843:
1119:
575:, oil shale deposits are found in all world oil provinces, although most of them are too deep to be exploited economically. As with all oil and gas resources, analysts distinguish between oil shale resources and oil shale reserves. "Resources" refer to all oil shale deposits, while "reserves" represent those deposits from which producers can extract oil shale economically using existing technology. Since extraction technologies develop continuously, planners can only estimate the amount of recoverable kerogen. Although resources of oil shale occur in many countries, only 33 countries possess known deposits of potential economic value. Well-explored deposits, potentially classifiable as reserves, include the
7212:
1369:
769:
697:
7248:
564:
414:
6177:
851:
7236:
7224:
1355:
4604:
305:
807:. Other countries, such as Egypt, have had plans to construct power plants fired by oil shale, while Canada and Turkey had plans to burn oil shale along with coal for power generation. Oil shale serves as the main fuel for power generation only in Estonia, where 90.3% of country's electrical generation in 2016 was produced from oil shale.
1163: m/d) during each year after the start of commercial production, RAND predicted the costs would decline to $ 35–48 per barrel ($ 220–300/m) within 12 years. After achieving the milestone of 1 billion barrels (160 million cubic metres), its costs would decline further to $ 30–40 per barrel ($ 190–250/m). In 2010, the
327:. It does not have a definite geological definition nor a specific chemical formula, and its seams do not always have discrete boundaries. Oil shales vary considerably in their mineral content, chemical composition, age, type of kerogen, and depositional history, and not all oil shales would necessarily be classified as
611:; about 70% of this resource lies on land owned or managed by the United States federal government. Deposits in the United States constitute more than 80% of world resources; other significant resource holders being China, Russia, and Brazil. The amount of economically recoverable oil shale is unknown.
660:
of oil from "some kind of bituminous shale". The first patent for extracting oil from oil shale was
British Crown Patent 330 granted in 1694 to Martin Eele, Thomas Hancock and William Portlock, who had "found a way to extract and make great quantities of pitch, tarr, and oyle out of a sort of stone".
1152:
70–95 ($ 440–600/m, adjusted to 2005 values). This estimate considers varying levels of kerogen quality and extraction efficiency. In order to run a profitable operation, the price of crude oil would need to remain above these levels. The analysis also discussed the expectation that processing costs
1069:
market, the Green River shale oil sulfur content ranges from near 0% to 4.9% (in average 0.76%), where West Texas
Intermediate's sulfur content has a maximum of 0.42%. The sulfur content in shale oil from Jordan's oil shales may be as high as 9.5%. The arsenic content, for example, becomes an issue
783:
As of 2008, oil shale is utilized primarily in Brazil, China, Estonia and to some extent in
Germany, and Russia. Several additional countries started assessing their reserves or had built experimental production plants, while others had phased out their oil shale industry. Oil shale serves for oil
594:
A 2016 estimate set the total world resources of oil shale equivalent to yield of 6.05 trillion barrels (962 billion cubic metres) of shale oil, with the largest resource deposits in the United States accounting more than 80% of the world total resource. For comparison, at the same time the
814:, in 2008 the total production of shale oil from oil shale was 930,000 tonnes, equal to 17,700 barrels per day (2,810 m/d), of which China produced 375,000 tonnes, Estonia 355,000 tonnes, and Brazil 200,000 tonnes. In comparison, production of the conventional oil and
749:
The global oil-shale industry began to revive at the beginning of the 21st century. In 2003, an oil-shale development program restarted in the United States. Authorities introduced a commercial leasing program permitting the extraction of oil shale and oil sands on federal lands in 2005, in
220:. Oil shale has gained attention as a potential abundant source of oil. However, the various attempts to develop oil shale deposits have had limited success. Only Estonia and China have well-established oil shale industries, and Brazil, Germany, and Russia utilize oil shale to some extent.
587:, Australia, deposits in Sweden and Estonia, the El-Lajjun deposit in Jordan, and deposits in France, Germany, Brazil, China, southern Mongolia and Russia. These deposits have given rise to expectations of yielding at least 40 liters of shale oil per tonne of oil shale, using the
1240:
Mining oil shale involves numerous environmental impacts, more pronounced in surface mining than in underground mining. These include acid drainage induced by the sudden rapid exposure and subsequent oxidation of formerly buried materials; the introduction of metals including
626:
1225:
processing it may be even as low as 2. However, according to the IEA most of used energy can be provided by burning the spent shale or oil-shale gas. To increase efficiency when retorting oil shale, researchers have proposed and tested several co-pyrolysis processes.
1338:
Some comets contain massive amounts of an organic material almost identical to high grade oil shale, the equivalent of cubic kilometers of such mixed with other material; for instance, corresponding hydrocarbons were detected in a probe fly-by through the tail of
1256:
Oil-shale extraction can damage the biological and recreational value of land and the ecosystem in the mining area. Combustion and thermal processing generate waste material. In addition, the atmospheric emissions from oil shale processing and combustion include
1206:. The article portrayed coal liquefaction as less expensive, generating more oil, and creating fewer environmental impacts than extraction from oil shale. It cited a conversion ratio of 650 liters (170 U.S. gal; 140 imp gal) of oil per one
1217:" (EROI). A 1984 study estimated the EROI of the various known oil-shale deposits as varying between 0.7–13.3, although known oil-shale extraction development projects assert an EROI between 3 and 10. According to the World Energy Outlook 2010, the EROI of
684:
were also produced. Scottish production peaked in around 1913, operating 120 oil shale works, producing 3,332,000 tonnes of oil shale, generating around 2% of the global production of petroleum. The
Scottish oil-shale industry expanded immediately before
1153:
would drop after the establishment of the complex. The hypothetical unit would see a cost reduction of 35–70% after producing its first 500 million barrels (79 million cubic metres). Assuming an increase in output of 25 thousand barrels per day (4.0
903:
oil) and oil shale gas. Most conversion technologies involve heating shale in the absence of oxygen to a temperature at which kerogen decomposes (pyrolyses) into gas, condensable oil, and a solid residue. This usually takes place between
453:
of hydrogen to carbon (H/C) approximately 1.2 to 1.8 times lower than for crude oil and about 1.5 to 3 times higher than for coals. The organic components of oil shale derive from a variety of organisms, such as the remains of
2597:
1300:, where plans exist to expand oil-shale extraction despite a water shortage. Depending on technology, above-ground retorting uses between one and five barrels of water per barrel of produced shale-oil. A 2008 programmatic
865:
Most exploitation of oil shale involves mining followed by shipping elsewhere, after which the shale is burned directly to generate electricity or undertakes further processing. The most common methods of mining involve
784:
production in
Estonia, Brazil, and China; for power generation in Estonia, China, and Germany; for cement production in Estonia, Germany, and China; and for use in chemical industries in China, Estonia, and Russia.
3934:
1385: – U.S. Geological Survey facility in Colorado – a United States Geological Survey facility dedicated to preserving valuable rock-samples threatened with disposal or destruction – including oil shales
5402:
545:
terms from coal terminology. This classification designates oil shales as terrestrial, lacustrine (lake-bottom-deposited), or marine (ocean bottom-deposited), based on the environment of the initial
1308:
stated that surface mining and retort operations produce 2 to 10 U.S. gallons (7.6 to 37.9 L; 1.7 to 8.3 imp gal) of waste water per 1 short ton (0.91 t) of processed oil shale.
689:
partly because of limited access to conventional petroleum resources and the mass production of automobiles and trucks, which accompanied an increase in gasoline consumption; but mostly because the
549:
deposit. Known oil shales are predominantly of aquatic (marine, lacustrine) origin. Hutton's classification scheme has proven useful in estimating the yield and composition of the extracted oil.
599:
are estimated to be 1.6976 trillion barrels (269.90 billion cubic metres). The largest deposits in the world occur in the United States in the Green River
Formation, which covers portions of
2192:"Chemostratigraphy and Chemofacies of Source Rock Analogues: A High-Resolution Analysis of Black Shale Successions from the Lower Silurian Formigoso Formation (Cantabrian Mountains, NW Spain)"
1136:
The various attempts to develop oil shale deposits have succeeded only when the cost of shale-oil production in a given region comes in below the price of crude oil or its other substitutes (
1213:
A critical measure of the viability of oil shale as an energy source lies in the ratio of the energy produced by the shale to the energy used in its mining and processing, a ratio known as "
734:, because of low oil prices and increased expenses, laying off more than 2,000 workers and leaving a trail of home foreclosures and small business bankruptcies. In 1986, President
4067:
Proposed Oil Shale and Tar Sands
Resource Management Plan Amendments to Address Land Use Allocations in Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming and Final Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement
3627:
Al-Harahsheh, Adnan; Al-Otoom, Awni Y.; Shawabkeh, Reyad A. (16 October 2003). "Sulfur distribution in the oil fractions obtained by thermal cracking of
Jordanian El-Lajjun oil Shale".
449:. In commercial grades of oil shale the ratio of organic matter to mineral matter lies approximately between 0.75:5 and 1.5:5. At the same time, the organic matter in oil shale has an
5298:
739:
262:. Shale oil is a substitute for conventional crude oil; however, extracting shale oil is costlier than the production of conventional crude oil both financially and in terms of its
3437:
803:
is under construction as of 2020. Israel, Romania and Russia have in the past run power plants fired by oil shale but have shut them down or switched to other fuel sources such as
3076:
A study on the EU oil shale industry viewed in the light of the
Estonian experience. A report by EASAC to the Committee on Industry, Research and Energy of the European Parliament
1102:. Worldwide demand for these middle distillates, particularly for diesel fuels, increased rapidly in the 1990s and 2000s. However, appropriate refining processes equivalent to
1012:
insulation, glass, and pharmaceutical products. However, oil shale use for production of these items remains small or only in experimental development. Some oil shales yield
3703:
956:
Hundreds of patents for oil shale retorting technologies exist; however, only a few dozen have undergone testing. By 2006, only four technologies remained in commercial use:
394:. Oil shales differ also from oil-bearing shales, shale deposits that contain tight oil that is sometimes produced from drilled wells. Examples of oil-bearing shales are the
6143:
920:). The process of decomposition begins at relatively low temperatures (300 °C or 572 °F) but proceeds more rapidly and more completely at higher temperatures.
3931:
5523:
4821:
715:, world production of oil shale reached a peak of 46 million tonnes in 1980 before falling to about 16 million tonnes in 2000, because of competition from
1277:. Among the water contaminants commonly associated with oil shale processing are oxygen and nitrogen heterocyclic hydrocarbons. Commonly detected examples include
4157:
4024:
1235:
263:
2526:
541:
content of oil shales' original organic matter. The most commonly used classification of oil shales, developed between 1987 and 1991 by Adrian C. Hutton, adapts
235:
or used as a raw material in chemical and construction-materials processing. Heating oil shale to a sufficiently high temperature causes the chemical process of
4338:
3319:
Oil Shale
Development in the United States. Prospects and Policy Issues. Prepared for the National Energy Technology Laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy
1852:
1118:
4811:
4685:
874:. These procedures remove most of the overlying material to expose the deposits of oil shale and become practical when the deposits occur near the surface.
5293:
5288:
5273:
5268:
4816:
5238:
3692:
Cleveland, Cutler J.; Costanza, Robert; Hall, Charles A. S.; Kaufmann, Robert (31 August 1984). "Energy and the U.S. Economy: A Biophysical Perspective".
3980:
3667:"Statement Of Daniel Yergin, Chairman of Cambridge Energy Research Associates, Before The Committee On Energy And Commerce/U.S. House Of Representatives"
3248:
Hamarneh, Yousef; Alali, Jamal; Sawaged, Suzan (1998). Oil Shale Resources Development In Jordan (Report). Amman: Natural Resources Authority of Jordan.
668:, France, followed by exploitation in Scotland, Germany, and several other countries. Operations during the 19th century focused on the production of
633:
Humans have used oil shale as a fuel since prehistoric times, since it generally burns without any processing. Around 3000 BC, "rock oil" was used in
3133:
3015:
1712:
1265:. Environmentalists oppose production and usage of oil shale, as it creates even more greenhouse gases than conventional fossil fuels. Experimental
4862:
4831:
4826:
3551:
1498:
2809:
5605:
4013:
Sims, G. K. and E.J. O'Loughlin. 1989. Degradation of pyridines in the environment. CRC Critical Reviews in Environmental Control. 19(4): 309–340.
4059:
367:
177:. Based on their deposition environment, oil shales are classified as marine, lacustrine and terrestrial oil shales. Oil shales differ from oil-
5479:
5303:
3670:
3371:
3075:
1809:
421:
General composition of oil shales constitutes inorganic matrix, bitumens, and kerogen. While the bitumen portion of oil shales is soluble in
4887:
4560:
4533:
4485:
4444:
4402:
4301:
4273:
4238:
3334:
2685:
2238:
2076:
1053:
The shale oil derived from oil shale does not directly substitute for crude oil in all applications. It may contain higher concentrations of
799:(MW). By comparison, China's oil shale power plants have an installed capacity of 12 MW, and Germany's have 9.9 MW. A 470 MW
5610:
5278:
4852:
4543:
4099:
3492:
2916:
2746:
2289:
2779:
1070:
for Green River formation oil shale. The higher concentrations of these materials means that the oil must undergo considerable upgrading (
711:, most other countries abandoned their projects because of high processing costs and the availability of cheaper petroleum. Following the
3757:
Tiikma, Laine; Johannes, Ille; Luik, Hans (March 2006). "Fixation of chlorine evolved in pyrolysis of PVC waste by Estonian oil shales".
3444:
926:
processing involves heating the oil shale underground. Such technologies can potentially extract more oil from a given area of land than
6213:
4857:
4195:
1008:, resins, glues, tanning agents, mastic, road bitumen, cement, bricks, construction and decorative blocks, soil-additives, fertilizers,
339:, oil shales are not "geological nor geochemically distinctive rock but rather 'economic' term". Their common defining feature is low
5991:
5670:
5386:
4307:
3574:
2571:
1716:
3932:
http://www.westernresearch.org/uploadedFiles/Energy_and_Environmental_Technology/Unconventional_Fuels/Oil_Shale/MercuryinOilShale.pdf
1880:
930:
processes, since they can access the material at greater depths than surface mines can. Several companies have patented methods for
6138:
5442:
5195:
4594:
4510:
4378:
4332:
3957:
2870:
620:
410:. Accordingly, shale oil produced from oil shale should not be confused with tight oil, which is called also frequently shale oil.
209:. Accordingly, shale oil produced from oil shale should not be confused with tight oil, which is also frequently called shale oil.
417:
Photomicrographs showing a cannel coal (top) 100% organic matrix and a rich oil shale (bottom) with relatively low mineral content
6027:
5680:
5175:
4872:
4867:
4678:
4593:
3910:
1144:, the cost of producing a barrel of oil at a surface retorting complex in the United States (comprising a mine, retorting plant,
56:
4191:
5685:
5243:
5128:
2165:
Oil as a strategic factor. The supply of oil in the first half of the 21st century, and its strategic implications for the U.S.
1502:
993:
256:
6153:
5924:
5590:
5143:
5061:
4988:
2495:
1997:
1301:
1250:
875:
743:
363:
1391: – Light-brown marine type oil shale of Ordovician age – a well-analyzed marine oil shale found in the Baltic Sea basin
1273:
technologies may reduce some of these concerns in the future, but at the same time they may cause other problems, including
4169:
4130:
3358:
1802:
5361:
5258:
5248:
5170:
4319:
3260:
3173:
2955:
7202:
6133:
6128:
5665:
5650:
5099:
3578:
2607:
2142:
4628:
4034:
3041:
1841:
1405:" (the point in time of maximum global petroleum production), including the development of unconventional oil resources
953:
retorting in order to create permeability for gas flow in a rubble chimney. Explosives rubblize the oil-shale deposit.
6180:
6148:
4671:
4126:
2542:
2499:
1323:
1214:
1164:
2128:
3108:
1210:
of coal, as against 150 liters (40 U.S. gal; 33 imp gal) of shale oil per one ton of oil shale.
7273:
5735:
5336:
5321:
5283:
5044:
4921:
1615:
1270:
992:
of homes and businesses. In addition to its use as a fuel, oil shale may also serve in the production of specialty
216:
set the total world resources of oil shale equivalent of 6.05 trillion barrels (962 billion cubic metres) of
6107:
5640:
5381:
5185:
4070:
2649:
1305:
1167:
estimated, based on the various pilot projects, that investment and operating costs would be similar to those of
792:
751:
1680:
4284:
3438:
Strategic Significance of America's Oil Shale Resource. Volume II Oil Shale Resources, Technology and Economics
3160:
1773:
1436:
1327:
1171:, that means would be economic at prices above $ 60 per barrel at current costs. This figure does not account
727:
336:
173:
can be produced. In addition to kerogen, general composition of oil shales constitutes inorganic substance and
3989:
386:
of oil, heat and pressure have not (yet) transformed the kerogen in oil shale into petroleum, which means its
4217:
3666:
629:
Production of oil shale in millions of metric tons, from 1880 to 2010. Source: Pierre Allix, Alan K. Burnham.
474:
and woody plants, and cellular debris from other aquatic and land plants. Some deposits contain significant
6266:
6246:
6206:
6158:
6032:
5089:
5081:
5032:
4983:
4903:
4788:
4783:
4165:
2960:
2367:"Global oil shale issues and perspectives. Synthesis of the Symposium on Oil Shale. 18–19 November, Tallinn"
2133:
1062:
4624:
3542:
Schora, F. C.; Tarman, P. B.; Feldkirchner, H. L.; Weil, S. A. (1976). "Hydrocarbon fuels from oil shale".
3137:
3016:"Nominations for Oil Shale Research Leases Demonstrate Significant Interest in Advancing Energy Technology"
6691:
5635:
5376:
5066:
4916:
4753:
4728:
2191:
2012:
1394:
1137:
879:
228:
3019:
7216:
6656:
6012:
5454:
5437:
5371:
5133:
5000:
4953:
4926:
4768:
4720:
1374:
1274:
1050:, but as of 2009, producing oil shale gas as a natural-gas substitute remained economically infeasible.
677:
580:
576:
391:
344:
5054:
3081:(Report). European Academies Science Advisory Council. pp. 12–13, 18–19, 23–24, 28. Archived from
2631:
The Rocks of West Lothian. An Account of the Geological and Mining History of the West Lothian District
4074:
5909:
5579:
5341:
5223:
5049:
5022:
5005:
4931:
4763:
4552:
4293:
4029:
3707:
3555:
3082:
1382:
1176:
1103:
1071:
837:
811:
788:
657:
213:
3195:
2673:
A Short History of the Art of Distillation from the Beginnings Up to the Death of Cellier Blumenthal
2164:
6057:
6002:
5929:
5818:
5630:
5548:
5228:
5094:
3852:
3793:
3406:
2433:
2374:
2055:
1946:
1168:
1131:
815:
800:
731:
696:
653:
572:
529:
Another classification, known as the van Krevelen diagram, assigns kerogen types, depending on the
483:
20:
6941:
1183:
adds additional $ 7.50 cost per barrel of shale oil. As of November 2021, the price of tonne of CO
7268:
7252:
6487:
6199:
5904:
5326:
4936:
4836:
4694:
4609:
4454:
4412:
4349:
3877:
3843:
Aboulkas, A.; El Harfi, K.; El Bouadili, A.; Benchanaa, M.; Mokhlisse, A.; Outzourit, A. (2007).
3818:
3739:
3226:
2852:
2458:
2399:
2090:
1971:
763:
558:
519:
403:
387:
248:
202:
4369:
4103:
3505:
2929:
2787:
2753:
2298:
1939:"Oil shales in the world and Turkey; reserves, current situation and future prospects: a review"
1803:"Slow Radio-Frequency Processing of Large Oil Shale Volumes to Produce Petroleum-like Shale Oil"
1450:
1199:
842:
1057:, oxygen, and nitrogen than conventional crude oil. Some shale oils may have higher sulfur or
949:
processing involves removing part of the oil shale and bringing it to the surface for modified
7240:
6442:
6052:
5180:
5155:
4958:
4943:
4645:
4556:
4529:
4506:
4481:
4440:
4398:
4328:
4297:
4269:
4234:
3904:"Unconventional Oil and Gas Production. Opportunities and Challenges of Oil Shale Development"
3869:
3810:
3731:
3723:
3694:
3609:
3411:
3330:
2742:
2681:
2575:
2450:
2391:
2234:
2082:
2072:
1963:
1638:
1559:
1340:
1242:
1203:
1195:
855:
772:
690:
491:
299:
240:
4496:
4475:
4261:
3988:. World Oil Conference. Association for the Study of Peak Oil & Gas – USA. Archived from
3950:
2671:
2645:
2226:
7139:
6851:
6638:
6507:
5879:
5600:
5203:
5121:
5039:
4877:
4758:
3861:
3802:
3766:
3715:
3636:
3367:
3326:
3169:
2844:
2677:
2603:
2442:
2383:
2204:
2064:
1955:
1630:
1551:
1506:
1315:
1141:
1066:
989:
681:
471:
422:
407:
395:
271:
232:
206:
194:
166:
158:
46:
3582:
3317:
1296:
Water concerns are sensitive issues in arid regions, such as the western U.S. and Israel's
1175:, which will add additional cost. According to the New Policies Scenario introduced in its
6951:
6711:
6564:
6112:
6102:
5844:
5595:
5484:
5410:
5213:
5208:
5138:
5106:
5017:
4733:
4466:
4424:
4361:
3951:
Driving It Home. Choosing the Right Path for Fueling North America's Transportation Future
3938:
1895:
1487:
1021:
980:
Oil shale is utilized as a fuel for thermal power-plants, burning it (like coal) to drive
961:
957:
900:
867:
712:
487:
375:
352:
279:
275:
3604:
Dyni, John R. (1 April 1983). "Distribution and origin of sulfur in Colorado oil shale".
3316:
Bartis, James T.; LaTourrette, Tom; Dixon, Lloyd; Peterson, D.J.; Cecchine, Gary (2005).
3074:
Francu, Juraj; Harvie, Barbra; Laenen, Ben; Siirde, Andres; Veiderma, Mihkel (May 2007).
2878:
3845:"Kinetics of co-pyrolysis of Tarfaya (Morocco) oil shale with high-density polyethylene"
3711:
3559:
2425:
2366:
625:
7144:
6986:
6579:
6502:
5949:
5869:
5859:
5849:
5790:
5765:
5474:
5415:
5346:
5233:
5218:
5027:
4965:
4710:
3136:. Estonian Ministry of Economic Affairs and Communications. 8 June 2009. Archived from
1433: – Type of fine-grained black oil shale – a lacustrine oil shale found in Scotland
1262:
1258:
1172:
965:
885:
The extraction of the useful components of oil shale usually takes place above ground (
871:
716:
638:
563:
383:
283:
7247:
3844:
3785:
1938:
889:
processing), although several newer technologies perform this underground (on-site or
413:
7262:
7228:
7189:
7104:
7069:
6916:
6477:
6382:
6017:
5974:
5939:
5568:
5449:
5422:
5356:
4748:
3044:. Oil Shale and Tar Sands Leasing Programmatic EIS Information Center. Archived from
2856:
2462:
2403:
2094:
1555:
1360:
1034:
981:
735:
676:; these products helped supply the growing demand for lighting that arose during the
588:
467:
287:
259:
3881:
3822:
1975:
1762:
850:
266:. Oil-shale mining and processing raise a number of environmental concerns, such as
7114:
7094:
6966:
6613:
6591:
6532:
6432:
6377:
6362:
6228:
6077:
6007:
5899:
5889:
5884:
5874:
5864:
5750:
5730:
5675:
5459:
5427:
5366:
5263:
5165:
5071:
4948:
4882:
3743:
2538:
2048:"Characteristics of oil shales and shale-like rocks of known deposits and outcrops"
1408:
1087:
1075:
1009:
1001:
985:
708:
673:
596:
450:
399:
217:
198:
5969:
4283:
Dyni, John R. (2010). "Oil Shale". In Clarke, Alan W.; Trinnaman, Judy A. (eds.).
4216:
Dr. A. Zuppero, U.S. Department of Energy, Idaho National Engineering Laboratory.
2503:
2016:
4592:
3719:
3640:
7003:
6894:
6874:
6864:
6791:
6741:
6666:
6512:
6447:
6417:
6372:
6330:
6303:
6298:
6288:
6251:
6047:
5919:
5740:
5710:
5655:
5645:
5351:
5331:
5010:
4993:
4911:
4773:
4743:
4738:
3469:
3401:
3375:
3221:
2783:
2208:
1813:
1445:
1322:, have organized strong protests against the oil shale industry. In one result,
1099:
1079:
1047:
1039:
804:
686:
634:
542:
356:
332:
170:
155:
3770:
818:
in 2008 amounted 3.95 billion tonnes or 82.1 million barrels per day (13.1
707:
Although the Estonian and Chinese oil-shale industries continued to grow after
680:, supplied from Scottish oil shales. Fuel oil, lubricating oil and grease, and
7235:
7169:
7154:
7129:
7124:
7034:
7019:
6936:
6904:
6869:
6859:
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6821:
6766:
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6701:
6623:
6608:
6584:
6544:
6517:
6497:
6467:
6427:
6402:
6392:
6387:
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6276:
6097:
5964:
5954:
5720:
5558:
5464:
3107:
Alali, Jamal; Abu Salah, Abdelfattah; Yasin, Suha M.; Al Omari, Wasfi (2006).
1937:
Altun, N. E.; Hiçyilmaz, C.; Hwang, J.-Y.; Suat Bağci, A.; Kök, M. V. (2006).
1350:
1319:
1149:
997:
917:
909:
723:
584:
479:
438:
340:
309:
304:
224:
140:
4649:
3873:
3814:
3786:"Co-liquefaction of kukersite oil shale and pine wood in supercritical water"
3727:
3415:
3018:(Press release). Bureau of Land Management. 20 September 2005. Archived from
2454:
2395:
2086:
1967:
1642:
1563:
343:
in low-boiling organic solvents and generation of liquid organic products on
7223:
7184:
7174:
7164:
7149:
7119:
7099:
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7044:
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6998:
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6889:
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6806:
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6706:
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6407:
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6092:
5823:
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5715:
5705:
5615:
5563:
5499:
5489:
5469:
5150:
4778:
4705:
4502:
3903:
3045:
2848:
1430:
1424:
1418:
1411: – Industry concept of crude oil and natural gas reserves and resources
1388:
1354:
1278:
1032:
as shale-oil extraction byproducts. Between 1946 and 1952, a marine type of
1029:
896:
371:
348:
313:
252:
236:
186:
182:
98:
31:
27:
4134:
3735:
2990:
2446:
1686:(Report). Estonian Foreign Policy Institute. September 2006. Archived from
1312:
processing, according to one estimate, uses about one-tenth as much water.
1046:
shale for the same purposes. Oil shale gas has served as a substitute for
3865:
3806:
2387:
2047:
1959:
1634:
1148:, supporting utilities, and spent shale reclamation), would range between
768:
347:. Geologists can classify oil shales on the basis of their composition as
7159:
7134:
7059:
7029:
7024:
6946:
6931:
6899:
6879:
6776:
6751:
6628:
6603:
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6522:
6457:
6342:
6293:
6283:
6241:
6087:
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6062:
6042:
6037:
5813:
5803:
5725:
5660:
5432:
5160:
5116:
5111:
4975:
4525:
1547:
1402:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1145:
1107:
1095:
1091:
1025:
969:
796:
693:
required a reliable fuel source for their fleet as war in Europe loomed.
669:
642:
600:
530:
511:
499:
430:
321:
267:
129:
87:
4100:"Critics charge energy, water needs of oil shale could harm environment"
2291:
Jordan oil shale, availability, distribution, and investment opportunity
2068:
1511:
7179:
7109:
7074:
7049:
6981:
6816:
6756:
6696:
6661:
6554:
6482:
6397:
6357:
6325:
6320:
6236:
5755:
5745:
5625:
5620:
5535:
4612:
was created from a revision of this article dated 26 May 2008
3268:. Eesti Energia, VKG, KKT, Tallinn University of Technology. p. 18
1246:
1123:
1058:
1017:
1005:
937:. However, most of these methods remain in the experimental phase. Two
913:
905:
891:
608:
546:
515:
442:
425:, the kerogen portion is insoluble in carbon disulfide and may contain
174:
162:
119:
77:
3613:
3436:
Johnson, Harry R.; Crawford, Peter M.; Bunger, James W. (March 2004).
2579:
1249:, sulfur-gas emissions; and air pollution caused by the production of
7089:
7064:
6961:
6921:
6884:
6786:
6651:
6549:
6539:
6492:
6452:
6422:
6352:
6337:
6315:
6261:
6256:
6072:
5959:
5944:
5934:
5894:
5808:
4663:
3500:. International Conference on Oil Shale: Recent Trends In Oil Shale.
1687:
1078:
feedstock. Above-ground retorting processes tended to yield a lower
1054:
1013:
934:
858:
538:
534:
523:
507:
495:
475:
463:
434:
379:
320:
Oil shale, an organic-rich sedimentary rock, belongs to the group of
135:
103:
82:
2832:
2599:
UK Oil and Gas Shales—Definitions and Distribution in Time and Space
1894:(2). Lithuanian Academy of Sciences Publishers: 8–18. Archived from
55:
2297:. International Oil Shale Conference. Amman, Jordan. Archived from
1397: – Gradual reduction of the use and production of fossil fuels
7054:
6976:
6971:
6836:
6801:
6721:
6676:
6671:
5854:
5828:
5798:
5760:
5700:
5695:
5690:
4390:
3501:
2925:
1538:
Hutton, A.C. (1987). "Petrographic classification of oil shales".
1297:
1117:
849:
841:
767:
700:
695:
665:
624:
562:
459:
455:
412:
328:
303:
244:
6191:
945:
processing does not involve mining the oil shale, while modified
189:) that is sometimes produced from drilled wells. Examples of oil-
6826:
6771:
6686:
6618:
6082:
6022:
5775:
5253:
4436:
4394:
3042:"What's in the Oil Shale and Tar Sands Leasing Programmatic EIS"
1043:
646:
604:
503:
486:. The mineral matter in oil shale includes various fine-grained
446:
445:. Oil shale contains a lower percentage of organic matter than
426:
324:
124:
93:
6195:
4667:
4637:
1881:"Estonian oil shale properties and utilization in power plants"
1427: – Sedimentary rock – a marine oil shale found in Tasmania
5914:
5780:
5553:
3360:
Comparison of the Acceptability of Various Oil Shale Processes
1401:– discussion of attempts to delay and minimize the impact of "
1207:
1849:
The Abandoned Mine Site Characterization and Cleanup Handbook
567:
Fossils in Ordovician oil shale (kukersite), northern Estonia
16:
Organic-rich fine-grained sedimentary rock containing kerogen
4590:
4218:
Discovery Of Water Ice Nearly Everywhere In The Solar System
3443:(Report). United States Department of Energy. Archived from
3159:
Qian, Jialin; Wang, Jianqiu; Li, Shuyuan (15 October 2007).
878:, which removes less of the overlying material, employs the
5543:
3134:"Importance of Future Oil Shale Industry Plans for Estonia"
1106:
can transform shale oil into a lighter-range hydrocarbon (
637:
for road construction and making architectural adhesives.
4073:. September 2008. pp. 4‑3. FES 08-32. Archived from
3470:"Process for the recovery of hydrocarbons from oil shale"
3357:
Burnham, Alan K.; McConaghy, James R. (16 October 2006).
3196:"Jordan moves ahead with $ 2.1 bln oil shale power plant"
2633:(1st ed.). Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd. p. 390.
1488:"Geology and resources of some world oil shale deposits"
742:, which among other things abolished the United States'
722:
On 2 May 1982, known in some circles as "Black Sunday",
4192:"Greenpeace happy with part closure of shale oil plant"
1441:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
1413:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
1399:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
1202:) compared shale-based oil production unfavorably with
664:
Modern industrial mining of oil shale began in 1837 in
1253:
during processing, transport, and support activities.
1086:
processes. Shale oil serves best for producing middle-
740:
Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1985
7200:
3162:
One Year's Progress in the Chinese Oil Shale Business
2918:
Current status of oil shale industry in Fushun, China
2833:"The geology of the oil-shale fields of the Lothians"
1713:"Oil Shale and Other Unconventional Fuels Activities"
895:
processing). In either case, the chemical process of
6144:
International Association of Oil & Gas Producers
2871:"A Brief History of the Scottish Shale Oil Industry"
1285:, and various alkyl homologues of pyridine, such as
899:
converts the kerogen in the oil shale to shale oil (
7012:
6850:
6637:
6227:
6121:
5987:
5837:
5789:
5577:
5534:
5519:
5510:
5395:
5312:
5194:
5080:
4974:
4902:
4845:
4804:
4797:
4719:
4524:. Coal Science and Technology Series (3 ed.).
4498:
Petroleum Products: Instability And Incompatibility
4102:. U.S. Water News Online. July 2007. Archived from
3704:
American Association for the Advancement of Science
2525:Allix, Pierre; Burnham, Alan K. (1 December 2010).
1126:, that processes 280 tonnes of oil shale in an hour
649:for burial, or just polish it to create ornaments.
112:
70:
65:
2190:
1616:"About technical terms of oil shale and shale oil"
2602:. History of On-Shore Hydrocarbon Use in the UK.
2424:Qian, Jialin; Wang, Jianqiu; Li, Shuyuan (2003).
1836:
1834:
1042:, Estonia, and between 1950 and 1989 Sweden used
4522:Coal--typology, physics, chemistry, constitution
2837:Transactions of the Edinburgh Geological Society
2063:(3 Special). Estonian Academy Publishers: 1–64.
1140:). According to a 2005 survey, conducted by the
795:, which has an installed capacity of 2,967
779:oil-shale facility, Piceance Basin, Colorado, US
3491:Qian, Jialin; Wang, Jianqiu (7 November 2006).
3114:(Report). Natural Resources Authority of Jordan
4603:
4264:. In Teh Fu Yen; Chilingar, George V. (eds.).
4060:"Chapter 4. Effects of Oil Shale Technologies"
2812:. American Association of Petroleum Geologists
2339:
2337:
2335:
2333:
2331:
2229:. In Teh Fu Yen; Chilingar, George V. (eds.).
1245:into surface-water and groundwater; increased
1236:Environmental impact of the oil shale industry
1065:, the benchmark standard for crude oil in the
787:As of 2009, 80% of oil shale used globally is
382:shale. While oil sands do originate from the
6207:
4679:
3930:Western Oil Shale Has a High Mercury Content
1853:United States Environmental Protection Agency
1439: – Global production and usage of energy
227:directly in furnaces as a low-grade fuel for
8:
3784:Veski, R.; Palu, V.; Kruusement, K. (2006).
3575:"Map of oil shale mining history in Estonia"
2737:
2735:
2733:
2360:
2358:
2356:
2354:
2352:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1122:360° panoramic view of a Enefit280 plant in
39:
4638:"Oil Shale. A Scientific-Technical Journal"
3801:(3). Estonian Academy Publishers: 236–248.
3759:Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis
3635:(15) (published November 2005): 2784–2795.
2956:"Coaxing oil from huge U.S. shale deposits"
2441:(3). Estonian Academy Publishers: 356–359.
1954:(3). Estonian Academy Publishers: 211–227.
6214:
6200:
6192:
5531:
5516:
4801:
4686:
4672:
4664:
4268:. Amsterdam: Elsevier. pp. 1–12, 56.
4054:
4052:
3262:Estonian Oil Shale Industry. Yearbook 2016
2991:Oil Shale: History, Incentives, and Policy
2984:
2982:
2980:
2978:
2910:
2908:
2233:. Amsterdam: Elsevier. pp. 1–12, 56.
2189:Ferriday, Tim; Montenari, Michael (2016).
1874:
1872:
1870:
1796:
1794:
1792:
1790:
1609:
1607:
1495:Scientific Investigations Report 2005–5294
1421: – Type of unconventional oil deposit
54:
19:For the scientific-technical journal, see
3860:(1). Estonian Academy Publishers: 15–33.
3853:Oil Shale. A Scientific-Technical Journal
3794:Oil Shale. A Scientific-Technical Journal
3407:Oil Shale. A Scientific-Technical Journal
2875:Museum of the Scottish Shale Oil Industry
2646:"Kimmeridge – The Blackstone – Oil Shale"
2434:Oil Shale. A Scientific-Technical Journal
2382:(1). Estonian Academy Publishers: 81–92.
2375:Oil Shale. A Scientific-Technical Journal
2259:
2257:
2170:(Report). CNA Corporation. pp. 94–95
2056:Oil Shale. A Scientific-Technical Journal
1947:Oil Shale. A Scientific-Technical Journal
1932:
1930:
1928:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1733:
1623:Oil Shale. A Scientific-Technical Journal
1594:
1592:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1510:
1415:– discussion of global crude-oil supplies
1179:, a price of $ 50 per tonne of emitted CO
717:cheap conventional petroleum in the 1980s
4620:, and does not reflect subsequent edits.
3552:American Institute of Chemical Engineers
2996:(Report). Congressional Research Service
2591:
2589:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1499:United States Department of the Interior
1221:processing is typically 4 to 5 while of
652:In the 10th century, the Arab physician
7207:
5606:China National Offshore Oil Corporation
4262:"The origin and formation of oil shale"
3311:
3309:
3307:
2227:"The origin and formation of oil shale"
2041:
2039:
2037:
1461:
1038:shale served for uranium production in
331:in the strict sense. According to the
5480:Unconventional (oil and gas) reservoir
5239:2020 Russia–Saudi Arabia oil price war
4462:
4452:
4420:
4410:
4357:
4347:
4344:from the original on 21 February 2014.
4025:"Oil-shale 'rush' is sparking concern"
3671:United States House of Representatives
3494:World oil shale retorting technologies
3410:(Extra). Estonian Academy Publishers.
3372:Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
3194:Al-Khalidi, Suleiman (16 March 2017).
2924:. International Oil Shale Conference.
2220:
2218:
1810:Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
1756:
1754:
1752:
1614:Reinsalu, Enno; Aarna, Indrek (2015).
1481:
1479:
1477:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1465:
791:, mainly because Estonia uses several
571:As source rocks for most conventional
38:
3069:
3067:
3065:
3063:
1540:International Journal of Coal Geology
645:used tractable oil shales to fashion
247:. Upon cooling the vapor, the liquid
7:
5611:China National Petroleum Corporation
3982:Unconventional Liquid Fuels Overview
3606:16th Oil Shale Symposium Proceedings
2954:Collier, Robert (4 September 2006).
2211:– via Elsevier Science Direct.
1998:"Organic petrography and oil shales"
1497:. Scientific Investigations Report.
181:shales, shale deposits that contain
4196:Australian Broadcasting Corporation
4023:Speckman, Stephen (22 March 2008).
3608:. U.S. Geological Survey: 144–159.
3222:"We are not drying up the Dead Sea"
2570:. Oil shale symposium. Golden, CO:
2163:O'Neil, William D. (11 June 2001).
1842:"Environmental Impacts from Mining"
5671:National Iranian South Oil Company
5387:Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin
4520:van Krevelen, Dirk Willem (1993).
4321:World Energy Resources 2013 Survey
4313:from the original on 4 March 2012.
3374:. UCRL-CONF-226717. Archived from
2989:Andrews, Anthony (13 April 2006).
2572:United States Department of Energy
1717:United States Department of Energy
1190:A 1972 publication in the journal
14:
6139:Intercontinental Exchange Futures
6028:Chicago Bridge & Iron Company
5681:Oil & Gas Development Company
4379:Energy Information Administration
4158:"Hopes for shale oil are revived"
4156:Fischer, Perry A. (August 2005).
3958:Natural Resources Defense Council
1801:Burnham, A. K. (20 August 2003).
621:History of the oil shale industry
7246:
7234:
7222:
7210:
6176:
6175:
4602:
4545:World energy resources. Oil 2016
4229:Huebner, Walter F., ed. (1990).
3911:Government Accountability Office
2596:Moody, Richard (20 April 2007).
2426:"Oil Shale Development in China"
2288:Alali, Jamal (7 November 2006).
2275:
1855:. August 2000. pp. 3/1–3/11
1812:. UCRL-ID-155045. Archived from
1763:"Shale Oil – The Elusive Energy"
1367:
1353:
1318:activists, including members of
846:Overview of shale oil extraction
726:canceled its US$ 5 billion
656:(Mesue the Younger) described a
494:. Inorganic matrix can contain
374:and petroleum reservoir rocks),
5686:Oil and Natural Gas Corporation
4644:. Estonian Academy Publishers.
4231:Physics and Chemistry of Comets
3979:Bartis, Jim (26 October 2006).
3220:Azulai, Yuval (22 March 2011).
2127:Nield, Ted (17 February 2007).
1503:United States Geological Survey
876:Underground mining of oil shale
801:oil shale power plant in Jordan
6154:Society of Petroleum Engineers
5925:Port Harcourt Refining Company
5591:Abu Dhabi National Oil Company
3902:Mittal, Anu K. (10 May 2012).
2915:Yin, Liang (7 November 2006).
2752:. Hubbert Peak. Archived from
2046:Urov, K.; Sumberg, A. (1999).
1879:Ots, Arvo (12 February 2007).
1330:in Australia on hold in 2004.
1302:environmental impact statement
941:processes could be used: true
744:Synthetic Liquid Fuels Program
1:
5100:Production sharing agreements
4501:. Applied energy technology.
3259:Beger, Mariliis, ed. (2017).
3174:China University of Petroleum
2700:
2670:Forbes, Robert James (1970).
2568:Non-synfuel uses of oil shale
2197:Stratigraphy & Timescales
6134:Canadian petroleum companies
6129:American Petroleum Institute
5666:National Iranian Oil Company
5651:Kuwait Petroleum Corporation
4131:Al-Balqa` Applied University
3720:10.1126/science.225.4665.890
3641:10.1016/j.energy.2005.01.013
3579:Tallinn Technical University
3366:. 26th Oil Shale Symposium.
3168:. 27th Oil Shale Symposium.
2644:West, Ian (6 January 2008).
2608:Geological Society of London
2482:
2343:
2143:Geological Society of London
1919:
1667:
1598:
1583:
1556:10.1016/0166-5162(87)90032-2
1230:Environmental considerations
1061:content. By comparison with
793:oil-shale-fired power plants
6149:International Energy Agency
5134:Enhanced oil recovery (EOR)
2500:Argonne National Laboratory
2209:10.1016/bs.sats.2016.10.004
1761:Youngquist, Walter (1998).
1324:Queensland Energy Resources
1215:energy return on investment
1165:International Energy Agency
583:, the Tertiary deposits in
482:has the status of a UNESCO
7290:
5736:PTT Public Company Limited
5337:East Midlands Oil Province
5322:List of natural gas fields
4922:Integrated asset modelling
4371:Annual Energy Outlook 2006
4286:Survey of energy resources
4127:"Jordan Oil Shale Project"
3771:10.1016/j.jaap.2005.06.001
2747:"Review on oil shale data"
1996:Hutton, Adrian C. (1994).
1681:Energy Security of Estonia
1334:Extraterrestrial oil shale
1271:carbon capture and storage
1233:
1129:
835:
761:
618:
556:
297:
212:A 2016 estimate of global
167:organic chemical compounds
25:
18:
6171:
6108:Weatherford International
5641:Iraq National Oil Company
4701:
4495:Mushrush, George (1995).
4433:World Energy Outlook 2013
4387:World Energy Outlook 2010
4071:Bureau of Land Management
2810:"Oil Shale Committee-EMD"
2650:University of Southampton
1770:Hubbert Center Newsletter
1306:Bureau of Land Management
1269:conversion processes and
1177:World Energy Outlook 2010
986:employ the resulting heat
976:Applications and products
832:Extraction and processing
752:Energy Policy Act of 2005
526:and some other minerals.
364:bitumen-impregnated rocks
53:
44:
3653:
3529:
3504:, Jordan. Archived from
3298:
3286:
2928:, Jordan. Archived from
2899:
2724:
2712:
2629:Cadell, Henry M (1925).
2527:"Coaxing Oil from Shale"
2322:
2263:
2114:
1774:Colorado School of Mines
1743:
1437:World energy consumption
1328:Stuart Oil Shale Project
728:Colony Shale Oil Project
337:University of Wollongong
335:Adrian C. Hutton of the
284:greenhouse-gas emissions
26:Not to be confused with
6267:Basaltic trachyandesite
6247:Alkali feldspar granite
6159:World Petroleum Council
6033:China Oilfield Services
5090:Petroleum fiscal regime
4789:Western Canadian Select
4784:West Texas Intermediate
4166:Gulf Publishing Company
2961:San Francisco Chronicle
2849:10.1144/transed.8.1.116
2129:"Shale of the century?"
1063:West Texas Intermediate
984:; some of these plants
470:and corky fragments of
362:Oil shale differs from
60:Combustion of oil shale
5636:Indian Oil Corporation
5122:Submersible pump (ESP)
5067:Underbalanced drilling
4888:of gasoline and diesel
4598:
4578:Listen to this article
4327:. 2013. p. 2.46.
4318:"Unconventional oil".
4125:Al-Ayed, Omar (2008).
3577:. Mining Institute of
2831:Cadell, Henry (1901).
2447:10.3176/oil.2003.3S.08
2013:University of Kentucky
1486:Dyni, John R. (2006).
1395:Mitigation of peak oil
1127:
880:room-and-pillar method
862:
847:
780:
704:
630:
568:
418:
390:does not exceed early
317:
280:waste-water management
6657:Banded iron formation
6013:Cameron International
5455:Petrodollar recycling
5438:fossil fuel phase-out
5001:Differential sticking
4954:Reflection seismology
4927:Petroleum engineering
4769:OPEC Reference Basket
4642:Bulletin des Sciences
4597:
4474:Lee, Sunggyu (1991).
3866:10.3176/oil.2007.1.04
3807:10.3176/oil.2006.3.04
3400:Koel, Mihkel (1999).
2388:10.3176/oil.2003.1.09
1960:10.3176/oil.2006.3.02
1635:10.3176/oil.2015.4.01
1375:Earth sciences portal
1275:groundwater pollution
1121:
854:Mining of oil shale.
853:
845:
771:
699:
678:Industrial Revolution
628:
581:western United States
566:
416:
345:thermal decomposition
307:
5910:Occidental Petroleum
5224:1990 oil price shock
5050:Shale oil extraction
5023:Drilling engineering
5006:Directional drilling
4932:Reservoir simulation
4629:More spoken articles
4553:World Energy Council
4477:Oil Shale Technology
4294:World Energy Council
4030:Deseret Morning News
3937:19 July 2011 at the
3402:"Estonian oil shale"
3022:on 16 September 2008
2935:on 28 September 2007
2881:on 25 September 2019
2759:on 28 September 2007
2365:Brendow, K. (2003).
1383:Core Research Center
1192:Pétrole Informations
1074:) before serving as
838:Shale oil extraction
812:World Energy Council
789:extracted in Estonia
750:accordance with the
738:signed into law the
658:method of extraction
408:Eagle Ford Formation
264:environmental impact
255:, is separated from
207:Eagle Ford Formation
169:) from which liquid
165:(a solid mixture of
6058:Naftiran Intertrade
6003:Amec Foster Wheeler
5930:Reliance Industries
5819:Naftiran Intertrade
5631:Hindustan Petroleum
5229:2000s energy crisis
4260:Cane, R.F. (1976).
4233:. Springer-Verlag.
4037:on 16 November 2010
3712:1984Sci...225..890C
3560:1976iece.conf..325S
3472:. FreePatentsOnline
3450:on 13 November 2018
3381:on 13 February 2016
3109:Oil Shale in Jordan
2541:: 6. Archived from
2276:van Krevelen (1993)
2225:Cane, R.F. (1976).
2069:10.3176/oil.1999.3S
1819:on 16 February 2017
1512:10.3133/sir29955294
1304:issued by the U.S.
1132:Oil shale economics
1082:shale oil than the
816:natural gas liquids
732:Parachute, Colorado
654:Masawaih al-Mardini
484:World Heritage Site
316:), northern Estonia
154:is an organic-rich
41:
21:Oil Shale (journal)
7013:Specific varieties
5905:Marathon Petroleum
5327:List of oil fields
4937:Reservoir modeling
4695:Petroleum industry
4599:
4172:on 9 November 2006
4162:World Oil Magazine
3562:. A77-12662 02-44.
2680:. pp. 41–42.
2506:on 13 October 2007
1901:on 29 October 2016
1169:Canadian oil sands
1128:
863:
848:
781:
764:Oil shale industry
705:
631:
569:
559:Oil shale reserves
419:
404:Niobrara Formation
370:resources such as
318:
249:unconventional oil
203:Niobrara Formation
7274:Sedimentary rocks
7198:
7197:
6443:Nepheline syenite
6189:
6188:
6167:
6166:
6053:Nabors Industries
5983:
5982:
5181:Well intervention
5156:Petroleum product
5055:Ljungström method
4959:Seismic inversion
4944:Petroleum geology
4898:
4897:
4595:
4562:978-0-946121-62-5
4535:978-0-444-89586-8
4487:978-0-8493-4615-6
4446:978-92-64-20130-9
4404:978-92-64-08624-1
4303:978-0-946121-02-1
4275:978-0-444-41408-3
4240:978-3-642-74805-9
3585:on 17 August 2014
3336:978-0-8330-3848-7
2778:Doscher, Todd M.
2687:978-90-04-00617-1
2574:. 21 April 1987.
2548:on 6 January 2015
2496:"About Oil Shale"
2240:978-0-444-41408-3
2078:978-9985-50-274-7
2022:on 4 October 2013
1693:on 8 January 2012
1326:put the proposed
1204:coal liquefaction
998:adsorbent carbons
810:According to the
691:British Admiralty
366:(other so-called
300:Oil shale geology
223:Oil shale can be
149:
148:
7281:
7251:
7250:
7239:
7238:
7227:
7226:
7215:
7214:
7213:
7206:
7140:Rapakivi granite
6852:Metamorphic rock
6639:Sedimentary rock
6508:Quartz monzonite
6216:
6209:
6202:
6193:
6179:
6178:
5880:Hess Corporation
5601:Bharat Petroleum
5532:
5517:
5204:1967 Oil Embargo
5040:Lost circulation
4878:Posted oil price
4802:
4759:Isthmus-34 Light
4688:
4681:
4674:
4665:
4660:
4658:
4656:
4619:
4617:
4606:
4605:
4596:
4586:
4584:
4579:
4566:
4550:
4539:
4516:
4491:
4470:
4464:
4460:
4458:
4450:
4428:
4422:
4418:
4416:
4408:
4382:
4381:. February 2006.
4376:
4365:
4359:
4355:
4353:
4345:
4343:
4326:
4314:
4312:
4291:
4279:
4245:
4244:
4226:
4220:
4214:
4208:
4207:
4205:
4203:
4188:
4182:
4181:
4179:
4177:
4168:. Archived from
4153:
4147:
4146:
4144:
4142:
4133:. Archived from
4122:
4116:
4115:
4113:
4111:
4096:
4090:
4089:
4087:
4085:
4079:
4064:
4056:
4047:
4046:
4044:
4042:
4033:. Archived from
4020:
4014:
4011:
4005:
4004:
4002:
4000:
3994:
3987:
3976:
3970:
3969:
3967:
3965:
3955:
3947:
3941:
3928:
3922:
3921:
3919:
3917:
3908:
3899:
3893:
3892:
3890:
3888:
3849:
3840:
3834:
3833:
3831:
3829:
3790:
3781:
3775:
3774:
3754:
3748:
3747:
3689:
3683:
3682:
3680:
3678:
3663:
3657:
3651:
3645:
3644:
3624:
3618:
3617:
3601:
3595:
3594:
3592:
3590:
3581:. Archived from
3570:
3564:
3563:
3539:
3533:
3527:
3521:
3520:
3518:
3516:
3510:
3499:
3488:
3482:
3481:
3479:
3477:
3466:
3460:
3459:
3457:
3455:
3449:
3442:
3433:
3427:
3426:
3424:
3422:
3397:
3391:
3390:
3388:
3386:
3380:
3368:Golden, Colorado
3365:
3354:
3348:
3347:
3345:
3343:
3327:RAND Corporation
3324:
3313:
3302:
3296:
3290:
3284:
3278:
3277:
3275:
3273:
3267:
3256:
3250:
3249:
3245:
3239:
3238:
3236:
3234:
3217:
3211:
3210:
3208:
3206:
3191:
3185:
3184:
3182:
3180:
3170:Golden, Colorado
3167:
3156:
3150:
3149:
3147:
3145:
3130:
3124:
3123:
3121:
3119:
3113:
3104:
3098:
3097:
3095:
3093:
3087:
3080:
3071:
3058:
3057:
3055:
3053:
3038:
3032:
3031:
3029:
3027:
3012:
3006:
3005:
3003:
3001:
2995:
2986:
2973:
2972:
2970:
2968:
2951:
2945:
2944:
2942:
2940:
2934:
2923:
2912:
2903:
2897:
2891:
2890:
2888:
2886:
2877:. Archived from
2867:
2861:
2860:
2828:
2822:
2821:
2819:
2817:
2806:
2800:
2799:
2797:
2795:
2790:on 21 April 2008
2786:. Archived from
2775:
2769:
2768:
2766:
2764:
2758:
2751:
2739:
2728:
2722:
2716:
2710:
2704:
2698:
2692:
2691:
2678:Brill Publishers
2667:
2661:
2660:
2658:
2656:
2641:
2635:
2634:
2626:
2620:
2619:
2617:
2615:
2593:
2584:
2583:
2564:
2558:
2557:
2555:
2553:
2547:
2522:
2516:
2515:
2513:
2511:
2502:. Archived from
2492:
2486:
2480:
2474:
2473:
2471:
2469:
2430:
2421:
2415:
2414:
2412:
2410:
2371:
2362:
2347:
2341:
2326:
2320:
2314:
2313:
2311:
2309:
2303:
2296:
2285:
2279:
2273:
2267:
2261:
2252:
2251:
2249:
2247:
2222:
2213:
2212:
2194:
2186:
2180:
2179:
2177:
2175:
2169:
2160:
2154:
2153:
2151:
2149:
2124:
2118:
2112:
2106:
2105:
2103:
2101:
2052:
2043:
2032:
2031:
2029:
2027:
2021:
2015:. Archived from
2002:
1993:
1987:
1986:
1984:
1982:
1943:
1934:
1923:
1917:
1911:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1900:
1885:
1876:
1865:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1846:
1838:
1829:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1818:
1807:
1798:
1785:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1767:
1758:
1747:
1741:
1728:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1709:
1703:
1702:
1700:
1698:
1692:
1685:
1677:
1671:
1665:
1654:
1653:
1651:
1649:
1620:
1611:
1602:
1596:
1587:
1581:
1568:
1567:
1546:(3). Amsterdam:
1535:
1524:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1514:
1492:
1483:
1442:
1414:
1400:
1377:
1372:
1371:
1370:
1363:
1358:
1357:
1159:
1158:
1142:RAND Corporation
1138:break-even price
1067:futures-contract
990:district heating
824:
823:
775:'s experimental
682:ammonium sulfate
672:, lamp oil, and
579:deposits in the
423:carbon disulfide
396:Bakken Formation
233:district heating
229:power generation
195:Bakken Formation
159:sedimentary rock
58:
47:Sedimentary rock
42:
7289:
7288:
7284:
7283:
7282:
7280:
7279:
7278:
7259:
7258:
7257:
7245:
7233:
7221:
7211:
7209:
7201:
7199:
7194:
7008:
6952:Pseudotachylite
6846:
6633:
6565:Tephriphonolite
6223:
6220:
6190:
6185:
6163:
6117:
6113:John Wood Group
6103:Valaris Limited
5996:
5993:
5990:
5979:
5845:APA Corporation
5833:
5785:
5584:
5581:
5573:
5528:
5525:
5522:
5512:
5506:
5407:Classification
5391:
5314:
5308:
5244:Nationalization
5214:1979 oil crisis
5209:1973 oil crisis
5190:
5176:Water injection
5144:Steam injection
5139:Gas reinjection
5107:Artificial lift
5076:
5018:Drill stem test
4970:
4894:
4841:
4793:
4715:
4697:
4692:
4654:
4652:
4636:
4633:
4632:
4621:
4615:
4613:
4610:This audio file
4607:
4600:
4591:
4588:
4582:
4581:
4577:
4574:
4569:
4563:
4548:
4542:
4536:
4519:
4513:
4494:
4488:
4473:
4461:
4451:
4447:
4431:
4419:
4409:
4405:
4385:
4374:
4368:
4356:
4346:
4341:
4335:
4324:
4317:
4310:
4304:
4292:(22 ed.).
4289:
4282:
4276:
4259:
4253:
4248:
4241:
4228:
4227:
4223:
4215:
4211:
4201:
4199:
4190:
4189:
4185:
4175:
4173:
4155:
4154:
4150:
4140:
4138:
4124:
4123:
4119:
4109:
4107:
4106:on 18 June 2008
4098:
4097:
4093:
4083:
4081:
4077:
4062:
4058:
4057:
4050:
4040:
4038:
4022:
4021:
4017:
4012:
4008:
3998:
3996:
3995:on 21 July 2011
3992:
3985:
3978:
3977:
3973:
3963:
3961:
3953:
3949:
3948:
3944:
3939:Wayback Machine
3929:
3925:
3915:
3913:
3906:
3901:
3900:
3896:
3886:
3884:
3847:
3842:
3841:
3837:
3827:
3825:
3788:
3783:
3782:
3778:
3756:
3755:
3751:
3691:
3690:
3686:
3676:
3674:
3665:
3664:
3660:
3652:
3648:
3626:
3625:
3621:
3616:. CONF-830434-.
3603:
3602:
3598:
3588:
3586:
3572:
3571:
3567:
3541:
3540:
3536:
3528:
3524:
3514:
3512:
3508:
3497:
3490:
3489:
3485:
3475:
3473:
3468:
3467:
3463:
3453:
3451:
3447:
3440:
3435:
3434:
3430:
3420:
3418:
3399:
3398:
3394:
3384:
3382:
3378:
3363:
3356:
3355:
3351:
3341:
3339:
3337:
3322:
3315:
3314:
3305:
3297:
3293:
3285:
3281:
3271:
3269:
3265:
3258:
3257:
3253:
3247:
3246:
3242:
3232:
3230:
3219:
3218:
3214:
3204:
3202:
3193:
3192:
3188:
3178:
3176:
3165:
3158:
3157:
3153:
3143:
3141:
3140:on 16 July 2011
3132:
3131:
3127:
3117:
3115:
3111:
3106:
3105:
3101:
3091:
3089:
3088:on 26 July 2011
3085:
3078:
3073:
3072:
3061:
3051:
3049:
3040:
3039:
3035:
3025:
3023:
3014:
3013:
3009:
2999:
2997:
2993:
2988:
2987:
2976:
2966:
2964:
2953:
2952:
2948:
2938:
2936:
2932:
2921:
2914:
2913:
2906:
2898:
2894:
2884:
2882:
2869:
2868:
2864:
2830:
2829:
2825:
2815:
2813:
2808:
2807:
2803:
2793:
2791:
2777:
2776:
2772:
2762:
2760:
2756:
2749:
2743:Laherrère, Jean
2741:
2740:
2731:
2723:
2719:
2711:
2707:
2701:Mushrush (1995)
2699:
2695:
2688:
2669:
2668:
2664:
2654:
2652:
2643:
2642:
2638:
2628:
2627:
2623:
2613:
2611:
2595:
2594:
2587:
2566:
2565:
2561:
2551:
2549:
2545:
2531:Oilfield Review
2524:
2523:
2519:
2509:
2507:
2494:
2493:
2489:
2481:
2477:
2467:
2465:
2428:
2423:
2422:
2418:
2408:
2406:
2369:
2364:
2363:
2350:
2342:
2329:
2321:
2317:
2307:
2305:
2301:
2294:
2287:
2286:
2282:
2274:
2270:
2262:
2255:
2245:
2243:
2241:
2224:
2223:
2216:
2188:
2187:
2183:
2173:
2171:
2167:
2162:
2161:
2157:
2147:
2145:
2126:
2125:
2121:
2113:
2109:
2099:
2097:
2079:
2050:
2045:
2044:
2035:
2025:
2023:
2019:
2000:
1995:
1994:
1990:
1980:
1978:
1941:
1936:
1935:
1926:
1918:
1914:
1904:
1902:
1898:
1883:
1878:
1877:
1868:
1858:
1856:
1844:
1840:
1839:
1832:
1822:
1820:
1816:
1805:
1800:
1799:
1788:
1778:
1776:
1765:
1760:
1759:
1750:
1742:
1731:
1721:
1719:
1711:
1710:
1706:
1696:
1694:
1690:
1683:
1679:
1678:
1674:
1666:
1657:
1647:
1645:
1618:
1613:
1612:
1605:
1597:
1590:
1582:
1571:
1537:
1536:
1527:
1517:
1515:
1490:
1485:
1484:
1463:
1459:
1451:Les Télots Mine
1440:
1412:
1398:
1373:
1368:
1366:
1359:
1352:
1349:
1336:
1238:
1232:
1187:exceeded $ 60.
1186:
1182:
1156:
1154:
1146:upgrading plant
1134:
1116:
1028:, uranium, and
978:
912:) and 500
901:synthetic crude
868:open-pit mining
840:
834:
821:
819:
766:
760:
713:1973 oil crisis
703:oil shale mines
623:
617:
595:world's proven
561:
555:
392:mesocatagenetic
302:
296:
193:shales are the
145:
134:
108:
92:
61:
35:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7287:
7285:
7277:
7276:
7271:
7261:
7260:
7256:
7255:
7243:
7231:
7219:
7217:Earth sciences
7196:
7195:
7193:
7192:
7187:
7182:
7177:
7172:
7167:
7162:
7157:
7152:
7147:
7145:Rhomb porphyry
7142:
7137:
7132:
7127:
7122:
7117:
7112:
7107:
7102:
7097:
7092:
7087:
7082:
7077:
7072:
7067:
7062:
7057:
7052:
7047:
7042:
7037:
7032:
7027:
7022:
7016:
7014:
7010:
7009:
7007:
7006:
7001:
6996:
6995:
6994:
6987:Talc carbonate
6984:
6979:
6974:
6969:
6964:
6959:
6954:
6949:
6944:
6939:
6934:
6929:
6924:
6919:
6914:
6909:
6908:
6907:
6897:
6892:
6887:
6882:
6877:
6872:
6867:
6862:
6856:
6854:
6848:
6847:
6845:
6844:
6839:
6834:
6829:
6824:
6819:
6814:
6809:
6804:
6799:
6794:
6789:
6784:
6779:
6774:
6769:
6764:
6759:
6754:
6749:
6744:
6739:
6734:
6729:
6724:
6719:
6714:
6709:
6704:
6699:
6694:
6689:
6684:
6679:
6674:
6669:
6664:
6659:
6654:
6649:
6643:
6641:
6635:
6634:
6632:
6631:
6626:
6621:
6616:
6611:
6606:
6601:
6600:
6599:
6589:
6588:
6587:
6580:Trachyandesite
6577:
6572:
6567:
6562:
6557:
6552:
6547:
6542:
6537:
6536:
6535:
6530:
6520:
6515:
6510:
6505:
6503:Quartz diorite
6500:
6495:
6490:
6485:
6480:
6475:
6470:
6465:
6460:
6455:
6450:
6445:
6440:
6435:
6430:
6425:
6420:
6415:
6410:
6405:
6400:
6395:
6390:
6385:
6380:
6375:
6370:
6365:
6360:
6355:
6350:
6345:
6340:
6335:
6334:
6333:
6323:
6318:
6313:
6312:
6311:
6301:
6296:
6291:
6286:
6281:
6280:
6279:
6274:
6264:
6259:
6254:
6249:
6244:
6239:
6233:
6231:
6225:
6224:
6222:Types of rocks
6221:
6219:
6218:
6211:
6204:
6196:
6187:
6186:
6184:
6183:
6172:
6169:
6168:
6165:
6164:
6162:
6161:
6156:
6151:
6146:
6141:
6136:
6131:
6125:
6123:
6119:
6118:
6116:
6115:
6110:
6105:
6100:
6095:
6090:
6085:
6080:
6075:
6070:
6065:
6060:
6055:
6050:
6045:
6040:
6035:
6030:
6025:
6020:
6015:
6010:
6005:
5999:
5997:
5988:
5985:
5984:
5981:
5980:
5978:
5977:
5972:
5967:
5962:
5957:
5952:
5950:Surgutneftegas
5947:
5942:
5937:
5932:
5927:
5922:
5917:
5912:
5907:
5902:
5897:
5892:
5887:
5882:
5877:
5872:
5870:Eneos Holdings
5867:
5862:
5860:ConocoPhillips
5857:
5852:
5850:Cenovus Energy
5847:
5841:
5839:
5835:
5834:
5832:
5831:
5826:
5821:
5816:
5811:
5806:
5801:
5795:
5793:
5791:Energy trading
5787:
5786:
5784:
5783:
5778:
5773:
5768:
5763:
5758:
5753:
5748:
5743:
5738:
5733:
5728:
5723:
5718:
5713:
5708:
5703:
5698:
5693:
5688:
5683:
5678:
5673:
5668:
5663:
5658:
5653:
5648:
5643:
5638:
5633:
5628:
5623:
5618:
5613:
5608:
5603:
5598:
5593:
5587:
5585:
5578:
5575:
5574:
5572:
5571:
5566:
5561:
5556:
5551:
5546:
5540:
5538:
5529:
5520:
5514:
5508:
5507:
5505:
5504:
5503:
5502:
5497:
5492:
5487:
5477:
5475:Swing producer
5472:
5467:
5462:
5457:
5452:
5447:
5446:
5445:
5440:
5430:
5425:
5420:
5419:
5418:
5413:
5405:
5399:
5397:
5393:
5392:
5390:
5389:
5384:
5379:
5374:
5369:
5364:
5359:
5354:
5349:
5347:Gulf of Mexico
5344:
5339:
5334:
5329:
5324:
5318:
5316:
5310:
5309:
5307:
5306:
5301:
5296:
5291:
5286:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5266:
5261:
5256:
5251:
5246:
5241:
5236:
5234:2010s oil glut
5231:
5226:
5221:
5219:1980s oil glut
5216:
5211:
5206:
5200:
5198:
5192:
5191:
5189:
5188:
5183:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5158:
5153:
5148:
5147:
5146:
5141:
5131:
5126:
5125:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5104:
5103:
5102:
5097:
5086:
5084:
5078:
5077:
5075:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5059:
5058:
5057:
5047:
5042:
5037:
5036:
5035:
5028:Drilling fluid
5025:
5020:
5015:
5014:
5013:
5003:
4998:
4997:
4996:
4986:
4980:
4978:
4972:
4971:
4969:
4968:
4966:Seismic source
4963:
4962:
4961:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4940:
4939:
4934:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4908:
4906:
4900:
4899:
4896:
4895:
4893:
4892:
4891:
4890:
4880:
4875:
4870:
4865:
4860:
4855:
4849:
4847:
4843:
4842:
4840:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4808:
4806:
4799:
4795:
4794:
4792:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4776:
4771:
4766:
4764:Japan Cocktail
4761:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4725:
4723:
4717:
4716:
4714:
4713:
4711:Primary energy
4708:
4702:
4699:
4698:
4693:
4691:
4690:
4683:
4676:
4668:
4662:
4661:
4622:
4608:
4601:
4589:
4576:
4575:
4573:
4572:External links
4570:
4568:
4567:
4561:
4540:
4534:
4517:
4511:
4492:
4486:
4471:
4445:
4429:
4403:
4383:
4366:
4333:
4315:
4302:
4280:
4274:
4256:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4246:
4239:
4221:
4209:
4198:. 22 July 2004
4183:
4148:
4137:on 3 June 2008
4117:
4091:
4080:on 27 May 2010
4048:
4015:
4006:
3971:
3942:
3923:
3894:
3835:
3776:
3765:(2): 205–210.
3749:
3684:
3658:
3646:
3619:
3596:
3573:Valgma, Ingo.
3565:
3534:
3522:
3511:on 27 May 2008
3483:
3461:
3428:
3392:
3349:
3335:
3303:
3291:
3279:
3251:
3240:
3212:
3186:
3151:
3125:
3099:
3059:
3048:on 3 July 2007
3033:
3007:
2974:
2946:
2904:
2892:
2862:
2823:
2801:
2770:
2729:
2717:
2705:
2693:
2686:
2662:
2636:
2621:
2610:. pp. 1–2
2585:
2559:
2517:
2487:
2475:
2416:
2348:
2327:
2315:
2304:on 27 May 2008
2280:
2268:
2253:
2239:
2214:
2181:
2155:
2119:
2107:
2077:
2033:
1988:
1924:
1912:
1866:
1830:
1786:
1748:
1729:
1704:
1672:
1655:
1629:(4): 291–292.
1603:
1588:
1569:
1525:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1454:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1434:
1428:
1422:
1416:
1406:
1392:
1386:
1379:
1378:
1364:
1348:
1345:
1341:Halley's Comet
1335:
1332:
1263:greenhouse gas
1259:carbon dioxide
1234:Main article:
1231:
1228:
1184:
1180:
1173:carbon pricing
1130:Main article:
1115:
1112:
982:steam turbines
977:
974:
836:Main article:
833:
830:
762:Main article:
759:
756:
619:Main article:
616:
613:
573:oil reservoirs
557:Main article:
554:
551:
514:), carbonate (
468:plant cuticles
384:biodegradation
368:unconventional
351:-rich shales,
298:Main article:
295:
292:
272:waste disposal
147:
146:
144:
143:
138:
132:
127:
122:
116:
114:
110:
109:
107:
106:
101:
96:
90:
85:
80:
74:
72:
68:
67:
63:
62:
59:
51:
50:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7286:
7275:
7272:
7270:
7267:
7266:
7264:
7254:
7249:
7244:
7242:
7237:
7232:
7230:
7225:
7220:
7218:
7208:
7204:
7191:
7188:
7186:
7183:
7181:
7178:
7176:
7173:
7171:
7168:
7166:
7163:
7161:
7158:
7156:
7153:
7151:
7148:
7146:
7143:
7141:
7138:
7136:
7133:
7131:
7128:
7126:
7123:
7121:
7118:
7116:
7113:
7111:
7108:
7106:
7105:Litchfieldite
7103:
7101:
7098:
7096:
7093:
7091:
7088:
7086:
7083:
7081:
7078:
7076:
7073:
7071:
7070:Hyaloclastite
7068:
7066:
7063:
7061:
7058:
7056:
7053:
7051:
7048:
7046:
7043:
7041:
7038:
7036:
7033:
7031:
7028:
7026:
7023:
7021:
7018:
7017:
7015:
7011:
7005:
7002:
7000:
6997:
6993:
6990:
6989:
6988:
6985:
6983:
6980:
6978:
6975:
6973:
6970:
6968:
6965:
6963:
6960:
6958:
6955:
6953:
6950:
6948:
6945:
6943:
6940:
6938:
6935:
6933:
6930:
6928:
6925:
6923:
6920:
6918:
6917:Litchfieldite
6915:
6913:
6910:
6906:
6903:
6902:
6901:
6898:
6896:
6893:
6891:
6888:
6886:
6883:
6881:
6878:
6876:
6873:
6871:
6868:
6866:
6863:
6861:
6858:
6857:
6855:
6853:
6849:
6843:
6840:
6838:
6835:
6833:
6830:
6828:
6825:
6823:
6820:
6818:
6815:
6813:
6810:
6808:
6805:
6803:
6800:
6798:
6795:
6793:
6790:
6788:
6785:
6783:
6780:
6778:
6775:
6773:
6770:
6768:
6765:
6763:
6760:
6758:
6755:
6753:
6750:
6748:
6745:
6743:
6740:
6738:
6735:
6733:
6730:
6728:
6725:
6723:
6720:
6718:
6715:
6713:
6710:
6708:
6705:
6703:
6700:
6698:
6695:
6693:
6690:
6688:
6685:
6683:
6680:
6678:
6675:
6673:
6670:
6668:
6665:
6663:
6660:
6658:
6655:
6653:
6650:
6648:
6645:
6644:
6642:
6640:
6636:
6630:
6627:
6625:
6622:
6620:
6617:
6615:
6612:
6610:
6607:
6605:
6602:
6598:
6595:
6594:
6593:
6590:
6586:
6583:
6582:
6581:
6578:
6576:
6573:
6571:
6568:
6566:
6563:
6561:
6558:
6556:
6553:
6551:
6548:
6546:
6543:
6541:
6538:
6534:
6531:
6529:
6526:
6525:
6524:
6521:
6519:
6516:
6514:
6511:
6509:
6506:
6504:
6501:
6499:
6496:
6494:
6491:
6489:
6486:
6484:
6481:
6479:
6478:Phonotephrite
6476:
6474:
6471:
6469:
6466:
6464:
6461:
6459:
6456:
6454:
6451:
6449:
6446:
6444:
6441:
6439:
6436:
6434:
6431:
6429:
6426:
6424:
6421:
6419:
6416:
6414:
6411:
6409:
6406:
6404:
6401:
6399:
6396:
6394:
6391:
6389:
6386:
6384:
6383:Hyaloclastite
6381:
6379:
6376:
6374:
6371:
6369:
6366:
6364:
6361:
6359:
6356:
6354:
6351:
6349:
6346:
6344:
6341:
6339:
6336:
6332:
6329:
6328:
6327:
6324:
6322:
6319:
6317:
6314:
6310:
6307:
6306:
6305:
6302:
6300:
6297:
6295:
6292:
6290:
6287:
6285:
6282:
6278:
6275:
6273:
6270:
6269:
6268:
6265:
6263:
6260:
6258:
6255:
6253:
6250:
6248:
6245:
6243:
6240:
6238:
6235:
6234:
6232:
6230:
6226:
6217:
6212:
6210:
6205:
6203:
6198:
6197:
6194:
6182:
6174:
6173:
6170:
6160:
6157:
6155:
6152:
6150:
6147:
6145:
6142:
6140:
6137:
6135:
6132:
6130:
6127:
6126:
6124:
6120:
6114:
6111:
6109:
6106:
6104:
6101:
6099:
6096:
6094:
6091:
6089:
6086:
6084:
6081:
6079:
6076:
6074:
6071:
6069:
6066:
6064:
6061:
6059:
6056:
6054:
6051:
6049:
6046:
6044:
6041:
6039:
6036:
6034:
6031:
6029:
6026:
6024:
6021:
6019:
6016:
6014:
6011:
6009:
6006:
6004:
6001:
6000:
5998:
5995:
5986:
5976:
5975:Valero Energy
5973:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5963:
5961:
5958:
5956:
5953:
5951:
5948:
5946:
5943:
5941:
5940:Suncor Energy
5938:
5936:
5933:
5931:
5928:
5926:
5923:
5921:
5918:
5916:
5913:
5911:
5908:
5906:
5903:
5901:
5898:
5896:
5893:
5891:
5888:
5886:
5883:
5881:
5878:
5876:
5873:
5871:
5868:
5866:
5863:
5861:
5858:
5856:
5853:
5851:
5848:
5846:
5843:
5842:
5840:
5836:
5830:
5827:
5825:
5822:
5820:
5817:
5815:
5812:
5810:
5807:
5805:
5802:
5800:
5797:
5796:
5794:
5792:
5788:
5782:
5779:
5777:
5774:
5772:
5769:
5767:
5764:
5762:
5759:
5757:
5754:
5752:
5749:
5747:
5744:
5742:
5739:
5737:
5734:
5732:
5729:
5727:
5724:
5722:
5719:
5717:
5714:
5712:
5709:
5707:
5704:
5702:
5699:
5697:
5694:
5692:
5689:
5687:
5684:
5682:
5679:
5677:
5674:
5672:
5669:
5667:
5664:
5662:
5659:
5657:
5654:
5652:
5649:
5647:
5644:
5642:
5639:
5637:
5634:
5632:
5629:
5627:
5624:
5622:
5619:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5609:
5607:
5604:
5602:
5599:
5597:
5594:
5592:
5589:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5576:
5570:
5569:TotalEnergies
5567:
5565:
5562:
5560:
5557:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5547:
5545:
5542:
5541:
5539:
5537:
5533:
5530:
5527:
5518:
5515:
5513:organisations
5511:Companies and
5509:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5482:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5450:Petrocurrency
5448:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5436:
5435:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5423:Oil shale gas
5421:
5417:
5414:
5412:
5409:
5408:
5406:
5404:
5403:Abbreviations
5401:
5400:
5398:
5394:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5362:Permian Basin
5360:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5319:
5317:
5311:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5299:United States
5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5259:Seven Sisters
5257:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5201:
5199:
5197:
5193:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5136:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5109:
5108:
5105:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5092:
5091:
5088:
5087:
5085:
5083:
5079:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5056:
5053:
5052:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5034:
5031:
5030:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5012:
5009:
5008:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4995:
4992:
4991:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4981:
4979:
4977:
4973:
4967:
4964:
4960:
4957:
4956:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4929:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4912:Core sampling
4910:
4909:
4907:
4905:
4901:
4889:
4886:
4885:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4850:
4848:
4844:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4809:
4807:
4803:
4800:
4796:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
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1361:Energy portal
1356:
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1316:Environmental
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1101:
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994:carbon fibers
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741:
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736:Ronald Reagan
733:
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589:Fischer Assay
586:
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288:air pollution
285:
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261:
260:oil-shale gas
258:
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76:
75:
73:
69:
64:
57:
52:
49:
48:
43:
37:
33:
29:
22:
7115:Luxullianite
7095:Lapis lazuli
7040:Blue Granite
6967:Serpentinite
6942:Metapsammite
6781:
6692:Conglomerate
6614:Trondhjemite
6592:Trachybasalt
6533:Pantellerite
6433:Monzogranite
6378:Hornblendite
6363:Granodiorite
6229:Igneous rock
6078:Schlumberger
6008:Baker Hughes
5900:Marathon Oil
5890:Imperial Oil
5885:Husky Energy
5875:Galp Energia
5865:Devon Energy
5751:Saudi Aramco
5731:Petrovietnam
5676:NNPC Limited
5580:National oil
5494:
5460:Petrofiction
5428:Orphan wells
5396:Other topics
5367:Persian Gulf
5294:Saudi Arabia
5264:Standard Oil
5072:Well logging
4949:Petrophysics
4653:. Retrieved
4641:
4544:
4521:
4497:
4476:
4432:
4386:
4370:
4320:
4285:
4265:
4254:
4251:Bibliography
4230:
4224:
4212:
4200:. Retrieved
4186:
4174:. Retrieved
4170:the original
4161:
4151:
4139:. Retrieved
4135:the original
4120:
4108:. Retrieved
4104:the original
4094:
4082:. Retrieved
4075:the original
4066:
4039:. Retrieved
4035:the original
4028:
4018:
4009:
3997:. Retrieved
3990:the original
3981:
3974:
3962:. Retrieved
3945:
3926:
3914:. Retrieved
3897:
3885:. Retrieved
3857:
3851:
3838:
3826:. Retrieved
3798:
3792:
3779:
3762:
3758:
3752:
3699:
3693:
3687:
3675:. Retrieved
3673:. 4 May 2006
3661:
3649:
3632:
3628:
3622:
3605:
3599:
3587:. Retrieved
3583:the original
3568:
3547:
3543:
3537:
3525:
3513:. Retrieved
3506:the original
3493:
3486:
3474:. Retrieved
3464:
3454:24 September
3452:. Retrieved
3445:the original
3431:
3419:. Retrieved
3405:
3395:
3383:. Retrieved
3376:the original
3359:
3352:
3340:. Retrieved
3318:
3294:
3282:
3270:. Retrieved
3261:
3254:
3243:
3231:. Retrieved
3225:
3215:
3203:. Retrieved
3199:
3189:
3177:. Retrieved
3161:
3154:
3142:. Retrieved
3138:the original
3128:
3116:. Retrieved
3102:
3090:. Retrieved
3083:the original
3050:. Retrieved
3046:the original
3036:
3024:. Retrieved
3020:the original
3010:
2998:. Retrieved
2965:. Retrieved
2959:
2949:
2937:. Retrieved
2930:the original
2917:
2895:
2883:. Retrieved
2879:the original
2874:
2865:
2840:
2836:
2826:
2814:. Retrieved
2804:
2792:. Retrieved
2788:the original
2773:
2761:. Retrieved
2754:the original
2720:
2708:
2696:
2672:
2665:
2653:. Retrieved
2639:
2630:
2624:
2612:. Retrieved
2598:
2567:
2562:
2550:. Retrieved
2543:the original
2539:Schlumberger
2534:
2530:
2520:
2508:. Retrieved
2504:the original
2490:
2478:
2466:. Retrieved
2438:
2432:
2419:
2407:. Retrieved
2379:
2373:
2318:
2306:. Retrieved
2299:the original
2290:
2283:
2271:
2244:. Retrieved
2230:
2200:
2196:
2184:
2172:. Retrieved
2158:
2146:. Retrieved
2138:
2134:Geoscientist
2132:
2122:
2110:
2100:22 September
2098:. Retrieved
2060:
2054:
2024:. Retrieved
2017:the original
2008:
2004:
1991:
1979:. Retrieved
1951:
1945:
1915:
1903:. Retrieved
1896:the original
1891:
1887:
1857:. Retrieved
1848:
1821:. Retrieved
1814:the original
1777:. Retrieved
1769:
1720:. Retrieved
1707:
1695:. Retrieved
1688:the original
1675:
1646:. Retrieved
1626:
1622:
1543:
1539:
1516:. Retrieved
1494:
1409:Oil reserves
1337:
1314:
1309:
1298:Negev Desert
1295:
1266:
1255:
1251:particulates
1239:
1222:
1218:
1212:
1191:
1189:
1160:
1135:
1083:
1076:oil-refinery
1052:
1033:
1002:carbon black
979:
955:
950:
946:
942:
938:
931:
927:
923:
922:
890:
886:
884:
872:strip mining
864:
828: m/d).
825:
809:
786:
782:
776:
748:
721:
709:World War II
706:
663:
651:
632:
597:oil reserves
593:
570:
543:petrographic
528:
478:; Germany's
451:atomic ratio
420:
400:Pierre Shale
380:carbonaceous
361:
319:
222:
218:oil in place
211:
199:Pierre Shale
190:
178:
171:hydrocarbons
156:fine-grained
151:
150:
45:
36:
7253:Engineering
7004:Whiteschist
6895:Greenschist
6875:Cataclasite
6865:Amphibolite
6792:Phosphorite
6742:Itacolumite
6667:Calcarenite
6513:Quartzolite
6448:Nephelinite
6418:Lamprophyre
6373:Harzburgite
6331:Napoleonite
6304:Charnockite
6299:Carbonatite
6289:Blairmorite
6252:Anorthosite
6048:Halliburton
5920:Phillips 66
5741:QatarEnergy
5711:Petrobangla
5646:KazMunayGas
5536:Supermajors
5485:heavy crude
5372:Prudhoe Bay
5352:Niger Delta
5332:Caspian Sea
5095:Concessions
5045:Measurement
5011:Geosteering
4994:Squeeze job
4904:Exploration
4853:Consumption
4812:Consumption
4805:Natural gas
4734:Bonny Light
4463:|work=
4421:|work=
4358:|work=
3960:. June 2007
3916:22 December
3706:: 890–897.
3677:19 December
3554:: 325–330.
3544:Proceedings
3530:Dyni (2010)
3301:, pp. 59–61
3299:Dyni (2010)
3287:Dyni (2010)
3144:2 September
2967:19 December
2900:Dyni (2010)
2843:: 116–163.
2784:MSN Encarta
2780:"Petroleum"
2725:Dyni (2010)
2713:Cane (1976)
2614:6 September
2323:Dyni (2010)
2278:, p. ?
2264:Dyni (2010)
2203:: 123–255.
2026:19 December
1744:Dyni (2010)
1550:: 203–231.
1446:Spent shale
1100:diesel fuel
1088:distillates
1080:API gravity
1048:natural gas
805:natural gas
687:World War I
635:Mesopotamia
577:Green River
355:shales, or
333:petrologist
312:oil shale (
308:Outcrop of
257:combustible
161:containing
66:Composition
7263:Categories
7241:Technology
7170:Teschenite
7155:Shonkinite
7130:Pietersite
7125:Novaculite
7035:Borolanite
7020:Adamellite
6937:Metapelite
6905:Calcflinta
6870:Blueschist
6860:Anthracite
6842:Wackestone
6822:Travertine
6767:Lumachelle
6747:Jaspillite
6702:Diamictite
6624:Websterite
6609:Troctolite
6585:Benmoreite
6545:Shonkinite
6518:Rhyodacite
6498:Pyroxenite
6468:Peridotite
6428:Lherzolite
6403:Kimberlite
6393:Ignimbrite
6388:Icelandite
6368:Granophyre
6277:Shoshonite
6098:Transocean
5965:Tullow Oil
5955:TechnipFMC
5721:PetroChina
5559:ExxonMobil
5465:Shale band
5342:East Texas
5315:and fields
5129:Downstream
5082:Production
4989:Completion
4917:Geophysics
4858:Production
4817:Production
4754:Indonesian
4729:Argus Sour
4721:Benchmarks
4625:Audio help
4616:2008-05-26
3956:(Report).
3654:Lee (1990)
3476:3 November
3272:29 January
3233:9 February
3205:23 October
2816:4 February
2655:9 February
2510:20 October
2483:WEC (2016)
2344:IEA (2010)
2148:4 February
2115:Lee (1990)
1920:EIA (2006)
1888:Energetika
1722:9 February
1697:20 October
1668:WEC (2016)
1648:16 January
1599:IEA (2013)
1584:WEC (2013)
1457:References
1320:Greenpeace
1035:Dictyonema
916:(932
908:(842
585:Queensland
492:carbonates
480:Messel Pit
472:herbaceous
439:molybdenum
388:maturation
378:coals and
341:solubility
310:Ordovician
141:Molybdenum
7269:Oil shale
7185:Variolite
7175:Theralite
7165:Tachylite
7150:Rodingite
7120:Mangerite
7100:Larvikite
7085:Jasperoid
7080:Jadeitite
7045:Epidosite
6999:Tectonite
6992:Soapstone
6957:Quartzite
6927:Migmatite
6912:Itabirite
6890:Granulite
6832:Turbidite
6812:Sylvinite
6807:Siltstone
6797:Sandstone
6782:Oil shale
6762:Limestone
6737:Gritstone
6732:Greywacke
6727:Geyserite
6717:Evaporite
6707:Diatomite
6682:Claystone
6647:Argillite
6560:Tachylyte
6528:Comendite
6473:Phonolite
6463:Pegmatite
6438:Monzonite
6413:Lamproite
6408:Komatiite
6348:Foidolite
6309:Enderbite
6272:Mugearite
6093:TC Energy
5994:companies
5824:Trafigura
5771:Sonatrach
5716:Petrobras
5706:Pertamina
5616:Ecopetrol
5582:companies
5526:companies
5524:petroleum
5500:tight oil
5495:oil shale
5490:oil sands
5470:Shale gas
5411:sweet oil
5382:Venezuela
5357:North Sea
5313:Provinces
5304:Venezuela
5151:Midstream
4846:Petroleum
4706:Petroleum
4650:0208-189X
4503:CRC Press
4465:ignored (
4455:cite book
4423:ignored (
4413:cite book
4360:ignored (
4350:cite book
4266:Oil Shale
4141:15 August
3874:0208-189X
3815:0208-189X
3728:0036-8075
3416:0208-189X
2857:176768495
2463:130553387
2455:0208-189X
2404:252652047
2396:0208-189X
2231:Oil Shale
2095:252572686
2087:0208-189X
1968:0208-189X
1643:0208-189X
1586:, p. 2.46
1564:0166-5162
1431:Torbanite
1425:Tasmanite
1419:Oil sands
1389:Kukersite
1343:in 1986.
1279:quinoline
1200:0755-561X
1114:Economics
1030:nahcolite
1010:rock-wool
935:retorting
904:450
897:pyrolysis
797:megawatts
488:silicates
372:oil sands
353:siliceous
349:carbonate
314:kukersite
276:water use
253:shale oil
251:, called
237:pyrolysis
187:tight oil
183:petroleum
152:Oil shale
113:Secondary
99:Carbonate
40:Oil shale
32:Tight oil
28:Shale oil
7160:Taconite
7135:Pyrolite
7060:Ganister
7030:Aphanite
7025:Appinite
6947:Phyllite
6932:Mylonite
6900:Hornfels
6880:Eclogite
6777:Mudstone
6752:Laterite
6712:Dolomite
6629:Wehrlite
6604:Trachyte
6597:Hawaiite
6575:Tonalite
6570:Tephrite
6523:Rhyolite
6488:Porphyry
6458:Obsidian
6343:Essexite
6294:Boninite
6284:Basanite
6242:Andesite
6181:Category
6088:Subsea 7
6068:Petrofac
6063:NOV Inc.
6043:GE Power
6038:Enbridge
5992:services
5814:Mercuria
5804:Glencore
5766:Sonangol
5726:Petronas
5661:Naftogaz
5433:Peak oil
5416:sour oil
5171:Upstream
5166:Refining
5161:Pipeline
5117:Pumpjack
5112:Gas lift
5033:invasion
4976:Drilling
4863:Reserves
4822:Reserves
4655:22 April
4627: ·
4555:. 2016.
4526:Elsevier
4439:. 2013.
4397:. 2010.
4339:Archived
4308:Archived
4084:7 August
3964:19 April
3935:Archived
3882:55932225
3823:59478829
3736:17779848
3702:(4665).
2794:22 April
2745:(2005).
2604:Weymouth
2552:18 April
2174:19 April
2005:Energeia
1976:53395288
1779:17 April
1601:, p. 424
1548:Elsevier
1403:peak oil
1347:See also
1291:lutidine
1287:picoline
1283:pyridine
1108:gasoline
1096:jet fuel
1092:kerosene
1090:such as
1040:Sillamäe
1026:soda ash
970:Petrosix
758:Industry
674:paraffin
670:kerosene
643:Iron Age
601:Colorado
553:Resource
531:hydrogen
520:dolomite
512:chlorite
506:(mainly
500:feldspar
431:vanadium
359:shales.
322:sapropel
268:land use
214:deposits
175:bitumens
130:Vanadium
88:Feldspar
7203:Portals
7180:Unakite
7110:Llanite
7075:Ijolite
7050:Felsite
6982:Suevite
6817:Tillite
6757:Lignite
6697:Coquina
6662:Breccia
6555:Syenite
6483:Picrite
6398:Ijolite
6358:Granite
6326:Diorite
6321:Diabase
6237:Adakite
5756:Sinopec
5746:Rosneft
5626:Gazprom
5621:Equinor
5549:Chevron
5196:History
5062:Tracers
4984:Blowout
4873:Exports
4868:Imports
4832:Exports
4827:Imports
4614: (
4585:minutes
4176:1 April
4110:1 April
3999:28 June
3887:16 June
3828:16 June
3744:2875906
3708:Bibcode
3695:Science
3614:5232531
3589:21 July
3556:Bibcode
3532:, p. 98
3515:29 June
3421:21 July
3385:23 June
3342:29 June
3200:Reuters
3118:11 June
3092:21 June
3052:10 July
3026:10 July
3000:25 June
2939:29 June
2902:, p. 97
2763:17 June
2727:, p. 96
2715:, p. 56
2703:, p. 39
2580:6567632
2485:, p. 14
2468:16 June
2409:21 July
2325:, p. 95
2308:4 March
2266:, p. 94
2117:, p. 10
1981:16 June
1922:, p. 53
1859:21 June
1823:28 June
1670:, p. 16
1310:In situ
1267:in situ
1247:erosion
1243:mercury
1223:in-situ
1219:ex-situ
1124:Estonia
1084:in situ
1059:arsenic
1055:olefins
1022:alumina
1018:ammonia
1006:phenols
962:Galoter
958:Kiviter
951:in-situ
947:in-situ
943:in-situ
939:in-situ
932:in-situ
928:ex-situ
924:In-situ
892:in-situ
887:ex-situ
777:in-situ
641:of the
639:Britons
615:History
609:Wyoming
547:biomass
516:calcite
476:fossils
443:uranium
294:Geology
191:bearing
179:bearing
163:kerogen
120:Uranium
78:Kerogen
71:Primary
7229:Energy
7090:Kenyte
7065:Gossan
6962:Schist
6922:Marble
6885:Gneiss
6787:Oolite
6652:Arkose
6550:Sovite
6540:Scoria
6493:Pumice
6453:Norite
6423:Latite
6353:Gabbro
6338:Dunite
6316:Dacite
6262:Basalt
6257:Aplite
6122:Others
6073:Saipem
5970:Tüpraş
5960:TNK-BP
5945:Sunoco
5935:Repsol
5895:Lukoil
5838:Others
5809:Gunvor
5443:timing
5377:Russia
5289:Norway
5274:France
5269:Canada
4648:
4559:
4532:
4509:
4484:
4443:
4401:
4331:
4300:
4272:
4237:
4202:19 May
3880:
3872:
3821:
3813:
3742:
3734:
3726:
3656:, p. 6
3629:Energy
3612:
3414:
3333:
3227:Globes
2885:7 July
2855:
2684:
2578:
2461:
2453:
2402:
2394:
2246:5 June
2237:
2093:
2085:
2075:
1974:
1966:
1641:
1562:
1518:9 July
1198:
1098:, and
1014:sulfur
968:, and
966:Fushun
859:Ojamaa
607:, and
539:oxygen
537:, and
535:carbon
524:pyrite
508:illite
496:quartz
464:pollen
460:spores
441:, and
435:nickel
406:, and
357:cannel
329:shales
225:burned
205:, and
136:Nickel
104:Pyrite
83:Quartz
7055:Flint
6977:Slate
6972:Skarn
6837:Varve
6802:Shale
6722:Flint
6677:Chert
6672:Chalk
5989:Major
5855:Cepsa
5829:Vitol
5799:Enron
5761:SOCAR
5701:Pemex
5696:PDVSA
5691:Orlen
5656:Lotos
5596:ANCAP
5564:Shell
5521:Major
5279:India
4883:Price
4837:Price
4779:Urals
4774:Tapis
4744:Dubai
4739:Brent
4549:(PDF)
4391:Paris
4375:(PDF)
4342:(PDF)
4325:(PDF)
4311:(PDF)
4290:(PDF)
4078:(PDF)
4063:(PDF)
4041:6 May
3993:(PDF)
3986:(PDF)
3954:(PDF)
3907:(PDF)
3878:S2CID
3848:(PDF)
3819:S2CID
3789:(PDF)
3740:S2CID
3509:(PDF)
3502:Amman
3498:(PDF)
3448:(PDF)
3441:(PDF)
3379:(PDF)
3364:(PDF)
3323:(PDF)
3266:(PDF)
3179:6 May
3166:(PDF)
3112:(PDF)
3086:(PDF)
3079:(PDF)
2994:(PDF)
2933:(PDF)
2926:Amman
2922:(PDF)
2853:S2CID
2757:(PDF)
2750:(PDF)
2546:(PDF)
2537:(4).
2459:S2CID
2429:(PDF)
2400:S2CID
2370:(PDF)
2302:(PDF)
2295:(PDF)
2168:(PDF)
2141:(2).
2091:S2CID
2051:(PDF)
2020:(PDF)
2011:(5).
2001:(PDF)
1972:S2CID
1942:(PDF)
1905:6 May
1899:(PDF)
1884:(PDF)
1845:(PDF)
1817:(PDF)
1806:(PDF)
1772:(4).
1766:(PDF)
1691:(PDF)
1684:(PDF)
1619:(PDF)
1491:(PDF)
773:Shell
730:near
724:Exxon
701:Autun
666:Autun
647:cists
456:algae
376:humic
325:fuels
245:vapor
241:yield
6827:Tufa
6772:Marl
6687:Coal
6619:Tuff
6083:Snam
6023:CH2M
5776:TPAO
5284:Iraq
5254:OPEC
5249:GECF
4798:Data
4657:2008
4646:ISSN
4557:ISBN
4530:ISBN
4507:ISBN
4482:ISBN
4467:help
4441:ISBN
4437:OECD
4425:help
4399:ISBN
4395:OECD
4362:help
4329:ISBN
4298:ISBN
4270:ISBN
4235:ISBN
4204:2008
4178:2008
4143:2008
4112:2008
4086:2010
4043:2011
4001:2007
3966:2008
3918:2012
3889:2007
3870:ISSN
3830:2007
3811:ISSN
3732:PMID
3724:ISSN
3679:2012
3610:OSTI
3591:2007
3517:2007
3478:2007
3456:2017
3423:2007
3412:ISSN
3387:2007
3344:2007
3331:ISBN
3274:2018
3235:2014
3207:2020
3181:2011
3146:2009
3120:2017
3094:2010
3054:2007
3028:2007
3002:2007
2969:2012
2941:2007
2887:2012
2818:2018
2796:2008
2765:2007
2682:ISBN
2657:2014
2616:2014
2576:OSTI
2554:2012
2512:2007
2470:2007
2451:ISSN
2411:2007
2392:ISSN
2310:2008
2248:2009
2235:ISBN
2176:2008
2150:2018
2102:2012
2083:ISSN
2073:ISBN
2028:2012
1983:2007
1964:ISSN
1907:2011
1861:2010
1825:2007
1781:2008
1724:2014
1699:2007
1650:2016
1639:ISSN
1560:ISSN
1520:2007
1289:and
1261:, a
1196:ISSN
1150:US$
1044:alum
988:for
870:and
605:Utah
518:and
510:and
504:clay
490:and
447:coal
427:iron
286:and
231:and
125:Iron
94:Clay
7190:Wad
6018:CGG
5915:OMV
5781:YPF
5554:Eni
3862:doi
3803:doi
3767:doi
3716:doi
3700:225
3637:doi
2845:doi
2443:doi
2384:doi
2205:doi
2065:doi
1956:doi
1631:doi
1552:doi
1507:doi
1208:ton
1110:).
856:VKG
522:),
239:to
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