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aquatic surroundings, and research has shown that green algae is the closest ancestor to living terrestrial and aquatic plants. Terrestrial plants have rigid cell walls meant for withstanding harsh weather, as well as keeping the plant upright as the plant resists gravity. Gravitropism, along with phototropism and hydrotropism, are traits believed to have evolved during the transition from an aquatic to terrestrial habitat. Terrestrial plants no longer had unlimited access to water and had to evolve to search for nutrients in their new surroundings as well as develop cells with new sensory functions, such as
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225:. An aquatic origin of angiosperms is supported by the evidence that several of the earliest known fossil angiosperms were aquatic. Aquatic plants are phylogenetically well dispersed across the angiosperms, with at least 50 independent origins, although they comprise less than 2% of the angiosperm species. Archaefructus represents one of the oldest, most complete angiosperm fossils which is around 125 million years old. These plants require special adaptations for living submerged in water or floating at the surface.
838:, especially N cycling through influencing the denitrifying bacterial functional groups that are inhabiting on roots and shoots of macrophytes. Macrophytes promote the sedimentation of suspended solids by reducing the current velocities, impede erosion by stabilising soil surfaces. Macrophytes also provide spatial heterogeneity in otherwise unstructured water column. Habitat complexity provided by macrophytes tends to increase diversity and density of both fish and invertebrates.
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262:(DBLs) around submerged leaves and photosynthetic stems vary based on the leaves' thickness, shape and density and are the main factor responsible for the greatly reduced rate of gaseous transport across the leaf/water boundary and therefore greatly inhibit transport of carbon dioxide. To overcome this limitation, many aquatic plants have evolved to metabolise
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Terrestrial plants may undergo physiological changes when submerged due to flooding. When submerged, new leaf growth has been found to have thinner leaves and thinner cell walls than the leaves on the plant that grew while above water, along with oxygen levels being higher in the portion of the plant
110:
Macrophytes are primary producers and are the basis of the food web for many organisms. They have a significant effect on soil chemistry and light levels as they slow down the flow of water and capture pollutants and trap sediments. Excess sediment will settle into the benthos aided by the reduction
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Macrophytes perform many ecosystem functions in aquatic ecosystems and provide services to human society. One of the important functions performed by macrophyte is uptake of dissolved nutrients including nitrogen and phosphorus. Macrophytes are widely used in constructed wetlands around the world to
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as the plant, once submerged, experiences changes in morphology better suited to their new aquatic environment. However, while some terrestrial plants may be able to adapt in the short-term to an aquatic habitat, it may not be possible to reproduce underwater, especially if the plant usually relies
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on the top surface to make use of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Gas exchange primarily occurs through the top surface of the leaf due to the position of the stomata, and the stomata are in a permanently open state. Due to their aquatic surroundings, the plants are not at risk of losing water through
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Due to their environment, aquatic plants experience buoyancy which counteracts their weight. Because of this, their cell covering are far more flexible and soft, due to a lack of pressure that terrestrial plants experience. Green algae are also known to have extremely thin cell walls due to their
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The principal factor controlling the distribution of aquatic plants is the availability of water. However, other factors may also control their distribution including nutrient availability, disturbance from waves, grazing, and salinity. Some aquatic plants are able to thrive in
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which rests as a rootless rosette on the bottom of the water body but slowly floats to the surface in late Spring so that its inflorescence can emerge into the air. While it is ascending through the water column it produces roots and vegetative daughter plants by means of
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Environmental variables affect the instantaneous photosynthetic rates of aquatic plants and the photosynthetic enzymes pigments. In water, light intensity rapidly decreases with depth. Respiration is also higher in the dark per the unit volume of the medium they live in.
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In 2012, a comprehensive overview of alien aquatic plants in 46 European countries found 96 alien aquatic species. The aliens were primarily native to North
America, Asia, and South America. The most spread alien plant in Europe was
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The introduction of non-native aquatic plants has resulted in numerous examples across the world of such plants becoming invasive and frequently dominating the environments into which they have been introduced. Such species include
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Hallin, Sara; Hellman, Maria; Choudhury, Maidul I.; Ecke, Frauke (2015). "Relative importance of plant uptake and plant associated denitrification for removal of nitrogen from mine drainage in sub-arctic wetlands".
638:
Floating-leaved macrophytes have root systems attached to the substrate or bottom of the body of water and with leaves that float on the water surface. Common floating leaved macrophytes are water lilies (family
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Thomaz, Sidinei M.; Dibble, Eric D.; Evangelista, Luiz R.; Higuti, Janet; Bini, Luis M. (2007). "Influence of aquatic macrophyte habitat complexity on invertebrate abundance and richness in tropical lagoons".
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more efficiently in air and competition from submerged plants but often, the main aerial feature is the flower and the related reproductive process. The emergent habit permits pollination by wind or by flying
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Many fully submerged plants have finely dissected leaves, probably to reduce drag in rivers and to provide a much increased surface area for interchange of minerals and gasses. Some species of plants such as
2771:"High performance liquid chromatography profiling of health-promoting phytochemicals and evaluation of antioxidant, anti-lipoxygenase, iron chelating and anti-glucosidase activities of wetland macrophytes"
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Horppila, Jukka; Kaitaranta, Joni; Joensuu, Laura; Nurminen, Leena (2013). "Influence of emergent macrophyte (Phragmites australis) density on water turbulence and erosion of organic-rich sediment".
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in 22 countries. The countries with the most recorded alien aquatic plant species were France and Italy with 30 species followed by
Germany with 27 species, and Belgium and Hungary with 26 species.
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Fully submerged aquatic plants have little need for stiff or woody tissue as they are able to maintain their position in the water using buoyancy typically from gas filled lacunaa or turgid
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The
European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization has published recommendations to European nations advocating the restriction or banning of the trade in invasive alien plants.
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Submerged aquatic plants have more restricted access to carbon as carbon dioxide compared to terrestrial plants. They may also experience reduced light levels. In aquatic plants diffuse
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is a highly invasive plant in temperate climates spreading from a marginal plant to encompassing the whole body of many ponds to the almost total exclusion of other plants and wildlife
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and other microphytes. A macrophyte is a plant that grows in or near water and is either emergent, submergent, or floating. In lakes and rivers, macrophytes provide cover for
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A decline in a macrophyte community may indicate water quality problems and changes in the ecological status of the water body. Such problems may be the result of excessive
1045:. Many of these invasive plants have been sold as oxygenating plants for aquaria or decorative plants for garden ponds and have then been disposed of into the environment.
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145:. Many small aquatic animals use plants such as duckweed for a home, or for protection from predators. Some other familiar examples of aquatic plants include
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2943:"Approach of the European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization to the Evaluation and Management of Risks Presented by Invasive Alien Plants"
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that is frequently saturated with water. They are therefore a common component of wetlands. One of the largest aquatic plants in the world is the
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of flow rates caused by the presence of plant stems, leaves and roots. Some plants have the capability of absorbing pollutants into their tissue.
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The additional site-specific macrophytes' value provides wildlife habitat and makes treatment systems of wastewater aesthetically satisfactory.
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3000:
2552:"The Influence of Macrophytes on Sediment Resuspension and the Effect of Associated Nutrients in a Shallow and Large Lake (Lake Taihu, China)"
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Bornette, Gudrun; Amoros, Claude; Lamouroux, Nicolas (March 1998). "Aquatic plant diversity in riverine wetlands: the role of connectivity".
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Chambers, Patricia A. (September 1987). "Light and
Nutrients in the Control of Aquatic Plant Community Structure. II. In Situ Observations".
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928:. Macrophyte levels are easy to sample, do not require laboratory analysis, and are easily used for calculating simple abundance metrics.
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below the water surface. Fringing stands of tall vegetation by water basins and rivers may include helophytes. Examples include stands of
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to avoid being damaged by fast flowing water and they also need strong mechanisms of attachment to avoid being uprooted by river flow.
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Zhu, Mengyuan; Zhu, Guangwei; Nurminen, Leena; Wu, Tingfeng; Deng, Jianming; Zhang, Yunlin; Qin, Boqiang; Ventelä, Anne-Mari (2015).
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which is invasive in many tropical and sub-tropical locations including much of the southern US, many Asian countries and
Australia.
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have two different leaf forms with finely dissected leaves that are fully submerged and entire leaves on the surface of the water.
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and, although their ecological impact is similar to other larger water plants, they are not typically referred to as macrophytes.
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Keddy, P.A. 2010. Wetland
Ecology: Principles and Conservation (2nd edition). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. 497 p.
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is one which grows in water but pierces the surface so that it is partially exposed to air. Collectively, such plants are
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the stomata and therefore face no risk of dehydration. For carbon fixation, some aquatic angiosperms are able to uptake CO
2949:, Invading Nature – Springer Series In Invasion Ecology, vol. 5, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 319–343,
659:, or bottom of the water body. They are easily blown by air and provide breeding ground for mosquitoes. Examples include
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can reproduce by flowering and setting seeds, many have also evolved to have extensive asexual reproduction by means of
924:. Conversely, overly high nutrient levels may create an overabundance of macrophytes, which may in turn interfere with
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The many possible classifications of aquatic plants are based upon morphology. One example has six groups as follows:
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Some still-water plants can alter their position in the water column at different seasons. One notable example is
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133:, but floating leaves and finely dissected leaves are also common. Aquatic plants can only grow in water or in
129:, or at the water's surface. The most common adaptation is the presence of lightweight internal packing cells,
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Free-floating macrophytes are found suspended on water surface with their root not attached to the substrate,
371:
grown underwater versus the sections that grew in their terrestrial environment. This is considered a form of
2351:
Beentje, Henk; Hickey, Michael; King, Clive (2001). "The
Cambridge Illustrated Glossary of Botanical Terms".
532:, may grow in water as emergent plants but they are capable of flourishing in fens or simply in damp ground.
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3777:
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686:: stem plants that complete their entire lifecycle submerged, or with only their flowers above the waterline
2826:
2274:
Vymazal, Jan (December 2013). "Emergent plants used in free water surface constructed wetlands: A review".
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remove excess N and P from polluted water. Beside direct nutrient uptake, macrophytes indirectly influence
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2724:"Edible freshwater macrophytes: A source of anticancer and antioxidative natural products—a mini-review"
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Sculthorpe, C. D. 1967. The
Biology of Aquatic Vascular Plants. Reprinted 1985 Edward Arnold, by London.
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Macrophytes have an essential role in some forms of wastewater treatment, most commonly in small scale
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1966:"Plant cell walls throughout evolution: towards a molecular understanding of their design principles"
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Mommer, Liesje; Wolters-Arts, Mieke; Andersen, Charlotte; Visser, Eric J. W.; Pedersen, Ole (2007).
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1839:"Permanently open stomata of aquatic angiosperms display modified cellulose crystallinity patterns"
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Hutchinson, G. E. 1975. A Treatise on
Limnology, Vol. 3, Limnological Botany. New York: John Wiley.
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962:
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Vymazal, Jan (2013). "Emergent plants used in free water surface constructed wetlands: A review".
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317:. When flowering is complete, the plant descends through the water column and the roots atrophy.
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Brunel, Sarah; Petter, Françoise; Fernandez-Galiano, Eladio; Smith, Ian (2009), Inderjit (ed.),
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Submerged macrophytes completely grow under water with roots attached to the substrate (e.g.
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2137:"Submergence-induced leaf acclimation in terrestrial species varying in flooding tolerance"
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Phytochemical and pharmacological researches suggest that freshwater macrophytes, such as
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247:
142:
1965:
1742:"Environmental variables and their effect on photosynthesis of aquatic plant communities"
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Cowardin, Lewis M.; Carter, Virginia; Golet, Francis C.; Laroe, Edward T. (2005-07-15),
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1594:(2018-06-01). "This saltwater trout evolved to live in freshwater—in just 100 years".
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in the water, a trait that does not exist in terrestrial plants. Angiosperms that use
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Cook, C.D.K. (ed). 1974. Water Plants of the World. Dr W Junk
Publishers, The Hague.
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Some aquatic plants are used by humans as a food source. Examples include wild rice (
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Water lilies grow rooted in the bottom with leaves that float on the water surface.
640:
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100:
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have originated on multiple occasions in different plant families; they can be
189:
Aquatic plants have adapted to live in either freshwater or saltwater. Aquatic
4839:
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4258:
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4209:
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2100:
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1991:
1934:
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1705:
1680:"Underwater Photosynthesis of Submerged Plants – Recent Advances and Methods"
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1511:
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1603:
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704:: plants rooted in the bottom, but with leaves floating on the water surface
695:
525:
359:
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cells. When removed from the water, such plants are typically limp and lose
3678:
2806:
2595:
2536:
2180:
2118:
2059:
1999:
1942:
1888:
1723:
1529:
30:
2700:
966:, are promising sources of anticancer and antioxidative natural products.
777:
17:
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4844:
4834:
4656:
4608:
4603:
4586:
4444:
4424:
4389:
4305:
4268:
4263:
3919:
3729:
3275:
3270:
3195:
1982:
990:
921:
656:
314:
210:
69:
2684:
2319:"PCA Alien Plant Working Group – Purple Loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria)"
1905:
Okuda, Kazuo (2002-08-01). "Structure and phylogeny of cell coverings".
1322:"Classification of Wetlands and Deepwater Habitats of the United States"
349:
levels satisfactory, even in basic environments with low carbon levels.
4884:
4864:
4429:
4394:
4216:
4118:
3929:
3889:
3859:
3837:
3457:
3245:
3145:
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1268:
1177:
858:
World aquaculture production of food fish and aquatic plants, 1990–2016
809:
grows rooted in the bottom with leaves and flowers above the waterline.
789:
762:
707:
689:
418: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
243:
221:
198:
154:
112:
2986:
https://web.archive.org/web/20200410235322/https://aquaplant.tamu.edu/
2250:"Aquatic Plants - Definition, Types, and Importance of Aquatic Plants"
2163:
2042:
2025:
320:
In floating aquatic angiosperms, the leaves have evolved to only have
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4409:
4399:
4295:
3914:
3240:
3005:
2769:
Ooh, K. F.; Ong, H. C.; Wong, F. C.; Sit, N. W.; Chai, T. T. (2014).
1127:
661:
608:
496:
283:
104:
2722:
Chai, Tsun-Thai; Ooh, Keng-Fei; Quah, Yixian; Wong, Fai-Chu (2015).
2372:
1260:
1791:"Morphological, Physiological and Anatomical Adaptations in Plants"
1372:"Light attenuation and photosynthesis of aquatic plant communities"
1280:
1278:
665:
spp. commonly called water lettuce, water cabbage or Nile cabbage.
125:
Aquatic plants require special adaptations for living submerged in
4459:
4414:
4404:
4384:
4335:
4300:
4275:
4248:
4144:
853:
698:: plants rooted in the bottom, but with leaves above the waterline
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590:
557:
516:
321:
290:
202:
126:
119:
116:
85:
65:
46:
29:
2194:
van der Valk, Arnold G. (2006). "4. Wetland Plants and Animals".
1837:
Shtein, Ilana; Popper, Zoë A.; Harpaz-Saad, Smadar (2017-07-03).
1285:"Do macrophytes play a role in constructed treatment wetlands?".
1180: – Type of land area that is flooded or saturated with water
981:
inhibitory activity. Hot water extract prepared from the leaf of
502:
There are many species of emergent plants, among them, the reed (
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4310:
3410:
194:
134:
89:
4091:
3563:
3047:
3009:
1964:
Sarkar, Purbasha; Bosneaga, Elena; Auer, Manfred (2009-09-01).
1678:
Pedersen, Ole; Colmer, Timothy David; Sand-Jensen, Kaj (2013).
692:: rosette plants that complete their entire lifecycle submerged
289:
Those living in rivers do, however, need sufficient structural
4253:
4164:
3472:
3462:
2882:. Northern Ireland Direct Government Services. 9 November 2015
561:
387:
2995:
680:: plants that are adapted to live either submerged or on land
2026:"Plant evolution: landmarks on the path to terrestrial life"
1748:. Photosynthesis and Photorespiration in Aquatic Organisms.
1209:"Macrophytes as Indicators of freshwater marshes in Florida"
209:
capable of growing completely submerged in seawater are the
4087:
1486:"Marine and Freshwater Plants: Challenges and Expectations"
446:
Based on growth form, macrophytes can be characterised as:
27:
Plant that has adapted to living in an aquatic environment
164:
Historically, aquatic plants have been less studied than
1631:
1629:
1365:
1363:
746:, a free-floating plant that grows completely submerged
2198:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 71–75.
2073:
Najrana, Tanbir; Sanchez-Esteban, Juan (2016-12-26).
490:
This habit may have developed because the leaves can
68:
that have adapted to living in aquatic environments (
2902:"Invasive Pennywort plant 'strangling' River Thames"
4822:
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4708:
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4649:
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4528:
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3786:
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3001:
Aquatic Plant Monitoring in the State of Washington
2827:"Alien aquatic plant species in European countries"
1735:
1733:
1370:Krause-Jensen, Dorte; Sand-Jensen, Kaj (May 1998).
2990:
2685:"Functions of Macrophytes in Constructed Wetlands"
2219:
2217:
2215:
973:, as well as those of the fruit, leaf and stem of
2456:Westlake, D.F.; Kvĕt, J.; Szczepański, A (1998).
2225:"What Are The Different Types Of Aquatic Plants?"
2075:"Mechanotransduction as an Adaptation to Gravity"
792:, a plant that floats freely on the water surface
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2406:
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1667:
1665:
1328:, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., pp. sw2162,
710:: vascular plants that float freely in the water
462:Attached: attached to substrate but not by roots
2820:
2818:
2816:
2346:
2344:
4690:A Directory of Important Wetlands in Australia
2130:
2128:
1832:
1830:
107:, and act as food for some fish and wildlife.
4775:Bangladesh Haor and Wetland Development Board
4700:Ramsar Classification System for Wetland Type
4103:
3311:Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems
3021:
1900:
1898:
1055:(Found in 41 European countries) followed by
1029:Other notable invasive plant species include
989:inhibitory activity more potent than that of
8:
2678:
2676:
1547:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
1441:
1439:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1009:or in polishing lagoons for larger schemes.
3376:Freshwater environmental quality parameters
1815:. The Offwell Woodland & Wildlife Trust
969:Hot water extracts of the stem and root of
829:Functions of macrophytes in aquatic systems
459:Unrooted: free-floating in the water column
4714:
4129:
4110:
4096:
4088:
3692:
3573:
3560:
3058:
3044:
3028:
3014:
3006:
2024:Vries, Jan de; Archibald, John M. (2018).
366:Terrestrial plants in aquatic environments
2796:
2786:
2585:
2575:
2162:
2152:
2108:
2090:
2041:
1981:
1878:
1713:
1695:
1519:
1501:
1395:
1133:List of freshwater aquarium plant species
556:are plants that grow partly submerged in
434:Learn how and when to remove this message
2460:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1324:, in Lehr, Jay H.; Keeley, Jack (eds.),
1470:
1468:
1195:
932:Potential sources of therapeutic agents
213:. Examples are found in genera such as
4795:Meadowview Biological Research Station
4727:Greenhouse gas emissions from wetlands
1785:
1783:
2874:
2872:
2870:
2868:
2329:from the original on 2 September 2011
1203:
1201:
1199:
7:
2880:"Invasive non-native aquatic plants"
416:adding citations to reliable sources
4790:Irish Peatland Conservation Council
3639:Oceanic physical-biological process
3501:List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)
1813:"Plant Adaptations to Aquatic Life"
546:) or without any root system (e.g.
2458:The Production Ecology of Wetlands
2317:Swearingen, Jil M. (7 July 2009).
2196:The Biology of Freshwater Wetlands
765:example, grows submerged in water.
25:
729:grow either submerged or on land.
4915:
4914:
4903:
4072:
4071:
4059:
4045:
3677:
3349:
3166:Colored dissolved organic matter
2851:10.1111/j.1365-3180.2012.00926.x
2667:10.1111/j.1365-2427.2007.01898.x
2435:10.1046/j.1365-2427.1998.00273.x
2154:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.02166.x
1078:
814:
797:
776:
751:
734:
718:
392:
179:brackish, saline, and salt water
76:). They are also referred to as
4286:Flooded grasslands and savannas
3511:Latin America and the Caribbean
2006:from the original on 2020-06-06
1740:Sand-Jensen, Kaj (1989-07-01).
1573:from the original on 2018-01-29
1221:from the original on 2014-04-07
528:species. Some species, such as
456:Rooted: rooted to the substrate
403:needs additional citations for
197:or angiosperms (including both
3993:Ecological values of mangroves
3536:North Pacific Subtropical Gyre
1970:Journal of Experimental Botany
1843:Plant Signaling & Behavior
1:
4810:Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust
4800:Society of Wetland Scientists
2631:10.1016/S1001-6058(13)60365-0
2493:10.1016/j.ecoleng.2013.06.023
2296:10.1016/j.ecoleng.2013.06.023
1863:10.1080/15592324.2017.1339858
1299:10.1016/s0273-1223(97)00047-4
845:Uses and importance to humans
384:Classification of macrophytes
141:; one of the smallest is the
4425:Peatland, mire, and quagmire
4013:Marine conservation activism
3998:Fisheries and climate change
2955:10.1007/978-1-4020-9202-2_16
2947:Management of Invasive Weeds
2918:. Plant Life. Archived from
2689:Water Science and Technology
2577:10.1371/journal.pone.0127915
2529:10.1016/j.watres.2015.08.060
1766:10.1016/0304-3770(89)90048-X
1563:Angiosperm Phylogeny Website
1287:Water Science and Technology
901:Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum
669:Morphological classification
266:ions as a source of carbon.
250:, and fragments in general.
4695:National Wetlands Inventory
4008:Human impact on marine life
3885:Davidson Seamount § Ecology
3121:Aquatic population dynamics
1793:. Aligarh Muslim University
874:), Chinese water chestnut (
4957:
4780:Delta Waterfowl Foundation
2996:http://plants.ifas.ufl.edu
1684:Frontiers in Plant Science
1490:Frontiers in Plant Science
1376:Limnology and Oceanography
4898:
4717:
4039:
3695:
3675:
3624:Marine primary production
3572:
3559:
3518:List of marine ecoregions
3347:
3057:
3043:
2825:HUSSNER, A (2012-06-07).
2748:10.1007/s11101-015-9399-z
2683:Brix, Hans (1994-02-01).
1927:10.1007/s10265-002-0034-x
1907:Journal of Plant Research
1636:Mader, Sylvia S. (1998).
1567:Missouri Botanical Garden
1543:Tomlinson, P. B. (1986).
1397:10.4319/lo.1998.43.3.0396
1334:10.1002/047147844x.sw2162
84:to distinguish them from
4759:Wetland indicator status
3870:Coastal biogeomorphology
3865:Marine coastal ecosystem
2788:10.4103/0973-1296.139767
2611:Journal of Hydrodynamics
1184:Wetland indicator status
1153:Raunkiær plant life-form
4470:Freshwater swamp forest
3778:Paradox of the plankton
3589:Diel vertical migration
3483:Freshwater swamp forest
3201:GIS and aquatic science
3049:General components and
2092:10.3389/fped.2016.00140
2079:Frontiers in Pediatrics
1697:10.3389/fpls.2013.00140
1604:10.1126/science.aau3582
1545:The Botany of Mangroves
1503:10.3389/fpls.2019.01545
1484:Maréchal, Eric (2019).
1013:Invasive aquatic plants
743:Ceratophyllum submersum
4805:Wetlands International
4576:List of wetland plants
3604:Large marine ecosystem
3296:Shoaling and schooling
2781:(Suppl 3): S443–S455.
2775:Pharmacognosy Magazine
2728:Phytochemistry Reviews
2473:Ecological Engineering
2276:Ecological Engineering
1241:The Journal of Ecology
1168:Terrestrial locomotion
1138:List of wetland plants
892:), prickly waterlily (
859:
549:Ceratophyllum demersum
238:Although most aquatic
58:
44:
4450:Salt pannes and pools
4023:Marine protected area
3950:Salt pannes and pools
3725:Marine larval ecology
3700:Census of Marine Life
3584:Deep scattering layer
3541:San Francisco Estuary
3506:Africa and Madagascar
3331:Underwater camouflage
3111:Aquatic biomonitoring
3051:freshwater ecosystems
2904:. BBC. 27 March 2018.
2701:10.2166/wst.1994.0160
2323:National Park Service
1163:Terrestrial ecosystem
1035:Curly leaved pondweed
1024:New Zealand stonecrop
951:Nasturtium officinale
857:
806:Lysichiton americanus
643:), pondweeds (family
543:Myriophyllum spicatum
373:phenotypic plasticity
50:
33:
3758:Marine bacteriophage
3720:Marine invertebrates
1062:Vallisneria spiralis
1059:in 25 countries and
1007:constructed wetlands
997:Wastewater treatment
759:Eriocaulon aquaticum
627:Phragmites australis
567:Equisetum fluviatile
412:improve this article
300:Ranunculus aquatilis
4910:Wetlands portal
4541:Constructed wetland
4126:Types and landforms
3634:Ocean fertilization
3443:Trophic state index
3401:Lake stratification
3131:Aquatic respiration
2922:on 15 February 2021
2916:"Parrot's -feather"
2843:2012WeedR..52..297H
2740:2015PChRv..14..443C
2623:2013JHyDy..25..288H
2568:2015PLoSO..1027915Z
2521:2015WatRe..85..377H
2485:2013EcEng..61..582V
2427:1998FrBio..39..267B
2365:2001KewBu..56..505B
2288:2013EcEng..61..582V
1919:2002JPlR..115..283O
1855:2017PlSiB..12E9858S
1758:1989AqBot..34....5S
1640:. WCB/McGraw-Hill.
1388:1998LimOc..43..396K
1253:1987JEcol..75..621C
1057:Azolla filiculoides
983:Ludwigia adscendens
977:were found to have
971:Ludwigia adscendens
963:Ludwigia adscendens
898:), and watercress (
485:emergent vegetation
57:, an aquatic plant.
4754:Salt marsh die-off
4672:Salt marsh dieback
4581:List of fen plants
4420:Palustrine wetland
4321:Intertidal wetland
4316:Interdunal wetland
3900:Intertidal wetland
3895:Intertidal ecology
3763:Marine prokaryotes
3705:Deep-sea community
3599:Iron fertilization
3522:Specific examples
3448:Upland and lowland
3366:Freshwater biology
3231:Microbial food web
3141:Aquatic toxicology
3084:Aquatic adaptation
3037:Aquatic ecosystems
2655:Freshwater Biology
2415:Freshwater Biology
1983:10.1093/jxb/erp245
1592:Pennisi, Elizabeth
1326:Water Encyclopedia
1158:Terrestrial animal
1118:Aquatic locomotion
1031:floating pennywort
975:Monochoria hastata
886:), water spinach (
868:), water caltrop (
860:
788:, an example of a
530:purple loosestrife
229:Aquatic adaptation
166:terrestrial plants
115:are multicellular
59:
45:
4928:
4927:
4830:Aquatic ecosystem
4818:
4817:
4737:Ramsar Convention
4564:
4563:
4546:Converted wetland
4488:Peat swamp forest
4351:Inland salt marsh
4085:
4084:
4066:Oceans portal
4035:
4034:
4031:
4030:
3910:Hydrothermal vent
3846:
3845:
3735:Seashore wildlife
3566:Marine ecosystems
3555:
3554:
3551:
3550:
3321:Thermal pollution
3286:Ramsar Convention
3226:Microbial ecology
3186:Fisheries science
3126:Aquatic predation
2964:978-1-4020-9202-2
2043:10.1111/nph.14975
1976:(13): 3615–3635.
1173:Terrestrial plant
1113:Aquatic ecosystem
1052:Elodea canadensis
987:alpha-glucosidase
939:Centella asiatica
880:), Indian lotus (
877:Eleocharis dulcis
785:Pistia stratiotes
579:Hippuris vulgaris
444:
443:
436:
139:Amazon water lily
16:(Redirected from
4948:
4918:
4917:
4908:
4907:
4906:
4890:Will-o'-the-wisp
4823:Related articles
4715:
4515:Whitewater river
4465:Coniferous swamp
4346:Freshwater marsh
4239:Clearwater river
4155:Blackwater river
4130:
4112:
4105:
4098:
4089:
4075:
4074:
4068:
4064:
4063:
4054:
4052:Lakes portal
4050:
4049:
4048:
4018:Marine pollution
3710:Deep-water coral
3693:
3681:
3614:Marine chemistry
3574:
3561:
3478:Freshwater marsh
3371:Freshwater biome
3353:
3069:Acoustic ecology
3059:
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2036:(4): 1428–1434.
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1220:
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1088:
1083:
1082:
1081:
1043:Parrot's feather
1037:, the fern ally
1003:sewage treatment
957:Ipomoea aquatica
945:Nelumbo nucifera
889:Ipomoea aquatica
883:Nelumbo nucifera
836:nutrient cycling
818:
801:
780:
755:
738:
722:
645:Potamogetonaceae
615:Iris pseudacorus
560:and regrow from
439:
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54:Nelumbo nucifera
21:
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4785:Ducks Unlimited
4763:
4722:Clean Water Act
4704:
4682:Classifications
4676:
4645:
4592:
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4524:
4475:Mangrove forest
4121:
4116:
4086:
4081:
4058:
4057:
4046:
4044:
4043:
4027:
3988:Coral bleaching
3974:
3955:Seagrass meadow
3852:Marine habitats
3842:
3816:Coral reef fish
3782:
3768:Marine protists
3744:
3682:
3673:
3644:Ocean turbidity
3619:Marine food web
3568:
3547:
3489:
3428:River ecosystem
3381:Freshwater fish
3354:
3345:
3151:Bioluminescence
3136:Aquatic science
3053:
3039:
3034:
2991:http://aswm.org
2982:
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2030:New Phytologist
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2018:
2009:
2007:
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1849:(7): e1339858.
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1148:Plant community
1086:Wetlands portal
1084:
1079:
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934:
926:lake processing
910:
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653:
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634:Floating-leaved
612:, yellow flag (
573:Glyceria maxima
538:
511:Cyperus papyrus
492:photosynthesize
477:
467:Floating-leaved
440:
429:
423:
420:
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397:
386:
376:on terrestrial
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191:vascular plants
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143:minute duckweed
40:, a species of
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4941:Aquatic plants
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4667:Paludification
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3847:
3844:
3843:
3841:
3840:
3835:
3834:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3806:Saltwater fish
3803:
3801:Marine reptile
3798:
3792:
3790:
3784:
3783:
3781:
3780:
3775:
3773:Marine viruses
3770:
3765:
3760:
3754:
3752:
3750:Microorganisms
3746:
3745:
3743:
3742:
3740:Wild fisheries
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3696:
3690:
3684:
3683:
3676:
3674:
3672:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3654:Thorson's rule
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3609:Marine biology
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3580:
3578:
3570:
3569:
3564:
3557:
3556:
3553:
3552:
3549:
3548:
3546:
3545:
3544:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3520:
3515:
3514:
3513:
3508:
3497:
3495:
3491:
3490:
3488:
3487:
3486:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3468:Brackish marsh
3465:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3419:
3418:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3396:Lake ecosystem
3393:
3388:
3386:Hyporheic zone
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3362:
3360:
3356:
3355:
3348:
3346:
3344:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3236:Microbial loop
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3181:Eutrophication
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3161:Cascade effect
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3107:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3089:Aquatic animal
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3065:
3063:
3055:
3054:
3048:
3041:
3040:
3035:
3033:
3032:
3025:
3018:
3010:
3004:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2981:
2980:External links
2978:
2976:
2975:
2963:
2933:
2907:
2893:
2864:
2837:(4): 297–306.
2812:
2761:
2734:(3): 443–457.
2714:
2672:
2661:(2): 358–367.
2644:
2617:(2): 288–293.
2601:
2542:
2509:Water Research
2498:
2463:
2448:
2421:(2): 267–283.
2402:
2340:
2309:
2266:
2241:
2211:
2204:
2186:
2147:(2): 337–345.
2124:
2065:
2016:
1956:
1913:(4): 283–288.
1894:
1826:
1804:
1779:
1746:Aquatic Botany
1729:
1661:
1646:
1625:
1583:
1550:
1535:
1476:
1464:
1447:
1435:
1419:
1382:(3): 396–407.
1359:
1342:
1312:
1274:
1247:(3): 621–628.
1231:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1186:
1181:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1143:Marine biology
1140:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1123:Aquatic mammal
1120:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1101:Aquatic Botany
1097:
1095:Aquatic animal
1091:
1090:
1089:
1073:
1070:
1020:Water hyacinth
1014:
1011:
998:
995:
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906:
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687:
681:
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649:
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632:
597:Schoenoplectus
537:
534:
522:flowering rush
481:emergent plant
476:
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468:
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457:
451:
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254:Photosynthesis
252:
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186:
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159:water hyacinth
147:floating heart
62:Aquatic plants
34:The flower of
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4953:
4942:
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4900:
4897:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
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4873:
4871:
4870:Riparian zone
4868:
4866:
4863:
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4858:
4856:
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4768:Organizations
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4655:
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4624:Tropical peat
4622:
4620:
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4612:
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4607:
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4527:
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4506:
4505:Várzea forest
4503:
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4223:
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4196:
4195:Polygonal bog
4193:
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3991:
3989:
3986:
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3977:
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3961:
3960:Sponge ground
3958:
3956:
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3936:
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3925:Marine biomes
3923:
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3863:
3861:
3858:
3857:
3855:
3853:
3849:
3839:
3836:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3826:Demersal fish
3824:
3822:
3821:Deep-sea fish
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3808:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3796:Marine mammal
3794:
3793:
3791:
3789:
3785:
3779:
3776:
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3769:
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3329:
3327:
3326:Trophic level
3324:
3322:
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3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
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3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
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3291:Sediment trap
3289:
3287:
3284:
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3279:
3277:
3274:
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3269:
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3266:Phytoplankton
3264:
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3124:
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3119:
3117:
3116:Aquatic plant
3114:
3112:
3109:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3091:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3079:Anoxic waters
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2831:Weed Research
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1559:"Alismatales"
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1350:on 2019-12-21
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964:
959:
958:
953:
952:
947:
946:
941:
940:
931:
929:
927:
923:
919:
915:
908:Bioassessment
907:
905:
903:
902:
897:
896:
895:Euryale ferox
891:
890:
885:
884:
879:
878:
873:
872:
867:
866:
856:
849:
844:
842:
839:
837:
828:
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791:
787:
786:
779:
764:
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744:
737:
728:
721:
709:
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697:
694:
691:
688:
685:
682:
679:
676:
675:
674:
668:
666:
664:
663:
658:
651:Free-floating
650:
648:
646:
642:
633:
631:
629:
628:
623:
622:
617:
616:
611:
610:
605:
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531:
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523:
519:
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488:
486:
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474:
470:Free-floating
469:
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461:
458:
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438:
435:
427:
417:
413:
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401:This section
399:
395:
390:
389:
383:
381:
379:
374:
365:
363:
361:
352:
350:
345:- can keep CO
332:
323:
318:
316:
311:
310:
309:Water soldier
304:
302:
301:
294:
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287:
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273:
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152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
123:
121:
118:
114:
108:
106:
102:
101:invertebrates
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
56:
55:
49:
43:
39:
38:
37:Nymphaea alba
32:
19:
4855:List of bogs
4710:Conservation
4641:Ombrotrophic
4585:
4556:Water-meadow
4480:
4291:Grass valley
4281:Flood-meadow
4244:Cypress dome
4175:Cataract bog
4150:Beach meadow
3980:Conservation
3831:Pelagic fish
3811:Coastal fish
3715:Marine fungi
3453:Water garden
3336:Water column
3281:Productivity
3256:Pelagic zone
3216:Macrobenthos
3206:Hydrobiology
3176:Ecohydrology
3115:
2968:, retrieved
2946:
2936:
2924:. Retrieved
2920:the original
2910:
2896:
2884:. Retrieved
2834:
2830:
2778:
2774:
2764:
2731:
2727:
2717:
2695:(4): 71–78.
2692:
2688:
2658:
2654:
2647:
2614:
2610:
2604:
2559:
2555:
2545:
2512:
2508:
2501:
2476:
2472:
2466:
2457:
2451:
2418:
2414:
2356:
2353:Kew Bulletin
2352:
2333:24 September
2331:. Retrieved
2312:
2279:
2275:
2269:
2258:. Retrieved
2256:. 2019-11-05
2254:Toppr-guides
2253:
2244:
2233:. Retrieved
2231:. 2019-10-08
2228:
2195:
2189:
2144:
2140:
2082:
2078:
2068:
2033:
2029:
2019:
2008:. Retrieved
1973:
1969:
1959:
1910:
1906:
1846:
1842:
1817:. Retrieved
1807:
1795:. Retrieved
1749:
1745:
1687:
1683:
1637:
1595:
1586:
1575:. Retrieved
1562:
1553:
1544:
1538:
1493:
1489:
1479:
1450:
1379:
1375:
1352:, retrieved
1348:the original
1325:
1315:
1290:
1286:
1244:
1240:
1234:
1223:. Retrieved
1099:
1067:
1060:
1056:
1050:
1047:
1028:
1016:
1000:
982:
979:lipoxygenase
974:
970:
968:
961:
955:
949:
943:
937:
935:
911:
899:
893:
887:
881:
875:
871:Trapa natans
869:
863:
861:
840:
832:
804:
783:
758:
741:
672:
660:
654:
641:Nymphaeaceae
637:
625:
619:
613:
607:
601:
595:
589:
583:
577:
571:
565:
553:
547:
541:
539:
515:
509:
503:
501:
489:
484:
480:
478:
445:
430:
421:
410:Please help
405:verification
402:
369:
356:
319:
307:
305:
298:
295:
288:
277:
268:
257:
237:
234:Reproduction
220:
214:
205:). The only
188:
175:
172:Distribution
163:
124:
109:
81:
77:
61:
60:
52:
35:
4880:Telmatology
4875:River delta
4742:Ramsar site
4732:Marsh organ
4631:Hydric soil
4510:Vernal pool
4493:Shrub swamp
4361:Tidal marsh
4190:Plateau bog
4180:Coastal bog
4170:Blanket bog
3965:Sponge reef
3940:Rocky shore
3935:Oyster reef
3905:Kelp forest
3788:Vertebrates
3688:Marine life
3664:Viral shunt
3629:Marine snow
3531:Maharashtra
3438:Stream pool
3341:Zooplankton
3261:Photic zone
3221:Meiobenthos
3074:Algal bloom
2515:: 377–383.
2479:: 582–592.
2282:: 582–592.
1752:(1): 5–25.
1293:(5). 1997.
678:Amphiphytes
378:pollinators
331:bicarbonate
264:bicarbonate
240:angiosperms
207:angiosperms
82:macrophytes
78:hydrophytes
4840:Bog butter
4536:Bog garden
4529:Artificial
4500:Wet meadow
4366:High marsh
4356:Salt marsh
4259:Fen-meadow
4227:Alder carr
4210:Upland bog
4205:String bog
4200:Raised bog
3945:Salt marsh
3880:Coral reef
3669:Whale fall
3649:Photophore
3526:Everglades
3494:Ecoregions
3433:Stream bed
3406:Macrophyte
3359:Freshwater
3191:Food chain
3104:Water bird
2970:2022-03-06
2926:6 February
2886:6 February
2359:(2): 505.
2260:2023-12-01
2235:2023-12-01
2229:WorldAtlas
2164:2066/36521
2010:2020-06-06
1819:8 February
1797:8 February
1577:2018-03-01
1354:2019-11-16
1225:2014-04-05
1191:References
1039:Water fern
922:salination
918:herbicides
850:Food crops
727:liverworts
702:Nymphaeids
696:Helophytes
603:Sparganium
585:Sagittaria
554:Helophytes
505:Phragmites
453:Submerged
360:statocytes
280:Aerenchyma
274:Morphology
211:seagrasses
151:water lily
131:aerenchyma
103:, produce
74:freshwater
42:water lily
18:Macrophyte
4662:Hydrosere
4650:Processes
4636:Marsh gas
4481:Myristica
4371:Low marsh
4185:Kermi bog
4160:Bofedales
4140:Backswamp
3970:Tide pool
3875:Cold seep
3659:Upwelling
3423:Rheotaxis
3416:Fish pond
3391:Limnology
3316:Substrate
3301:Siltation
3171:Dead zone
2859:0043-1737
2709:0273-1223
2639:120990795
2443:0046-5070
2381:0075-5974
2304:0925-8574
2173:1469-8137
2101:2296-2360
2052:1469-8137
1992:0022-0957
1935:1618-0860
1871:1559-2324
1774:0304-3770
1706:1664-462X
1612:0036-8075
1512:1664-462X
1406:0024-3590
1307:0273-1223
1104:(journal)
985:exhibits
914:turbidity
536:Submerged
526:wild rice
520:species,
424:July 2019
286:rapidly.
216:Thalassia
185:Evolution
94:substrate
70:saltwater
4935:Category
4920:Category
4850:Bog-wood
4845:Bog iron
4835:Bog body
4657:Halosere
4609:Histosol
4604:Acrotelm
4587:Sphagnum
4445:Reed bed
4390:Moorland
4269:Rich fen
4264:Poor fen
4119:Wetlands
4077:Category
4003:HERMIONE
3920:Mangrove
3730:Seagrass
3276:Pleuston
3271:Plankton
3251:Particle
3196:Food web
2807:25298659
2756:15597431
2596:26030094
2556:PLOS ONE
2537:26360231
2397:86620932
2327:Archived
2181:17888115
2119:28083527
2060:29318635
2004:Archived
2000:19687127
1951:33043901
1943:12582732
1889:28718691
1724:23734154
1656:37418228
1620:89661781
1571:Archived
1530:31824548
1496:: 1545.
1414:85700950
1216:Archived
1072:See also
991:acarbose
690:Isoetids
684:Elodeids
657:sediment
475:Emergent
450:Emergent
353:Buoyancy
315:rhizomes
244:rhizomes
199:monocots
113:Seaweeds
4885:Turbary
4865:Estuary
4440:Pothole
4430:Pocosin
4395:Mudflat
4234:Ciénega
4217:Callows
4133:Natural
3930:Mudflat
3890:Estuary
3860:Bay mud
3838:Seabird
3594:f-ratio
3577:General
3458:Wetland
3246:Neuston
3211:Hypoxia
3156:Biomass
3146:Benthos
3062:General
2839:Bibcode
2798:4189257
2736:Bibcode
2619:Bibcode
2587:4452177
2564:Bibcode
2517:Bibcode
2481:Bibcode
2423:Bibcode
2389:4110976
2361:Bibcode
2284:Bibcode
2110:5183626
2085:: 140.
1915:Bibcode
1880:5586356
1851:Bibcode
1754:Bibcode
1715:3659369
1690:: 140.
1638:Biology
1596:Science
1521:6883403
1384:Bibcode
1269:2260194
1249:Bibcode
1178:Wetland
1108:Aquatic
865:Zizania
790:neuston
763:isoetid
708:Neuston
558:marshes
497:insects
322:stomata
248:turions
222:Zostera
98:aquatic
51:Bud of
4455:Slough
4410:Pakihi
4400:Muskeg
4326:Kettle
4296:Guelta
3915:Lagoon
3241:Nekton
3099:Mammal
3094:Insect
2961:
2857:
2805:
2795:
2754:
2707:
2637:
2594:
2584:
2535:
2441:
2395:
2387:
2379:
2302:
2202:
2179:
2171:
2117:
2107:
2099:
2058:
2050:
1998:
1990:
1949:
1941:
1933:
1887:
1877:
1869:
1772:
1722:
1712:
1704:
1654:
1644:
1618:
1610:
1528:
1518:
1510:
1458:
1412:
1404:
1340:
1305:
1267:
1128:Botany
1005:using
662:Pistia
609:Acorus
284:turgor
203:dicots
157:, and
117:marine
105:oxygen
66:plants
4551:Swale
4520:Yaéré
4483:swamp
4460:Swamp
4415:Palsa
4405:Oasis
4385:Misse
4336:Marsh
4306:Igapó
4301:Hamun
4276:Flark
4249:Dambo
4145:Bayou
3306:Spawn
2752:S2CID
2635:S2CID
2393:S2CID
2385:JSTOR
1947:S2CID
1616:S2CID
1410:S2CID
1265:JSTOR
1219:(PDF)
1212:(PDF)
920:, or
761:, an
725:Many
621:Typha
591:Carex
517:Typha
329:from
291:xylem
195:ferns
155:lotus
127:water
120:algae
86:algae
4747:List
4614:Peat
4569:Life
4435:Pond
4380:Mere
4331:Lagg
4311:Ings
4222:Carr
3411:Pond
2959:ISBN
2928:2022
2888:2022
2855:ISSN
2803:PMID
2705:ISSN
2592:PMID
2533:PMID
2439:ISSN
2377:ISSN
2335:2011
2300:ISSN
2200:ISBN
2177:PMID
2169:ISSN
2115:PMID
2097:ISSN
2056:PMID
2048:ISSN
1996:PMID
1988:ISSN
1939:PMID
1931:ISSN
1885:PMID
1867:ISSN
1821:2022
1799:2022
1770:ISSN
1720:PMID
1702:ISSN
1652:OCLC
1642:ISBN
1608:ISSN
1526:PMID
1508:ISSN
1456:ISBN
1402:ISSN
1338:ISBN
1303:ISSN
1041:and
960:and
624:and
562:buds
524:and
219:and
201:and
135:soil
96:for
90:fish
64:are
4254:Fen
4165:Bog
3473:Fen
3463:Bog
2951:doi
2847:doi
2793:PMC
2783:doi
2744:doi
2697:doi
2663:doi
2627:doi
2582:PMC
2572:doi
2525:doi
2489:doi
2431:doi
2369:doi
2292:doi
2159:hdl
2149:doi
2145:176
2105:PMC
2087:doi
2038:doi
2034:217
1978:doi
1923:doi
1911:115
1875:PMC
1859:doi
1762:doi
1710:PMC
1692:doi
1600:doi
1516:PMC
1498:doi
1392:doi
1330:doi
1295:doi
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