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934:, night was a time of heightened insecurity. Fear of the night was common but varied in intensity across cultures. Dangers increased due to lower visibility. Injuries and deaths were caused by drowning and falling into pits, ditches, and shafts. People were less able to evaluate others after dark. Due to nocturnal alcohol consumption and the anonymity of darkness, quarrels were more likely to escalate to violence. In medieval
6866:
849:. Plants use this stored energy at a steady rate, depleting their reserves almost right at dawn. Plants will adjust their rate of consumption to match the expected time until sunrise. This avoids prematurely running out of starch reserves, and it allows the plant to adjust for longer nights in the winter. If a plant is subjected to artificially early darkness, it will ration its energy consumption to last until dawn.
483:
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1069:. They were suspended above streets or mounted on posts. The use of artificial lighting led to an increase in acceptable nightlife. In more rural areas, night remained a period of rest and nocturnal labor. Young adults, the urban poor, prostitutes, and thieves benefited from the anonymity of darkness and frequently smashed the new lanterns. Gas lighting was invented in the 1800s. A
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559:
366:. Atmospheric refraction is a larger factor. Refraction bends sunlight over the horizon. On Earth, the Sun remains briefly visible after it has geometrically fallen below the horizon. This shortens night by about 6 minutes. Scattered, diffuse sunlight remains in the sky after sunset and into twilight.
1097:
Before the widespread usage of artificial lighting, sleep was typically split into two major segments separated by about an hour of wakefulness. During this midnight period, people engaged in prayer, crimes, urination, sex, and, most commonly, reflection. Without exposure to artificial light, studies
612:
sense only brightness but remain effective in very dim light. The eyes of nocturnal animals have a greater percentage of rod cells. In most mammals, rod cells contain densely packed DNA near the edge of the nucleus. For nocturnal mammals, this is reversed with the densely packed DNA in the center of
1664:
to mute lighting, and setting up the artificial lighting to amplify shadows in the background. Lower budget films are more likely to use day for night shooting, larger budget films are more likely to film at night with artificial lighting. Cinematographers have used tinting, filters, color balance
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Directly filming at night is rarely done. Film stocks and video cameras are much less sensitive to low light environments than the human eye. During the silent film era, night scenes were filmed during the day in black and white. The sections of the monochrome film reel with exterior night scenes
398:
are visible during this period. "Nautical" twilight continues until the Sun is 12 degrees below the horizon. During nautical twilight, the horizon is visible enough for navigation. "Astronomical" twilight continues until the Sun has sunk 18 degrees below the horizon. Beyond 18 degrees, refracted
815:
648:
of many animals. Night-flying insects that use the moon for navigation are especially vulnerable to disorientation from increasing levels of artificial lighting. Artificial lights attract many night-flying insects that die from exhaustion and nocturnal predators. Decreases in insect populations
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Artificial lighting expanded the scope of acceptable work and leisure after dark. In the 1600s, the major
European cities introduced streetlights. These were lit by lamplighters each evening outside of the summer months. Early street lights were metal and glass enclosures housing candles
514:
on Venus keeps its surface hot enough to melt lead throughout the night. Its planetary wind system, driven by solar heat, reverses direction from day to night. Venus's winds flow from the equator to the poles on the day side and from the poles to the equator on the night side. On
438:
260:. When a place on Earth is pointed away from the Sun, that location experiences night. The Sun appears to set in the West and rise in the East due to Earth's rotation. Many celestial bodies, including the other planets in the solar system, have a form of night.
442:
441:
437:
436:
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942:. Thieves would trip pedestrians with ropes laid across streets and dismount horse riders using long poles extended from the roadside shadows. They used "dark lanterns" where light could be shined through a single side. Gangs were uncommon except for
688:. Echolocation allows an animal to navigate with their sense of hearing by emitting sounds and listening for the time it takes them to bounce back. Bats emit a steady stream of clicks while hunting insects and home in on prey as thin as human hair.
1632:
1637:
1635:
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588:" that is adjusted by exposure to light. The length and timing of nighttime depend on location and time of year. Organisms that are more active at night possess adaptations to the night's dimmer light, increased humidity, and lower temperatures.
440:
1636:
1026:, like sleeping in the same room, laying a large wooden board between the couple, or pulling a single stocking over both of their daughter's legs. Historian Roger Ekirch described pre-industrial night as a "sanctuary from ordinary existence."
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Night fell, while Helga Crane in the rushing swiftness of a roaring elevated train sat numb. It was as if all the bogies and goblins that had beset her unloved, unloving, and unhappy childhood had come to life with tenfold power to hurt and
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was associated with the creation of regular police forces. In
England, police departments were tasked with maintaining the gas lights, which became known as "police lamps". Daytime routines were further pushed back into the night by the
735:
Compared to waking life, dreams are sparse with limited sensory detail. Dreams are hallucinatory or bizarre, and they often have a narrative structure. Many hypotheses exist to explain the function of dreams without a definitive answer.
985:
were hung to ward off nightmares, spells were cast against thievery, and pig hearts were hung in chimneys to block demons from traveling down them. The common phrase "good night" has been shortened from "God give you a good night." In
778:
Fungi can sense the presence and absence of light, and the nightly changes of most fungi growth and biological processes are direct responses to either darkness or falling temperatures. By night, fungi are more engaged in synthesizing
1273:
Many times in the night season, there have been certain spirits heard softly going or spitting or groaning, who being asked what they were have made answer that they were the souls of this or that man and that they now endure extreme
845:, consuming oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide. Plants can draw up more water after sunset, which facilitates new leaf growth. As plants cannot create energy through photosynthesis after sunset, they use energy stored in the plant,
791:
of their prey, allowing the fungi to control the actions of the dying insect. During the late afternoon, the fungi will pilot their prey to higher elevation where wind currents can carry its spores further. The fungi will kill and
534:. In general, shorter nights result in a higher equilibrium temperature for the planet. On an Earth-like planet, longer day-night cycles may increase habitability up to a point. Computer models show that longer nights would affect
562:
567:
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546:. Tidally locked planets have equal rotation and orbital periods, so one side experiences constant day, and the other side constant night. In these situations, astrophysicists believe that life would most likely develop in the
362:, half of the Sun will still be visible during sunset. Likewise, by the time the center of the Sun rises to the eastern horizon, half of the Sun will already be visible during sunrise. This shortens night by about 3 minutes in
1634:
566:
389:
There are multiple ways to define twilight, the gradual transition to and from darkness when the Sun is below the horizon. "Civil" twilight occurs when the Sun is between 0 and 6 degrees below the horizon. Nearby planets like
232:, reflecting societal fears and anxieties. The introduction of artificial lighting extended daytime activities. Major European cities hung lanterns housing candles and oil lamps in the 1600s. Nineteenth-century
821:
820:
817:
816:
538:, resulting in a cooler, less cloudy planet. Once the rotation speed of a planet slows beyond 1/16 that of Earth, the difference in day to night temperature shifts increases dramatically. Some exoplanets, like those of
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texts that describe the nocturnal activities of women portray female freedom especially to speak openly, male anxieties about that freedom, and magic that functions as a metaphor for nocturnal danger. Roman poets like
822:
471:, the time it takes the Moon to cycle through its phases. The Moon is tidally locked to Earth; it rotates so that one side of the Moon always faces the Earth. The side of the Moon facing away from Earth is called the
583:
Living organisms react directly to the darkness of night. Light and darkness also affect circadian rhythms, the physical and mental changes that occur in a 24-hour cycle. This daily cycle is regulated by an internal
564:
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before marriage. The couples would lie down in the woman's bed, her family would wrap them tightly with blankets, and they would spend the night together this way. Some families took precautions to prevent
819:
732:. Invertebrates most likely experience a form of sleep as well. Studies on bees, which have complex but unrelated brain structures, have shown improvements in memory after sleep, similar to mammals.
406:. At the equator, day quickly transitions to night, while the transition can take weeks near the poles. The duration of twilight is longest at the summer solstice and shortest near the equinoxes.
5732:
Margot, Jean-Luc; Campbell, Donald B.; Giorgini, Jon D.; Jao, Joseph S.; Snedeker, Lawrence G.; Ghigo, Frank D.; Bonsall, Amber (29 April 2021). "Spin state and moment of inertia of Venus".
644:, with only starlight. Nocturnal insects navigate using moonlight, lunar phases, infrared vision, the position of the stars, and the Earth's magnetic field. Artificial lighting disrupts the
1206:
and the nocturnal jaguar. In his "Precious Owl" manifestation, the Aztecs regarded
Tezcatlipoca as the bringer of death and destruction. The Aztecs anticipated an unending night when the
938:, the majority of murders were committed while intoxicated. Crime and fear of crime increased at night. In pre-industrial Europe, criminals disguised themselves with hats, face paint, or
479:. During lunar night on the near side, Earth is 50 times brighter than a full moon. Because the Moon has no atmosphere, there is an abrupt transition from day to night without twilight.
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were soaked in an acidic dye, that tinted the whole scene blue. "Day for night" is a set of cinematic techniques that simulate a night scene while filming in daylight. They include
879:
and fade before sunrise. As few bees are nocturnal, night-flowering plants rely on other pollinators including moths, beetles, and bats. These flowers rely more on the pollinators'
439:
1466:. Sociologists have argued that vibrant city nightlife scenes contribute to the development of culture and political movements. David Grazian cites as examples the development of
149:
Organisms respond to the changes brought by nightfall, including darkness, increased humidity, and lower temperatures. Their responses include direct reactions and adjustments to
1245:
Nighttime in the pre-industrial period, often called the "night season", was associated with darkness and uncertainty. Various cultures have regarded the night as a time when
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867:
of cacti do not open until night. When the temperature drops, the pores open to allow the cacti to store carbon dioxide for photosynthesis the next day, a process known as
662:
728:. During REM sleep, dreams are more frequent and complex. Studies show that some reptiles may also experience REM sleep. During deep sleep, memories are consolidated into
1711:, which increase the sensitivity to light, to take shorter exposure shots. This makes it possible to capture moving subjects without turning their movements into a blur.
216:
dissipated after sunset. Theft, fights, murders, taboo sexual activities, and accidental deaths all became more frequent due in part to reduced visibility. Cultures have
319:
have little difference in the length of day and night. At the 45th parallel, the longest winter night is roughly twice as long as the shortest summer night. Within the
1725:
1261:
began attempting to explain reported spirits as mistakes, deceit, or the work of demons. The idea of night as a dangerous, dark, or haunted time persists in modern
197:
transition from photosynthesis to nitrogen fixation after sunset. In arid environments like deserts, plants evolved to be more active at night, with many gathering
563:
4467:
1335:, there is a widespread tradition of a type of vampire who removes their human skin at night and travels as a blood-sucking ball of light. Variation includes the
5549:
977:. Many English and European towns attempted to impose curfews during the medieval period and gradually loosened the restrictions via exceptions. Prayer and
331:, the northernmost point in the United States, experiences 65 days of polar night. At the pole itself, polar night lasts 179 days from September to March.
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and compared the unstable separation between the waking and sleeping city, to the unstable separation he perceived between dream and delusion. Night in
818:
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are dreams that cause distress. The word "night-mare" originally referred to nocturnal demons that were believed to assail sleeping dreamers, like the
248:, encompassing bars, nightclubs, and cultural venues, has become a significant part of urban culture, contributing to social and political movements.
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shut. The
English engaged in a daily process of "shutting in", where valuables were brought into homes before they were bolted, barred, locked, and
762:
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663:
4950:
Guzewich, Scott D.; Lustig-Yaeger, Jacob; Davis, Christopher Evan; Kopparapu, Ravi Kumar; Way, Michael J.; Meadows, Victoria S. (24 April 2020).
5588:
4850:
Graur, Or (2024). "The
Ancient Egyptian Personification of the Milky Way as the Sky-Goddess Nut: an Astronomical and Cross-cultural Analysis".
1122:. Many Native American peoples have described the Milky Way as a path where the deceased travel as stars. The Lakota term for the Milky Way is
4349:
4173:
Bensch-Schaus, Amelia (2020). "The
Witching Hour: Troubled Women in Homer, Apollonius, and Theocritus". In Ker, James; Wessels, Antje (eds.).
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The first street lights in Europe were suspended lanterns that housed candles or lamps. Much brighter gas lighting was developed in the 1800s.
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1198:. Ratri and Nött are goddesses of sleep and rest, but it's common for personifications to be associated with misfortune. In Aztec Mythology,
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as capable of changing between a beautiful woman and an owl-shaped monster. Common themes among these mythical nocturnal entities include
628:
5771:
Marie-Charlotte von
Lehsten (2020). "Tragedy of Darkness: The Role of Night in Euripides' Rhesus". In Ker, James; Wessels, Antje (eds.).
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6387:
4952:"The Impact of Planetary Rotation Rate on the Reflectance and Thermal Emission Spectrum of Terrestrial Exoplanets around Sunlike Stars"
1572:, nocturnal settings have been a frequent place for passionate chaos as a counterbalance to the rationality present during the day. In
1544:
where night is explicitly invoked and made an element of the story. In the play, night is a time of disorder and confusion that allows
1034:
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is tilted away from the Sun and shorter when a hemisphere is tilted toward the Sun. As a result, the longest night of the year for the
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created unprecedented illumination. The range of socially acceptable leisure activities expanded, and various industries introduced a
220:
associated with some or all of these aspects of nighttime. The folklore of many cultures contains "creatures of the night," including
901:, also known as blue algae, switch from photosynthesis to nitrogen fixation after sunset, and they absorb DNA at a much higher rate.
748:(female). It was believed that the demons could sit upon a dreamer's chest to suffocate a victim, as depicted in John Henry Fuseli's
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and the heightening of other senses. Diurnal animals are active during the day and sleep at night; mammals, birds, and some others
5432:
Klein, Cecelia (January 2000). "The Devil and the Skirt: an
Iconographic Inquiry Into the Pre-Hispanic Nature of the Tzitzimime".
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498:'s dusty atmosphere causes a lengthy twilight period. The refracted light ranges from purple to blue, often resulting in glowing
5210:
5054:"Crassulacean acid metabolism and fitness under water deficit stress: if not for carbon gain, what is facultative CAM good for?"
4068:
Atkins, Adrienne (2020). "Night as
Measure, Mother, and Metaphor in the Hesiodic Cosmos". In Ker, James; Wessels, Antje (eds.).
691:
399:
sunlight is no longer visible. The period when the sun is 18 or more degrees below either horizon is called astronomical night.
871:(CAM). Cacti and most night-blooming plants use CAM to store up to 99% of the carbon dioxide they use in daily photosynthesis.
6332:"If you wanted to enjoy longer periods of daylight in the summertime would you head closer to the equator or farther from it?"
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1083:
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Fricke, Wieland (February 2020). "Energy costs of salinity tolerance in crop plants: night-time transpiration and growth".
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which causes reds to dim so that more blue is perceived. As light decreases towards total darkness, the human eye has more
1257:, many came to view reported ghost sightings as the result of demonic activity. In the sixteenth century, Swiss theologian
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181:
respond directly to nightfall and increase their biomass. With some exceptions, fungi do not rely on a biological clock.
6583:
6419:
Wilson, Kathryn (2020). "The
Astronomer-Poet at Night: The Evolution of a Motif". In Ker, James; Wessels, Antje (eds.).
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for traditionally daytime fields, like India's cotton industry, and created opportunities for working adults to attend
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452:
115:
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Pennisi, Elizabeth; Benthe, H. F.; Haberland, G. (7 May 2021). "Fatal attraction to light at night pummels insects".
4612:
Dunlap, Jay C.; Loroso, Jennifer J. (2018). "Making Time: Conservation of Biological Clocks from Fungi to Animals".
4247:"Dark Matters: Challenges of Nocturnal Communication Between Plants and Animals in Delivery of Pollination Services"
1422:
that is available and generally more popular from the late evening into the early hours of the morning. It includes
6901:
6283:
Svedhem, Hakan; Titov, Dmitry V.; Taylor, Fredric V.; Witasse, Oliver (2007). "Venus as a more Earth-like planet".
6223:
5909:"'Goblins, owles and sprites': Discerning early-modern English preternatural beings through collocational analysis"
5351:
5229:
Iglesias, Teresa L.; Dornburg, Alex; Warren, Dan L.; Wainwright, Peter C.; Schmitz, Lars; Economo, Evan P. (2018).
708:
animals sleep primarily at night. Humans, other mammals, and birds experience multiple stages of sleep visible via
677:
5329:
Jenkins, Jerry Rafiki (Fall 2013). "Race, Freedom, and the Black Vampire in Jewelle Gomez's 'The Gilda Stories'".
914:
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create the skyglow that dimly illuminates nighttime. The amount of skyglow increases each year due to artificial
1699:, or length of time captured in the photography. Longer exposures open the possibility for photographers to use
6078:
1615:
1584:. Night and day were long depicted as opposite conditions. The electric light, the industrial revolution, and
1210:, skeletal female star deities, would descend to consume all humans. In classical mythology, the night goddess
946:. The increased humidity of night was deemed the result of vapors and fumes. The annual movements of stars and
725:
355:
5472:"Atmospheric composition of exoplanets based on the thermal escape of gases and implications for habitability"
1515:
1502:
indicates a growing demand for unique, immersive nightlife experiences among millennials and Generation Zero.
1134:. Unrelated cultures share a myth of a star-covered sky goddess who arches over the planet after sunset, like
990:, the royal palaces shifted to projecting nocturnal power through large parties lit by lanterns, candles, and
6438:
Wishnitzer, Avner (August 2014). "Into the Dark: Power, Light, and Nocturnal Life in 18th-Century Istanbul".
664:
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were used to track the passage of time, but other changes in the night sky were interpreted as significant
276:
The length of night on Earth varies depending on the time of year. Longer nights occur in winter, with the
5568:
Kumar, Arun (2022). "The Nights of Bombay Workers (1870â1920)". In Duijzings, Ger; DuĆĄkovĂĄ, Lucie (eds.).
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969:, or drums. This alerted residents—like peasants working the fields—to return home before the
793:
788:
709:
523:
347:
157:. These circadian rhythms, regulated by exposure to light and darkness, affect an organism's behavior and
20:
6255:
Sokol, Joshua (19 January 2023). "Light pollution is drowning the starry night sky faster than thought".
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In literature, night is often associated with mysterious, hidden, dangerous, and clandestine activities.
519:, the planet closest to the Sun, the temperature drops over 1,000 °F (538 °C) after nightfall.
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Paul Bogard described the unnatural migration of night-flying insects from the unlit Nevada desert into
527:
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Night exists on the other planets and moons in the solar system. The length of night is affected by the
217:
139:
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Some nocturnal animals have developed other senses to compensate for limited light. Many snakes have a
28:
5413:
4951:
4771:"Review: Reducing the ecological consequences of night-time light pollution: options and developments"
4705:
4468:"Earth-sized alien worlds are out there. Now, astronomers are figuring out how to detect life on them"
1600:
offers liminal settings, such as hospitals and gas stations, that contain some aspects of daily life.
1462:-oriented than daytime entertainment. People who prefer to be active during the night-time are called
965:
dissipated after nightfall. Fortified Christian communities announced the coming darkness with horns,
800:
from the host's exoskeleton. Few species of fungi have true circadian rhythms. A notable exception is
268:
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1331:—were believed to be people who transformed into beasts at night. In West Africa and among the
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Ekirch, A. Roger (April 2001). "Sleep We Have Lost: Pre-industrial Slumber in the British Isles".
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4089:"Love to see the night sky on Mars? This is what it would be like to stargaze on the Red Planet"
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eel is most active by night. Its brain has adapted to rely less on visual input and more on its
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The night has long been a time of increased sexual activity, especially in taboo forms such as
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settings, and physical lights to color night scenes blue. In low light, people experience the
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1158:, the Sun then travels through the netherworld inside Nut's body, where it is reborn at dawn.
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467:. The Moon has longer nights than Earth, lasting about two weeks. This is half of the synodic
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worked late into the night and incorporated darkness and the night sky into their writing.
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The Moon's phase at hourly intervals throughout 2020, as viewed from the Northern Hemisphere
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Working at Night: The Temporal Organisation of Labour Across Political and Economic Regimes
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Working at Night: The Temporal Organisation of Labour Across Political and Economic Regimes
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disrupt the overall ecosystem because their larvae are a key food source for smaller fish.
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502:. Venus and Mercury have long nights because of their slow rotational periods. The planet
419:
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103:
41:
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Grazian, David (2009). "Urban Nightlife, Social Capital, and the Public Life of Cities".
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5550:"Silent Movies 101: Color before sound (and why colorization is not always a bad thing)"
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5231:"Eyes Wide Shut: the impact of dim-light vision on neural investment in marine teleosts"
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disrupts the patterns in ecosystems and is especially harmful to night-flying insects.
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Gaston, Kevin J.; Davies, Thomas W.; Bennie, Jonathan; Hopkins, John (December 2012).
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Similar to the duration of night itself, the duration of twilight varies according to
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always faces Earth. Nightfall across portions of the near side of the Moon results in
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embodies the emotional reactions to darkness including terror, lust, and liberation.
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organisms that engage in photosynthesis are also affected by nightfall. Like plants,
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that senses infrared light and enables them to detect heat. Nocturnal mice possess a
636:
The compound eyes of insects can see at even lower levels of light. For example, the
600:
and usually possess adaptations for night vision. In vertebrates' eyes, two types of
543:
212:
Historically, night has been a time of increased danger and insecurity. Many daytime
194:
6369:
6352:
5270:
4540:
4314:
4110:"The Mystery of Master Humphrey: Dickens, Nightwalking and "the Old Curiosity Shop""
998:, after dark, Turkish Muslims went to the bars and taverns beyond the Muslim areas.
334:
6865:
6822:
6749:
6322:
6138:"'Unnatural Colours': An introduction to Colouring Techniques in Silent Era Movies"
5476:
Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences
1643:
1610:
1593:
1402:
1262:
1199:
1126:, or "Spirit's Road". In Mayan mythology, the Milky Way's dark band is the Road of
1111:
1091:
1074:
491:
460:
320:
233:
170:
143:
6331:
6179:"How plants manage food reserves at night: quantitative models and open questions"
5962:"Dead Bodies and Transformations: Werewolves in Some South Slavic Folk Traditions"
4684:
4553:
311:. The difference between the shortest and longest night increases approaching the
6481:
6095:
6040:
5973:
5924:
5170:
5143:
6754:
5992:
1467:
1087:
1046:
966:
713:
641:
572:
468:
324:
241:
5763:
4989:
2020:
2018:
2016:
2014:
883:
with strong perfumes to attract moths and foul-smelling odors to attract bats.
323:, night will last the full 24 hours of the winter solstice. The length of this
6451:
5470:
Konatham, Samuel; Martin-Torres, Javier; Zorzano, Maria-Paz (September 2020).
5441:
5036:
1708:
1685:
1585:
1345:
1300:
1207:
1190:
1131:
1070:
890:
721:
705:
614:
539:
382:
289:
221:
202:
158:
130:
have much longer nights than Earth. On Venus, night lasts 120 Earth days. The
6161:
5932:
5799:
5503:
5303:
5254:
4604:
4426:
4326:
4133:
201:
overnight for daytime photosynthesis. Night-blooming cacti rely on nocturnal
6744:
6678:
6626:
6555:
6538:
6501:
was created from a revision of this article dated 10 December 2006
6264:
6195:
6153:
5991:
Patel, Aakash K.; Reddy, Vamsi; Shumway, Karlie R.; Araujo, John F. (2024).
5634:"Aliens could be hiding in 'terminator zones' on planets with eternal night"
4675:
4281:
2400:
2398:
1431:
1415:
1409:
1392:
1357:
1254:
1119:
991:
970:
951:
935:
886:
737:
654:
605:
597:
531:
411:
407:
245:
166:
99:
91:
37:
33:
6378:
6314:
6214:
6048:
6004:
5662:
5521:
5495:
5321:
5295:
5262:
5161:
5087:
5044:
4822:
4741:
4639:
4305:
4272:
4233:
1478:
and early rock, and the importance of nightlife for the development of the
1082:—invented in the late 19th century—and the widespread usage of
859:, have adapted to the limited water availability in arid environments like
6526:
5342:
5172:
Color Correction Look Book: Creative Grading Techniques for Film and Video
4282:"Patterns and Processes in Nocturnal and Crepuscular Pollination Services"
4193:
4165:
1253:
are active on Earth. When Protestant theologians abandoned the concept of
1017:
sex. In colonial New England courtship, young unmarried couples practiced
6739:
6696:
6650:
5069:
4528:"Surviving the lunar night can be a challenge for astronauts on the moon"
4125:
1740:
1674:
1545:
1336:
1328:
1320:
1219:
1203:
1185:
1151:
1066:
745:
609:
423:
403:
107:
75:
59:
6563:
6306:
6169:
6137:
6128:
4902:
4141:
4109:
926:
shows a burglar using "dark lantern" which shines in only one direction.
897:
will switch to taking in oxygen and processing energy stored as starch.
6663:
6631:
6616:
6608:
6388:"Powerful Particles and Tugging Tides May Affect Extraterrestrial Life"
4803:
1764:
1762:
1760:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1351:
1316:
1312:
1296:
1195:
1165:
1127:
741:
482:
415:
359:
343:
316:
308:
257:
229:
225:
95:
83:
71:
67:
45:
5284:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
5246:
4733:
350:. The Sun is not a single point. Viewed from Earth, the Sun ranges in
110:
varies depending on the time of year and the latitude. Night on other
6668:
6421:
The values of nighttime in classical antiquity: between dusk and dawn
5773:
The values of nighttime in classical antiquity: between dusk and dawn
5645:
Lovett, Brian; Leger, Raymond St. J. (2018). "The Insect Pathogens".
4175:
The values of nighttime in classical antiquity: between dusk and dawn
4070:
The values of nighttime in classical antiquity: between dusk and dawn
1562:
1292:
1246:
1239:
1215:
1118:
Diverse cultures have made connections between the night sky and the
982:
939:
860:
846:
838:
622:
395:
162:
87:
6071:"The Terrestrial Planets: Mercury, Venus, Earth, The Moon, and Mars"
4458:
315:. At the equator, night lasts roughly 12 hours throughout the year.
6817:
5746:
5134:
4971:
4864:
4297:
2297:
2285:
1576:, this absence of rationality offered a space for lust and terror.
272:
Day and night during the winter solstice in the northern hemisphere
1679:
1627:
1514:
1475:
1471:
1459:
1439:
1435:
1227:
1181:
1160:
1105:
995:
913:
894:
864:
856:
813:
761:
690:
659:
657:
as "like sparkling confetti floating in the beam's white column".
627:
557:
503:
481:
433:
391:
368:
333:
267:
190:
182:
178:
174:
127:
78:
illuminates one side of the Earth, leaving the other in darkness.
27:
6568:
5611:
4751:"This Week's 'Ring of Fire' Solar Eclipse: What You Need to Know"
1142:
personification of the Milky Way. The elongated Egyptian goddess
169:
and have adaptations for low light, including different forms of
6673:
6658:
6621:
6115:
Ransom, Amy J. (2015). "The Changing Shape of a Shape-Shifter".
4593:"Slumber Party: Reptiles, like Us, Have REM Sleep and May Dream"
2333:
955:
495:
464:
378:
131:
6572:
5531:
Evening's empire: a history of the night in early modern Europe
5192:
The witch: a history of fear, from ancient times to the present
5118:"The overfitted brain: Dreams evolved to assist generalization"
2756:
2754:
2741:
2739:
2737:
1098:
show that people revert to sleeping in two separate intervals.
6600:
5589:"Echolocation is nature's built-in sonar. Here's how it works"
5373:"Day and night aren't equal length on an equinox â here's why"
3787:
2373:
2371:
2369:
1588:
brought many aspects of daily life into the night. The author
1423:
1211:
285:
280:
being the longest. Nights are shorter in the summer, with the
63:
6479:
5211:"Have we seen the last of the vanishing phantom hitchhiker?"
4545:
Broadview Anthology of British Literature: The Victorian Era
2664:
2662:
2270:
5621:"Even Bacteria Align With the Daily Cycle of Day and Night"
3817:
3086:
3084:
684:
that enhances their sense of smell. Bats heavily depend on
625:. This doubles the amount of light their eyes can process.
4280:
Borges, Renee M.; Somanathan, Hema; Kelber, Almut (2016).
3948:
3946:
3458:
3456:
1695:
can capture the natural colors of night by increasing the
506:
rotates once every 243 Earth days. Because of its unusual
358:. When the center of the Sun falls level with the western
4554:"The summer solstice: What is it and when does it occur?"
3987:
3985:
2538:
2536:
2415:
2413:
2404:
2222:
2174:
1768:
3722:"Nightlife - Definition of nightlife by Merriam-Webster"
1823:
1821:
1819:
106:
dimly illuminate night. The duration of day, night, and
4572:
Duijzings, Ger; DuĆĄkovĂĄ, Lucie (2022). "Introduction".
4341:
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
3788:"Global Nightlife Tourism: Trends Shaping the Industry"
3419:
3417:
3365:
3363:
2783:
2781:
2590:
1989:
1987:
1974:
1972:
1892:
1890:
338:
Diagram of atmospheric refraction at sunrise and sunset
6353:"Sleep and memory in mammals, birds and invertebrates"
5714:"Tezcatlipoca: Aztec God of Night and Smoking Mirrors"
4832:"Nighttime weather on Venus revealed for the 1st time"
2847:
2811:
2515:
2503:
2491:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1877:
1875:
1794:
1792:
596:
Animals that are active primarily at night are called
6770:
4474:. American Association for the Advancement of Science
4158:
Case Studies in the History of Ghosts and Visitations
3801:
3799:
3797:
3404:
3402:
1779:
1777:
1319:
have overlapping but non-synonymous definitions. The
6177:
Scialdone, Antonio; Howard, Martin (31 March 2015).
5907:
Ostling, Michael; Forest, Richard (2 October 2014).
4858:(1). Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation: 28â45.
2871:
2074:
2072:
2047:
2045:
617:
of light. Some nocturnal animals have a mirror, the
6717:
6687:
6649:
6607:
4914:(eBook ed.). Institute of Physics Publishing.
1458:, and shows. Nightlife entertainment is often more
6058:"Earthshine Lights up the 'Dark Side' of the Moon"
5649:. Vol. 5. American Society for Microbiology.
4616:. Vol. 5. American Society for Microbiology.
1838:
1836:
4547:. Vol. 5 (Second ed.). Broadview Press.
4335:Brain Resources and Information Network (BRAIN).
2198:
2162:
806:, a bread mold, widely used to study biorhythms.
5023:Harris, James C. (1 May 2004). "The Nightmare".
4357:Night passages: philosophy, literature, and film
3294:
961:Many daytime religious, governmental, and local
463:visible from Earth result from nightfall on the
5394:Night Photography: Finding your way in the dark
2760:
2745:
2300:, "Simulated Climate and Atmospheric Dynamics".
1726:Night aviation regulations in the United States
1602:
1271:
300:will be the shortest night of the year for the
6492:
6351:Vorster, Albrecht P.; Born, Jan (March 2015).
6272:Steiger, Walter R.; Bunton, George W. (1995).
4156:Bennett, Gillian (1999). "Alas, Poor Ghost!".
2467:
1086:devices like watches. Electric lights created
1073:was over ten times brighter than an oil lamp.
632:Nocturnal insects drawn to an artificial light
608:sense color but are ineffective in low light;
490:Night varies from planet to planet within the
6584:
4414:"Biochemistry detective work: Algae at night"
3829:
3609:
1866:
1854:
522:The day-night cycle is one consideration for
510:rotation, nights last 116.75 Earth days. The
346:than nighttime because of the Sun's size and
8:
6440:International Journal of Middle East Studies
4852:Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage
4378:(1st paperback ed.). Penguin Classics.
2704:
2680:
2377:
2345:
1154:are said to consume the Sun at dusk. In the
6224:"Night Vision: How Animals See in the Dark"
5098:The complete book of cacti & succulents
2692:
2638:
2626:
2578:
1580:portrayed night as a time for forbidden or
1172:, rides her horse in this 1887 painting by
783:and increasing their biomass. For example,
6591:
6577:
6569:
5809:"On the equinox, are day and night equal?"
3877:
3462:
3126:
3114:
2271:Konatham, Martin-Torres & Zorzano 2020
1827:
1810:
1323:—and its francophone variations the
1180:Many cultures have personified the night.
6368:
6204:
6194:
6097:Directing: Film Techniques and Aesthetics
5792:United States Naval Institute Proceedings
5745:
5678:. Universities Space Research Association
5511:
5311:
5151:
5133:
5077:
4988:
4970:
4863:
4812:
4802:
4629:
4412:Carnegie Institution (10 November 2014).
4262:
3750:
3582:
3246:
3234:
3222:
3210:
3186:
3174:
2566:
2024:
2005:
1951:
256:A planet's rotation causes nighttime and
205:such as bats and moths for reproduction.
6509:, and does not reflect subsequent edits.
6357:Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews
6338:. University of California Santa Barbara
5968:. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 238â256.
5827:Mikkelson, Barbara (18 September 1999).
5412:Kher, Aparna; Bikos, Konstantin (n.d.).
4251:The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine
3913:
2186:
2150:
2063:
1993:
1881:
1396:
1282:, Of Ghosts and Spirits Walking by Night
1202:, the "Night Wind", was associated with
475:and the side facing Earth is called the
292:23.44 degrees. Nights are longer when a
189:as starch granules to consume at night.
6777:
5280:"Evolution of colour vision in mammals"
4689:(1st paperback ed.). W.W. Norton.
4552:Dobrijevic, Daisy (26 September 2022).
4015:
4003:
3991:
3952:
3937:
3901:
3865:
3853:
3774:
3672:
3660:
3648:
3558:
3546:
3498:
3474:
2919:
2823:
2799:
2554:
2542:
2527:
2479:
2246:
2210:
2090:
1939:
1908:
1783:
1756:
1548:to sneak into the Trojan camp and kill
1482:in the United States kicked off by the
1188:goddess of the night. In the Icelandic
668:Time-expanded recording of a bat using
550:between the day and night hemispheres.
307:Night's duration varies least near the
6237:"Discover the three kinds of twilight"
6235:Shubinski, Raymond (9 November 2023).
4445:Cell (22 April 2009). "Night vision".
4051:
4039:
4027:
3976:
3925:
3841:
3708:
3696:
3684:
3636:
3621:
3615:
3534:
3522:
3510:
3435:
3423:
3342:
3330:
3318:
3282:
3270:
3258:
3198:
3162:
3150:
3138:
3102:
3090:
3075:
3063:
3051:
3039:
3027:
3015:
3003:
2991:
2979:
2967:
2955:
2943:
2931:
2907:
2895:
2859:
2835:
2787:
2772:
2728:
2716:
2668:
2614:
2455:
2419:
2389:
2138:
2102:
2036:
1963:
1896:
1798:
6278:. California Institute of Technology.
5790:Mason, W. A. (May 1933). "Twilight".
5278:Jacobs, Gerald H. (12 October 2009).
3889:
3805:
3762:
3594:
3486:
3447:
3408:
3393:
3381:
3369:
3354:
3306:
2360:
2321:
2309:
2258:
2126:
2078:
2051:
1978:
1552:. The handful of surviving classical
796:the insect as night falls, extending
284:being the shortest. Earth orbits the
7:
6117:Journal of the Fantastic in the Arts
5655:10.1128/microbiolspec.FUNK-0001-2016
4622:10.1128/microbiolspec.FUNK-0039-2016
4489:"Cyanobacteria Work the Night Shift"
3964:
3570:
2883:
2848:Borges, Somanathan & Kelber 2016
2812:Borges, Somanathan & Kelber 2016
2656:, "Contemporary Theories of Dreams".
2653:
2602:
2516:Pennisi, Benthe & Haberland 2021
2504:Pennisi, Benthe & Haberland 2021
2492:Pennisi, Benthe & Haberland 2021
2443:
2431:
2234:
2114:
1920:
1842:
1813:, "What Causes the Summer Solstice".
1484:riots at the Stonewall Inn nightclub
1361:. The medieval fear of night-flying
6564:International Night Studies Network
5693:"Louisiana Fisheries - Fact Sheets"
4526:David, Leonard (13 November 2022).
4425:Cartwright, Mark (14 August 2013).
4337:"Brain Basics: Understanding Sleep"
3892:, "It's plain as night and day...".
1703:to selectively illuminate a scene.
1592:lived in London during the time of
1383:, deception, mischief, and malice.
6399:Williams, Matt (7 February 2017).
5866:Mulvaney, Kieran (20 April 2024).
5712:Maestri, Nicoletta (3 July 2019).
5670:Lunar Planetary Institute (n.d.).
5010:from the original on 25 March 2015
4704:Flanders, Tony (5 December 2008).
3790:. Euromonitor International. 2021.
1684:A long-exposure photograph of the
1168:, the personification of night in
14:
5964:. In de Blécourt, William (ed.).
5548:Kramer, Fritz (24 October 2015).
5356:(Ebook ed.). Facts on File.
5209:Hyde, Deborah (13 January 2021).
5000:"Lilith: Lady Flying in Darkness"
4874:10.3724/SP.J.1440-2807.2024.01.02
4466:Clery, Daniel (1 November 2017).
4087:Atkinson, Stuart (8 March 2024).
3732:from the original on 18 June 2015
1677:and less able to perceive color.
996:alcohol was forbidden for Muslims
833:During the day, plants engage in
218:personified night through deities
193:engage in a similar process, and
6864:
6852:
6840:
6828:
6816:
6804:
6792:
6780:
6640:
6549:
6537:
6525:
6491:
6423:. Mnemosyne supplements. Brill.
5849:Understanding Sleep and Dreaming
5807:McClure, Bruce (19 March 2024).
5775:. Mnemosyne supplements. Brill.
5619:Leitch, Carmen (13 April 2020).
5587:Langley, Liz (3 February 2021).
5353:Dictionary of Gods and Goddesses
4895:10.1111/j.1573-7861.2009.01143.x
4795:10.1111/j.1365-2664.2012.02212.x
4507:Danthanarayana, W., ed. (1986).
4177:. Mnemosyne supplements. Brill.
4160:. University Press of Colorado.
4072:. Mnemosyne supplements. Brill.
3818:Marie-Charlotte von Lehsten 2020
2363:, "Sleep and Circadian Rhythms".
1736:Night in paintings (Western art)
1731:Night in paintings (Eastern art)
1662:graduated neutral-density filter
1045:
1033:
165:more active at night are called
6370:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.09.020
5235:Journal of Evolutionary Biology
4487:Coombs, Amy (30 January 2006).
4286:The Quarterly Review of Biology
4245:Borges, Renee M. (March 2018).
2201:, "Global Average Temperature".
613:the nucleus, which reduces the
327:increases closer to the poles.
70:. The opposite of nighttime is
36:above a French chapel with the
6386:Walla, Emily (10 April 2019).
5940:Ottewell, Guy (14 June 2019).
5847:Moorcroft, William H. (2005).
5794:. Vol. 59, no. 363.
5632:Lewis, Briley (5 April 2023).
5533:. Cambridge University Press.
5436:. Cambridge University Press.
5025:Archives of General Psychiatry
4830:Gohd, Chelsea (21 July 2021).
4591:Dunham, Will (29 April 2016).
726:rapid eye movement (REM) sleep
185:store energy produced through
1:
6554:The dictionary definition of
6401:"How Long is a Day on Venus?"
5942:"The undark nights of summer"
5851:(Second ed.). Springer.
5371:Katz, Osnat (18 March 2021).
4749:Gaherty, Geoff (7 May 2013).
4374:Bruce, Scott G., ed. (2016).
4359:. Columbia University Press.
4114:The Review of English Studies
1769:Lunar Planetary Institute n.d
1660:to the soften scene, using a
1526:, translated into English by
841:. By night, plants engage in
459:of the celestial object. The
6056:Plait, Phil (21 July 2023).
6041:10.1126/science.372.6542.556
5974:10.1007/978-1-137-52634-2_11
5925:10.1080/0048721X.2014.886631
5699:. Louisiana State University
5169:Hurkman, Alexis Van (2013).
5144:10.1016/j.patter.2021.100244
4649:Darkness: A Cultural History
4321:. Vol. 12, no. 1.
3295:Duijzings & DuĆĄkovĂĄ 2022
1365:was influenced by the Roman
869:crassulacean acid metabolism
847:typically as starch granules
718:non-rapid eye movement sleep
640:can see in color, including
140:one of the sides of the moon
4355:Bronfen, Elisabeth (2013).
4232:Bolles, Dana, ed. (2024c).
4212:Bolles, Dana, ed. (2024b).
4192:Bolles, Dana, ed. (2024a).
2761:Scialdone & Howard 2015
2746:Scialdone & Howard 2015
1470:, musical styles including
1371:. The Romans described the
981:were more common by night.
785:fungi that preys on insects
512:dense greenhouse atmosphere
342:Over a year, there is more
6918:
6392:University of Arizona News
6183:Frontiers in Plant Science
6069:Planetary Society (n.d.).
5993:"Physiology, Sleep Stages"
5829:"The Vanishing Hitchhiker"
5764:10.1038/s41550-021-01339-7
5572:. Walter de Gruyter GmbH.
5414:"Twilight, Dawn, and Dusk"
4775:Journal of Applied Ecology
4668:American Historical Review
4576:. Walter de Gruyter GmbH.
4539:Dickens, Charles (2012) .
4431:World History Encyclopedia
4376:Penguin Book of the Undead
4108:Beaumont, Matthew (2014).
1530:in the seventeenth century
1390:
712:. The stages of sleep are
153:, governed by an internal
18:
6638:
6452:10.1017/S0020743814000579
6094:Rabiger, Michael (2014).
5999:. StatPearls Publishing.
5529:Koslofsky, Craig (2011).
5442:10.1017/S0956536100111010
5194:. Yale University Press.
5037:10.1001/archpsyc.61.5.439
4959:The Astrophysical Journal
4683:Ekirch, A. Roger (2005).
3610:Ostling & Forest 2014
2872:Carnegie Institution 2014
1867:Steiger & Bunton 1995
1855:Steiger & Bunton 1995
1500:Euromonitor International
1418:is a collective term for
1156:Ancient Egyptian religion
82:causes the appearance of
6222:Shen, Li (9 July 2012).
5397:. Taylor & Francis.
5350:Jordan, Michael (2014).
4990:10.3847/1538-4357/ab83ec
4931:"What is tidal locking?"
2705:Dunlap & Loroso 2018
2681:Dunlap & Loroso 2018
2378:Dunlap & Loroso 2018
2346:Dunlap & Loroso 2018
1649:The Phantom of the Opera
1646:blue from the 1925 film
1498:. Research conducted by
1114:, the Aztec "Night Wind"
875:often have flowers that
6265:10.1126/science.adg7722
6196:10.3389/fpls.2015.00204
6154:10.2979/FIL.2009.21.1.9
5886:Oldenburg, Ray (1999).
5455:. Penguin. p. 20.
5331:African American Review
5190:Hutton, Ronald (2017).
5116:Hoel, Erik (May 2021).
4929:Gunn, Alastair (n.d.).
3979:, "Tinting and Toning".
2693:Lovett & Leger 2018
2639:Vorster & Born 2015
2627:Vorster & Born 2015
2579:Vorster & Born 2015
2093:, "The View From Home".
1598:contemporary literature
1287:In folklore, nocturnal
1214: is the mother of
1194:, night is embodied by
768:entomopathogenic fungus
40:and stars visible, and
6542:Quotations related to
6487:
6467:Listen to this article
5960:PasariÄ, Maja (2015).
5868:"What is polar night?"
5691:Lutz, C. Greg (n.d.).
5600:Larsen, Nella (1971).
5496:10.1098/rspa.2020.0148
5449:Klein, Stefan (2008).
5391:Keimig, Lance (2012).
5296:10.1098/rstb.2009.0039
5101:. Dorling Kindersley.
5095:Hewitt, Terry (1997).
4910:Greene, David (2003).
4647:Edwards, Nina (2018).
2199:Planetary Society n.d.
2163:Planetary Society n.d.
1689:
1652:
1621:
1531:
1412:
1285:
1177:
1115:
1024:unintended pregnancies
927:
910:History and technology
830:
826:Time-lapse video of a
789:central nervous system
775:
710:electroencephalography
701:
673:
672:to home in on its prey
633:
580:
526:or the possibility of
524:planetary habitability
487:
448:
430:Other celestial bodies
394:and bright stars like
386:
348:atmospheric refraction
339:
273:
48:
21:Night (disambiguation)
6486:
5343:10.1353/afa.2013.0060
5052:Herrera, Ana (2009).
4998:Hammer, Jill (n.d.).
4676:10.1086/ahr/106.2.343
4393:Byock, Jesse (2006).
4166:10.2307/j.ctt46nwwn.8
3309:, pp. 55, 67â68.
2165:, "Solar Day Length".
1707:can also make use of
1683:
1641:
1550:King Rhesus of Thrace
1518:
1400:
1164:
1109:
1102:Folklore and religion
918:An illustration from
917:
828:night-blooming cereus
825:
765:
694:
667:
631:
570:
528:extraterrestrial life
485:
477:near side of the Moon
446:
372:
337:
271:
114:is affected by their
31:
6534:at Wikimedia Commons
6518:More spoken articles
5889:The Great Good Place
4397:. Penguin Classics.
4313:Boyer, Anne (2019).
4054:, pp. 104, 118.
4030:, pp. xxiv, 22.
3844:, pp. 131, 147.
3501:, pp. 405, 424.
2334:Iglesias et al. 2018
2298:Guzewich et al. 2020
2286:Guzewich et al. 2020
2006:Kher & Bikos n.d
1624:Film and photography
1570:Age of Enlightenment
1267:vanishing hitchhiker
1184:is the star-covered
473:far side of the Moon
146:visible from Earth.
19:For other uses, see
6307:10.1038/nature06432
6299:2007Natur.450..629S
6136:Read, Paul (2009).
6062:Scientific American
6033:2021Sci...372..556P
5872:National Geographic
5756:2021NatAs...5..676M
5593:National Geographic
5488:2020RSPSA.47600148K
5434:Ancient Mesoamerica
5290:(1531): 2957â2967.
4981:2020ApJ...893..140G
4787:2012JApEc..49.1256G
4706:"Rate Your Skyglow"
4597:Scientific American
4347:on 23 January 2005.
4315:"The Fall of Night"
3856:, pp. 343â344.
3820:, pp. 185â187.
3777:, pp. 908â917.
3726:merriam-webster.com
3711:, pp. 234â242.
3675:, pp. 239â241.
3612:, pp. 561â562;
3549:, pp. 140â143.
3333:, pp. 370â373.
3273:, pp. 331â335.
3249:, pp. 162â165.
3225:, pp. 155â156.
3213:, pp. 130â136.
3153:, pp. 197â202.
3141:, pp. 191â197.
3117:, pp. 521â522.
2707:, pp. 515â517.
2695:, pp. 935â936.
2671:, pp. 439â440.
2518:, pp. 556â557.
2468:Danthanarayana 1986
2225:, pp. 629â630.
2223:Svedhem et al. 2007
1705:Digital photography
1540:is the only extant
1480:gay rights movement
1080:electric light bulb
924:Tom Temple's Career
781:cellular components
602:photoreceptor cells
302:Southern Hemisphere
298:Northern Hemisphere
138:, rotating so that
6488:
6241:Astronomy Magazine
5966:Werewolf Histories
5647:The Fungal Kingdom
5175:. Peachpit Press.
5070:10.1093/aob/mcn145
5004:My Jewish Learning
4883:Sociological Forum
4651:. Reaktion Books.
4614:The Fungal Kingdom
4319:Lapham's Quarterly
4126:10.1093/res/hgt031
3967:, pp. 13, 20.
3830:Bensch-Schaus 2020
3042:, pp. 59, 88.
2405:Gaston et al. 2012
2175:Margot et al. 2021
1857:, "Night and Day".
1690:
1653:
1578:Ottoman literature
1532:
1413:
1200:Black Tezcatlipoca
1178:
1174:Peter Nicolai Arbo
1130:, the path to the
1116:
928:
831:
776:
716:, three stages of
702:
674:
638:elephant hawk moth
634:
581:
536:Hadley circulation
500:noctilucent clouds
488:
449:
387:
340:
274:
49:
16:Period of darkness
6902:Time in astronomy
6768:
6767:
6530:Media related to
6484:
6430:978-90-04-43557-5
6293:(7170): 629â632.
6228:The Outside Story
6107:978-1-136-06686-3
6027:(6542): 556â557.
5983:978-1-137-52634-2
5899:978-1-56924-681-8
5858:978-1-4614-6466-2
5782:978-90-04-43557-5
5606:. Collier Books.
5579:978-3-11-075288-5
5540:978-0-521-89643-6
5404:978-1-136-09725-6
5247:10.1111/jeb.13299
5182:978-0-13-381847-5
5108:978-0-7894-1657-5
4734:10.1111/nph.15773
4658:978-1-78023-982-8
4583:978-3-11-075288-5
4518:978-3-642-71157-2
4366:978-0-231-14798-9
4184:978-90-04-43557-5
4079:978-90-04-43557-5
4018:, pp. 43â44.
3699:, pp. 69â70.
3618:, pp. 17â19;
3384:, pp. 37â38.
3357:, pp. 37â40.
3201:, pp. 72â73.
3093:, pp. 97â99.
3078:, pp. 63â65.
3066:, pp. 91â93.
3006:, pp. 12â16.
2994:, pp. 31â40.
2982:, pp. 31â33.
2946:, pp. 23â27.
2838:, pp. 60â61.
2605:, "Introduction".
2591:Patel et al. 2024
2288:, "Introduction".
2039:, pp. 86â87.
1709:high-ISO settings
1693:Night photography
1639:
1488:Greenwich Village
1084:newer timekeeping
823:
803:Neurospora crassa
720:(NREM) including
704:People and other
682:vomeronasal organ
665:
651:Dark-sky advocate
568:
444:
329:Utqiagvik, Alaska
151:circadian rhythms
58:is the period of
6909:
6869:
6868:
6857:
6856:
6855:
6845:
6844:
6843:
6833:
6832:
6831:
6821:
6820:
6809:
6808:
6807:
6797:
6796:
6785:
6784:
6783:
6776:
6644:
6593:
6586:
6579:
6570:
6553:
6541:
6529:
6508:
6506:
6495:
6494:
6485:
6475:
6473:
6468:
6455:
6434:
6415:
6413:
6411:
6395:
6382:
6372:
6347:
6345:
6343:
6326:
6279:
6268:
6251:
6249:
6247:
6231:
6218:
6208:
6198:
6173:
6132:
6111:
6090:
6088:
6086:
6077:. Archived from
6065:
6052:
6015:
6013:
6011:
5987:
5956:
5954:
5952:
5936:
5903:
5882:
5880:
5878:
5862:
5843:
5841:
5839:
5823:
5821:
5819:
5803:
5786:
5767:
5749:
5734:Nature Astronomy
5728:
5726:
5724:
5708:
5706:
5704:
5687:
5685:
5683:
5666:
5641:
5628:
5615:
5596:
5583:
5564:
5562:
5560:
5544:
5525:
5515:
5466:
5445:
5428:
5426:
5424:
5408:
5387:
5385:
5383:
5377:The Conversation
5367:
5346:
5337:(2/3): 313â328.
5325:
5315:
5274:
5241:(8): 1082â1092.
5225:
5223:
5221:
5205:
5186:
5165:
5155:
5137:
5112:
5091:
5081:
5058:Annals of Botany
5048:
5019:
5017:
5015:
4994:
4992:
4974:
4956:
4946:
4944:
4942:
4925:
4906:
4877:
4867:
4846:
4844:
4842:
4826:
4816:
4806:
4781:(6): 1256â1266.
4765:
4763:
4761:
4745:
4728:(3): 1152â1165.
4716:
4714:
4712:
4700:
4679:
4662:
4643:
4633:
4608:
4587:
4568:
4566:
4564:
4548:
4535:
4522:
4503:
4501:
4499:
4483:
4481:
4479:
4462:
4441:
4439:
4437:
4421:
4408:
4389:
4370:
4348:
4343:. Archived from
4330:
4309:
4276:
4266:
4241:
4228:
4226:
4224:
4208:
4206:
4204:
4194:"Mercury: Facts"
4188:
4169:
4152:
4150:
4148:
4120:(268): 118â136.
4104:
4102:
4100:
4083:
4055:
4049:
4043:
4037:
4031:
4025:
4019:
4013:
4007:
4001:
3995:
3989:
3980:
3974:
3968:
3962:
3956:
3950:
3941:
3935:
3929:
3923:
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3911:
3905:
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3887:
3881:
3875:
3869:
3863:
3857:
3851:
3845:
3839:
3833:
3827:
3821:
3815:
3809:
3803:
3792:
3791:
3784:
3778:
3772:
3766:
3760:
3754:
3748:
3742:
3741:
3739:
3737:
3718:
3712:
3706:
3700:
3694:
3688:
3682:
3676:
3670:
3664:
3658:
3652:
3646:
3640:
3634:
3628:
3604:
3598:
3592:
3586:
3580:
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3562:
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3550:
3544:
3538:
3532:
3526:
3520:
3514:
3508:
3502:
3496:
3490:
3484:
3478:
3472:
3466:
3460:
3451:
3445:
3439:
3433:
3427:
3421:
3412:
3406:
3397:
3391:
3385:
3379:
3373:
3367:
3358:
3352:
3346:
3340:
3334:
3328:
3322:
3316:
3310:
3304:
3298:
3292:
3286:
3280:
3274:
3268:
3262:
3256:
3250:
3244:
3238:
3232:
3226:
3220:
3214:
3208:
3202:
3196:
3190:
3184:
3178:
3172:
3166:
3160:
3154:
3148:
3142:
3136:
3130:
3124:
3118:
3112:
3106:
3100:
3094:
3088:
3079:
3073:
3067:
3061:
3055:
3049:
3043:
3037:
3031:
3025:
3019:
3013:
3007:
3001:
2995:
2989:
2983:
2977:
2971:
2965:
2959:
2953:
2947:
2941:
2935:
2929:
2923:
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2911:
2905:
2899:
2893:
2887:
2881:
2875:
2869:
2863:
2857:
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2845:
2839:
2833:
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2821:
2815:
2809:
2803:
2797:
2791:
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2776:
2770:
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2749:
2743:
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2690:
2684:
2678:
2672:
2666:
2657:
2651:
2642:
2636:
2630:
2624:
2618:
2612:
2606:
2600:
2594:
2588:
2582:
2576:
2570:
2564:
2558:
2557:, "Bat signals".
2552:
2546:
2540:
2531:
2525:
2519:
2513:
2507:
2501:
2495:
2489:
2483:
2477:
2471:
2465:
2459:
2453:
2447:
2441:
2435:
2429:
2423:
2417:
2408:
2402:
2393:
2387:
2381:
2375:
2364:
2358:
2349:
2343:
2337:
2331:
2325:
2319:
2313:
2307:
2301:
2295:
2289:
2283:
2274:
2268:
2262:
2256:
2250:
2244:
2238:
2232:
2226:
2220:
2214:
2208:
2202:
2196:
2190:
2184:
2178:
2172:
2166:
2160:
2154:
2148:
2142:
2136:
2130:
2124:
2118:
2112:
2106:
2100:
2094:
2088:
2082:
2076:
2067:
2061:
2055:
2049:
2040:
2034:
2028:
2027:, "In twilight".
2022:
2009:
2003:
1997:
1991:
1982:
1976:
1967:
1961:
1955:
1949:
1943:
1937:
1924:
1918:
1912:
1906:
1900:
1894:
1885:
1879:
1870:
1864:
1858:
1852:
1846:
1840:
1831:
1825:
1814:
1808:
1802:
1796:
1787:
1781:
1772:
1766:
1746:Olbers's paradox
1640:
1619:
1528:Edward Sherburne
1363:European witches
1343:, and Caribbean
1333:African diaspora
1283:
1124:Wanåǧi ThachĂĄĆku
1049:
1037:
988:Ottoman Istanbul
853:Succulent plants
824:
787:will infect the
730:long-term memory
666:
586:biological clock
569:
445:
352:angular diameter
155:biological clock
112:celestial bodies
80:Earth's rotation
6917:
6916:
6912:
6911:
6910:
6908:
6907:
6906:
6877:
6876:
6875:
6863:
6853:
6851:
6841:
6839:
6829:
6827:
6815:
6805:
6803:
6791:
6781:
6779:
6771:
6769:
6764:
6713:
6683:
6645:
6636:
6603:
6597:
6522:
6521:
6510:
6504:
6502:
6499:This audio file
6496:
6489:
6480:
6477:
6471:
6470:
6466:
6463:
6458:
6437:
6431:
6418:
6409:
6407:
6398:
6385:
6350:
6341:
6339:
6330:
6282:
6271:
6254:
6245:
6243:
6234:
6221:
6176:
6135:
6114:
6108:
6093:
6084:
6082:
6081:on 28 July 2011
6068:
6055:
6018:
6009:
6007:
5990:
5984:
5959:
5950:
5948:
5939:
5906:
5900:
5885:
5876:
5874:
5865:
5859:
5846:
5837:
5835:
5826:
5817:
5815:
5806:
5789:
5783:
5770:
5731:
5722:
5720:
5711:
5702:
5700:
5690:
5681:
5679:
5672:"Day and Night"
5669:
5644:
5631:
5618:
5599:
5586:
5580:
5567:
5558:
5556:
5554:Movies Silently
5547:
5541:
5528:
5469:
5463:
5448:
5431:
5422:
5420:
5411:
5405:
5390:
5381:
5379:
5370:
5364:
5349:
5328:
5277:
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5219:
5217:
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5183:
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5022:
5013:
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4954:
4949:
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4922:
4909:
4880:
4849:
4840:
4838:
4829:
4768:
4759:
4757:
4748:
4722:New Phytologist
4719:
4710:
4708:
4703:
4697:
4682:
4665:
4659:
4646:
4611:
4590:
4584:
4571:
4562:
4560:
4551:
4538:
4525:
4519:
4506:
4497:
4495:
4486:
4477:
4475:
4465:
4459:10.1038/458948a
4444:
4435:
4433:
4424:
4411:
4405:
4392:
4386:
4373:
4367:
4354:
4334:
4312:
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4231:
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4220:
4211:
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4067:
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4058:
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3959:
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3944:
3936:
3932:
3924:
3920:
3912:
3908:
3900:
3896:
3888:
3884:
3878:Wishnitzer 2014
3876:
3872:
3864:
3860:
3852:
3848:
3840:
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3828:
3824:
3816:
3812:
3804:
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3635:
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3577:
3569:
3565:
3557:
3553:
3545:
3541:
3533:
3529:
3521:
3517:
3509:
3505:
3497:
3493:
3485:
3481:
3473:
3469:
3463:Cartwright 2013
3461:
3454:
3446:
3442:
3434:
3430:
3422:
3415:
3407:
3400:
3392:
3388:
3380:
3376:
3368:
3361:
3353:
3349:
3341:
3337:
3329:
3325:
3317:
3313:
3305:
3301:
3293:
3289:
3281:
3277:
3269:
3265:
3257:
3253:
3245:
3241:
3233:
3229:
3221:
3217:
3209:
3205:
3197:
3193:
3185:
3181:
3173:
3169:
3165:, p. xxvi.
3161:
3157:
3149:
3145:
3137:
3133:
3127:Wishnitzer 2014
3125:
3121:
3115:Wishnitzer 2014
3113:
3109:
3101:
3097:
3089:
3082:
3074:
3070:
3062:
3058:
3050:
3046:
3038:
3034:
3026:
3022:
3014:
3010:
3002:
2998:
2990:
2986:
2978:
2974:
2966:
2962:
2954:
2950:
2942:
2938:
2930:
2926:
2918:
2914:
2906:
2902:
2894:
2890:
2882:
2878:
2870:
2866:
2858:
2854:
2846:
2842:
2834:
2830:
2822:
2818:
2810:
2806:
2798:
2794:
2786:
2779:
2771:
2767:
2759:
2752:
2744:
2735:
2731:, p. 1154.
2727:
2723:
2719:, p. 1152.
2715:
2711:
2703:
2699:
2691:
2687:
2679:
2675:
2667:
2660:
2652:
2645:
2637:
2633:
2625:
2621:
2613:
2609:
2601:
2597:
2589:
2585:
2577:
2573:
2565:
2561:
2553:
2549:
2541:
2534:
2526:
2522:
2514:
2510:
2502:
2498:
2490:
2486:
2478:
2474:
2466:
2462:
2454:
2450:
2442:
2438:
2430:
2426:
2422:, p. 2961.
2418:
2411:
2407:, p. 1261.
2403:
2396:
2388:
2384:
2376:
2367:
2359:
2352:
2344:
2340:
2332:
2328:
2320:
2316:
2308:
2304:
2296:
2292:
2284:
2277:
2269:
2265:
2257:
2253:
2245:
2241:
2233:
2229:
2221:
2217:
2209:
2205:
2197:
2193:
2185:
2181:
2173:
2169:
2161:
2157:
2149:
2145:
2137:
2133:
2125:
2121:
2113:
2109:
2101:
2097:
2089:
2085:
2077:
2070:
2062:
2058:
2050:
2043:
2035:
2031:
2023:
2012:
2004:
2000:
1992:
1985:
1977:
1970:
1962:
1958:
1950:
1946:
1938:
1927:
1919:
1915:
1907:
1903:
1895:
1888:
1880:
1873:
1865:
1861:
1853:
1849:
1841:
1834:
1828:Dobrijevic 2022
1826:
1817:
1811:Dobrijevic 2022
1809:
1805:
1797:
1790:
1782:
1775:
1767:
1758:
1754:
1717:
1673:, relying more
1671:scotopic vision
1667:Purkinje effect
1628:
1626:
1620:
1609:
1590:Charles Dickens
1582:unrequited love
1559:Marcus Manilius
1554:Classical Greek
1524:Marcus Manilius
1513:
1508:
1492:Lower Manhattan
1395:
1389:
1355:, and Ghanaian
1284:
1278:
1170:Norse mythology
1104:
1062:
1061:
1060:
1059:
1055:
1054:
1053:
1050:
1042:
1041:
1038:
963:social controls
912:
907:
814:
812:
798:fruiting bodies
772:fruiting bodies
760:
660:
619:tapetum lucidum
594:
558:
556:
453:rotation period
434:
432:
420:light pollution
364:temperate zones
282:summer solstice
278:winter solstice
266:
254:
238:electric lights
214:social controls
207:Light pollution
134:'s rotation is
120:orbital periods
104:light pollution
42:light pollution
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6915:
6913:
6905:
6904:
6899:
6897:Parts of a day
6894:
6889:
6879:
6878:
6874:
6873:
6861:
6849:
6837:
6825:
6813:
6801:
6789:
6787:Earth sciences
6766:
6765:
6763:
6762:
6760:Zodiacal light
6757:
6752:
6747:
6742:
6737:
6732:
6727:
6721:
6719:
6715:
6714:
6712:
6711:
6704:
6699:
6693:
6691:
6685:
6684:
6682:
6681:
6676:
6671:
6666:
6661:
6655:
6653:
6647:
6646:
6639:
6637:
6635:
6634:
6629:
6624:
6619:
6613:
6611:
6605:
6604:
6598:
6596:
6595:
6588:
6581:
6573:
6567:
6566:
6561:
6547:
6535:
6511:
6497:
6490:
6478:
6465:
6464:
6462:
6461:External links
6459:
6457:
6456:
6446:(3): 513â531.
6435:
6429:
6416:
6405:Universe Today
6396:
6383:
6348:
6327:
6280:
6269:
6252:
6232:
6219:
6174:
6133:
6112:
6106:
6091:
6066:
6053:
6016:
5988:
5982:
5957:
5937:
5919:(4): 547â572.
5904:
5898:
5883:
5863:
5857:
5844:
5824:
5804:
5787:
5781:
5768:
5740:(7): 676â683.
5729:
5709:
5688:
5667:
5642:
5629:
5616:
5597:
5584:
5578:
5565:
5545:
5539:
5526:
5467:
5461:
5446:
5429:
5409:
5403:
5388:
5368:
5362:
5347:
5326:
5275:
5226:
5206:
5200:
5187:
5181:
5166:
5113:
5107:
5092:
5064:(4): 645â653.
5049:
5031:(5): 439â440.
5020:
4995:
4947:
4926:
4920:
4912:Light and Dark
4907:
4889:(4): 908â917.
4878:
4847:
4827:
4766:
4746:
4717:
4701:
4695:
4686:At Day's Close
4680:
4663:
4657:
4644:
4609:
4588:
4582:
4569:
4549:
4536:
4523:
4517:
4504:
4484:
4463:
4442:
4427:"Tezcatlipoca"
4422:
4409:
4403:
4395:The Prose Edda
4390:
4385:978-0143107682
4384:
4371:
4365:
4352:
4333:BRAIN (2004).
4331:
4310:
4298:10.1086/689481
4292:(4): 389â418.
4277:
4242:
4229:
4209:
4189:
4183:
4170:
4153:
4105:
4084:
4078:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4056:
4044:
4042:, p. 225.
4032:
4020:
4008:
3996:
3981:
3969:
3957:
3955:, p. 180.
3942:
3930:
3918:
3916:, p. 120.
3906:
3894:
3882:
3880:, p. 518.
3870:
3868:, p. 227.
3858:
3846:
3834:
3832:, p. 190.
3822:
3810:
3793:
3779:
3767:
3755:
3751:Oldenburg 1999
3743:
3713:
3701:
3689:
3677:
3665:
3653:
3651:, p. 241.
3641:
3629:
3626:
3625:
3624:, p. 230.
3619:
3613:
3606:
3599:
3597:, p. 222.
3587:
3583:Mikkelson 1999
3575:
3563:
3561:, p. 141.
3551:
3539:
3537:, p. 128.
3527:
3515:
3503:
3491:
3479:
3467:
3452:
3440:
3438:, p. 264.
3428:
3413:
3398:
3386:
3374:
3359:
3347:
3345:, p. 367.
3335:
3323:
3321:, p. 364.
3311:
3299:
3287:
3285:, p. 335.
3275:
3263:
3261:, p. 331.
3251:
3247:Koslofsky 2011
3239:
3237:, p. 201.
3235:Koslofsky 2011
3227:
3223:Koslofsky 2011
3215:
3211:Koslofsky 2011
3203:
3191:
3187:Koslofsky 2011
3179:
3175:Koslofsky 2011
3167:
3155:
3143:
3131:
3129:, p. 523.
3119:
3107:
3105:, p. 357.
3095:
3080:
3068:
3056:
3044:
3032:
3020:
3008:
2996:
2984:
2972:
2960:
2948:
2936:
2924:
2912:
2900:
2888:
2876:
2864:
2852:
2850:, p. 404.
2840:
2828:
2826:, p. 646.
2816:
2814:, p. 399.
2804:
2802:, p. 645.
2792:
2777:
2765:
2750:
2733:
2721:
2709:
2697:
2685:
2683:, p. 528.
2673:
2658:
2643:
2641:, p. 113.
2631:
2629:, p. 115.
2619:
2607:
2595:
2593:, "Mechanism".
2583:
2581:, p. 108.
2571:
2567:Moorcroft 2005
2559:
2547:
2545:, p. 238.
2532:
2530:, p. 239.
2520:
2508:
2506:, p. 557.
2496:
2494:, p. 556.
2484:
2482:, p. 241.
2472:
2460:
2458:, p. 147.
2448:
2436:
2424:
2409:
2394:
2382:
2380:, p. 517.
2365:
2350:
2348:, p. 515.
2338:
2326:
2314:
2302:
2290:
2275:
2263:
2251:
2239:
2227:
2215:
2203:
2191:
2179:
2177:, p. 676.
2167:
2155:
2143:
2131:
2119:
2107:
2095:
2083:
2068:
2056:
2041:
2029:
2025:Shubinski 2023
2010:
1998:
1983:
1981:, p. 690.
1968:
1956:
1952:Shubinski 2023
1944:
1925:
1913:
1901:
1886:
1871:
1859:
1847:
1832:
1815:
1803:
1788:
1773:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1749:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1721:Earth's shadow
1716:
1713:
1701:light painting
1642:A night scene
1625:
1622:
1607:
1574:Gothic fiction
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1391:Main article:
1388:
1385:
1377:hypersexuality
1280:Ludwig Lavater
1276:
1259:Ludwig Lavater
1232:Jewish culture
1103:
1100:
1057:
1056:
1051:
1044:
1043:
1039:
1032:
1031:
1030:
1029:
1028:
948:constellations
932:industrial era
911:
908:
906:
903:
881:sense of smell
877:bloom at night
835:photosynthesis
811:
808:
774:from its host.
759:
756:
593:
590:
577:sense of smell
555:
552:
544:tidally locked
486:Sunset on Mars
457:orbital period
431:
428:
375:drainage basin
354:from 31 to 33
265:
262:
253:
250:
228:, ghosts, and
199:carbon dioxide
187:photosynthesis
177:while asleep.
136:tidally locked
122:. The planets
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6914:
6903:
6900:
6898:
6895:
6893:
6890:
6888:
6885:
6884:
6882:
6872:
6867:
6862:
6860:
6850:
6848:
6838:
6836:
6826:
6824:
6819:
6814:
6812:
6802:
6800:
6795:
6790:
6788:
6778:
6774:
6761:
6758:
6756:
6753:
6751:
6748:
6746:
6743:
6741:
6738:
6736:
6733:
6731:
6728:
6726:
6725:Belt of Venus
6723:
6722:
6720:
6716:
6710:
6709:
6708:Brahmamuhurta
6705:
6703:
6702:Witching hour
6700:
6698:
6695:
6694:
6692:
6690:
6686:
6680:
6677:
6675:
6672:
6670:
6667:
6665:
6662:
6660:
6657:
6656:
6654:
6652:
6648:
6643:
6633:
6630:
6628:
6625:
6623:
6620:
6618:
6615:
6614:
6612:
6610:
6606:
6602:
6594:
6589:
6587:
6582:
6580:
6575:
6574:
6571:
6565:
6562:
6560:at Wiktionary
6559:
6558:
6552:
6548:
6545:
6540:
6536:
6533:
6528:
6524:
6523:
6519:
6515:
6500:
6460:
6453:
6449:
6445:
6441:
6436:
6432:
6426:
6422:
6417:
6406:
6402:
6397:
6393:
6389:
6384:
6380:
6376:
6371:
6366:
6362:
6358:
6354:
6349:
6337:
6333:
6329:UCSB (2015).
6328:
6324:
6320:
6316:
6312:
6308:
6304:
6300:
6296:
6292:
6288:
6287:
6281:
6277:
6276:
6275:Night and Day
6270:
6266:
6262:
6258:
6253:
6242:
6238:
6233:
6229:
6225:
6220:
6216:
6212:
6207:
6202:
6197:
6192:
6188:
6184:
6180:
6175:
6171:
6167:
6163:
6159:
6155:
6151:
6147:
6143:
6139:
6134:
6130:
6126:
6122:
6118:
6113:
6109:
6103:
6100:. CRC Press.
6099:
6098:
6092:
6080:
6076:
6072:
6067:
6063:
6059:
6054:
6050:
6046:
6042:
6038:
6034:
6030:
6026:
6022:
6017:
6006:
6002:
5998:
5994:
5989:
5985:
5979:
5975:
5971:
5967:
5963:
5958:
5947:
5943:
5938:
5934:
5930:
5926:
5922:
5918:
5914:
5910:
5905:
5901:
5895:
5891:
5890:
5884:
5873:
5869:
5864:
5860:
5854:
5850:
5845:
5834:
5830:
5825:
5814:
5810:
5805:
5801:
5797:
5793:
5788:
5784:
5778:
5774:
5769:
5765:
5761:
5757:
5753:
5748:
5743:
5739:
5735:
5730:
5719:
5715:
5710:
5698:
5694:
5689:
5677:
5673:
5668:
5664:
5660:
5656:
5652:
5648:
5643:
5639:
5635:
5630:
5626:
5622:
5617:
5613:
5609:
5605:
5604:
5598:
5594:
5590:
5585:
5581:
5575:
5571:
5566:
5555:
5551:
5546:
5542:
5536:
5532:
5527:
5523:
5519:
5514:
5509:
5505:
5501:
5497:
5493:
5489:
5485:
5481:
5477:
5473:
5468:
5464:
5462:9780141034638
5458:
5454:
5453:
5447:
5443:
5439:
5435:
5430:
5419:
5418:Time and Date
5415:
5410:
5406:
5400:
5396:
5395:
5389:
5378:
5374:
5369:
5365:
5363:9781438109855
5359:
5355:
5354:
5348:
5344:
5340:
5336:
5332:
5327:
5323:
5319:
5314:
5309:
5305:
5301:
5297:
5293:
5289:
5285:
5281:
5276:
5272:
5268:
5264:
5260:
5256:
5252:
5248:
5244:
5240:
5236:
5232:
5227:
5216:
5212:
5207:
5203:
5201:9780300229042
5197:
5193:
5188:
5184:
5178:
5174:
5173:
5167:
5163:
5159:
5154:
5149:
5145:
5141:
5136:
5131:
5128:(5): 100244.
5127:
5123:
5119:
5114:
5110:
5104:
5100:
5099:
5093:
5089:
5085:
5080:
5075:
5071:
5067:
5063:
5059:
5055:
5050:
5046:
5042:
5038:
5034:
5030:
5026:
5021:
5009:
5005:
5001:
4996:
4991:
4986:
4982:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4964:
4960:
4953:
4948:
4936:
4935:Science Focus
4932:
4927:
4923:
4921:0-7503-0874-5
4917:
4913:
4908:
4904:
4900:
4896:
4892:
4888:
4884:
4879:
4875:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4857:
4853:
4848:
4837:
4833:
4828:
4824:
4820:
4815:
4810:
4805:
4800:
4796:
4792:
4788:
4784:
4780:
4776:
4772:
4767:
4756:
4752:
4747:
4743:
4739:
4735:
4731:
4727:
4723:
4718:
4707:
4702:
4698:
4696:9780393329018
4692:
4688:
4687:
4681:
4677:
4673:
4669:
4664:
4660:
4654:
4650:
4645:
4641:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4623:
4619:
4615:
4610:
4606:
4602:
4598:
4594:
4589:
4585:
4579:
4575:
4570:
4559:
4555:
4550:
4546:
4542:
4541:"Night Walks"
4537:
4533:
4529:
4524:
4520:
4514:
4510:
4509:Insect Flight
4505:
4494:
4490:
4485:
4473:
4469:
4464:
4460:
4456:
4452:
4448:
4443:
4432:
4428:
4423:
4419:
4415:
4410:
4406:
4404:0-14-044755-5
4400:
4396:
4391:
4387:
4381:
4377:
4372:
4368:
4362:
4358:
4353:
4351:
4346:
4342:
4338:
4332:
4328:
4324:
4320:
4316:
4311:
4307:
4303:
4299:
4295:
4291:
4287:
4283:
4278:
4274:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4256:
4252:
4248:
4243:
4239:
4235:
4230:
4219:
4215:
4214:"Venus Facts"
4210:
4199:
4195:
4190:
4186:
4180:
4176:
4171:
4167:
4163:
4159:
4154:
4143:
4139:
4135:
4131:
4127:
4123:
4119:
4115:
4111:
4106:
4094:
4090:
4085:
4081:
4075:
4071:
4066:
4065:
4060:
4053:
4048:
4045:
4041:
4036:
4033:
4029:
4024:
4021:
4017:
4012:
4009:
4006:, p. 43.
4005:
4000:
3997:
3994:, p. 31.
3993:
3988:
3986:
3982:
3978:
3973:
3970:
3966:
3961:
3958:
3954:
3949:
3947:
3943:
3940:, p. 88.
3939:
3934:
3931:
3928:, p. 63.
3927:
3922:
3919:
3915:
3914:Beaumont 2014
3910:
3907:
3903:
3898:
3895:
3891:
3886:
3883:
3879:
3874:
3871:
3867:
3862:
3859:
3855:
3850:
3847:
3843:
3838:
3835:
3831:
3826:
3823:
3819:
3814:
3811:
3807:
3802:
3800:
3798:
3794:
3789:
3783:
3780:
3776:
3771:
3768:
3765:, p. 20.
3764:
3759:
3756:
3752:
3747:
3744:
3731:
3727:
3723:
3717:
3714:
3710:
3705:
3702:
3698:
3693:
3690:
3687:, p. 69.
3686:
3681:
3678:
3674:
3669:
3666:
3662:
3657:
3654:
3650:
3645:
3642:
3638:
3633:
3630:
3623:
3620:
3617:
3614:
3611:
3608:
3607:
3603:
3600:
3596:
3591:
3588:
3584:
3579:
3576:
3572:
3567:
3564:
3560:
3555:
3552:
3548:
3543:
3540:
3536:
3531:
3528:
3524:
3519:
3516:
3512:
3507:
3504:
3500:
3495:
3492:
3489:, p. 17.
3488:
3483:
3480:
3476:
3471:
3468:
3464:
3459:
3457:
3453:
3450:, p. 19.
3449:
3444:
3441:
3437:
3432:
3429:
3425:
3420:
3418:
3414:
3410:
3405:
3403:
3399:
3396:, p. 51.
3395:
3390:
3387:
3383:
3378:
3375:
3372:, p. 39.
3371:
3366:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3351:
3348:
3344:
3339:
3336:
3332:
3327:
3324:
3320:
3315:
3312:
3308:
3303:
3300:
3296:
3291:
3288:
3284:
3279:
3276:
3272:
3267:
3264:
3260:
3255:
3252:
3248:
3243:
3240:
3236:
3231:
3228:
3224:
3219:
3216:
3212:
3207:
3204:
3200:
3195:
3192:
3188:
3183:
3180:
3176:
3171:
3168:
3164:
3159:
3156:
3152:
3147:
3144:
3140:
3135:
3132:
3128:
3123:
3120:
3116:
3111:
3108:
3104:
3099:
3096:
3092:
3087:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3072:
3069:
3065:
3060:
3057:
3054:, p. 61.
3053:
3048:
3045:
3041:
3036:
3033:
3029:
3024:
3021:
3018:, p. 25.
3017:
3012:
3009:
3005:
3000:
2997:
2993:
2988:
2985:
2981:
2976:
2973:
2970:, p. 46.
2969:
2964:
2961:
2957:
2952:
2949:
2945:
2940:
2937:
2933:
2928:
2925:
2922:, p. 36.
2921:
2916:
2913:
2909:
2904:
2901:
2897:
2892:
2889:
2885:
2880:
2877:
2873:
2868:
2865:
2862:, p. 13.
2861:
2856:
2853:
2849:
2844:
2841:
2837:
2832:
2829:
2825:
2820:
2817:
2813:
2808:
2805:
2801:
2796:
2793:
2790:, p. 12.
2789:
2784:
2782:
2778:
2775:, p. 10.
2774:
2769:
2766:
2762:
2757:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2742:
2740:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2725:
2722:
2718:
2713:
2710:
2706:
2701:
2698:
2694:
2689:
2686:
2682:
2677:
2674:
2670:
2665:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2650:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2635:
2632:
2628:
2623:
2620:
2616:
2611:
2608:
2604:
2599:
2596:
2592:
2587:
2584:
2580:
2575:
2572:
2569:, p. 33.
2568:
2563:
2560:
2556:
2551:
2548:
2544:
2539:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2524:
2521:
2517:
2512:
2509:
2505:
2500:
2497:
2493:
2488:
2485:
2481:
2476:
2473:
2469:
2464:
2461:
2457:
2452:
2449:
2445:
2440:
2437:
2433:
2428:
2425:
2421:
2416:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2401:
2399:
2395:
2392:, "Abstract".
2391:
2386:
2383:
2379:
2374:
2372:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2357:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2342:
2339:
2336:, p. 17.
2335:
2330:
2327:
2323:
2318:
2315:
2311:
2306:
2303:
2299:
2294:
2291:
2287:
2282:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2267:
2264:
2260:
2255:
2252:
2248:
2243:
2240:
2236:
2231:
2228:
2224:
2219:
2216:
2212:
2207:
2204:
2200:
2195:
2192:
2188:
2187:Williams 2017
2183:
2180:
2176:
2171:
2168:
2164:
2159:
2156:
2152:
2151:Atkinson 2024
2147:
2144:
2141:, p. 84.
2140:
2135:
2132:
2128:
2123:
2120:
2116:
2111:
2108:
2105:, p. 43.
2104:
2099:
2096:
2092:
2087:
2084:
2080:
2075:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2064:Flanders 2008
2060:
2057:
2053:
2048:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2033:
2030:
2026:
2021:
2019:
2017:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2002:
1999:
1995:
1994:Ottewell 2019
1990:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1975:
1973:
1969:
1966:, p. 86.
1965:
1960:
1957:
1953:
1948:
1945:
1941:
1936:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1917:
1914:
1910:
1905:
1902:
1899:, p. 33.
1898:
1893:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1882:Mulvaney 2024
1878:
1876:
1872:
1869:, "Twilight".
1868:
1863:
1860:
1856:
1851:
1848:
1844:
1839:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1807:
1804:
1801:, p. 31.
1800:
1795:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1780:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1765:
1763:
1761:
1757:
1751:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1718:
1714:
1712:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1697:exposure time
1694:
1687:
1682:
1678:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1663:
1659:
1658:underexposing
1651:
1650:
1645:
1623:
1618:
1617:
1612:
1606:
1601:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1566:
1564:
1560:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1542:Greek tragedy
1539:
1538:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1510:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1497:
1496:New York City
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1420:entertainment
1417:
1411:
1408:
1404:
1401:Nightlife in
1399:
1394:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1381:shapeshifting
1379:, predation,
1378:
1374:
1370:
1369:
1364:
1360:
1359:
1354:
1353:
1348:
1347:
1342:
1339:, Surinamese
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1289:preternatural
1281:
1275:
1270:
1268:
1264:
1263:urban legends
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1243:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1192:
1187:
1183:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1113:
1108:
1101:
1099:
1095:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1048:
1036:
1027:
1025:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
999:
997:
993:
989:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
959:
957:
953:
949:
945:
944:housebreaking
941:
937:
933:
925:
921:
920:Horatio Alger
916:
909:
904:
902:
900:
899:Cyanobacteria
896:
892:
888:
884:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
848:
844:
840:
836:
829:
809:
807:
805:
804:
799:
795:
790:
786:
782:
773:
769:
764:
757:
755:
753:
752:
751:The Nightmare
747:
743:
739:
733:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
700:
699:
698:The Nightmare
693:
689:
687:
683:
679:
671:
658:
656:
652:
647:
643:
639:
630:
626:
624:
621:, behind the
620:
616:
611:
607:
604:sense light.
603:
599:
591:
589:
587:
578:
574:
553:
551:
549:
548:twilight zone
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
520:
518:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
484:
480:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
429:
427:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
400:
397:
393:
384:
380:
376:
371:
367:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
336:
332:
330:
326:
322:
321:polar circles
318:
314:
310:
305:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
270:
263:
261:
259:
251:
249:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
210:
208:
204:
200:
196:
195:cyanobacteria
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
147:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
66:is below the
65:
61:
57:
53:
47:
43:
39:
35:
30:
26:
22:
6859:Solar System
6750:Midnight sun
6706:
6688:
6556:
6546:at Wikiquote
6443:
6439:
6420:
6408:. Retrieved
6404:
6391:
6360:
6356:
6340:. Retrieved
6336:Science Line
6335:
6290:
6284:
6274:
6256:
6244:. Retrieved
6240:
6227:
6186:
6182:
6145:
6142:Film History
6141:
6120:
6116:
6096:
6083:. Retrieved
6079:the original
6075:Space Topics
6074:
6061:
6024:
6020:
6008:. Retrieved
5996:
5965:
5949:. Retrieved
5945:
5916:
5912:
5888:
5875:. Retrieved
5871:
5848:
5836:. Retrieved
5832:
5816:. Retrieved
5812:
5791:
5772:
5737:
5733:
5721:. Retrieved
5717:
5701:. Retrieved
5696:
5680:. Retrieved
5675:
5646:
5637:
5624:
5602:
5592:
5569:
5557:. Retrieved
5553:
5530:
5479:
5475:
5451:
5433:
5421:. Retrieved
5417:
5393:
5380:. Retrieved
5376:
5352:
5334:
5330:
5287:
5283:
5238:
5234:
5218:. Retrieved
5214:
5191:
5171:
5125:
5121:
5097:
5061:
5057:
5028:
5024:
5012:. Retrieved
5003:
4962:
4958:
4939:. Retrieved
4934:
4911:
4886:
4882:
4855:
4851:
4839:. Retrieved
4835:
4778:
4774:
4758:. Retrieved
4754:
4725:
4721:
4709:. Retrieved
4685:
4667:
4648:
4613:
4596:
4573:
4561:. Retrieved
4557:
4544:
4531:
4511:. Springer.
4508:
4496:. Retrieved
4492:
4476:. Retrieved
4471:
4450:
4446:
4434:. Retrieved
4430:
4418:ScienceDaily
4417:
4394:
4375:
4356:
4350:2023 update.
4345:the original
4340:
4318:
4289:
4285:
4257:(1): 33â42.
4254:
4250:
4238:NASA Science
4237:
4221:. Retrieved
4218:NASA Science
4217:
4201:. Retrieved
4198:NASA Science
4197:
4174:
4157:
4145:. Retrieved
4117:
4113:
4097:. Retrieved
4093:Sky at Night
4092:
4069:
4047:
4035:
4023:
4016:Hurkman 2013
4011:
4004:Hurkman 2013
3999:
3992:Hurkman 2013
3972:
3960:
3953:Edwards 2018
3938:Rabiger 2014
3933:
3921:
3909:
3902:Dickens 2012
3897:
3885:
3873:
3866:Bronfen 2013
3861:
3854:Bronfen 2013
3849:
3837:
3825:
3813:
3782:
3775:Grazian 2009
3770:
3758:
3746:
3734:. Retrieved
3725:
3716:
3704:
3692:
3680:
3673:PasariÄ 2015
3668:
3661:Jenkins 2013
3656:
3649:PasariÄ 2015
3644:
3632:
3602:
3590:
3578:
3566:
3559:Bennett 1999
3554:
3547:Bennett 1999
3542:
3530:
3518:
3513:, p. 1.
3506:
3499:Bronfen 2013
3494:
3482:
3475:Maestri 2019
3470:
3443:
3431:
3426:, p. 4.
3389:
3377:
3350:
3338:
3326:
3314:
3302:
3297:, p. 2.
3290:
3278:
3266:
3254:
3242:
3230:
3218:
3206:
3194:
3189:, p. 2.
3182:
3170:
3158:
3146:
3134:
3122:
3110:
3098:
3071:
3059:
3047:
3035:
3030:, p. 9.
3023:
3011:
2999:
2987:
2975:
2963:
2958:, p. 8.
2951:
2939:
2934:, p. 5.
2927:
2920:Edwards 2018
2915:
2903:
2891:
2879:
2867:
2855:
2843:
2831:
2824:Herrera 2009
2819:
2807:
2800:Herrera 2009
2795:
2768:
2763:, p. 2.
2748:, p. 1.
2724:
2712:
2700:
2688:
2676:
2634:
2622:
2610:
2598:
2586:
2574:
2562:
2555:Langley 2021
2550:
2543:Edwards 2018
2528:Edwards 2018
2523:
2511:
2499:
2487:
2480:Edwards 2018
2475:
2470:, p. 3.
2463:
2451:
2439:
2427:
2385:
2341:
2329:
2317:
2305:
2293:
2266:
2254:
2247:Bolles 2024a
2242:
2230:
2218:
2211:Bolles 2024b
2206:
2194:
2182:
2170:
2158:
2146:
2134:
2122:
2110:
2098:
2091:Bolles 2024c
2086:
2066:, "Natural".
2059:
2032:
2001:
1959:
1947:
1940:McClure 2024
1916:
1909:Gaherty 2013
1904:
1862:
1850:
1806:
1784:Bolles 2024c
1691:
1654:
1647:
1614:
1611:Nella Larsen
1603:
1594:gas lighting
1567:
1535:
1533:
1519:
1414:
1403:Times Square
1372:
1366:
1356:
1350:
1344:
1340:
1324:
1291:beings like
1286:
1272:
1244:
1238:, the demon
1189:
1179:
1147:
1123:
1117:
1112:Tezcatlipoca
1096:
1092:night school
1088:night shifts
1075:Gas lighting
1063:
1007:extramarital
1000:
967:church bells
960:
929:
923:
885:
873:Ceroid cacti
855:, including
851:
837:and release
832:
801:
777:
749:
734:
703:
696:
686:echolocation
675:
670:echolocation
635:
595:
582:
521:
492:Solar System
489:
461:lunar phases
450:
401:
388:
341:
306:
275:
255:
211:
171:night vision
148:
144:lunar phases
55:
51:
50:
25:
6847:Outer space
6835:Spaceflight
6755:Polar night
6730:Golden hour
6599:Parts of a
6410:14 February
6363:: 103â119.
6148:(1): 7â46.
5892:. Marlowe.
5676:Sky Tellers
5215:The Skeptic
4804:10871/21226
4478:29 February
4234:"Moonlight"
4203:14 February
4052:Keimig 2012
4040:Keimig 2012
4028:Keimig 2012
3977:Kramer 2015
3926:Larsen 1971
3842:Wilson 2020
3709:Hutton 2017
3697:Hutton 2017
3685:Hutton 2017
3637:Ransom 2015
3622:Hutton 2017
3616:Ekirch 2005
3535:Hutton 2017
3523:Ekirch 2005
3511:Hammer n.d.
3436:Jordan 2014
3424:Ekirch 2005
3343:Ekirch 2001
3331:Ekirch 2001
3319:Ekirch 2001
3283:Ekirch 2005
3271:Ekirch 2005
3259:Ekirch 2005
3199:Ekirch 2005
3163:Ekirch 2005
3151:Ekirch 2005
3139:Ekirch 2005
3103:Ekirch 2001
3091:Ekirch 2005
3076:Ekirch 2005
3064:Ekirch 2005
3052:Ekirch 2005
3040:Ekirch 2005
3028:Ekirch 2005
3016:Atkins 2020
3004:Ekirch 2005
2992:Ekirch 2005
2980:Ekirch 2005
2968:Ekirch 2005
2956:Ekirch 2005
2944:Ekirch 2005
2932:Ekirch 2005
2908:Leitch 2020
2896:Coombs 2006
2860:Hewitt 1997
2836:Hewitt 1997
2788:Hewitt 1997
2773:Hewitt 1997
2729:Fricke 2020
2717:Fricke 2020
2669:Harris 2004
2615:Dunham 2016
2456:Greene 2003
2420:Jacobs 2009
2390:Borges 2018
2139:Greene 2003
2103:Greene 2003
2037:Greene 2003
1964:Greene 2003
1897:Greene 2003
1799:Greene 2003
1476:urban blues
1468:beat poetry
1222:, Disease,
1208:Tzitzimīmeh
950:across the
930:Before the
891:prokaryotic
843:respiration
714:wakefulness
642:ultraviolet
573:giant moray
530:on distant
469:lunar month
325:polar night
317:The tropics
288:on an axis
242:night shift
203:pollinators
6881:Categories
6735:Terminator
6514:Audio help
6505:2006-12-10
5997:StatPearls
5747:2103.01504
5135:2007.09560
4972:2002.02549
4965:(2): 140.
4865:2404.01458
4061:References
3890:Boyer 2019
3806:Boyer 2019
3763:Klein 2008
3595:Bruce 2016
3525:, Preface.
3487:Klein 2000
3448:Byock 2006
3409:Graur 2024
3394:Klein 2000
3382:Graur 2024
3370:Graur 2024
3355:Graur 2024
3307:Kumar 2022
2361:BRAIN 2004
2322:Lewis 2023
2310:Walla 2019
2273:, "Model".
2259:Clery 2017
2127:Plait 2023
2079:David 2022
2052:Sokol 2023
1979:Mason 1933
1686:London Eye
1586:shift work
1568:Since the
1520:The Sphere
1511:Literature
1464:night owls
1432:nightclubs
1349:, Ashanti
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540:TRAPPIST-1
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4327:1935-7494
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3965:Read 2009
3571:Hyde 2021
2654:Hoel 2021
2603:Hoel 2021
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2432:Shen 2012
2235:Gohd 2021
1921:Katz 2021
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