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recovery. Young runners complained about the asymmetrically heavy workload versus poor salary. Another recurring demographic is small business owners, who incurred a high revenue deduction from COVID restrictions and thus became pessimistic about future business opportunities in the mainland of China. Most of the runners are aware that they are unlikely to obtain well-paying positions in the short run as asylum seekers. However, they believe the current toil will be worth paying if the next generation can grow with greater prosperity.
635:. A common expression among the runners was their discontent toward the absence of free speech and religion, which intensified due to the COVID-19 pandemic's constraints. Some runners claimed to face different degrees of governmental oppression for their speeches during COVID regulation, including university expulsion, police interrogation and imprisonment. Many runners attributed their determination to
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559:. For most Mainland Chinese migrants, contacting a snakehead (people smuggler) within these criminal organizations has become a part of attempting the journey. Snakeheads employ local guides to assist migrants where hazards are present. There is a risk of the snakehead abandoning them or demanding more money midway through the journey. Migrants use social media platforms such as
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575:, with the refusal rate of asylum seekers from the mainland of China into the United States being 12%. This is contrasted by the level of Visa application refusals being approximately 30%, contributing to the statistic that United States visa refusals are 90% below pre-pandemic levels. When in the United States, many move to Mainland Chinese districts in large cities such as
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Mainland
Chinese people smuggling developed mainly from a decentralized platform utilizing intermediaries and independent businesses to engage in their operations. Mexican people smugglers and human traffickers are the subcontractors used to guide Mainland Chinese immigrants through the United States
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were only normalised in 1979. While this subsequently granted a legal entry point for those emigrating from the mainland of China, the number of immigrants allowed to enter the U.S. is subject to immigration quotas. These quotas prioritize
Mainland Chinese citizens with financial and familial ties to
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Data from June 2023 suggest that real income growth remained below the inflation rate, with the youth unemployment rate reaching a new high of 20.4%. Subdued private investment continued in 2022, and the property market overall has depressed. The runners expressed their despair of an economic
761:
Castañeda, C.B. and Rivas, N.T., (2021) 'Central
American Caravans: A New Model of Migration?' in C.C. González and J.E. Ocampo Human Displacement from a Global South Perspective: Migration Dynamics in Latin America, Africa and the Middle East. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, pp.13-39. DOI:
623:" policy, Mainland Chinese households experienced widespread lockdowns, compulsory mass testing, and concentrated treatment of patients, which resulted in social problems like food shortages, family separations, and unequal healthcare access. Ultimately, following the
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Cafruny, A.W. and Talani, L.S. (2023) '9 Authoritarian Crisis
Response to COVID-19 in China', in The political economy of global responses to covid-19. Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan, an imprint of Springer Nature Switzerland AG, pp. 183–201.
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LAZARUS, L. (2023) Triads, snakeheads, and flying money: The underworld of
Chinese ...LELAND LAZARUS, TRIADS, SNAKEHEADS, AND FLYING MONEY THE UNDERWORLD OF CHINESE CRIMINAL NETWORKS IN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN. Available at:
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has been a COVID-inspired expedient. The China-Ecuador visa-free agreement gave rise to the rationale of making
Ecuador the landing area for the runners. Sharing and instruction transmission on media platforms, namely Telegram,
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Zhou, M. and Liu, H., 2016. Homeland engagement and host-society integration: A comparative study of new
Chinese immigrants in the United States and Singapore. International Journal of Comparative Sociology, 57(1-2), pp.30-52.
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The
Chinese diaspora in Latin and South America, like the United States, has existed since the 19th century owing to labour shortages in the Americas. Mexico, in particular, encouraged Chinese immigration, signing a commercial
532:, has been the only option. The inflated costs from Ecuador to the United States indicate that whilst some migrants come from working-class backgrounds, many are middle-class migrants hoping to leave the mainland of China.
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Salvini, G., 2017. The
Relations Between the People's Republic of China (PRC) and the United States (US). Understanding China Today: An Exploration of Politics, Economics, Society, and International Relations, pp.95-113.
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Zhou, M. and Lee, R., 2013. Transnationalism and community building: Chinese immigrant organizations in the United States. The Annals of the
American Academy of Political and Social Science, 647(1), pp.22-49.
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Wang, J.Z., 2001. Illegal Mainland Chinese immigration into the United States: A preliminary factor analysis. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 45(3), pp.345-355 ibid
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Wang, J.Z., 2001. Illegal Mainland Chinese immigration into the United States: A preliminary factor analysis. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 45(3), pp.345-355
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The difficulty in reaching the United States legally by obtaining a visa has meant that some Mainland Chinese migrants have attempted to get there through other means. For most, flying to
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Hsin, A. & Aptekar, S. (2022) The Violence of Asylum: The Case of Undocumented Mainland Chinese Migration to the United States. Social forces. 100 (3), 1195–1217.
603:. Economic frustrations over Beijing's political reform have eroded the social confidence of some Mainland Chinese people, particularly in the lower-class hierarchy.
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will form a new pattern for Mainland Chinese undocumented immigration to the United States largely depends on the further estimation of the effect of returning to the
500:, between January and September 2023, there were 21,870 Mainland Chinese illegal immigration reports, which was 13% higher than in 2022. Whether the phenomenon of
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Hsin, A. and Aptekar, S., 2022. The violence of asylum: The case of undocumented Chinese migration to the United States. Social Forces, 100(3), pp.1195-1217.
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Zhang, S. and Chin, K.L., 2001, December. Chinese human smuggling in the United States of America. In Forum on Crime and Society (Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 31-52).
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In recent years, social media has played a pivotal role in various movements in the mainland of China. Mainland Chinese undocumented immigration through the
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and New York. Through the use of social media, friends, and family connections, many are able to find jobs that are cash-in-hand, forgoing the need for a
543:. The past decade has witnessed an increase in Mainland Chinese criminal groups operating in Latin America, specializing in four activities: trafficking
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the United States and are still restrictive, leaving many with no legal opportunity to enter the country. This first became an issue in the 1980s, with
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Chang-Rodríguez, E., 1958. Chinese labor migration into Latin America in the nineteenth century. Revista de Historia de América, (46), pp.375-397.
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Holland, K.M., 2007. A history of Chinese immigration in the United States and Canada. American Review of Canadian Studies, 37(2), pp.150-160.
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Romero, R.C., 2003. The dragon in Big Lusong: Chinese immigration and settlement in Mexico, 1882–1940. University of California, Los Angeles.
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477:, Mainland Chinese people smuggling has historically adopted a system utilizing family located in the United States to ensure full payment.
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to share information with each other. Some do not survive the journey as they encounter hunger and robbery or kidnapping by local gangs.
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in 1899 that allowed Chinese citizens to run enterprises in Mexico, some of which would become involved in people smuggling. Chinese
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Chowdhury, I. and Li, Y. (2023) China Economic Update - June 2023 - world bank, China Economic Update - June 2023. Available at:
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Keefe, P.R., 2009. Snakeheads and smuggling: The dynamics of illegal Chinese immigration. World Policy Journal, 26(1), pp.33-44.
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Zhang, T. (2023) 'Why Are More and More Chinese Migrants Risking Their Lives to Cross the US Southern Border?'. Available at:
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https://thediplomat.com/2023/06/why-are-more-and-more-chinese-migrants-risking-their-lives-to-cross-the-us-southern-border/
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Chan, K. (2023) Unwritten Endings: Revolutionary Potential of China's A4 Protest. Sociologica (Bologna). 17 (1), 57–66
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Dyer, O. (2022) Covid-19: Protests against lockdowns in China reignite amid crackdown. BMJ (Online). 379o2896–o2896.
965:"Triads, Snakeheads, and Flying Money: The Underworld of Chinese Criminal Networks in Latin America and the Caribbean"
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Hooper, K. and Batalova, J., 2015. Chinese immigrants in the United States. Migration Policy Institute, 28, pp.1-13.
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outbreak, Mainland Chinese citizens have more frequently discussed leaving the mainland of China on social media.
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that states a Knowledge editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.
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994:"Why Are More and More Chinese Migrants Risking Their Lives to Cross the US Southern Border?"
1020:"Growing numbers of Chinese citizens set their sights on the US – via the deadly Darién Gap"
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Kyle, D. and Liang, Z., 2001. Migration merchants: human smuggling from Ecuador and China.
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Martin, P. and Miller, M., 2000. Smuggling and trafficking: a conference report.
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EXECUTIVE OFFICE FOR IMMIGRATION REVIEW ADJUDICATION STATISTICS. Available at:
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border is not a COVID-exclusive phenomenon. Traversing the Darién Gap to reach
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Even after Beijing lifted its COVID restrictions, the inclination towards
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Once reaching the border, the immigrants face little opposition to
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Upon reaching Ecuador, migrants usually cross eight countries in
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and more precise disclosure of the life risk of jungle crossing.
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and the United States, comprising the largest and third largest
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border. Where payment through coyotes has often manifested in
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based on their COVID-19 political witness and experiences.
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for immigrants to allow access to the United States border.
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personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay
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Spagat, Elliot; Bull, Greg; Tang, Didi; Garcia, Eugene.
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in the mainland of China leading to a sharp increase in
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resulted from people's dissatisfaction with Beijing's
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first emerged in the mid-19th century, largely in the
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For the Shandong city formerly known as Zouxian, see
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Chinese immigration to the United States via Mexico
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71:Learn how and when to remove these messages
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154:. Please do not remove this message until
942:(in Simplified Chinese). November 1, 2023
916:(in Simplified Chinese). January 19, 2023
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232:Learn how and when to remove this message
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1301:"世界难民日专题：去国离乡，寻找希望的中国走线移民"
1210:"世界难民日专题：去国离乡，寻找希望的中国走线移民"
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