53:
29:
212:
224:
318:. Depending on the type of damage a patient has suffered and the underlying cause of the heart failure, any of these drug classes or a combination of them can be prescribed. Patients with heart pumping problems will use a different medication combination than those who are experiencing problems with the heart's ability to fill properly during
368:
Heart failure is usually associated with a volume overloaded state. Therefore, those with evidence of fluid overload should be treated initially with intravenous loop diuretics. In the absence of symptomatic low blood pressure intravenous nitroglycerin is often used in addition to diuretic therapy to
600:
is a small device that's placed in the chest or abdomen to help control abnormal heart rhythms. They work by sending electric pulses to the heart to prompt it to beat at a rate that is considered to be normal and are used to treat patients with arrhythmias. They can be used to treat hearts that are
569:
is performed by removing a vein from the arm or leg, or an artery from the chest and replacing the blocked artery in the heart. This allows the blood to flow more freely through the heart. Valve repair is where the valve that is causing heart failure is modified by removing excess valve tissues that
372:
Volume status should still be adequately evaluated. Some heart failure patients on chronic diuretics can undergo excessive diuresis. In the case of diastolic dysfunction without systolic dysfunction, fluid resuscitation may, in fact, improve circulation by decreasing heart rate, which will allow the
423:(ARBs) acutely in ADHF have not been well studied, but are potentially harmful. A person should be stabilized before therapy with either of these medication classes is initiated. Individuals with poor kidney perfusion are especially at risk for kidney impairment inherent with these medications.
384:
Once the person is stabilized, attention can be turned to treating pulmonary edema to improve oxygenation. Intravenous furosemide is generally the first line. However, people on long-standing diuretic regimens can become tolerant, and dosages must be progressively increased. If high doses of
377:, the administration of additional fluid may worsen the heart failure and associated low blood pressure. If the person's circulatory volume is adequate but there is persistent evidence of inadequate end-organ perfusion, inotropes may be administered. In certain circumstances, a
373:
ventricles more time to fill. Even if the patient is edematous, fluid resuscitation may be the first line of treatment if the person's blood pressure is low. The person may, in fact, have too little fluid in their blood vessels, but if the low blood pressure is due to
150:
Flash
Pulmonary Edema or Crash Pulmonary Edema is a clinical characterization of acute heart failure with a dramatic presentation. It is an acute cardiac disease precipitated by cardiac events and usually associated with severe hypertension.
1620:
1605:
352:
A 2013 Cochrane review, compared nitrates and other pharmacological, non-pharmacological, and placebo interventions. The review found no significant difference between the interventions in terms of symptom control or haemodynamic stability.
523:
A 2022 Cochrane review on the benefits, efficacy, and safety of ultrafiltration compared to diuretic therapy found that ultrafiltration probably reduces the incidence of heart-failure related hospitalisation in the long term.
1308:
Peter JV, Moran JL, Phillips-Hughes J, Graham P, Bersten AD (April 2006). "Effect of non-invasive positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) on mortality in patients with acute cardiogenic pulmonary oedema: a meta-analysis".
401:
for a synergistic effect. Intravenous preparations are physiologically preferred because of more predictable absorption due to intestinal edema, however, oral preparations can be significantly more cost effective.
117:
Heart failure or cardiovascular insufficiency can be acute without being decompensated from a chronic condition. In this case, the signs of congestion such as weight gain and edema will not yet have developed.
349:, although it should only be considered if conventional therapy has been ineffective or contraindicated as it is much more expensive than nitroglycerin and has not been shown to be of any greater benefit.
456:(NICE) guidelines do not recommend routinely offering inotropes in acute heart failure. However, they recommend it be considered in patients with ADHF and potentially reversible caradiogenic shock.
563:
might be implanted. The treatment of heart disease is rapidly changing and thus new therapies for acute heart failure treatment are being introduced to save more lives from these massive attacks.
434:
are stopped or decreased in people with acutely decompensated heart failure and a low blood pressure. However, continuation of beta-blockers may be appropriate if the blood pressure is adequate.
2401:
290:
A number of different medications are required for people who are experiencing heart failure. Common types of medications that are prescribed for heart failure patients include
1082:
Lau BD, Pinto BL, Thiemann DR, Lehmann CU (November 2011). "Budget impact analysis of conversion from intravenous to oral medication when clinically eligible for oral intake".
578:. The final step is heart replacement. When severe heart failure is present and medicines or other heart procedures are not effective, the diseased heart needs to be replaced.
528:
489:
may be applied using a face mask; this has been shown to improve symptoms more quickly than oxygen therapy alone, and has been shown to reduce the risk of death. Severe
475:
453:
357:
786:"Executive summary of the guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of acute heart failure: the Task Force on Acute Heart Failure of the European Society of Cardiology"
243:
In acute decompensated heart failure, the immediate goal is to re-establish adequate perfusion and oxygen delivery to end organs. This entails ensuring that
2042:
36:
Acute interstitial pulmonary edema. Note enlarged heart size, apical vascular redistribution ( circle ), and small bilateral pleural effusions ( arrow ).
1158:
Valika AA, Gheorghiade M (March 2013). "Ace inhibitor therapy for heart failure in patients with impaired renal function: a review of the literature".
1352:
Weng CL, Zhao YT, Liu QH, Fu CJ, Sun F, Ma YL, et al. (May 2010). "Meta-analysis: Noninvasive ventilation in acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema".
247:
are adequate. Management consists of propping up the head of the patient, giving oxygen to correct hypoxemia, administering morphine, diuretics like
1732:
2459:
1776:
543:
to treat the underlying problem that led to heart failure. Different procedures are available depending on the level of necessity and include
89:. The condition is caused by severe congestion of multiple organs by fluid that is inadequately circulated by the failing heart. An attack of
1203:"B-CONVINCED: Beta-blocker CONtinuation Vs. INterruption in patients with Congestive heart failure hospitalizED for a decompensation episode"
2454:
2263:
2100:
196:
2268:
2258:
1847:
2565:
2396:
2010:
195:
which place additional strain on the heart muscle. Excessive fluid or salt intake, and medication that causes fluid retention such as
187:, or the person's failure to maintain a fluid restriction, diet, or medication. Other well recognized precipitating factors include
2436:
1243:"Does the application of opiates, during an attack of Acute Cardiogenic Pulmonary Oedema, reduce patients' mortality and morbidity?"
2431:
571:
275:
Initial therapy of acute decompensated heart failure usually includes some combination of a vasodilator such as nitroglycerin, a
2300:
2081:
2376:
2371:
2295:
544:
471:
that results from acute decompensated heart failure. A 2006 review, however, found little evidence to support this practice.
2095:
745:"Factors identified as precipitating hospital admissions for heart failure and clinical outcomes: findings from OPTIMIZE-HF"
2722:
2598:
2527:
2359:
420:
2717:
2510:
2493:
2426:
2346:
1725:
2560:
1485:
2005:
574:
is required to replace the ring around the valves. If the repair of the valve is not possible, it is replaced by an
2542:
2030:
2015:
1536:
322:. Potentially dangerous drug interactions can occur when different drugs mix together and work against each other.
86:
2317:
923:
Wakai A, McCabe A, Kidney R, Brooks SC, Seupaul RA, Diercks DB, et al. (Cochrane Heart Group) (August 2013).
2620:
2285:
2212:
1939:
378:
232:
2570:
2744:
2500:
2290:
2187:
2168:
1998:
1771:
1635:
486:
216:
1397:"Ultrafiltration versus intravenous diuretics for patients hospitalized for acute decompensated heart failure"
2815:
2777:
2751:
2739:
2727:
2712:
2446:
2388:
2192:
2173:
1825:
1765:
1718:
586:
494:
446:
307:
2820:
2366:
2332:
2275:
2253:
2075:
2057:
1993:
1860:
1813:
1741:
997:
O'Connor CM, Starling RC, Hernandez AF, Armstrong PW, Dickstein K, Hasselblad V, et al. (July 2011).
575:
498:
284:
2130:
2125:
2020:
1830:
1436:
Srivastava M, Harrison N, Caetano AF, Tan AR, Law M, et al. (Cochrane Heart Group) (January 2022).
590:
552:
468:
172:
94:
142:, and cerebral symptoms of varying severity, ranging from anxiety to memory impairment and confusion.
2626:
2154:
2135:
2035:
1946:
1889:
1561:
743:
Fonarow GC, Abraham WT, Albert NM, Stough WG, Gheorghiade M, Greenberg BH, et al. (April 2008).
556:
339:
1510:
1395:
Costanzo MR, Guglin ME, Saltzberg MT, Jessup ML, Bart BA, Teerlink JR, et al. (February 2007).
52:
2631:
2488:
2483:
2406:
2310:
2280:
2239:
1865:
1782:
1624:
1057:
490:
335:
180:
2734:
2532:
2354:
2305:
1930:
1877:
1787:
1377:
1334:
1201:
Jondeau G, Neuder Y, Eicher JC, Jourdain P, Fauveau E, Galinier M, et al. (September 2009).
1183:
784:
Nieminen MS, Böhm M, Cowie MR, Drexler H, Filippatos GS, Jondeau G, et al. (February 2005).
705:
390:
385:
furosemide are inadequate, boluses or continuous infusions of bumetanide may be preferred. These
176:
131:
267:; the Heart Failure Society of America, however, has recommended that it not be used routinely.
2794:
2645:
2603:
2518:
2336:
2234:
1951:
1894:
1792:
1675:
1646:
1467:
1418:
1369:
1326:
1290:
1224:
1175:
1140:
1099:
1030:
972:
954:
898:
852:
817:
766:
725:
669:
531:(NICE) guidelines do not recommend routinely offering ultrafiltration in acute heart failure.
516:. Studies have found that it decreases health care utilization at 90 days. One such method is
374:
200:
82:
41:
1117:
Gheorghiade M, Zannad F, Sopko G, Klein L, Piña IL, Konstam MA, et al. (December 2005).
704:
Rimoldi, Stefano F.; Yuzefpolskaya, Melana; Allemann, Yves; Messerli, Franz (November 2009).
2767:
2659:
2552:
2248:
1457:
1449:
1408:
1365:
1361:
1318:
1280:
1214:
1167:
1130:
1091:
1020:
1010:
944:
936:
888:
844:
807:
797:
756:
717:
659:
651:
98:
2789:
2181:
2162:
2149:
1956:
1835:
509:
192:
106:
687:
2782:
2690:
2588:
2580:
2478:
1988:
1981:
1968:
1462:
1437:
949:
924:
664:
639:
566:
560:
513:
398:
386:
360:(NICE) guidelines do not recommend routinely offering nitrates in acute heart failure.
244:
164:
90:
1629:
1322:
1135:
1118:
835:
Torres M, Moayedi S (May 2007). "Evaluation of the acutely dyspneic elderly patient".
478:(NICE) guidelines do not recommend routinely offering opioids in acute heart failure.
2809:
2772:
2683:
1818:
1381:
1058:"1 Recommendations | Acute heart failure: diagnosis and management | Guidance | NICE"
431:
416:
331:
291:
276:
160:
70:
1338:
1187:
1095:
2704:
2678:
2522:
2470:
2143:
2119:
2089:
2066:
1935:
1925:
1686:
1453:
940:
893:
876:
517:
299:
295:
184:
1695:
1710:
1640:
2639:
2537:
2327:
2244:
2226:
2052:
2025:
1976:
1917:
1692:
1689:
1670:
1119:"Acute heart failure syndromes: current state and framework for future research"
606:
602:
582:
548:
311:
219:
and marked jugular venous distension. External jugular vein marked by an arrow.
127:
1698:
1651:
1413:
1396:
1219:
1202:
848:
802:
785:
761:
744:
721:
28:
2667:
2217:
1242:
1171:
877:"Evaluation and management of patients with acute decompensated heart failure"
394:
346:
280:
248:
46:
1681:
1614:
692:
597:
264:
168:
102:
1471:
1422:
1373:
1330:
1294:
1228:
1179:
1144:
1103:
1034:
958:
902:
856:
821:
770:
729:
673:
1285:
1268:
1267:
Gray A, Goodacre S, Newby DE, Masson M, Sampson F, Nicholl J (July 2008).
1015:
998:
211:
2593:
1750:
999:"Effect of nesiritide in patients with acute decompensated heart failure"
618:
442:
319:
139:
135:
1597:
1025:
812:
655:
223:
540:
464:
303:
252:
227:
Pitting edema during and after the application of pressure to the skin.
74:
2673:
2653:
1808:
1609:
315:
188:
581:
Another common procedure used to treat heart failure patients is an
167:. This most commonly results from an intercurrent illness (such as
222:
210:
126:
Cardiac symptoms of heart failure include chest pain/pressure and
78:
512:
can be used to remove fluids in people with ADHF associated with
130:. Common noncardiac signs and symptoms of heart failure include
1714:
1269:"Noninvasive ventilation in acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema"
235:
is the most sensitive clinical sign for acute decompensation.
1514:
251:, addition of an ACE inhibitor, use of nitrates and use of
555:. During these procedures, devices such as heart pumps,
342:
are often used as part of the initial therapy for ADHF.
1052:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1044:
255:
if indicated for the heart failure and if arrhythmic.
589:(CAD), reduce the damage to the heart muscle after a
467:
have traditionally been used in the treatment of the
93:
can be caused by underlying medical illness, such as
69:) is a sudden worsening of the signs and symptoms of
1587:
134:, nausea, weight loss, bloating, fatigue, weakness,
85:. ADHF is a common and potentially serious cause of
2760:
2703:
2612:
2579:
2551:
2509:
2468:
2445:
2419:
2387:
2345:
2326:
2225:
2211:
2111:
2065:
2051:
1967:
1916:
1909:
1846:
1801:
1758:
1749:
1661:
1591:
40:
21:
973:"Medications Commonly Used to Treat Heart Failure"
875:Heart Failure Society Of America (February 2006).
529:National Institutes for Health and Care Excellence
476:National Institutes for Health and Care Excellence
454:National Institutes for Health and Care Excellence
358:National Institutes for Health and Care Excellence
640:"Management of acute decompensated heart failure"
593:, and reduce the risk of death in some patients.
585:. Is a procedure used to improve the symptoms of
73:, which typically includes difficulty breathing (
1511:"Acute Heart Failures Definition And Management"
570:cause them to close too tightly. In some cases,
1726:
1401:Journal of the American College of Cardiology
8:
925:"Nitrates for acute heart failure syndromes"
918:
916:
914:
912:
1442:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
929:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
263:Supplemental oxygen may be administered if
2342:
2222:
2062:
2043:Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia
1913:
1755:
1733:
1719:
1711:
1588:
285:non-invasive positive pressure ventilation
51:
27:
18:
1461:
1438:"Ultrafiltration for acute heart failure"
1412:
1284:
1218:
1134:
1024:
1014:
948:
892:
870:
868:
866:
811:
801:
760:
663:
1486:"Treatments and drugs for Heart Failure"
1566:National Heart Lung and Blood Institute
1541:National Heart Lung and Blood Institute
1366:10.7326/0003-4819-152-9-201005040-00009
638:Allen LA, O'Connor CM (13 March 2007).
630:
203:, may also precipitate decompensation.
1777:Spontaneous coronary artery dissection
445:are indicated if low blood pressure (
7:
2101:Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis
1273:The New England Journal of Medicine
1003:The New England Journal of Medicine
710:Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases
487:Continuous positive airway pressure
2397:Accelerated idioventricular rhythm
245:airway, breathing, and circulation
14:
1136:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.590091
539:In some cases, doctors recommend
63:Acute decompensated heart failure
415:The effectiveness and safety of
2082:Subacute bacterial endocarditis
1096:10.1016/j.clinthera.2011.09.030
1562:"What Is Coronary Angioplasty"
1537:"What Is Coronary Angioplasty"
1454:10.1002/14651858.CD013593.pub2
941:10.1002/14651858.CD005151.pub2
894:10.1016/j.cardfail.2005.11.017
545:coronary artery bypass surgery
379:left ventricular assist device
265:blood levels of oxygen are low
1:
2599:Pulseless electrical activity
2528:Multifocal atrial tachycardia
2402:Catecholaminergic polymorphic
1323:10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68506-1
749:Archives of Internal Medicine
518:aquapheresis ultra-filtration
421:angiotensin receptor blockers
369:improve congestive symptoms.
314:lowering medications such as
140:waking up at night to urinate
1354:Annals of Internal Medicine
449:< 90 mmHg ) is present.
2837:
2543:Wandering atrial pacemaker
2090:non-infective endocarditis
2031:Endocardial fibroelastosis
1414:10.1016/j.jacc.2006.07.073
977:American Heart Association
849:10.1016/j.cger.2007.01.007
762:10.1001/archinte.168.8.847
722:10.1016/j.pcad.2009.10.002
605:that beats too fast, or a
551:repair or replacement, or
87:acute respiratory distress
2621:hexaxial reference system
2566:Jervell and Lange-Nielsen
2096:Libman–Sacks endocarditis
1172:10.1007/s10741-011-9295-6
381:(LVAD) may be necessary.
233:jugular venous distension
35:
26:
2501:Ventricular fibrillation
1772:Coronary artery aneurysm
1220:10.1093/eurheartj/ehp323
803:10.1093/eurheartj/ehi044
493:requires treatment with
308:calcium channel blockers
217:congestive heart failure
2778:Diastolic heart failure
2752:Athletic heart syndrome
2713:Ventricular hypertrophy
2447:Pre-excitation syndrome
2301:Left posterior fascicle
1826:Acute coronary syndrome
1766:Coronary artery disease
706:"Flash Pulmonary Edema"
601:classified as either a
587:coronary artery disease
495:endotracheal intubation
411:ACE inhibitors and ARBs
2296:Left anterior fascicle
2076:infective endocarditis
1861:Hibernating myocardium
1742:Cardiovascular disease
1207:European Heart Journal
790:European Heart Journal
688:Heart Failure~clinical
576:artificial heart valve
499:mechanical ventilation
228:
220:
177:abnormal heart rhythms
2460:Wolff–Parkinson–White
2420:Premature contraction
2318:Adams–Stokes syndrome
2021:Loeffler endocarditis
1831:Myocardial infarction
1286:10.1056/NEJMoa0707992
1160:Heart Failure Reviews
1084:Clinical Therapeutics
1016:10.1056/NEJMoa1100171
609:that beats too slow.
553:heart transplantation
469:acute pulmonary edema
389:may be combined with
226:
214:
173:myocardial infarction
146:Flash Pulmonary Edema
99:abnormal heart rhythm
95:myocardial infarction
2627:Right axis deviation
2589:Sudden cardiac death
1947:Pericardial effusion
1890:Ventricular aneurysm
340:isosorbide dinitrate
79:leg or feet swelling
2632:Left axis deviation
2489:Atrial fibrillation
2484:Ventricular flutter
2407:Torsades de pointes
2281:Bundle branch block
2240:Sick sinus syndrome
2026:Cardiac amyloidosis
2011:Tachycardia-induced
1866:Myocardial stunning
1814:Prinzmetal's angina
1783:Coronary thrombosis
1317:(9517): 1155–1163.
656:10.1503/cmaj.051620
491:respiratory failure
336:glyceryl trinitrate
185:high blood pressure
181:atrial fibrillation
113:Acute Heart Failure
2735:Atrial enlargement
2533:Pacemaker syndrome
2455:Lown–Ganong–Levine
2377:Junctional ectopic
2372:AV nodal reentrant
1878:Myocardial rupture
1788:Coronary vasospasm
1662:External resources
1517:on 15 January 2010
837:Clin. Geriatr. Med
391:thiazide diuretics
345:Another option is
229:
221:
201:thiazolidinediones
175:(a heart attack),
122:Signs and symptoms
2803:
2802:
2795:Obstructive shock
2699:
2698:
2646:Short QT syndrome
2613:Other / ungrouped
2604:Sinoatrial arrest
2519:Ectopic pacemaker
2415:
2414:
2235:Sinus bradycardia
2207:
2206:
2203:
2202:
1952:Cardiac tamponade
1905:
1904:
1895:Dressler syndrome
1793:Myocardial bridge
1708:
1707:
1213:(18): 2186–2192.
1129:(25): 3958–3968.
1090:(11): 1792–1796.
843:(2): 307–25, vi.
375:cardiogenic shock
330:Nitrates such as
60:
59:
16:Medical condition
2828:
2768:Cardiac fibrosis
2660:T wave alternans
2553:Long QT syndrome
2347:Supraventricular
2343:
2276:Intraventricular
2223:
2063:
1914:
1759:Coronary disease
1756:
1735:
1728:
1721:
1712:
1589:
1577:
1576:
1574:
1572:
1558:
1552:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1533:
1527:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1513:. Archived from
1507:
1501:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1482:
1476:
1475:
1465:
1433:
1427:
1426:
1416:
1392:
1386:
1385:
1349:
1343:
1342:
1305:
1299:
1298:
1288:
1264:
1258:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1239:
1233:
1232:
1222:
1198:
1192:
1191:
1155:
1149:
1148:
1138:
1114:
1108:
1107:
1079:
1073:
1072:
1070:
1069:
1054:
1039:
1038:
1028:
1018:
994:
988:
987:
985:
983:
969:
963:
962:
952:
920:
907:
906:
896:
872:
861:
860:
832:
826:
825:
815:
805:
781:
775:
774:
764:
740:
734:
733:
701:
695:
684:
678:
677:
667:
635:
438:Inotropic agents
183:), uncontrolled
136:low urine output
132:loss of appetite
56:
55:
31:
19:
2836:
2835:
2831:
2830:
2829:
2827:
2826:
2825:
2806:
2805:
2804:
2799:
2790:Rheumatic fever
2756:
2695:
2608:
2575:
2547:
2505:
2464:
2441:
2411:
2383:
2330:
2322:
2216:
2199:
2107:
2056:
2047:
1963:
1957:Hemopericardium
1901:
1842:
1836:Unstable angina
1809:Angina pectoris
1802:Active ischemia
1797:
1745:
1739:
1709:
1704:
1703:
1657:
1656:
1600:
1586:
1581:
1580:
1570:
1568:
1560:
1559:
1555:
1545:
1543:
1535:
1534:
1530:
1520:
1518:
1509:
1508:
1504:
1494:
1492:
1484:
1483:
1479:
1448:(1): CD013593.
1435:
1434:
1430:
1394:
1393:
1389:
1351:
1350:
1346:
1307:
1306:
1302:
1266:
1265:
1261:
1251:
1249:
1241:
1240:
1236:
1200:
1199:
1195:
1157:
1156:
1152:
1116:
1115:
1111:
1081:
1080:
1076:
1067:
1065:
1062:www.nice.org.uk
1056:
1055:
1042:
996:
995:
991:
981:
979:
971:
970:
966:
935:(8): CD005151.
922:
921:
910:
887:(1): e86–e103.
874:
873:
864:
834:
833:
829:
783:
782:
778:
742:
741:
737:
703:
702:
698:
685:
681:
637:
636:
632:
627:
615:
537:
510:Ultrafiltration
507:
505:Ultrafiltration
484:
408:
397:or intravenous
366:
328:
273:
261:
241:
209:
193:hyperthyroidism
159:Chronic stable
157:
148:
124:
115:
107:thyroid disease
50:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2834:
2832:
2824:
2823:
2818:
2816:Heart diseases
2808:
2807:
2801:
2800:
2798:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2786:
2785:
2783:Cardiac asthma
2780:
2770:
2764:
2762:
2758:
2757:
2755:
2754:
2749:
2748:
2747:
2742:
2732:
2731:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2709:
2707:
2701:
2700:
2697:
2696:
2694:
2693:
2691:Strain pattern
2688:
2687:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2664:
2663:
2662:
2650:
2649:
2648:
2636:
2635:
2634:
2629:
2616:
2614:
2610:
2609:
2607:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2585:
2583:
2581:Cardiac arrest
2577:
2576:
2574:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2561:Andersen–Tawil
2557:
2555:
2549:
2548:
2546:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2515:
2513:
2507:
2506:
2504:
2503:
2498:
2497:
2496:
2486:
2481:
2479:Atrial flutter
2475:
2473:
2466:
2465:
2463:
2462:
2457:
2451:
2449:
2443:
2442:
2440:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2423:
2421:
2417:
2416:
2413:
2412:
2410:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2393:
2391:
2385:
2384:
2382:
2381:
2380:
2379:
2374:
2364:
2363:
2362:
2351:
2349:
2340:
2324:
2323:
2321:
2320:
2315:
2314:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2278:
2273:
2272:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2251:
2242:
2237:
2231:
2229:
2220:
2209:
2208:
2205:
2204:
2201:
2200:
2198:
2197:
2196:
2195:
2190:
2178:
2177:
2176:
2171:
2159:
2158:
2157:
2152:
2140:
2139:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2115:
2113:
2109:
2108:
2106:
2105:
2104:
2103:
2098:
2086:
2085:
2084:
2071:
2069:
2060:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2045:
2040:
2039:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
2002:
2001:
1989:Cardiomyopathy
1986:
1985:
1984:
1982:Chagas disease
1973:
1971:
1965:
1964:
1962:
1961:
1960:
1959:
1954:
1944:
1943:
1942:
1933:
1922:
1920:
1911:
1907:
1906:
1903:
1902:
1900:
1899:
1898:
1897:
1892:
1882:
1881:
1880:
1870:
1869:
1868:
1863:
1852:
1850:
1844:
1843:
1841:
1840:
1839:
1838:
1833:
1823:
1822:
1821:
1816:
1805:
1803:
1799:
1798:
1796:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1774:
1769:
1762:
1760:
1753:
1747:
1746:
1740:
1738:
1737:
1730:
1723:
1715:
1706:
1705:
1702:
1701:
1678:
1666:
1665:
1663:
1659:
1658:
1655:
1654:
1643:
1632:
1617:
1601:
1596:
1595:
1593:
1592:Classification
1585:
1584:External links
1582:
1579:
1578:
1553:
1528:
1502:
1477:
1428:
1407:(6): 675–683.
1387:
1360:(9): 590–600.
1344:
1300:
1279:(2): 142–151.
1259:
1234:
1193:
1166:(2): 135–140.
1150:
1109:
1074:
1040:
989:
964:
908:
862:
827:
796:(4): 384–416.
776:
755:(8): 847–854.
735:
716:(3): 249–259.
696:
679:
650:(6): 797–805.
629:
628:
626:
623:
622:
621:
614:
611:
567:Bypass surgery
561:defibrillators
536:
533:
514:kidney failure
506:
503:
483:
480:
462:
461:
440:
439:
429:
428:
417:ACE inhibitors
413:
412:
407:
404:
399:chlorothiazide
387:loop diuretics
365:
362:
327:
324:
292:ACE inhibitors
272:
269:
260:
257:
240:
237:
208:
205:
156:
153:
147:
144:
123:
120:
114:
111:
91:decompensation
58:
57:
44:
38:
37:
33:
32:
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2833:
2822:
2821:Organ failure
2819:
2817:
2814:
2813:
2811:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2775:
2774:
2773:Heart failure
2771:
2769:
2766:
2765:
2763:
2759:
2753:
2750:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2737:
2736:
2733:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2715:
2714:
2711:
2710:
2708:
2706:
2702:
2692:
2689:
2685:
2684:ST depression
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2671:
2670:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2658:
2657:
2656:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2644:
2643:
2642:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2624:
2623:
2622:
2618:
2617:
2615:
2611:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2586:
2584:
2582:
2578:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2558:
2556:
2554:
2550:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2520:
2517:
2516:
2514:
2512:
2508:
2502:
2499:
2495:
2492:
2491:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2476:
2474:
2472:
2467:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2452:
2450:
2448:
2444:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2424:
2422:
2418:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2394:
2392:
2390:
2386:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2369:
2368:
2365:
2361:
2358:
2357:
2356:
2353:
2352:
2350:
2348:
2344:
2341:
2338:
2334:
2329:
2325:
2319:
2316:
2312:
2311:Trifascicular
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2283:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2256:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2232:
2230:
2228:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2214:
2210:
2194:
2193:regurgitation
2191:
2189:
2186:
2185:
2184:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2174:regurgitation
2172:
2170:
2167:
2166:
2165:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2155:regurgitation
2153:
2151:
2148:
2147:
2146:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2136:regurgitation
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2123:
2122:
2121:
2117:
2116:
2114:
2110:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2093:
2092:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2080:
2079:
2078:
2077:
2073:
2072:
2070:
2068:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2054:
2050:
2044:
2041:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2000:
1997:
1996:
1995:
1992:
1991:
1990:
1987:
1983:
1980:
1979:
1978:
1975:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1966:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1949:
1948:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1928:
1927:
1924:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1915:
1912:
1908:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1887:
1886:
1883:
1879:
1876:
1875:
1874:
1871:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1858:
1857:
1854:
1853:
1851:
1849:
1845:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1828:
1827:
1824:
1820:
1819:Stable angina
1817:
1815:
1812:
1811:
1810:
1807:
1806:
1804:
1800:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1767:
1764:
1763:
1761:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1748:
1743:
1736:
1731:
1729:
1724:
1722:
1717:
1716:
1713:
1700:
1697:
1694:
1691:
1688:
1684:
1683:
1679:
1677:
1673:
1672:
1668:
1667:
1664:
1660:
1653:
1649:
1648:
1644:
1642:
1638:
1637:
1633:
1631:
1627:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1616:
1612:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1602:
1599:
1594:
1590:
1583:
1567:
1563:
1557:
1554:
1542:
1538:
1532:
1529:
1516:
1512:
1506:
1503:
1491:
1487:
1481:
1478:
1473:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1432:
1429:
1424:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1391:
1388:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1348:
1345:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1304:
1301:
1296:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1263:
1260:
1248:
1244:
1238:
1235:
1230:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1197:
1194:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1154:
1151:
1146:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1113:
1110:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1078:
1075:
1063:
1059:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1041:
1036:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
993:
990:
978:
974:
968:
965:
960:
956:
951:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
919:
917:
915:
913:
909:
904:
900:
895:
890:
886:
882:
881:J. Card. Fail
878:
871:
869:
867:
863:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
831:
828:
823:
819:
814:
809:
804:
799:
795:
791:
787:
780:
777:
772:
768:
763:
758:
754:
750:
746:
739:
736:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
700:
697:
694:
690:
689:
683:
680:
675:
671:
666:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
634:
631:
624:
620:
617:
616:
612:
610:
608:
604:
599:
594:
592:
588:
584:
579:
577:
573:
568:
564:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
534:
532:
530:
525:
521:
519:
515:
511:
504:
502:
500:
496:
492:
488:
481:
479:
477:
472:
470:
466:
459:
458:
457:
455:
450:
448:
444:
437:
436:
435:
433:
432:Beta-blockers
427:Beta-blockers
426:
425:
424:
422:
418:
410:
409:
405:
403:
400:
396:
393:such as oral
392:
388:
382:
380:
376:
370:
363:
361:
359:
354:
350:
348:
343:
341:
337:
333:
332:nitroglycerin
325:
323:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
300:beta blockers
297:
293:
288:
286:
282:
278:
277:loop diuretic
270:
268:
266:
258:
256:
254:
250:
246:
238:
236:
234:
225:
218:
213:
206:
204:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
161:heart failure
154:
152:
145:
143:
141:
137:
133:
129:
121:
119:
112:
110:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
71:heart failure
68:
64:
54:
48:
45:
43:
39:
34:
30:
25:
22:Heart failure
20:
2705:Cardiomegaly
2679:ST elevation
2666:
2652:
2638:
2619:
2523:Ectopic beat
2471:fibrillation
2306:Bifascicular
2180:
2161:
2142:
2118:
2088:
2074:
2067:Endocarditis
2006:Hypertrophic
1940:Constrictive
1926:Pericarditis
1884:
1872:
1855:
1680:
1669:
1645:
1634:
1619:
1604:
1569:. Retrieved
1565:
1556:
1544:. Retrieved
1540:
1531:
1519:. Retrieved
1515:the original
1505:
1493:. Retrieved
1489:
1480:
1445:
1441:
1431:
1404:
1400:
1390:
1357:
1353:
1347:
1314:
1310:
1303:
1276:
1272:
1262:
1250:. Retrieved
1246:
1237:
1210:
1206:
1196:
1163:
1159:
1153:
1126:
1122:
1112:
1087:
1083:
1077:
1066:. Retrieved
1064:. 2014-10-08
1061:
1026:10183/189579
1009:(1): 32–43.
1006:
1002:
992:
980:. Retrieved
976:
967:
932:
928:
884:
880:
840:
836:
830:
813:10400.16/493
793:
789:
779:
752:
748:
738:
713:
709:
699:
686:
682:
647:
643:
633:
595:
591:heart attack
580:
572:annuloplasty
565:
538:
526:
522:
508:
485:
473:
463:
451:
441:
430:
414:
383:
371:
367:
355:
351:
344:
329:
326:Vasodilators
296:vasodilators
289:
274:
262:
242:
230:
165:decompensate
158:
149:
128:palpitations
125:
116:
66:
62:
61:
2571:Romano–Ward
2538:Parasystole
2437:Ventricular
2389:Ventricular
2328:Tachycardia
2245:Heart block
2227:Bradycardia
2053:Endocardium
2016:Restrictive
1977:Myocarditis
1918:Pericardium
1696:med/1367150
1671:MedlinePlus
1490:Mayo Clinic
1252:December 6,
1123:Circulation
607:bradycardia
603:tachycardia
583:angioplasty
549:heart valve
482:Ventilation
312:cholesterol
215:A man with
163:may easily
2810:Categories
2469:Flutter /
2432:Junctional
2367:Junctional
2360:Multifocal
2333:paroxysmal
2249:Sinoatrial
2218:arrhythmia
2213:Conduction
1969:Myocardium
1647:DiseasesDB
1571:22 January
1546:22 January
1521:22 January
1495:22 January
1068:2023-10-30
982:22 January
625:References
557:pacemakers
395:metolazone
347:nesiritide
281:furosemide
271:Medication
249:furosemide
47:Cardiology
2728:Pulmonary
2511:Pacemaker
2182:pulmonary
2163:tricuspid
1999:Alcoholic
1693:radio/189
1690:emerg/108
1682:eMedicine
1382:207535976
693:eMedicine
598:pacemaker
443:Inotropes
364:Diuretics
287:(NIPPV).
239:Treatment
207:Diagnosis
179:(such as
169:pneumonia
103:infection
42:Specialty
2594:Asystole
2494:Familial
2188:stenosis
2169:stenosis
2150:stenosis
2131:stenosis
2126:prolapse
1848:Sequelae
1751:Ischemia
1699:ped/2636
1687:med/3552
1472:35061249
1423:17291932
1374:20439577
1339:21490309
1331:16616558
1295:18614781
1247:BestBets
1229:19717851
1188:44617135
1180:22213014
1145:16365214
1104:22001356
1035:21732835
959:23922186
903:16500576
857:17462519
822:15681577
771:18443260
730:19917337
674:17353535
619:CXL 1020
613:See also
320:diastole
279:such as
1994:Dilated
1936:Chronic
1744:(heart)
1641:D006333
1463:8781783
950:8101690
665:1808524
541:surgery
535:Surgery
465:Opioids
460:Opioids
316:statins
304:aspirin
253:digoxin
83:fatigue
75:dyspnea
2674:J wave
2427:Atrial
2355:Atrial
2144:aortic
2120:mitral
2112:Valves
2058:valves
1910:Layers
1779:(SCAD)
1676:000158
1470:
1460:
1421:
1380:
1372:
1337:
1329:
1311:Lancet
1293:
1227:
1186:
1178:
1143:
1102:
1033:
957:
947:
901:
855:
820:
769:
728:
672:
662:
406:Others
338:) and
310:, and
283:, and
259:Oxygen
197:NSAIDs
189:anemia
155:Causes
81:, and
49:
2761:Other
2745:Right
2723:Right
2337:sinus
2286:Right
2036:Viral
1931:Acute
1885:weeks
1856:hours
1768:(CAD)
1652:16209
1630:428.0
1378:S2CID
1335:S2CID
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