Atmospheric methane - Knowledge (XXG)

1440: 105: 1394: 234: 1409:(EPICA) project were able to drill and analyze gases trapped in the ice cores in Antarctica to reconstruct GHG concentrations in the atmosphere over the past 800,000 years". They found that prior to approximately 900,000 years ago, the cycle of ice ages followed by relatively short warm periods lasted about 40,000 years, but by 800,000 years ago the time interval changed dramatically to cycles that lasted 100,000 years. There were low values of GHG in ice ages, and high values during the warm periods. 121: 1244: 261: 6154: 838: 6142: 1061: 1286: 1306:

other moist environments. And in areas of low methane concentration, "low capacity-high affinity" methanotrophic bacteria make use of the methane in the atmosphere to grow, rather than relying on methane in their immediate environment. Methane oxidation allows methanotrophic bacteria to use methane as a source of energy, reacting methane with oxygen and as a result producing carbon dioxide and water.

6178: 6166: 1510:, these first, ancient bacteria added to the methane concentration by converting hydrogen and carbon dioxide into methane and water. Oxygen did not become a major part of the atmosphere until photosynthetic organisms evolved later in Earth's history. With no oxygen, methane stayed in the atmosphere longer and at higher concentrations than it does today. 1228:— on global warming, instead of focusing primarily on carbon dioxide. Both water and ice clouds, when formed at cold lower stratospheric temperatures, have a significant impact by increasing the atmospheric greenhouse effect. Large increases in future methane could lead to a surface warming that increases nonlinearly with the methane concentration. 1127: 1090:-6—was the second-largest terrestrial eruption of the 20th century. In 2007 it was reported that unprecedented warm temperatures in 1998—the warmest year since surface records were recorded—could have induced elevated methane emissions, along with an increase in wetland and rice field emissions and the amount of biomass burning. 22: 1118:"exceeded the pre-industrial levels by about 150% which represented "levels unprecedented in at least the last 800,000 years." The globally averaged concentration of methane in Earth's atmosphere increased by about 150% from 722 ± 25 ppb in 1750 to 1803.1 ± 0.6 ppb in 2011. As of 2016, methane contributed 64:. Methane's radiative forcing (RF) of climate is direct, and it is the second largest contributor to human-caused climate forcing in the historical period. Methane is a major source of water vapour in the stratosphere through oxidation; and water vapour adds about 15% to methane's radiative forcing effect. The 1101:

In 2010, methane levels in the Arctic were measured at 1850 nmol/mol which is over twice as high as at any time in the last 400,000 years. According to the IPCC AR5, since 2011 concentrations continued to increase. After 2014, the increase accelerated and by 2017, it reached 1,850 (parts per billion)

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Soils act as a major sink for atmospheric methane through the methanotrophic bacteria that reside within them. This occurs with two different types of bacteria. "High capacity-low affinity" methanotrophic bacteria grow in areas of high methane concentration, such as waterlogged soils in wetlands and

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that occurred approximately 55 million years ago. They posited that there was a vast release of methane that had previously been kept stable through "cold temperatures and high pressure...beneath the ocean floor". This methane release into the atmosphere resulted in the warming of the earth. A 2009

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of 0.62 ± 14% Wm, or about 20% of the total radiative forcing from all of the long-lived and globally mixed greenhouse gases. The atmospheric methane concentration has continued to increase since 2011 to an average global concentration of 1911.8 ± 0.6 ppb as of 2022. The May 2021 peak was

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Methane also affects the degradation of the ozone layer—the lowest layer of the stratosphere from about 15 to 35 kilometers (9 to 22 mi) above Earth, just above the troposphere. NASA researchers in 2001, had said that this process was enhanced by global warming, because warmer air holds more

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Forest soils act as good sinks for atmospheric methane because soils are optimally moist for methanotroph activity, and the movement of gases between soil and atmosphere (soil diffusivity) is high. With a lower water table, any methane in the soil has to make it past the methanotrophic bacteria

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Data from 2007 suggested methane concentrations were beginning to rise again. This was confirmed in 2010 when a study showed methane levels were on the rise for the 3 years 2007 to 2009. After a decade of near-zero growth in methane levels, "globally averaged atmospheric methane increased by 7

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Nisbet, E. G.; Manning, M. R.; Dlugokencky, E. J.; Fisher, R. E.; Lowry, D.; Michel, S. E.; Myhre, C. Lund; Platt, S. M.; Allen, G.; Bousquet, P.; Brownlow, R.; Cain, M.; France, J. L.; Hermansen, O.; Hossaini, R.; Jones, A. E.; Levin, I.; Manning, A. C.; Myhre, G.; Pyle, J. A.; Vaughn, B. H.;

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The mean lifespan of methane in the atmosphere was estimated in a range between 9.6 years and twelve years. These differences are caused by the uncertainties about hydroxyl radical (-OH) concentrations and formation processes. When -OH reacts with methane, it is removed from the atmosphere, so

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In addition to the direct heating effect and the normal feedbacks, the methane breaks down to carbon dioxide and water. This water is often above the tropopause, where little water usually reaches. Ramanathan (1998) notes that both water and ice clouds, when formed at cold lower stratospheric

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water vapor than colder air, so the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere increases as it is warmed by the greenhouse effect. Their climate models based on data available at that time, had indicated that carbon dioxide and methane enhanced the transport of water into the stratosphere.

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In their 2021 "Global Methane Assessment" report, the UNEP and CCAC said that their "understanding of methane's effect on radiative forcing" improved with research by teams led by M. Etminan in 2016, and William Collins in 2018. This resulted in an "upward revision" since the 2014

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before it can reach the atmosphere. Wetland soils, however, are often sources of atmospheric methane rather than sinks because the water table is much higher, and the methane can be diffused fairly easily into the air without having to compete with the soil's methanotrophs.

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Any process that results in the production of methane and its release into the atmosphere can be considered a "source". The known sources of methane are predominantly located near the Earth's surface. Two main processes that are responsible for methane production include

94:) in the troposphere (4 miles (6 km) to 12 miles (19 km) from the Earth's surface) and also in the stratosphere (from the troposphere to 31 miles (50 km) above the Earth's surface). Both water vapour and ozone are GHGs, which in turn add to climate warming. 214:

temperatures, are extremely efficient in enhancing the atmospheric greenhouse effect. He also notes that there is a distinct possibility that large increases in methane in future may lead to a surface warming that increases nonlinearly with the methane concentration.

1168: 3000:; Xiao, C.; Aðalgeirsdóttir, G.; Drijfhout, S.S.; Edwards, T.L.; Golledge, N.R.; Hemer, M.; Kopp, R.E.; Krinner, G.; Mix, A. (2021). Masson-Delmotte, V.; Zhai, P.; Pirani, A.; Connors, S.L.; Péan, C.; Berger, S.; Caud, N.; Chen, Y.; Goldfarb, L. (eds.). 1301:(top) subject their microbial communities to continual disturbance, and so they are the most likely to see active fluxes, whether with (right) or without active upward flow (left). Even so, the annual release may be limited to 1000 tonnes or less. 1252:

changes in its concentration would also affect the concentration of methane. An increase in methane emissions greater than the regeneration rate of OH radicals would reduce their concentrations and so increase methane's mean atmospheric lifetime.

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mitigation that reduces atmospheric methane by the end of the century, could "make a substantial difference to the feasibility of achieving the Paris climate targets", and would provide us with more "allowable carbon emissions to 2100".

4237:(Report). Trends: A compendium of data on global change. Oak Ridge, TN: Environmental System Science Data Infrastructure for a Virtual Ecosystem; Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL). 1180:

As air rises in the tropics, methane is carried upwards through the troposphere—the lowest portion of Earth's atmosphere which is 4 miles (6.4 km) to 12 miles (19 km) from the Earth's surface, into the lower stratosphere—the

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released globally was from human activities, while natural sources contributed about 40% (230 million tons). Reducing methane emissions by capturing and utilizing the gas can produce simultaneous environmental and economic benefits.

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were higher than at any time in at least 800,000 years. The largest annual increase occurred in 2021 with current concentrations reaching a record 260% of pre-industrial—with the overwhelming percentage caused by human activity.

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The amount of methane in the atmosphere is the result of a balance between the production of methane on the Earth's surface—its source—and the destruction or removal of methane, mainly in the atmosphere—its sink— in an

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Since the Industrial Revolution, concentrations of methane in the atmosphere have more than doubled, and about 20 percent of the warming the planet has experienced can be attributed to the gas. About one-third (33%) of

83:. By 2019, global methane concentrations had risen from 722 parts per billion (ppb) in pre-industrial times to 1866 ppb. This is an increase by a factor of 2.6 and the highest value in at least 800,000 years. 1674:

Collins, William J.; Webber, Christopher P.; Cox, Peter M.; Huntingford, Chris; Lowe, Jason; Sitch, Stephen; Chadburn, Sarah E.; Comyn-Platt, Edward; Harper, Anna B.; Hayman, Garry; Powell, Tom (April 20, 2018).

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Loulergue, Laetitia; Schilt, Adrian; Spahni, Renato; Masson-Delmotte, Valérie; Blunier, Thomas; Lemieux, Bénédicte; Barnola, Jean-Marc; Raynaud, Dominique; Stocker, Thomas F.; Chappellaz, Jérôme (May 15, 2008).

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show that the build up of methane nearly tripled since pre-industrial times since 1750. In 1991 and 1998 there was a sudden growth rate of methane representing a doubling of growth rates in previous years. The

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absorbed by the Earth and energy radiated back to space" The direct radiative greenhouse gas forcing effect of methane was estimated to be an increase of 0.5 W/m relative to the year 1750 (estimate in 2007).

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The Global Carbon Project consortium produces the Global Methane Budget. Working with over fifty international research institutions and 100 stations globally, it updates the methane budget every few years.

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In 2013, the balance between sources and sinks of methane was not yet fully understood. Scientists were unable to explain why the atmospheric concentration of methane had temporarily ceased to increase.

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Estimated atmospheric methane lifetime before the industrial era (shaded area); changes in methane lifetime since 1850 as simulated by a climate model (blue line), and the reconciled graph (red line).

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NASA computer models from 2005, calculated based on information available at that time, show the amount of methane (parts per million by volume) at the surface (top) and in the stratosphere (bottom)

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This atmospheric chemical process is the most effective methane sink, as it removes 90% of atmospheric methane. This global destruction of atmospheric methane mainly occurs in the troposphere.

75:(around 1750) the methane concentration in the atmosphere has increased by about 160%, and this increase is almost entirely caused by human activities. Since 1750 methane has contributed 3% of 2083:"Climate Change 2021. The Physical Science Basis. Summary for Policymakers. Working Group I contribution to the WGI Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change" 6054: 1506:. The carbon dioxide would have been produced by volcanoes and the methane by early microbes. During this time, Earth's earliest life appeared. According to a 2003 article in the journal 5722: 5179: 1013:

were the preferred method for atmospheric gas measurements due to its sensitivity and precision. Also, spectroscopic methods are the only way of remotely sensing the atmospheric gases.

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was 7 nmol/mol greater than it was in 2008, suggesting that the increase will continue in 2009." From 2015 to 2019 sharp rises in levels of atmospheric methane have been recorded.

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has been measured directly in the environment since the 1970s. The Earth's atmospheric methane concentration has increased 160% since preindustrial levels in the mid-18th century.

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in measuring forcing, not used in previous, simpler IPCC methods. Their new RF calculations which significantly revised those cited in earlier, successive IPCC reports for

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Climate change 2013 : the physical science basis : Working Group I contribution to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

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Myhre, Gunnar; et al. (2013). Stocker, T.F.; Qin, D.; Plattner, G.-K.; Tignor, M.; Allen, S.K.; Boschung, J.; Nauels, A.; Xia, Y.; Bex, V.; Midgley, P.M. (eds.).

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scientists confirmed that other greenhouse gases apart from carbon dioxide were important factors in climate change in research presented at the annual meeting of the

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such as cattle and sheep. According to the Global Methane Assessment published in 2021, methane emissions from livestock (including cattle) are the largest sources of

5126: 4525: 3148: 2241: 4339: 3277:"Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change" 2338:"Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change" 1007:

used for separating or analyzing chemical compounds. It is less expensive in general, compared to more advanced methods, but it is more time and labor-intensive.

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Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

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Bowen, Gabriel J.; et al. (December 15, 2014). "Two massive, rapid releases of carbon during the onset of the Palaeocene–Eocene thermal maximum".

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The massive and rapid release of large volumes of methane gas from such sediments into the atmosphere has been suggested as a possible cause for rapid

6095: 5211: 4791: 3678:"Long-term changes of methane and hydrogen in the stratosphere in the period 1978–2003 and their impact on the abundance of stratospheric water vapor" 2654: 987: 633: 306: 1235:

Atmospheric methane could last about 120 years in the stratosphere until it is eventually destroyed through the hydroxyl radicals oxidation process.

5426: 5142: 4860: 4637: 3483:"GMAO Chemical Forecasts and GEOS–CHEM NRT Simulations for ICARTT (top) and Randy Kawa, NASA GSFC Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Branch (lower)" 104: 1633: 5782: 5571: 2495: 2403:"Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis – Working Group 1 contribution to the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report: Radiative Forcing in the AR5" 1030: 806: 4734: 3163: 1195:(OH)—the "major chemical scavenger in the troposphere" that "controls the atmospheric lifetime of most gases in the troposphere". Through this CH 333: 186:(AR5). The "improved understanding" says that prior estimates of the "overall societal impact of methane emissions" were likely underestimated. 2455: 5431: 5394: 5248: 5233: 5147: 4796: 4740: 1772: 869: 687: 6090: 5228: 4569: 2509: 2377: 2298: 1177:

These 2005 NASA computer model simulations—calculated based on data available at that time—illustrate how methane is destroyed as it rises.

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Saunois, M; Jackson, B.; Bousquet, P.; Poulter, B.; Canadell, J G (2016). "The growing role of methane in anthropogenic climate change".

68:(GWP) for methane is about 84 in terms of its impact over a 20-year timeframe, and 28 in terms of its impact over a 100-year timeframe. 5593: 5371: 5189: 5116: 5106: 5089: 4996: 4803: 1477: 1469: 276: 6022: 5883: 5840: 5336: 3563:"Trace-Gas Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming: Underlying Principles and Outstanding Issues Volvo Environmental Prize Lecture-1997" 1065:

Methane concentration at NOAA's Mauna Loa observatory through July 2021: A record-high of 1912 ppb was reached in December 2020.

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worldwide A single cow can make up to 99 kg of methane gas per year. Ruminant livestock can produce 250 to 500 L of methane per day.

3001: 6182: 5820: 5800: 5747: 5699: 4756: 29:) concentrations in the atmosphere measured by the Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment (AGAGE) in the lower atmosphere ( 3067: 1202:

While this decreases the concentration of methane in the atmosphere, it is unclear if this leads to a net positive increase in

5939: 5890: 5316: 5278: 5223: 4688: 3774: 3628: 1083: 166: 112:) of long-lived greenhouse gases has nearly doubled in 40 years, with carbon dioxide and methane being the dominant drivers of 4127: 6007: 5291: 5043: 950: 4540: 3336:

Friedlingstein, Pierre; O'Sullivan, Michael; Jones, Matthew W.; Andrew, Robbie M.; Gregor, Luke; Hauck (November 11, 2022).

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Wuebbles, Donald J.; Tamaresis, John S. (1993). "The Role of Methane in the Global Environment". In Khalil, M. A. K. (ed.).

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Benton, Michael J.; Twitchett, Richard J. (July 2003). "How to kill (almost) all life: the end-Permian extinction event".

3264:(Report). Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 3095: 2030:"Radiative forcing of carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide: A significant revision of the methane radiative forcing" 1043: 1039: 222: 198: 736: 6100: 5772: 5301: 5296: 5201: 5073: 4630: 3515:

Myhre, Gunnar; et al. (January 9, 2007). "Radiative forcing due to stratospheric water vapour from CH4 oxidation".

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because both water vapor and carbon dioxide are more powerful GHGs factors in terms of affecting the warming of Earth.

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Records from Antarctic and Greenland Ice Cores, Antarctic Firn Data, and Archived Air Samples from Cape Grim, Tasmania

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Levine, S. "Chemistry of the Hydroxyl Radical (OH) in the Troposphere". In Holland, H.D.; Turekian, K.K. (eds.).

3258: 2322: 1495:, confirmed NASA research that the contribution of methane to global warming had previously been underestimated. 801: 421: 2718: 2668: 862: 6049: 6044: 5975: 5815: 5321: 5286: 5174: 5101: 4942: 4771: 4707: 4668: 3820:"Future methane, hydroxyl, and their uncertainties: key climate and emission parameters for future predictions" 3486: 2908:

Nakaema, Walter M.; Hao, Zuo-Qiang; Rohwetter, Philipp; Wöste, Ludger; Stelmaszczyk, Kamil (January 27, 2011).

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atmospheric methane concentrations on global temperature increase may be far greater than previously estimated.

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The focus on the role of methane in anthropogenic climate change has become more relevant since the mid-2010s.

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Rohs, S.; Schiller, C.; Riese, M.; Engel, A.; Schmidt, U.; Wetter, T.; Levin, I.; Nakazawa, T. (July 2006).

2805: 2525: 1868: 1018: 786: 301: 5757: 5577: 5519: 5436: 5421: 5306: 4947: 4893: 4888: 4883: 4878: 4873: 4868: 4044:"Rising methane could be a sign that Earth's climate is part-way through a 'termination-level transition'" 2477: 1797:

Myhre, Gunnar; et al. (January 9, 2007). "Radiative forcing due to stratospheric water vapour from CH

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By the 1980s, the global warming problem had been transformed by the inclusion of methane and other non-CO

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Atmospheric methane has increased since pre-industrial times from 0.7 ppm to 1.9 ppm. From 2010 to 2019,

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The reaction of methane and chlorine atoms acts as a primary sink of Cl atoms and is a primary source of

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In 2013, IPCC scientists said with "very high confidence", that concentrations of atmospheric methane CH

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nmol/mol per year during 2007 and 2008. During the first half of 2009, globally averaged atmospheric CH

933: 120: 3819: 3610: 3120:. National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration – Earth System Research Laboratory. April 23, 2008 2224: 1448: 1199:

oxidation process, atmospheric methane is destroyed and water vapor and carbon dioxide are produced.

5985: 5863: 5554: 5524: 5094: 5021: 4594: 4483: 4387: 4170: 3999: 3906: 3834: 3736: 3692: 3524: 3420: 3349: 3210: 3037: 2921: 2587: 2447: 2041: 1968: 1844: 1810: 1751: 1688: 979: 718: 620: 376: 281: 4101: 2910:"PCF-Based Cavity Enhanced Spectroscopic Sensors for Simultaneous Multicomponent Trace Gas Analysis" 1106:) was 1866 ppb in 2019 and scientists reported with "very high confidence" that concentrations of CH 6209: 6002: 5777: 5006: 5001: 2856: 1473: 887: 483: 338: 2883: 2149: 1676: 33:) at stations around the world. Values are given as pollution free monthly mean mole fractions in 5830: 5762: 5679: 5529: 5494: 5451: 5446: 5441: 5011: 4507: 4440: 4320: 4204: 3934: 3677: 3582: 3540: 3436: 3236: 2413: 1889: 1826: 1722: 1000: 975: 746: 514: 498: 493: 416: 127:(warming influence) of different contributors to climate change through 2019, as reported in the 34: 3773:. USA Environmental Protection Agency Office of Atmospheric Programs. April 2010. Archived from 2748: 1499: 3118:"Annual Greenhouse Gas Index (AGGI) Indicates Sharp Rise in Carbon Dioxide and Methane in 2007" 3090: 189:

Etminan et al. published their new calculations for methane's radiative forcing (RF) in a 2016

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Climate Change Indicators in the United States: Atmospheric Concentrations of Greenhouse Gases

4025: 3895:"Assessing the potential for non-turbulent methane escape from the East Siberian Arctic Shelf" 3870: 3574: 3377: 3316: 3228: 3171: 2957: 2939: 2693: 2605: 2505: 2383: 2373: 2294: 2235: 2168: 2059: 1996: 1714: 1610: 1503: 1491: 1373: 1256: 1243: 1203: 1192: 1119: 1055: 925: 917: 895: 677: 456: 291: 162: 124: 109: 80: 53: 3297: 6204: 6107: 5674: 5657: 5598: 5489: 5253: 4972: 4845: 4781: 4602: 4491: 4422: 4395: 4238: 4178: 4015: 4007: 3924: 3914: 3842: 3744: 3700: 3615:

Trace-Gas Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming: Underlying Principles and Outstanding Issues

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Trace-Gas Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming: Underlying Principles and Outstanding Issues

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Pavlov, Alexander A.; et al. (January 2003). "Methane-rich Proterozoic atmosphere?".

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Astrobiology of Earth: the emergence, evolution, and future of life on a planet in turmoil

4332: 1901: 909: 771: 638: 571: 559: 488: 362: 205:, resulted in estimates that were approximately 20–25% higher. Collins et al. said that CH 4102:"The oldest ice on Earth may be able to solve the puzzle of the planet's climate history" 3463: 2735:

Borunda, A. (2021, May 03). Methane facts and information. Retrieved April 6, 2022, from

2408:. Department of Environmental Sciences, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences. 2195: 4598: 4487: 4391: 4174: 4003: 3910: 3838: 3740: 3696: 3528: 3424: 3353: 3214: 2925: 2591: 2045: 1972: 1814: 1692: 6012: 5868: 5810: 5805: 5647: 5536: 5268: 5263: 5258: 5111: 5048: 4786: 4766: 4725: 4646: 4020: 3987: 2952: 2909: 2256: 2112: 1454: 1377: 1367: 1161: 1042:

was the most widely used IR absorption technique of detecting methane. It is a form of

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showing methane concentrations over time based on analysis of gas bubbles from EPICA

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is a category of potential approaches being researched to accelerate the breakdown of

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Laboratory, US Department of Commerce, NOAA, Earth System Research (July 5, 2023).

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Russia is the world's top source of methane emissions from the oil-and-gas industry

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Laboratory, US Department of Commerce, NOAA, Earth System Research (July 5, 2023).

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Puglini, Matteo; Brovkin, Victor; Regnier, Pierre; Arndt, Sandra (June 26, 2020).

3257:(2013). Stocker, T. F.; Qin, D.; Plattner, G.-K.; Tignor, M.; et al. (eds.). 1167: 4559: 3864: 2367: 2290: 5997: 5514: 5506: 4761: 1552: 1462: 1366:

that is in the atmosphere, for the purpose of mitigating some of the impacts of

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1891.6 ppb, while the April 2022 peak was 1909.4 ppb, a 0.9% increase.

962: 628: 601: 596: 591: 581: 551: 437: 296: 30: 3958: 3372: 3117: 2194:(Report). Summary for Policy Makers. March 19, 2023. p. 36. Archived from 1700: 6029: 5406: 5038: 4230: 3362: 3013: 2801:"Who Are the World's Biggest Climate Polluters? Satellites Sweep for Culprits" 2600: 1339: 1290: 576: 49: 4192: 3578: 3381: 3232: 3175: 2943: 2609: 2496:

Global Methane Assessment: Benefits and Costs of Mitigating Methane Emissions

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Mitigation efforts to reduce short-lived climate pollutants like methane and

79:(GHG) emissions in terms of mass but is responsible for approximately 23% of 4979: 4495: 4242: 3919: 3847: 3749: 3724: 2225:"Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis – Summary for Policymakers" 2116: 1981: 1429: 1425: 4503: 4200: 4029: 4011: 3725:"An assessment of natural methane fluxes simulated by the CLASS-CTEM model" 2961: 2028:

Etminan, M.; Myhre, G.; Highwood, E. J.; Shine, K. P. (December 27, 2016).

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covers a large spectrum of techniques, one of which detects gases based on

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oxidation, adds approximately 15% to methane's radiative forcing effect.

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ESRL Global Monitoring Division – Global Greenhouse Gas Reference Network

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ESRL Global Monitoring Division – Global Greenhouse Gas Reference Network

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Saunois, M.; Bousquet, M.; Poulter, B.; et al. (December 12, 2016).

1876:. Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, USA: Cambridge University Press 1822: 1606:"Methane in the atmosphere is surging, and that's got scientists worried" 1527:"AGAGE Data & Figures | Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment" 1421: 1335: 983: 966: 899: 4183: 3091:"7. Couplings Between Changes in the Climate System and Biogeochemistry" 3002:"Chapter 5: Global Carbon and other Biogeochemical Cycles and Feedbacks" 1931:

United Nations Environment Programme and Climate and Clean Air Coalition

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which determines the mole fraction to the order of parts per trillion.

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Saunois, M.; Stavert, A.R.; Poulter, B.; et al. (July 15, 2020).

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Main sources of global methane emissions (2008–2017) according to the

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Shindell, 2 Greg; Faluvegi, G.; Koch, Dorothy M.; Schmidt, Gavin A.;

4399: 3432: 1417: 954: 821: 4471: 3408: 2651:

IPCC Fifth Assessment Report - Radiative Forcings (AR5 Figure SPM.5)

3038:"Ch.2 Changes in Atmospheric Constituents and in Radiative Forcing" 3008:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA. 2285:. NATO ASI Series. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. pp. 469–513. 1677:"Increased importance of methane reduction for a 1.5 degree target" 4967: 3723:

Arora, Vivek K.; Melton, Joe R.; Plummer, David (August 1, 2018).

1438: 1392: 1284: 1274: 1242: 1166: 1125: 1059: 816: 232: 119: 103: 87: 21: 20: 4615: 3981: 3979: 1021:. There are various methods for spectroscopic methods, including 973:. Russia is the world's top methane emitter from oil and gas. 4441:"Methane Explosion Warmed The Prehistoric Earth, Possible Again" 4229:

Etheridge, D.; Steele, L.; Francey, R.; Langenfelds, R. (2002).

3254: 2220: 1078: 170: 52:. The concentration of atmospheric methane is increasing due to 5916: 5621: 5357: 4912: 4824: 4705: 4657: 4619: 4301:

Steele, L.P.; Krummel, P.B.; Langenfelds, R.L. (October 2002).

2831:"Yes, cattle are the top source of methane emissions in the US" 2628: 2626: 2089:. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Archived from 221:

would help combat "near-term climate change" and would support

4307:. Trends: A compendium of data on global change. Oak Ridge, TN 3164:"Sharp rise in methane levels threatens world climate targets" 2283:

Atmospheric Methane: Sources, Sinks, and Role in Global Change

151:

over a 20-year time frame. Methane is not as persistent as CO

5879:

Cooperative Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement

173:

per square meter (W/m). It refers to the "difference between

4445:

NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, EOS Project Science Office

3141:"Climate change could be accelerated by 'methane time bomb'" 2775:"Putting a lid on Russia's planet-heating methane emissions" 1209:

This additional water vapor in the stratosphere caused by CH

1131:

Annual atmospheric methane concentrations from 1990 to 2021.

1056:

Methane emissions § Global methane emissions monitoring

193:

journal article which incorporated the shortwave bands of CH

3605: 3603: 4304:

Atmospheric methane record from Shetland Islands, Scotland

3768:"Methane and Nitrous Oxide Emissions From Natural Sources" 2189:

Synthesis Report of the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report (AR6)

6055:

Illustrative model of greenhouse effect on climate change

4607:

10.1130/0091-7613(2003)031<0087:MRPA>2.0.CO;2

3660:"Wetter Upper Atmosphere May Delay Global Ozone Recovery" 978:

is a similarly large source (30%); primarily because of

4155:"Orbital and millennial-scale features of atmospheric CH 3064:"Scientists pinpoint cause of slowing methane emissions" 1950: 1948: 1380:. Global methane emissions approached a record 600 Tg CH 2634:"Global Methane Emissions and Mitigation Opportunities" 936:, and are responsible for up to one-third of near-term 928:

are a major contributor to the rising concentration of

4472:"Improved Attribution of Climate Forcing to Emissions" 3407:

Kirschke, Stefanie; et al. (September 22, 2013).

1484:(AGU). They offered a theory on the 100,000-year long 5896:

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

3504:. Vol. 5 (2 ed.). Oxford: Elsevier Science. 2448:"Climate and Earth's Energy Budget: Feature Articles" 2023: 2021: 2019: 2017: 1412:

This 2016 EPA illustration above is a compilation of

1334:

Methanotrophic bacteria also occur in the underwater

1273:

The HCl produced in this reaction leads to catalytic

3298:"Globally averaged marine surface monthly mean data" 2143: 2141: 2077: 2075: 2073: 6073: 5958: 5927: 5856: 5791: 5713: 5635: 5586: 5503: 5460: 5370: 5277: 5135: 5082: 4925: 4749: 4718: 3409:"Three decades of global methane sources and sinks" 2150:"Globally averaged marine surface annual mean data" 1420:, Antarctica—approximately 797,446 BCE to 1937 CE, 1160:Another major natural sink is through oxidation by 3556: 3554: 1185:—and then the upper portion of the stratosphere. 4541:"Methane's role in global warming underestimated" 3799:Clark, Duncan; Brief, Carbon (January 16, 2012). 3458:. Vol. 11, no. 120207. p. 120207. 3042:Climate Change 2007 IPCC Fourth Assessment Report 2483:. IPCC AR4. United Nations Environment Programme. 1750:Noël, Stefan; Weigel, Katja; et al. (2017). 1077:Long term atmospheric measurements of methane by 155:, and tails off to about 28 times greater than CO 6096:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 3988:"Atmospheric methane removal: a research agenda" 2749:"It's time to freak out about methane emissions" 1457:events in the Earth's distant past, such as the 1164:or methane-consuming bacteria in Earth's soils. 969:from both active fossil fuel infrastructure and 4288:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 4269:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 3801:"How long do greenhouse gases stay in the air?" 3402: 3400: 3398: 3259:Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis 1148:Natural sinks or removal of atmospheric methane 940:. During 2019, about 60% (360 million tons) of 3888: 3886: 1669: 1667: 1665: 1663: 1661: 1424:, Antarctica—approximately 1008 CE to 1980 CE 1293:are typically consumed within the sediment by 165:is the scientific concept used to measure the 4836:History of climate change policy and politics 4631: 4096: 4094: 4092: 3291: 3289: 2315:"The NOAA Annual Greenhouse Gas Index (AGGI)" 1862: 1860: 1858: 1845:"Methane: The other important greenhouse gas" 1745: 1743: 1502:carbon dioxide and methane likely produced a 1407:European Project for Ice Coring in Antarctica 863: 8: 3718: 3716: 3685:Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 3671: 3669: 3477: 3475: 3473: 3321:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2544: 2542: 2173:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 1918: 1916: 1914: 1912: 1023:Differential optical absorption spectroscopy 4953:Atlantic meridional overturning circulation 4524:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 3952: 3950: 3948: 3818:Holmes, C. D.; et al. (January 2013). 2240:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 1870:Anthropogenic and Natural Radiative Forcing 1389:Methane concentrations in the geologic past 1376:caused 0.5 °C (about 30%) of observed 890:converting organic compounds into methane ( 6177: 6165: 5924: 5913: 5632: 5618: 5367: 5354: 4922: 4909: 4821: 4715: 4702: 4654: 4638: 4624: 4616: 3617:. Ambio-Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. 2550:"Primer on Short-Lived Climate Pollutants" 2535:. Ambio-Royal Swedish Academy of sciences. 953:emissions are from gas release during the 870: 856: 243: 139:) in the Earth's atmosphere is a powerful 5723:Adaptation strategies on the German coast 4861:United Nations Climate Change conferences 4267:concentrations for Cape Grim, Australia. 4182: 4019: 3928: 3918: 3846: 3748: 3704: 3371: 3361: 3222: 2951: 2933: 2655:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2599: 2053: 1990: 1980: 1766: 1708: 5427:Co-benefits of climate change mitigation 4470:; Bauer, Susanne E. (October 30, 2009). 3197:Warwick, N. J.; White, J. W. C. (2019). 3032: 3030: 1084:June 15, 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo 5783:National Adaptation Programme of Action 5572:Land use, land-use change, and forestry 4338:CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 1559:. NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory 1557:Global Greenhouse Gas Reference Network 1518: 1102:ppb. The annual average for methane (CH 807:Territorialisation of carbon governance 251: 5432:Economics of climate change mitigation 5395:Gold Standard (carbon offset standard) 4741:Scientific consensus on climate change 4517: 4328: 4318: 4286:concentrations for Mauna Loa, Hawaii. 3762: 3760: 3314: 2719:Methane - A compelling case for action 2478:"Climate Change Synthesis Report 2007" 2233: 2166: 1897: 1887: 1405:From 1996 to 2004, researchers in the 906:Methane is also released in the Arctic 6091:Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 2576:"The Global Methane Budget 2000–2017" 2446:Rebecca, Lindsey (January 14, 2009). 1957:"The Global Methane Budget 2000–2012" 999:Methane was typically measured using 812:Total Carbon Column Observing Network 7: 6113:Representative Concentration Pathway 5059:Tipping points in the climate system 4735:Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere 2501:United Nations Environment Programme 1778:from the original on October 9, 2022 1551:Dlugokencky, Ed (December 5, 2016). 1281:Methanotrophs in soils and sediments 60:. Methane is one of the most potent 5884:Nationally determined contributions 5594:Individual action on climate change 4804:World energy supply and consumption 4564:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 3866:Chemistry of the Natural Atmosphere 2494:Shindell, Drew, ed. (May 6, 2021). 2458:from the original on April 10, 2020 1933:(Report). Nairobi. 2022. p. 12 1478:Center for Climate Systems Research 1470:Goddard Institute for Space Studies 6023:Fixed anvil temperature hypothesis 4447:(Press release). December 12, 2001 3162:McKie, Robin (February 17, 2019). 2747:Leber, Rebecca (August 12, 2021). 2639:. Global Methane Initiative. 2020. 2427:from the original on March 4, 2016 2325:from the original on May 24, 2023. 2121:"CO₂ and Greenhouse Gas Emissions" 1003:. Gas chromatography is a type of 14: 5950:Satellite temperature measurement 5555:forestry for carbon sequestration 4841:History of climate change science 4539:Vergano, Dan (October 29, 2009). 4415:Trends in Ecology & Evolution 3827:Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 3139:Heidi Blake (February 22, 2010). 3070:from the original on May 26, 2007 2799:Timothy Puko (October 19, 2021). 2554:Climate & Clean Air Coalition 1759:Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 1277:destruction in the stratosphere. 6176: 6164: 6153: 6152: 6140: 5801:Climate Change Performance Index 5180:Destruction of cultural heritage 3635:. March 20, 2008. Archived from 2580:Earth System Science Data (ESSD) 2119:; Rosado, Pablo (May 11, 2020). 1634:"IPCC AR4 SYR Appendix Glossary" 1486:Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum 1459:Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum 1432:, Hawaii—1984 CE to 2015 CE and 1351:This section is an excerpt from 916:This section is an excerpt from 837: 836: 259: 86:Methane increases the amount of 5940:Instrumental temperature record 5891:Sustainable Development Goal 13 2884:"Methane emissions from cattle" 2882:Johnson, K A (August 1, 1995). 1553:"Trends in Atmospheric Methane" 1436:, Scotland: 1993 CE to 2001 CE 1428:, Australia—1985 CE to 2015 CE 167:human impact on the environment 6008:Climate variability and change 5044:Retreat of glaciers since 1850 3464:10.1088/1748-9326/11/12/120207 3456:Environmental Research Letters 2669:"Sources of methane emissions" 1681:Environmental Research Letters 1342:in areas like the Laptev Sea. 772:Climate reconstruction proxies 147:(GWP) 84 times greater than CO 108:The warming influence (called 1: 6118:Shared Socioeconomic Pathways 5653:Climate emergency declaration 4427:10.1016/S0169-5347(03)00093-4 2694:"Global Carbon Project (GCP)" 2230:. Cambridge University Press. 1191:Methane molecules react with 1044:laser absorption spectroscopy 1040:cavity ring-down spectroscopy 223:Sustainable Development Goals 159:over a 100-year time frame. 16:Methane in Earth's atmosphere 6101:IPCC Sixth Assessment Report 5327:Middle East and North Africa 4159:over the past 800,000 years" 4083:"Methane and climate change" 3992:Philosophical Transactions A 3517:Geophysical Research Letters 3203:Global Biogeochemical Cycles 2347:. Cambridge University Press 2291:10.1007/978-3-642-84605-2_20 2034:Geophysical Research Letters 1803:Geophysical Research Letters 742:Carbonate compensation depth 407:Particulate inorganic carbon 191:Geophysical Research Letters 184:IPCC Fifth Assessment Report 163:Radiative or climate forcing 129:Sixth IPCC assessment report 81:radiative or climate forcing 3338:"Global Carbon Budget 2022" 2723:International Energy Agency 2698:www.globalcarbonproject.org 2673:International Energy Agency 1360:Atmospheric methane removal 1353:Atmospheric methane removal 1259:(HCl) in the stratosphere. 894:), which are widespread in 199:well mixed greenhouse gases 71:Since the beginning of the 6231: 5935:Global surface temperature 5826:Popular culture depictions 5738:Ecosystem-based adaptation 5468:Carbon capture and storage 5390:Carbon offsets and credits 3089:Denman, K.L.; et al. 2976:"ESRL/GMD FTP Data Finder" 1849:Environmental Defence Fund 1482:American Geophysical Union 1350: 1053: 1031:Fourier Transform Infrared 1027:Laser-induced fluorescence 915: 797:Carbon capture and storage 401:Particulate organic carbon 395:Dissolved inorganic carbon 6147:Climate change portal 6134: 6040:Extreme event attribution 5923: 5912: 5663:School Strike for Climate 5631: 5617: 5542:Climate-smart agriculture 5366: 5353: 4921: 4908: 4831: 4820: 4714: 4701: 4684:Climate change adaptation 4679:Climate change mitigation 4674:Effects of climate change 4664: 4653: 4455:– via ScienceDaily. 3930:21.11116/0000-0003-FC9E-0 3363:10.5194/essd-14-4811-2022 3342:Earth System Science Data 3014:10.1017/9781009157896.011 2857:"Cows and Climate Change" 2601:10.5194/essd-12-1561-2020 2452:earthobservatory.nasa.gov 2372:. New York. p. 166. 1961:Earth System Science Data 1924:Global Methane Assessment 802:Carbon cycle re-balancing 6050:Global warming potential 5857:International agreements 5504:Preserving and enhancing 4943:Arctic methane emissions 4865:Years in climate change 4772:Greenhouse gas emissions 4669:Causes of climate change 4358:regmorrison.edublogs.org 4354:"Methane | Reg Morrison" 3986:Jackson, Robert (2021). 3502:Treatise on geochemistry 2255:Mann, Michael E. (ed.). 1768:10.5194/acp-18-4463-2018 1701:10.1088/1748-9326/aab89c 1289:Methane releases in the 777:Carbon-to-nitrogen ratio 737:Carbonate–silicate cycle 705:Carbon dioxide clathrate 700:Clathrate gun hypothesis 528:Net ecosystem production 389:Dissolved organic carbon 145:global warming potential 66:global warming potential 6081:Climate change scenario 5733:Disaster risk reduction 5385:Carbon emission trading 5195:U.S. insurance industry 5170:Civilizational collapse 5017:sea surface temperature 4496:10.1126/science.1174760 3959:"Methane Sinks − Soils" 3920:10.5194/bg-17-3247-2020 3863:Warneck, Peter (2000). 3848:10.5194/acp-13-285-2013 3750:10.5194/bg-15-4683-2018 3658:Shindell, Drew (2001). 3561:Ramanathan, V. (1998). 2806:The Wall Street Journal 2504:(Report). p. 173. 2418:Fifth Assessment Report 2401:Drew, Shindell (2013). 2366:Stocker, Thomas (ed.). 2261:Encyclopædia Britannica 2040:(24): 12, 614–12, 623. 1982:10.5194/essd-8-697-2016 1019:absorption spectroscopy 787:Deep Carbon Observatory 247:Part of a series on the 6074:Research and modelling 5758:Nature-based solutions 5578:Nature-based solutions 5520:Carbon dioxide removal 5437:Fossil fuel divestment 5422:Climate risk insurance 5332:Small island countries 4948:Arctic sea ice decline 4012:10.1098/rsta.2020.0454 2773:Trakimavicius, Lukas. 1639:. 2007. Archived from 1450: 1402: 1302: 1248: 1174: 1133: 1067: 995:Measurement techniques 988:agricultural emissions 607:Continental shelf pump 383:Total inorganic carbon 349:Satellite measurements 241: 132: 117: 98:Role in climate change 38: 6035:Earth's energy budget 5918:Background and theory 5806:Climate crisis (term) 5478:Fossil fuel phase-out 5372:Economics and finance 5337:by individual country 5279:By country and region 5254:Security and conflict 5249:Psychological impacts 4933:Abrupt climate change 4856:Charles David Keeling 4689:By country and region 4558:Gale, Joseph (2009). 4243:10.3334/CDIAC/ATG.030 4133:(Report). August 2016 3963:Greenhouse Gas Online 3151:on February 25, 2010. 2336:Stocker; et al. 1585:(Report). Paris. 2021 1442: 1396: 1288: 1246: 1170: 1129: 1063: 1015:Infrared spectroscopy 1011:Spectroscopic methods 792:Global Carbon Project 523:Ecosystem respiration 239:Global Carbon Project 236: 123: 107: 73:Industrial Revolution 24: 5864:Glasgow Climate Pact 5525:Carbon sequestration 5095:Mass mortality event 3706:10.1029/2005JD006877 3639:on November 21, 2017 3537:10.1029/2006GL027472 3224:10.1029/2018GB006009 3023:on January 20, 2023. 2055:10.1002/2016gl071930 1823:10.1029/2006GL027472 1646:on November 17, 2018 1579:Methane Tracker 2021 1346:Removal technologies 1155:atmospheric chemical 980:enteric fermentation 621:Carbon sequestration 377:Total organic carbon 6003:Climate sensitivity 5778:The Adaptation Fund 5234:Infectious diseases 5136:Social and economic 4599:2003Geo....31...87P 4488:2009Sci...326..716S 4392:2015NatGe...8...44B 4184:10.1038/nature06950 4175:2008Natur.453..383L 4004:2021RSPTA.37900454J 3911:2020BGeo...17.3247P 3839:2013ACP....13..285H 3780:on December 2, 2012 3741:2018BGeo...15.4683A 3697:2006JGRD..11114315R 3529:2007GeoRL..34.1807M 3425:2013NatGe...6..813K 3373:20.500.11850/594889 3354:2022ESSD...14.4811F 3215:2019GBioC..33..318N 2926:2011Senso..11.1620N 2837:. November 12, 2021 2592:2020ESSD...12.1561S 2257:"Radiative forcing" 2046:2016GeoRL..4312614E 1973:2016ESSD....8..697S 1815:2007GeoRL..34.1807M 1693:2018ERL....13e4003C 1489:journal article in 1474:Columbia University 1220:trace-gases—CFCs, N 668:Atmospheric methane 634:Soil carbon storage 484:Reverse Krebs cycle 339:Ocean acidification 48:present in Earth's 42:Atmospheric methane 5574:(LULUCF and AFOLU) 5546:Forest management 5530:Direct air capture 5495:Sustainable energy 5452:Net zero emissions 5447:Low-carbon economy 5442:Green Climate Fund 5229:Indigenous peoples 5127:Plant biodiversity 4915:Effects and issues 4106:University of Bern 4046:. August 14, 2023. 3869:. Academic Press. 3489:on March 13, 2005. 2935:10.3390/s110201620 2725:. August 20, 2020. 2414:Rutgers University 2410:envsci.rutgers.edu 2093:on August 22, 2021 1595:License: CC BY 4.0 1451: 1403: 1303: 1297:. Areas with high 1249: 1175: 1134: 1068: 1001:gas chromatography 984:ruminant livestock 976:Animal agriculture 934:Earth's atmosphere 910:thawing permafrost 896:aquatic ecosystems 747:Great Calcite Belt 695:Aerobic production 515:Carbon respiration 457:Metabolic pathways 417:Primary production 242: 133: 118: 39: 6192: 6191: 6130: 6129: 6126: 6125: 6065:Radiative forcing 5908: 5907: 5904: 5903: 5728:Adaptive capacity 5613: 5612: 5609: 5608: 5473:Energy transition 5349: 5348: 5345: 5344: 5064:Tropical cyclones 4990:Urban heat island 4904: 4903: 4816: 4815: 4812: 4811: 4777:Carbon accounting 4731:Greenhouse effect 4697: 4696: 4571:978-0-19-920580-6 4482:(5953): 716–718. 4380:Nature Geoscience 4169:(7193): 383–386. 3905:(12): 3247–3275. 3735:(15): 4683–4709. 3413:Nature Geoscience 3348:(11): 4811–4900. 3096:IPCC AR4 WG1 2007 2511:978-92-807-3854-4 2379:978-1-10741-532-4 2300:978-3-642-84605-2 2201:on March 20, 2023 2125:Our World in Data 1761:(18): 4463–4476. 1611:Los Angeles Times 1504:greenhouse effect 1384:per year in 2017. 1374:methane emissions 1257:hydrochloric acid 1204:radiative forcing 1193:hydroxyl radicals 1173: 1132: 1120:radiative forcing 1066: 1050:Global monitoring 961:; mostly due to 926:methane emissions 918:Methane emissions 908:for example from 880: 879: 678:Methane emissions 334:In the atmosphere 125:Radiative forcing 110:radiative forcing 56:, and is causing 54:methane emissions 35:parts-per-billion 6222: 6215:Greenhouse gases 6180: 6179: 6168: 6167: 6156: 6155: 6145: 6144: 6143: 6108:Paleoclimatology 5925: 5914: 5675:Ecological grief 5658:Climate movement 5633: 5619: 5599:Plant-based diet 5490:Renewable energy 5368: 5355: 5190:Economic impacts 5117:Invasive species 4973:Coastal flooding 4923: 4910: 4846:Svante Arrhenius 4822: 4792:from agriculture 4782:Carbon footprint 4767:Greenhouse gases 4716: 4703: 4655: 4640: 4633: 4626: 4617: 4611: 4610: 4582: 4576: 4575: 4555: 4549: 4548: 4536: 4530: 4529: 4523: 4515: 4463: 4457: 4456: 4454: 4452: 4437: 4431: 4430: 4410: 4404: 4403: 4400:10.1038/ngeo2316 4375: 4369: 4368: 4366: 4364: 4350: 4344: 4343: 4336: 4330: 4326: 4324: 4316: 4314: 4312: 4298: 4292: 4291: 4279: 4273: 4272: 4260: 4254: 4253: 4251: 4249: 4226: 4220: 4219: 4217: 4215: 4186: 4149: 4143: 4142: 4140: 4138: 4132: 4124: 4118: 4117: 4115: 4113: 4098: 4087: 4086: 4079: 4073: 4072: 4070: 4068: 4058:"Figure AR6 WG1" 4054: 4048: 4047: 4040: 4034: 4033: 4023: 3983: 3974: 3973: 3971: 3969: 3954: 3943: 3942: 3932: 3922: 3890: 3881: 3880: 3860: 3854: 3852: 3850: 3824: 3815: 3809: 3808: 3796: 3790: 3789: 3787: 3785: 3779: 3772: 3764: 3755: 3754: 3752: 3720: 3711: 3710: 3708: 3682: 3673: 3664: 3663: 3655: 3649: 3648: 3646: 3644: 3625: 3619: 3618: 3607: 3598: 3597: 3595: 3593: 3558: 3549: 3548: 3512: 3506: 3505: 3497: 3491: 3490: 3485:. Archived from 3479: 3468: 3467: 3451: 3445: 3444: 3433:10.1038/ngeo1955 3404: 3393: 3392: 3390: 3388: 3375: 3365: 3333: 3327: 3326: 3320: 3312: 3310: 3308: 3293: 3284: 3283: 3281: 3272: 3266: 3265: 3263: 3251: 3245: 3244: 3226: 3193: 3187: 3186: 3184: 3182: 3159: 3153: 3152: 3147:. Archived from 3136: 3130: 3129: 3127: 3125: 3114: 3108: 3107: 3105: 3103: 3086: 3080: 3079: 3077: 3075: 3060: 3054: 3053: 3051: 3049: 3034: 3025: 3024: 3022: 3016:. Archived from 2996:Fox-Kemper, B.; 2993: 2987: 2986: 2984: 2982: 2972: 2966: 2965: 2955: 2937: 2920:(2): 1620–1640. 2905: 2899: 2898: 2896: 2894: 2888:academic.oup.com 2879: 2873: 2872: 2870: 2868: 2853: 2847: 2846: 2844: 2842: 2827: 2821: 2820: 2815: 2813: 2796: 2790: 2789: 2787: 2785: 2770: 2764: 2763: 2761: 2759: 2744: 2738: 2733: 2727: 2726: 2715: 2709: 2708: 2706: 2704: 2690: 2684: 2683: 2681: 2679: 2665: 2659: 2658: 2647: 2641: 2640: 2638: 2630: 2621: 2620: 2618: 2616: 2603: 2586:(3): 1561–1623. 2571: 2565: 2564: 2562: 2560: 2546: 2537: 2536: 2530: 2522: 2516: 2515: 2491: 2485: 2484: 2482: 2474: 2468: 2467: 2465: 2463: 2443: 2437: 2436: 2434: 2432: 2426: 2407: 2398: 2392: 2391: 2363: 2357: 2356: 2354: 2352: 2342: 2333: 2327: 2326: 2311: 2305: 2304: 2278: 2272: 2271: 2269: 2267: 2252: 2246: 2245: 2239: 2231: 2229: 2217: 2211: 2210: 2208: 2206: 2200: 2193: 2185: 2179: 2178: 2172: 2164: 2162: 2160: 2145: 2136: 2135: 2133: 2131: 2109: 2103: 2102: 2100: 2098: 2079: 2068: 2067: 2057: 2025: 2012: 2011: 2009: 2007: 1994: 1984: 1952: 1943: 1942: 1940: 1938: 1928: 1920: 1907: 1905: 1899: 1895: 1893: 1885: 1883: 1881: 1875: 1864: 1853: 1852: 1841: 1835: 1834: 1794: 1788: 1787: 1785: 1783: 1777: 1770: 1756: 1747: 1738: 1737: 1735: 1733: 1712: 1671: 1656: 1655: 1653: 1651: 1645: 1638: 1630: 1624: 1623: 1621: 1619: 1602: 1596: 1594: 1592: 1590: 1575: 1569: 1568: 1566: 1564: 1548: 1542: 1541: 1539: 1537: 1523: 1468:In 2001, NASA's 1443:The impact of CH 1434:Shetland Islands 1414:paleoclimatology 1399:paleoclimatology 1171: 1130: 1064: 957:and delivery of 930:greenhouse gases 872: 865: 858: 845: 840: 839: 644:pelagic sediment 538:Soil respiration 533:Photorespiration 263: 244: 175:solar irradiance 62:greenhouse gases 6230: 6229: 6225: 6224: 6223: 6221: 6220: 6219: 6195: 6194: 6193: 6188: 6141: 6139: 6122: 6069: 6060:Orbital forcing 5954: 5919: 5900: 5874:Paris Agreement 5852: 5848:Warming stripes 5787: 5753:Managed retreat 5748:Loss and damage 5709: 5643:Business action 5627: 5605: 5582: 5505: 5499: 5456: 5417:Climate finance 5362: 5341: 5273: 5131: 5107:Extinction risk 5083:Flora and fauna 5078: 5039:Permafrost thaw 5034:Ozone depletion 4963:Extreme weather 4917: 4900: 4827: 4808: 4745: 4710: 4693: 4660: 4649: 4644: 4614: 4584: 4583: 4579: 4572: 4557: 4556: 4552: 4538: 4537: 4533: 4516: 4465: 4464: 4460: 4450: 4448: 4439: 4438: 4434: 4412: 4411: 4407: 4377: 4376: 4372: 4362: 4360: 4352: 4351: 4347: 4337: 4327: 4317: 4310: 4308: 4300: 4299: 4295: 4290:(Report). 2016. 4285: 4282:Monthly mean CH 4281: 4280: 4276: 4271:(Report). 2016. 4266: 4263:Monthly mean CH 4262: 4261: 4257: 4247: 4245: 4234: 4228: 4227: 4223: 4213: 4211: 4158: 4151: 4150: 4146: 4136: 4134: 4130: 4126: 4125: 4121: 4111: 4109: 4100: 4099: 4090: 4081: 4080: 4076: 4066: 4064: 4056: 4055: 4051: 4042: 4041: 4037: 3985: 3984: 3977: 3967: 3965: 3956: 3955: 3946: 3892: 3891: 3884: 3877: 3862: 3861: 3857: 3822: 3817: 3816: 3812: 3798: 3797: 3793: 3783: 3781: 3777: 3770: 3766: 3765: 3758: 3722: 3721: 3714: 3691:(D14): D14315. 3680: 3675: 3674: 3667: 3657: 3656: 3652: 3642: 3640: 3627: 3626: 3622: 3609: 3608: 3601: 3591: 3589: 3560: 3559: 3552: 3514: 3513: 3509: 3499: 3498: 3494: 3481: 3480: 3471: 3453: 3452: 3448: 3419:(10): 813–823. 3406: 3405: 3396: 3386: 3384: 3335: 3334: 3330: 3313: 3306: 3304: 3295: 3294: 3287: 3279: 3274: 3273: 3269: 3261: 3253: 3252: 3248: 3195: 3194: 3190: 3180: 3178: 3161: 3160: 3156: 3138: 3137: 3133: 3123: 3121: 3116: 3115: 3111: 3101: 3099: 3088: 3087: 3083: 3073: 3071: 3062: 3061: 3057: 3047: 3045: 3036: 3035: 3028: 3020: 2995: 2994: 2990: 2980: 2978: 2974: 2973: 2969: 2907: 2906: 2902: 2892: 2890: 2881: 2880: 2876: 2866: 2864: 2863:. June 27, 2019 2855: 2854: 2850: 2840: 2838: 2829: 2828: 2824: 2811: 2809: 2798: 2797: 2793: 2783: 2781: 2772: 2771: 2767: 2757: 2755: 2746: 2745: 2741: 2734: 2730: 2717: 2716: 2712: 2702: 2700: 2692: 2691: 2687: 2677: 2675: 2667: 2666: 2662: 2649: 2648: 2644: 2636: 2632: 2631: 2624: 2614: 2612: 2573: 2572: 2568: 2558: 2556: 2548: 2547: 2540: 2528: 2524: 2523: 2519: 2512: 2493: 2492: 2488: 2480: 2476: 2475: 2471: 2461: 2459: 2445: 2444: 2440: 2430: 2428: 2424: 2405: 2400: 2399: 2395: 2380: 2365: 2364: 2360: 2350: 2348: 2340: 2335: 2334: 2330: 2313: 2312: 2308: 2301: 2280: 2279: 2275: 2265: 2263: 2254: 2253: 2249: 2232: 2227: 2219: 2218: 2214: 2204: 2202: 2198: 2191: 2187: 2186: 2182: 2165: 2158: 2156: 2147: 2146: 2139: 2129: 2127: 2113:Ritchie, Hannah 2111: 2110: 2106: 2096: 2094: 2081: 2080: 2071: 2027: 2026: 2015: 2005: 2003: 1954: 1953: 1946: 1936: 1934: 1926: 1922: 1921: 1910: 1896: 1886: 1879: 1877: 1873: 1866: 1865: 1856: 1843: 1842: 1838: 1800: 1796: 1795: 1791: 1781: 1779: 1775: 1754: 1749: 1748: 1741: 1731: 1729: 1673: 1672: 1659: 1649: 1647: 1643: 1636: 1632: 1631: 1627: 1617: 1615: 1614:. March 1, 2019 1604: 1603: 1599: 1588: 1586: 1577: 1576: 1572: 1562: 1560: 1550: 1549: 1545: 1535: 1533: 1525: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1500:Earth's history 1446: 1401:data of methane 1397:Compilation of 1391: 1386: 1385: 1383: 1356: 1348: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1283: 1269: 1265: 1241: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1212: 1198: 1150: 1117: 1109: 1105: 1097: 1073: 1058: 1052: 997: 992: 991: 921: 876: 835: 828: 827: 826: 766: 758: 757: 756: 721: 711: 710: 709: 662: 652: 651: 650: 639:Marine sediment 623: 613: 612: 611: 572:Solubility pump 560:Biological pump 554: 544: 543: 542: 517: 507: 506: 505: 489:Carbon fixation 474: 459: 449: 448: 447: 428: 412: 365: 363:Forms of carbon 355: 354: 353: 328: 318: 317: 316: 271: 231: 208: 204: 196: 158: 154: 150: 138: 100: 93: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6228: 6226: 6218: 6217: 6212: 6207: 6197: 6196: 6190: 6189: 6187: 6186: 6174: 6162: 6150: 6135: 6132: 6131: 6128: 6127: 6124: 6123: 6121: 6120: 6115: 6110: 6105: 6104: 6103: 6093: 6088: 6083: 6077: 6075: 6071: 6070: 6068: 6067: 6062: 6057: 6052: 6047: 6042: 6037: 6032: 6027: 6026: 6025: 6015: 6013:Cloud feedback 6010: 6005: 6000: 5995: 5994: 5993: 5988: 5983: 5978: 5968: 5962: 5960: 5956: 5955: 5953: 5952: 5947: 5942: 5937: 5931: 5929: 5921: 5920: 5917: 5910: 5909: 5906: 5905: 5902: 5901: 5899: 5898: 5893: 5888: 5887: 5886: 5881: 5871: 5869:Kyoto Protocol 5866: 5860: 5858: 5854: 5853: 5851: 5850: 5845: 5844: 5843: 5838: 5833: 5823: 5821:Media coverage 5818: 5813: 5811:Climate spiral 5808: 5803: 5797: 5795: 5789: 5788: 5786: 5785: 5780: 5775: 5770: 5765: 5760: 5755: 5750: 5745: 5740: 5735: 5730: 5725: 5719: 5717: 5711: 5710: 5708: 5707: 5702: 5700:Public opinion 5697: 5692: 5687: 5682: 5677: 5672: 5667: 5666: 5665: 5655: 5650: 5648:Climate action 5645: 5639: 5637: 5629: 5628: 5622: 5615: 5614: 5611: 5610: 5607: 5606: 5604: 5603: 5602: 5601: 5590: 5588: 5584: 5583: 5581: 5580: 5575: 5569: 5568: 5567: 5562: 5560:REDD and REDD+ 5557: 5552: 5544: 5539: 5537:Carbon farming 5534: 5533: 5532: 5527: 5517: 5511: 5509: 5501: 5500: 5498: 5497: 5492: 5487: 5482: 5481: 5480: 5470: 5464: 5462: 5458: 5457: 5455: 5454: 5449: 5444: 5439: 5434: 5429: 5424: 5419: 5414: 5409: 5404: 5399: 5398: 5397: 5387: 5382: 5376: 5374: 5364: 5363: 5358: 5351: 5350: 5347: 5346: 5343: 5342: 5340: 5339: 5334: 5329: 5324: 5319: 5314: 5309: 5304: 5299: 5294: 5289: 5283: 5281: 5275: 5274: 5272: 5271: 5269:Water security 5266: 5264:Water scarcity 5261: 5259:Urban flooding 5256: 5251: 5246: 5241: 5236: 5231: 5226: 5221: 5220: 5219: 5209: 5204: 5199: 5198: 5197: 5187: 5182: 5177: 5172: 5167: 5162: 5157: 5156: 5155: 5150: 5139: 5137: 5133: 5132: 5130: 5129: 5124: 5119: 5114: 5112:Forest dieback 5109: 5104: 5099: 5098: 5097: 5086: 5084: 5080: 5079: 5077: 5076: 5071: 5066: 5061: 5056: 5051: 5049:Sea level rise 5046: 5041: 5036: 5031: 5030: 5029: 5024: 5022:stratification 5019: 5014: 5009: 5004: 4994: 4993: 4992: 4987: 4977: 4976: 4975: 4965: 4960: 4955: 4950: 4945: 4940: 4935: 4929: 4927: 4919: 4918: 4913: 4906: 4905: 4902: 4901: 4899: 4898: 4897: 4896: 4891: 4886: 4881: 4876: 4871: 4863: 4858: 4853: 4848: 4843: 4838: 4832: 4829: 4828: 4825: 4818: 4817: 4814: 4813: 4810: 4809: 4807: 4806: 4801: 4800: 4799: 4794: 4789: 4787:Carbon leakage 4784: 4779: 4769: 4764: 4759: 4753: 4751: 4747: 4746: 4744: 4743: 4738: 4728: 4726:Climate system 4722: 4720: 4712: 4711: 4706: 4699: 4698: 4695: 4694: 4692: 4691: 4686: 4681: 4676: 4671: 4665: 4662: 4661: 4658: 4651: 4650: 4647:Climate change 4645: 4643: 4642: 4635: 4628: 4620: 4613: 4612: 4577: 4570: 4550: 4531: 4458: 4432: 4421:(7): 358–365. 4405: 4370: 4345: 4293: 4283: 4274: 4264: 4255: 4232: 4221: 4156: 4144: 4119: 4088: 4074: 4049: 4035: 3975: 3944: 3899:Biogeosciences 3882: 3875: 3855: 3833:(1): 285–302. 3810: 3791: 3756: 3729:Biogeosciences 3712: 3665: 3650: 3629:"Ozone Basics" 3620: 3599: 3573:(3): 187–197. 3550: 3507: 3492: 3469: 3446: 3394: 3328: 3285: 3282:. p. 182. 3267: 3246: 3209:(3): 318–342. 3188: 3154: 3131: 3109: 3081: 3055: 3026: 2988: 2967: 2900: 2874: 2848: 2835:verifythis.com 2822: 2791: 2765: 2739: 2728: 2710: 2685: 2660: 2642: 2622: 2566: 2538: 2517: 2510: 2486: 2469: 2438: 2393: 2378: 2358: 2328: 2306: 2299: 2273: 2247: 2212: 2180: 2137: 2104: 2069: 2013: 1967:(2): 697–751. 1944: 1908: 1906:See Table 8.7. 1854: 1836: 1798: 1789: 1739: 1657: 1625: 1597: 1570: 1543: 1517: 1515: 1512: 1455:global warming 1444: 1390: 1387: 1381: 1378:global warming 1368:climate change 1357: 1349: 1347: 1344: 1328: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1282: 1279: 1267: 1263: 1240: 1237: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1210: 1196: 1162:methanotrophic 1149: 1146: 1115: 1107: 1103: 1095: 1071: 1051: 1048: 1005:chromatography 996: 993: 938:global heating 922: 914: 892:methanogenesis 885:microorganisms 878: 877: 875: 874: 867: 860: 852: 849: 848: 847: 846: 830: 829: 825: 824: 819: 814: 809: 804: 799: 794: 789: 784: 782:Deep biosphere 779: 774: 768: 767: 764: 763: 760: 759: 755: 754: 752:Redfield ratio 749: 744: 739: 734: 732:Nutrient cycle 729: 723: 722: 719:Biogeochemical 717: 716: 713: 712: 708: 707: 702: 697: 692: 691: 690: 685: 675: 673:Methanogenesis 670: 664: 663: 658: 657: 654: 653: 649: 648: 647: 646: 636: 631: 625: 624: 619: 618: 615: 614: 610: 609: 604: 599: 594: 589: 587:Microbial loop 584: 579: 574: 569: 568: 567: 556: 555: 550: 549: 546: 545: 541: 540: 535: 530: 525: 519: 518: 513: 512: 509: 508: 504: 503: 502: 501: 496: 486: 481: 475: 473: 472: 470:Chemosynthesis 467: 465:Photosynthesis 461: 460: 455: 454: 451: 450: 446: 445: 440: 435: 429: 427: 426: 425: 424: 413: 411: 410: 404: 398: 392: 386: 380: 374: 367: 366: 361: 360: 357: 356: 352: 351: 346: 341: 336: 330: 329: 326:Carbon dioxide 324: 323: 320: 319: 315: 314: 309: 304: 299: 294: 289: 284: 279: 273: 272: 269: 268: 265: 264: 256: 255: 249: 248: 230: 227: 206: 202: 194: 156: 152: 148: 141:greenhouse gas 136: 114:global warming 99: 96: 91: 77:greenhouse gas 58:climate change 26: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6227: 6216: 6213: 6211: 6208: 6206: 6203: 6202: 6200: 6185: 6184: 6175: 6173: 6172: 6163: 6161: 6160: 6151: 6149: 6148: 6137: 6136: 6133: 6119: 6116: 6114: 6111: 6109: 6106: 6102: 6099: 6098: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6086:Climate model 6084: 6082: 6079: 6078: 6076: 6072: 6066: 6063: 6061: 6058: 6056: 6053: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6041: 6038: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6028: 6024: 6021: 6020: 6019: 6018:Cloud forcing 6016: 6014: 6011: 6009: 6006: 6004: 6001: 5999: 5996: 5992: 5989: 5987: 5984: 5982: 5979: 5977: 5974: 5973: 5972: 5969: 5967: 5964: 5963: 5961: 5957: 5951: 5948: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5938: 5936: 5933: 5932: 5930: 5926: 5922: 5915: 5911: 5897: 5894: 5892: 5889: 5885: 5882: 5880: 5877: 5876: 5875: 5872: 5870: 5867: 5865: 5862: 5861: 5859: 5855: 5849: 5846: 5842: 5839: 5837: 5834: 5832: 5829: 5828: 5827: 5824: 5822: 5819: 5817: 5814: 5812: 5809: 5807: 5804: 5802: 5799: 5798: 5796: 5794: 5793:Communication 5790: 5784: 5781: 5779: 5776: 5774: 5773:Vulnerability 5771: 5769: 5766: 5764: 5761: 5759: 5756: 5754: 5751: 5749: 5746: 5744: 5743:Flood control 5741: 5739: 5736: 5734: 5731: 5729: 5726: 5724: 5721: 5720: 5718: 5716: 5712: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5683: 5681: 5678: 5676: 5673: 5671: 5668: 5664: 5661: 5660: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5641: 5640: 5638: 5634: 5630: 5626: 5620: 5616: 5600: 5597: 5596: 5595: 5592: 5591: 5589: 5585: 5579: 5576: 5573: 5570: 5566: 5565:reforestation 5563: 5561: 5558: 5556: 5553: 5551: 5550:afforestation 5548: 5547: 5545: 5543: 5540: 5538: 5535: 5531: 5528: 5526: 5523: 5522: 5521: 5518: 5516: 5513: 5512: 5510: 5508: 5502: 5496: 5493: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5485:Nuclear power 5483: 5479: 5476: 5475: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5466: 5465: 5463: 5459: 5453: 5450: 5448: 5445: 5443: 5440: 5438: 5435: 5433: 5430: 5428: 5425: 5423: 5420: 5418: 5415: 5413: 5410: 5408: 5405: 5403: 5400: 5396: 5393: 5392: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5383: 5381: 5380:Carbon budget 5378: 5377: 5375: 5373: 5369: 5365: 5361: 5356: 5352: 5338: 5335: 5333: 5330: 5328: 5325: 5323: 5320: 5318: 5315: 5313: 5310: 5308: 5305: 5303: 5300: 5298: 5295: 5293: 5290: 5288: 5285: 5284: 5282: 5280: 5276: 5270: 5267: 5265: 5262: 5260: 5257: 5255: 5252: 5250: 5247: 5245: 5242: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5218: 5217:Mental health 5215: 5214: 5213: 5210: 5208: 5205: 5203: 5200: 5196: 5193: 5192: 5191: 5188: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5173: 5171: 5168: 5166: 5163: 5161: 5158: 5154: 5153:United States 5151: 5149: 5146: 5145: 5144: 5141: 5140: 5138: 5134: 5128: 5125: 5123: 5120: 5118: 5115: 5113: 5110: 5108: 5105: 5103: 5100: 5096: 5093: 5092: 5091: 5088: 5087: 5085: 5081: 5075: 5072: 5070: 5067: 5065: 5062: 5060: 5057: 5055: 5052: 5050: 5047: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5037: 5035: 5032: 5028: 5025: 5023: 5020: 5018: 5015: 5013: 5010: 5008: 5007:deoxygenation 5005: 5003: 5002:acidification 5000: 4999: 4998: 4995: 4991: 4988: 4986: 4983: 4982: 4981: 4978: 4974: 4971: 4970: 4969: 4966: 4964: 4961: 4959: 4956: 4954: 4951: 4949: 4946: 4944: 4941: 4939: 4936: 4934: 4931: 4930: 4928: 4924: 4920: 4916: 4911: 4907: 4895: 4892: 4890: 4887: 4885: 4882: 4880: 4877: 4875: 4872: 4870: 4867: 4866: 4864: 4862: 4859: 4857: 4854: 4852: 4849: 4847: 4844: 4842: 4839: 4837: 4834: 4833: 4830: 4823: 4819: 4805: 4802: 4798: 4797:from wetlands 4795: 4793: 4790: 4788: 4785: 4783: 4780: 4778: 4775: 4774: 4773: 4770: 4768: 4765: 4763: 4760: 4758: 4757:Deforestation 4755: 4754: 4752: 4748: 4742: 4739: 4736: 4732: 4729: 4727: 4724: 4723: 4721: 4717: 4713: 4709: 4704: 4700: 4690: 4687: 4685: 4682: 4680: 4677: 4675: 4672: 4670: 4667: 4666: 4663: 4656: 4652: 4648: 4641: 4636: 4634: 4629: 4627: 4622: 4621: 4618: 4608: 4604: 4600: 4596: 4592: 4588: 4581: 4578: 4573: 4567: 4563: 4562: 4554: 4551: 4546: 4542: 4535: 4532: 4527: 4521: 4513: 4509: 4505: 4501: 4497: 4493: 4489: 4485: 4481: 4477: 4473: 4469: 4468:Unger, Nadine 4462: 4459: 4446: 4442: 4436: 4433: 4428: 4424: 4420: 4416: 4409: 4406: 4401: 4397: 4393: 4389: 4385: 4381: 4374: 4371: 4359: 4355: 4349: 4346: 4341: 4334: 4322: 4306: 4305: 4297: 4294: 4289: 4278: 4275: 4270: 4259: 4256: 4244: 4240: 4236: 4225: 4222: 4210: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4185: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4160: 4148: 4145: 4129: 4123: 4120: 4107: 4103: 4097: 4095: 4093: 4089: 4084: 4078: 4075: 4063: 4059: 4053: 4050: 4045: 4039: 4036: 4031: 4027: 4022: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3997: 3993: 3989: 3982: 3980: 3976: 3964: 3960: 3953: 3951: 3949: 3945: 3940: 3936: 3931: 3926: 3921: 3916: 3912: 3908: 3904: 3900: 3896: 3889: 3887: 3883: 3878: 3876:9780127356327 3872: 3868: 3867: 3859: 3856: 3849: 3844: 3840: 3836: 3832: 3828: 3821: 3814: 3811: 3806: 3802: 3795: 3792: 3776: 3769: 3763: 3761: 3757: 3751: 3746: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3719: 3717: 3713: 3707: 3702: 3698: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3679: 3672: 3670: 3666: 3661: 3654: 3651: 3638: 3634: 3630: 3624: 3621: 3616: 3612: 3606: 3604: 3600: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3557: 3555: 3551: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3526: 3522: 3518: 3511: 3508: 3503: 3496: 3493: 3488: 3484: 3478: 3476: 3474: 3470: 3465: 3461: 3457: 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2589: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2570: 2567: 2555: 2551: 2545: 2543: 2539: 2534: 2527: 2521: 2518: 2513: 2507: 2503: 2502: 2497: 2490: 2487: 2479: 2473: 2470: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2442: 2439: 2431:September 15, 2423: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2404: 2397: 2394: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2375: 2371: 2370: 2362: 2359: 2346: 2339: 2332: 2329: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2310: 2307: 2302: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2277: 2274: 2262: 2258: 2251: 2248: 2243: 2237: 2226: 2222: 2216: 2213: 2197: 2190: 2184: 2181: 2176: 2170: 2155: 2151: 2144: 2142: 2138: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2108: 2105: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2078: 2076: 2074: 2070: 2065: 2061: 2056: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2024: 2022: 2020: 2018: 2014: 2002: 1998: 1993: 1992:1721.1/108811 1988: 1983: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1951: 1949: 1945: 1932: 1925: 1919: 1917: 1915: 1913: 1909: 1903: 1891: 1872: 1871: 1863: 1861: 1859: 1855: 1850: 1846: 1840: 1837: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1793: 1790: 1774: 1769: 1764: 1760: 1753: 1746: 1744: 1740: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1711: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1687:(5): 054003. 1686: 1682: 1678: 1670: 1668: 1666: 1664: 1662: 1658: 1642: 1635: 1629: 1626: 1613: 1612: 1607: 1601: 1598: 1584: 1580: 1574: 1571: 1558: 1554: 1547: 1544: 1532: 1531:agage.mit.edu 1528: 1522: 1519: 1513: 1511: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1498:Early in the 1496: 1494: 1493: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1466: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1449: 1441: 1437: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1410: 1408: 1400: 1395: 1388: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1354: 1345: 1343: 1341: 1337: 1332: 1309: 1308: 1307: 1300: 1299:sedimentation 1296: 1295:methanotrophs 1292: 1287: 1280: 1278: 1276: 1271: 1260: 1258: 1253: 1245: 1239:Mean lifespan 1238: 1236: 1233: 1229: 1214: 1207: 1205: 1200: 1194: 1189: 1186: 1184: 1178: 1169: 1165: 1163: 1158: 1156: 1147: 1145: 1142: 1138: 1128: 1124: 1121: 1112: 1099: 1091: 1089: 1085: 1080: 1075: 1062: 1057: 1049: 1047: 1045: 1041: 1036: 1034: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1006: 1002: 994: 989: 985: 981: 977: 974: 972: 968: 964: 960: 956: 952: 951:anthropogenic 946: 943: 939: 935: 931: 927: 919: 913: 911: 907: 903: 901: 897: 893: 889: 888:anaerobically 886: 873: 868: 866: 861: 859: 854: 853: 851: 850: 844: 834: 833: 832: 831: 823: 820: 818: 815: 813: 810: 808: 805: 803: 800: 798: 795: 793: 790: 788: 785: 783: 780: 778: 775: 773: 770: 769: 762: 761: 753: 750: 748: 745: 743: 740: 738: 735: 733: 730: 728: 727:Marine cycles 725: 724: 720: 715: 714: 706: 703: 701: 698: 696: 693: 689: 686: 684: 681: 680: 679: 676: 674: 671: 669: 666: 665: 661: 656: 655: 645: 642: 641: 640: 637: 635: 632: 630: 627: 626: 622: 617: 616: 608: 605: 603: 600: 598: 595: 593: 590: 588: 585: 583: 580: 578: 575: 573: 570: 566: 563: 562: 561: 558: 557: 553: 548: 547: 539: 536: 534: 531: 529: 526: 524: 521: 520: 516: 511: 510: 500: 497: 495: 492: 491: 490: 487: 485: 482: 480: 477: 476: 471: 468: 466: 463: 462: 458: 453: 452: 444: 441: 439: 436: 434: 431: 430: 423: 420: 419: 418: 415: 414: 408: 405: 402: 399: 396: 393: 390: 387: 384: 381: 378: 375: 372: 369: 368: 364: 359: 358: 350: 347: 345: 342: 340: 337: 335: 332: 331: 327: 322: 321: 313: 310: 308: 307:Boreal forest 305: 303: 300: 298: 295: 293: 290: 288: 285: 283: 280: 278: 275: 274: 267: 266: 262: 258: 257: 254: 250: 246: 245: 240: 235: 228: 226: 224: 220: 215: 211: 200: 192: 187: 185: 179: 176: 172: 168: 164: 160: 146: 142: 130: 126: 122: 115: 111: 106: 102: 97: 95: 89: 84: 82: 78: 74: 69: 67: 63: 59: 55: 51: 47: 43: 36: 32: 23: 19: 6181: 6169: 6157: 6138: 5971:Carbon cycle 5928:Measurements 5623:Society and 5507:carbon sinks 5412:Climate debt 5402:Carbon price 5224:Human rights 5054:Season creep 5012:heat content 4938:Anoxic event 4851:James Hansen 4593:(1): 87–90. 4590: 4586: 4580: 4560: 4553: 4544: 4534: 4520:cite journal 4479: 4475: 4461: 4449:. Retrieved 4444: 4435: 4418: 4414: 4408: 4386:(1): 44–47. 4383: 4379: 4373: 4363:November 24, 4361:. Retrieved 4357: 4348: 4309:. Retrieved 4303: 4296: 4287: 4277: 4268: 4258: 4246:. Retrieved 4224: 4212:. Retrieved 4166: 4162: 4147: 4135:. Retrieved 4122: 4110:. Retrieved 4108:. April 2019 4105: 4077: 4065:. Retrieved 4061: 4052: 4038: 3998:(20200454). 3995: 3991: 3968:December 22, 3966:. Retrieved 3962: 3957:Reay, Dave. 3902: 3898: 3865: 3858: 3853:See Table 2. 3830: 3826: 3813: 3805:The Guardian 3804: 3794: 3782:. Retrieved 3775:the original 3732: 3728: 3688: 3684: 3653: 3641:. Retrieved 3637:the original 3632: 3623: 3614: 3611:"Ramanathan" 3590:. Retrieved 3570: 3566: 3520: 3516: 3510: 3501: 3495: 3487:the original 3455: 3449: 3416: 3412: 3385:. Retrieved 3345: 3341: 3331: 3305:. Retrieved 3301: 3270: 3249: 3206: 3202: 3191: 3179:. Retrieved 3168:The Observer 3167: 3157: 3149:the original 3144: 3134: 3122:. Retrieved 3112: 3100:. Retrieved 3094: 3084: 3072:. Retrieved 3058: 3046:. Retrieved 3041: 3018:the original 3005: 2998:Hewitt, H.T. 2991: 2979:. Retrieved 2970: 2917: 2913: 2903: 2891:. Retrieved 2887: 2877: 2867:February 26, 2865:. Retrieved 2860: 2851: 2841:February 26, 2839:. Retrieved 2834: 2825: 2817: 2810:. Retrieved 2804: 2794: 2782:. Retrieved 2778: 2768: 2756:. Retrieved 2752: 2742: 2731: 2713: 2701:. Retrieved 2697: 2688: 2676:. Retrieved 2663: 2645: 2613:. Retrieved 2583: 2579: 2569: 2557:. Retrieved 2553: 2532: 2526:"Ramanathan" 2520: 2499: 2489: 2472: 2460:. Retrieved 2451: 2441: 2429:. Retrieved 2409: 2396: 2368: 2361: 2349:. Retrieved 2344: 2331: 2318: 2309: 2282: 2276: 2264:. Retrieved 2260: 2250: 2221:IPCC AR5 WG1 2215: 2203:. Retrieved 2196:the original 2183: 2157:. Retrieved 2153: 2128:. Retrieved 2124: 2107: 2095:. Retrieved 2091:the original 2086: 2037: 2033: 2004:. Retrieved 1964: 1960: 1935:. Retrieved 1930: 1880:December 22, 1878:. Retrieved 1869: 1848: 1839: 1806: 1802: 1801:oxidation". 1792: 1780:. Retrieved 1758: 1730:. 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Retrieved 1530: 1521: 1507: 1497: 1490: 1467: 1452: 1411: 1404: 1358: 1333: 1329: 1304: 1272: 1261: 1254: 1250: 1234: 1230: 1215: 1208: 1201: 1190: 1187: 1179: 1176: 1159: 1151: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1113: 1100: 1092: 1086:, measuring 1076: 1069: 1037: 1035: 1009: 998: 971:orphan wells 959:fossil fuels 947: 923: 904: 881: 667: 565:Martin curve 552:Carbon pumps 479:Calvin cycle 433:Black carbon 371:Total carbon 312:Geochemistry 253:Carbon cycle 219:black carbon 216: 212: 188: 180: 161: 134: 101: 85: 70: 41: 40: 18: 5998:Carbon sink 5976:atmospheric 5841:video games 5515:Blue carbon 5143:Agriculture 5122:Marine life 5069:Water cycle 5027:temperature 4762:Fossil fuel 4329:|work= 4231:Historic CH 3784:January 20, 3643:January 29, 3102:November 4, 3048:January 20, 2812:October 19, 2351:October 19, 1898:|work= 1710:10871/34408 1463:Great Dying 1183:ozone layer 963:gas venting 924:Increasing 629:Carbon sink 592:Viral shunt 582:Marine snow 438:Blue carbon 292:Deep carbon 287:Atmospheric 277:Terrestrial 135:Methane (CH 31:troposphere 25:Methane (CH 6210:Atmosphere 6199:Categories 6030:Cryosphere 5991:permafrost 5763:Resilience 5715:Adaptation 5690:Litigation 5680:Governance 5625:adaptation 5407:Carbon tax 5360:Mitigation 5297:Antarctica 5185:Disability 4067:October 5, 2758:January 5, 2721:(Report). 2678:August 20, 2653:(Report). 2615:August 28, 2117:Roser, Max 2097:August 22, 2006:August 28, 1782:August 22, 1514:References 1461:, and the 1340:permafrost 1291:Laptev Sea 1054:See also: 955:extraction 902:animals. 602:Whale pump 597:Jelly pump 577:Lipid pump 302:Permafrost 270:By regions 50:atmosphere 6045:Feedbacks 5816:Education 5317:Caribbean 5312:Australia 5239:Migration 5202:Fisheries 5148:Livestock 5074:Wildfires 4980:Heat wave 4545:USA Today 4451:March 22, 4331:ignored ( 4321:cite book 4311:March 20, 4248:March 21, 4214:March 20, 4209:205213265 4193:1476-4687 4137:March 20, 4112:March 20, 3939:198415071 3709:. 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