:21573966
1773:26126542
1743:Heredity
1690:vivipara
1363:13843735
1355:17210015
1289:34229903
1221:10945736
1099:13131577
1091:20661747
840:See also
808:genotype
697:autotomy
429:Mongolia
407:and the
399:but not
382:woodland
378:moorland
275:vivipara
260:Eurasian
221:Synonyms
144:Family:
138:Squamata
128:Reptilia
118:Chordata
114:Phylum:
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94:Domain:
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2702:Zootoca
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2330:1155342
2291:2468551
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2044:Bibcode
1990:Bibcode
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1037:12 July
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830:fitness
792:Estonia
541:shrikes
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491:cicadas
483:insects
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263:lizard
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533:crows
475:flies
437:Japan
433:China
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2669:OBIS
2656:ITIS
2589:NCBI
2563:ITIS
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