Black rhinoceros - Knowledge

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as well. Nevertheless, people continue to remove the rhino from its natural environment and allow for a dependence on human beings to save them from endangerment. Parks and reserves have been made for protecting the rhinos with armed guards keeping watch, but even still many poachers get through and harm the rhinos for their horns. Many have considered extracting rhino horns in order to deter poachers from slaughtering these animals or potentially bringing them to other breeding grounds such as the US and Australia. This method of extracting the horn, known as dehorning, consists of tranquilizing the rhino then sawing the horn almost completely off to decrease initiative for poaching, although the effectiveness of this in reducing poaching is not known and rhino mothers are known to use their horns to fend off predators.

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which may benefit grazers (who focus on leaves and stems of grass), but not competing browsers (who focus on leaves, stems of trees, shrubs or herbs). It has been known to eat up to 220 species of plants. They have a significantly restricted diet with a preference for a few key plant species and a tendency to select leafy species in the dry season. The plant species they seem to be most attracted to when not in dry season are the woody plants. There are 18 species of woody plants known to the diet of the black rhinoceros, and 11 species that could possibly be a part of their diet too. Black rhinos also have a tendency to choose food based on quality over quantity, where researchers find more populations in areas where the food has better quality. Black rhinos show a preference for

1577: 1696:, and even desert. They browse for food in the morning and evening. They are selective browsers but, studies done in Kenya show that they do add the selection material with availability in order to satisfy their nutritional requirements. In the hottest part of the day they are most inactive- resting, sleeping, and wallowing in mud. Wallowing helps cool down body temperature during the day and protects against parasites. When black rhinos browse they use their lips to strip the branches of their leaves. Competition with elephants is causing the black rhinoceros to shift its diet. The black rhinoceros alters its selectivity with the absence of the elephant. 386: 1674:

herbivore to feed in captivity compared to its grazing relatives. They can live up to 5 days without water during drought. Black rhinos live in several habitats including bushlands, Riverine woodland, marshes, and their least favorable, grasslands. Habitat preferences are shown in two ways, the amount of sign found in the different habitats, and the habitat content of home ranges and core areas. Habitat types are also identified based on the composition of dominant plant types in each area. Different subspecies live in different habitats including

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by lions, but predation is rarely taken into account in managing the black rhinoceros. This is a major flaw because predation should be considered when attributing cause to the poor performance of the black rhinoceros population. In 2002 only ten western black rhinos remained in Cameroon, and in 2006 intensive surveys across its putative range failed to locate any, leading to fears that this subspecies had become extinct. In 2011 the

1792: 1362: 5548: 151: 1891:) is posing slight concern involving the black rhinoceroses who also inhabit the area. Both animals are browsers; however, the elephant's diet consists of a wider variety of foraging capacity, while the black rhinoceros primarily sticks to dwarf shrubs. The black rhinoceros has been found to eat grass as well; however, the shortening of its range of available food could be potentially problematic. 1752: 1740:

see who is in the area and add their own marking. When presented with adult feces, bulls and cows respond differently than when they are presented with subadult feces. The urine and feces of one black rhinoceros helps other black rhinoceroses to determine its age, sex, and identity. Less commonly they will rub their heads or horns against tree trunks to scent-mark.

1540:, having vanished from many countries in which it once thrived, especially in the west and north of its former range. The remaining populations are highly scattered. Some specimens have been relocated from their habitat to better protected locations, sometimes across national frontiers. The black rhino has been successfully reintroduced to 1842:, whose numbers now are estimated around 14,500, up from fewer than 50 in the first decade of the 20th century. But there seems to be hope for the black rhinoceros in recovering their gametes from dead rhinos in captivity. This shows promising results for producing black rhinoceros embryos, which can be used for testing sperm in vitro. 1834:

Appendix I all international commercial trade of the black rhino horn is prohibited since 1977. China though having joined CITES since 8 April 1981 is the largest importer of black rhino horns. However, this is a trade in which not only do the actors benefit, but so do the nation states ignoring them

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In 1992, nine black rhinos were brought from Chete National Park, Zimbabwe to Australia via Cocos Island. After the natural deaths of the males in the group, four males were brought in from United States and have since adapted well to captivity and new climate. Calves and some subadults are preyed on

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Black rhinos have a reputation for being extremely aggressive, and charge readily at perceived threats. They have even been observed to charge tree trunks and termite mounds. Black rhinos will fight each other, and they have the highest rates of mortal combat recorded for any mammal: about 50 percent

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and often intersect other rhino territories. Home ranges vary depending on season and the availability of food and water. Generally they have smaller home ranges and larger density in habitats that have plenty of food and water available, and vice versa if resources are not readily available. Sex and

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Black rhinos are generally thought to be solitary, with the only strong bond between a mother and her calf. In addition, bulls and cows have a consort relationship during mating, also subadults and young adults frequently form loose associations with older individuals of either sex. They are not very

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For most of the 20th century the continental black rhino was the most numerous of all rhino species. Around 1900 there were probably several hundred thousand living in Africa. During the latter half of the 20th century their numbers were severely reduced from an estimated 70,000 in the late 1960s to

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There is some variance in the exact chemical composition of rhinoceros horns. This variation is directly linked to diet and can be used as a means of rhino identification. Horn composition has helped scientists pinpoint the original location of individual rhinos, allowing for law enforcement to more

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it is between 2.6 to 58.0 km (1.0 to 22.4 sq mi). Black rhinos have also been observed to have a certain area they tend to visit and rest frequently called "houses" which are usually on a high ground level. These "home" ranges can vary from 2.6 km to 133 km with smaller home

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As with many other components of the African large mammal fauna, black rhinos probably had a wider range in the northern part of the continent in prehistoric times than today. However this seems to have not been as extensive as that of the white rhino. Unquestionable fossil remains have not yet been

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of Indonesia. It has a pointed and prehensile upper lip, which it uses to grasp leaves and twigs when feeding, whereas the white rhinoceros has square lips used for eating grass. The black rhinoceros can also be distinguished from the white rhinoceros by its size, smaller skull, and ears; and by the

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to be able to revive comatose patients, facilitate exorcisms and various methods of detoxification, and cure fevers. It is also hunted for the Chinese superstitious belief that the horns allow direct access to Heaven due to their unique location and hollow nature. The purported effectiveness of the

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Today, there are various threats posed to black rhinos including habitat changes, illegal poaching, and competing species. Civil disturbances, such as war, have made mentionably negative effects on the black rhinoceros populations in since the 1960s in countries including, but not limited to, Chad,

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Courtship behaviors before mating include snorting and sparring with the horns among males. Another courtship behavior is called bluff and bluster, where the black rhino will snort and swing its head from side to side aggressively before running away repeatedly. Breeding pairs stay together for 2–3

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Black rhinos in captivity and reservations sleep patterns have been recently studied to show that males sleep longer on average than females by nearly double the time. Other factors that play a role in their sleeping patterns is the location of where they decide to sleep. Although they do not sleep

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may be parasites instead, feeding on rhino blood. It is commonly assumed that black rhinos have poor eyesight, relying more on hearing and smell. However, studies have shown that their eyesight is comparatively good, at about the level of a rabbit. Their ears have a relatively wide rotational range

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Illegal poaching for the international rhino horn trade is the main and most detrimental threat. The killing of these animals is not unique to modern-day society. The Chinese have maintained reliable documents of these happenings dating back to 1200 B.C. The ancient Chinese often hunted rhino horn

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occurs on trees and bushes, around water holes and feeding areas. Cows urine spray more often when receptive for breeding. Defecation sometimes occurs in the same spot used by different black rhinos, such as around feeding stations and watering tracks. Coming upon these spots, rhinos will smell to

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sold for $ 350,000 at a fundraiser hosted by the Dallas Safari Club. The auction drew considerable criticism as well as death threats directed towards members of the club and the man who purchased the permit. This permit was issued for 1 of 18 black rhinoceros specifically identified by Namibia's

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The gestation period for a black rhino is 15 months. The single calf weighs about 35–50 kilograms (80–110 lb) at birth, and can follow its mother around after just three days. Weaning occurs at around 2 years of age for the offspring. The mother and calf stay together for 2–3 years until the

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that eat leafy plants, twigs, branches, shoots, thorny wood bushes, small trees, legumes, fruit, and grass. The optimum habitat seems to be one consisting of thick scrub and bushland, often with some woodland, which supports the highest densities. Their diet can reduce the number of woody plants,

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An adult black rhinoceros stands 132–180 cm (52–71 in) high at the shoulder and is 2.8–3.75 m (9.2–12.3 ft) in length. An adult typically weighs from 800 to 1,400 kg (1,760 to 3,090 lb), however unusually large male specimens have been reported at up to 2,896 kg

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Black rhinos face problems associated with the minerals they ingest. They have become adjusted to ingesting less iron in the wild due to their evolutionary progression, which poses a problem when placed in captivity. These rhinoceroses can overload on iron, which leads to build up in the lungs,

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In accordance with their feeding habit, adaptations of the chewing apparatus have been described for rhinos. The black rhinoceros has a two phased chewing activity with a cutting ectoloph and more grinding lophs on the lingual side. The black rhinoceros can also be considered a more challenging

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in Chad. Once established, this will be the northernmost population of the species. The species was wiped out from Chad in the 1970s and is under severe pressure from poaching in South Africa. The agreement calls for South African experts to assess the habitat, local management capabilities,

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use of rhino horn in treating any illness has not been confirmed, or even suggested, by medical science. In June 2007, the first-ever documented case of the medicinal sale of black rhino horn in the United States (confirmed by genetic testing of the confiscated horn) occurred at a

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The longest known black rhinoceros horn measured nearly 1.5 m (4.9 ft) in length. Sometimes a third, smaller horn may develop. These horns are used for defense, intimidation, and digging up roots and breaking branches during feeding. The black rhino is smaller than the

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The intraspecific variation in the black rhinoceros has been discussed by various authors and is not finally settled. The most accepted scheme considers seven or eight subspecies, of which three became extinct in historical times and one is on the brink of

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in Rwanda. The park had around 50 rhinos in the 1970s but the numbers dwindled to zero by 2007. In September 2017, the birth of a calf raised the population to 19. The park has dedicated rhino monitoring teams to protect the animals from poaching.

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Ministry of Environment and Tourism as being past breeding age and considered a threat to younger rhinos. The $ 350,000 that the hunter paid for the permit was used by the Namibian government to fund anti-poaching efforts in the country.

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Liu, Shanlin; Westbury, Michael V.; Dussex, Nicolas; Mitchell, Kieren J.; Sinding, Mikkel-Holger S.; Heintzman, Peter D.; Duchêne, David A.; Kapp, Joshua D.; von Seth, Johanna; Heiniger, Holly; Sánchez-Barreiro, Fátima (24 August 2021).

573:) meaning wide, referring to its square upper lip, as opposed to the pointed or hooked lip of the black rhinoceros. These species are now sometimes referred to as the square-lipped (for white) or hook-lipped (for black) rhinoceros. 1762:

When in season the cows will mark dung piles. Bulls will follow cows when they are in season; when she defecates he will scrape and spread the dung, making it more difficult for rival adult bulls to pick up her scent trail.

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of males and 30 percent of females die from combat-related injuries. Adult rhinos normally have no natural predators, due to their imposing size, thick skin, and deadly horns. However, adult black rhinos have fallen prey to

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liver, spleen and small intestine. Not only do these rhinoceros face threats being in the wild, but in captivity too. Black rhinoceros have become more susceptible to disease in captivity with high rates of mortality.

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as origin of this species. However he also referred to reports from early travellers about a double-horned rhino in Africa and when it emerged that there is only one, single-horned species of rhino in India,

1815:, which breeds black rhinos—the total African population had recovered to 4,240 by 2008 (which suggests that the 2004 number was low). By 2009 the population of 5,500 was either steady or slowly increasing. 4343: 630:

in 1758. The name means "double-horned rhinoceros". There is some confusion about what exactly Linnaeus conceived under this name as this species was probably based upon the skull of a single-horned

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The adults are solitary in nature, coming together only for mating. Mating does not have a seasonal pattern but births tend to be towards the end of the rainy season in more arid environments.

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and black rhinoceros are more closely related to each other than to other living rhinoceroses. Rhinoceroses closely related to the black and the white rhinoceros were present in Africa by the

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The black rhino has powerful tube-shaped ears that can freely rotate in all directions. This highly developed sense of hearing allows black rhinos to detect sound over vast distances.

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for the making of wine cups, as well as the rhino's skin to manufacture imperial crowns, belts and armor for soldiers. A major market for rhino horn has historically been in the

4854: 4823: 4207: 3878: 2848: 2327: 5941: 4894: 3282: 823:, though this is unconfirmed. The evidence from Liberia and Burkina Faso mainly rests upon the existence of indigenous names for the rhinoceros. A far greater former range in 4872: 2088: 4193: 3929: 864:, down through Kenya into north-central Tanzania. Today, its range is limited primarily to Kenya, Rwanda and Tanzania. In addition, its population is in South Africa's 3675: 1827:. There was a conservation effort in which black rhinos were translocated, but their population did not improve, as they did not like to be in an unfamiliar habitat. 4120: 1803:

only 10,000 to 15,000 in 1981. In the early 1990s the number dipped below 2,500, and in 2004 it was reported that only 2,410 black rhinos remained. According to the

878:) – Most widely distributed subspecies, characterised by a compact body, proportionally large head and prominent skin-folds. Ranged from north-eastern South Africa ( 5991: 5703: 2318: 831:. In 2006 an intensive survey across its putative range in Cameroon failed to locate any, leading to fears that it was extinct in the wild. On 10 November 2011 the 4335: 2877: 5976: 605: 5768: 1636:

While it was assumed all rhinoceros are short-sighted, a study involving black rhinoceros retinas suggests they have better eyesight than previously assumed.

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age of an individual black rhino influence home range and size, with ranges of cows larger than those of bulls, especially when accompanied by a calf. In the

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A 2021 genetic analysis estimated the split between the white and black rhinoceros at around 7 million years ago. After this split, the direct ancestor of

4725: 4570: 3851:) as determined by fecal microhistological analysis at the Mokopane Biodiversity Conservation Centre, Limpopo Province – a preliminary investigation" 5887: 5677: 5079: 3333: 1000:. The last common ancestor of living rhinoceroses belonging to the subfamily Rhinocerotinae is suggested to have lived around 16 million years ago. 4281: 932:) – A small subspecies, adapted to survival in desert and semi-desert conditions. Originally distributed in north-western Namibia and southwestern 5900: 5716: 4212: 3951:

Steuer, P.; Clauss, M.; Südekum, K. -H.; Hatt, J. -M.; Silinski, S.; Klomburg, S.; Zimmermann, W.; Fickel, J.; Streich, W. J.; Hummel, J. (2010).

3797: 2901: 1907:. Demand for these exploded in the 1970s, causing the black rhinoceros population to decline 96% between 1970 and 1992. The horn is also used in 4704: 3700: 3356: 5971: 4965: 1779:. Sexual maturity is reached from 5 to 7 years old for females, and 7 to 8 years for males. The life expectancy in natural conditions (without 781:. Black rhinos are considered extinct across most of this area and its conservational status is unclear. Probably surviving in Kenyan reserves. 4239: 3493: 4765: 4641: 4366: 4303: 4169: 4034: 3642: 3452: 3206: 3165: 3124: 2762: 2600: 2523: 2484: 2448: 2380: 2287: 2142: 1629:

Black rhinos follow the same trails that elephants use to get from foraging areas to water holes. They also use smaller trails when they are

2169: 5986: 3656: 3296: 2314:"The mammals of the tenth edition of Linnaeus: an attempt to fix the types of the genera and the exact bases and localities of the species" 2823: 2794:"Pliocene Rhinocerotidae (Mammalia) from Hadar and Dikika (Lower Awash, Ethiopia), and a revision of the origin of modern African rhinos" 2552: 2241: 5966: 4666: 1536:. Its occurrence further to the west is questionable, although this is often claimed in literature. Today it is found only in protected 1011:

about 10 million years ago, and possibly as early as 17 million years ago. The two species may have descended from the Eurasian species

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as extinct. The most important difference to the above scheme is the inclusion of the extant southwestern subspecies from Namibia in

4920: 4476: 3774: 2941: 3617: 2704:"Additional specimens of Diceros (Perissodactyla, Rhinocerotidae) from the Upper Miocene Nakali Formation in Nakali, central Kenya" 3416:"Habitat changes reduce the carrying capacity of Hluhluwe-Umfolozi Park, South Africa, for Critically Endangered black rhinoceros 5742: 2957: 1563:

In October 2017, The governments of Chad and South Africa reached an agreement to transfer six black rhinos from South Africa to

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position of the head, which is held higher than the white rhinoceros, since the black rhinoceros is a browser and not a grazer.

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Oloo, Timothy W.; Brett, Robert & Young, Truman P. (1994). "Seasonal variation in the feeding ecology of black rhinoceros (

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Tatman, Susan C.; Stevens-Wood, Barry; Smith, Vincent B. T. (2000). "Ranging behaviour and habitat usage in black rhinoceros,

936:, today restricted to wildlife reserves in Namibia with sporadic sightings in Angola. These populations are often referred to 5760: 4308: 1804: 1713: 925: 871: 702: 638:), with a second horn artificially added by the collector. Such a skull is known to have existed and Linnaeus even mentioned 585: 369: 333: 124: 5905: 5721: 3672: 4117: 5961: 2855:, in: Werdelin, L., Sanders, W.J. (eds), Cenozoic mammals of Africa. University of California Press, Berkeley, pp. 669-683 375: 155: 4989: 5072: 2869: 1917: 1908: 1606: 1410: 895: 4525: 1476:

of southeastern Egypt relatively convincingly show the occurrence of black rhinos in these areas in prehistoric times.

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desert are often too schematic to unambiguously decide whether they depict black or white rhinos. Petroglyphs from the

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any longer in captivity, they do sleep at different times due to their location in captivity, or section of the park.

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with the larger front horn typically 50 cm (20 in) long, exceptionally up to 135.9 cm (53.5 in).

4498: 4247: 2376: 1732: 3570:"Natural Variation in Horn Size and Social Dominance and Their Importance to the Conservation of Black Rhinoceros" 1767:

days and sometimes even weeks. They mate several times a day over this time and copulation lasts for a half-hour.

699:, this was the largest subspecies. It became extinct due to excessive hunting and habitat destruction around 1850. 5946: 5773: 5057: 2921: 1839: 676: 342: 324: 5036: 2811: 2343: 192: 1708: 1513: 845: 836: 796: 784: 692: 601: 363: 354: 5918: 4978: 1633:. They are very fast and can get up to speeds of 55 kilometres per hour (34 mph) running on their toes. 5552: 5065: 1874: 1771:

next calf is born; female calves may stay longer, forming small groups. The young are occasionally taken by

1644: 1089: 758: 656: 589: 348: 5568: 4580: 1812: 1013: 115: 5620: 3329: 1552:) in 2008, where it had become extinct in 1998, and to Botswana (extinct in 1992, reintroduced in 2003). 5956: 5807: 4277: 1564: 1556: 1403: 581: 287: 5606: 5211: 1216: 3820: 3231: 2898: 732: 393:

Historical black rhinoceros range (ca. 1700 A.D.). Hatched: Possible historical range in West Africa.

5651: 5514: 5030: 4696: 4072: 4018: 3769: 3735: 3692: 3388: 2703: 1721: 1656: 1630: 1589: 1052:, with the oldest definitive record at the Pliocene–Pleistocene boundary c. 2.5 million years ago at 5951: 5404: 4252: 3481: 2219: 1981: 1497: 1489: 1438: 1399: 1245: 140: 5307: 4746: 4606: 4401: 4313: 4138: 3999: 3415: 3191: 3150: 3115: 2585: 2510: 2465: 2361: 2262: 2121: 550:). The word "white" in the name "white rhinoceros" is often said to be a misinterpretation of the 5362: 4947: 4888: 4447: 4161: 3921: 3870: 3597: 3589: 3444: 3096: 2815: 2768: 2270: 2166: 2080: 2072: 1887: 1597: 688: 437: 187: 5812: 3653: 827:

as proposed earlier is doubted by a 2004 study. The last known wild specimens lived in northern

5708: 3902:"Habitat Suitability Model for Black Rhinoceros in Augrabies Falls National Park, South Africa" 2793: 5874: 5794: 5628: 5371: 4916: 4815: 4633: 4393: 4100: 3980: 3638: 3550: 3276: 3088: 3016: 2937: 2933: 2758: 2723: 2681: 2673: 2444: 2059: 1622:

in exceptional circumstances. Calves and, very seldom, small sub-adults may be preyed upon by

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The natural range of the black rhino included most of southern and eastern Africa, except the

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The most widely adopted alternative scheme only recognizes five subspecies or "eco-types":

399: 5781: 5734: 4974: 4858: 4732: 4529: 4466: 4124: 3798:"Seasonal diet preferences of black rhinoceros in three arid South African National Parks" 3679: 3660: 3621: 3301: 2905: 2852: 2347: 2248: 2173: 2133: 1838:

The only rhino subspecies that has recovered somewhat from the brink of extinction is the

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Rookmaaker, L. C. (2005). "Review of the European perception of the African rhinoceros".

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instead of in its own subspecies, whereupon the nominal subspecies is considered extant.

592:) and is threatened by multiple factors including poaching and habitat reduction. Three 4430:) Calf Succumb After Lion Predation Attempt: Implications For Conservation Management". 4076: 4022: 3739: 3614: 3392: 5505: 5298: 5129: 5089: 5026: 4915:. IUCN/SSC African Rhino Specialist Group. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. 4543: 4389: 4095: 4061:"Shift in Black Rhinoceros Diet in the Presence of Elephant: Evidence for Competition?" 4060: 3747: 3545: 3516: 3011: 2984: 2702:

Handa, Naoto; Nakatsukasa, Masato; Kunimatsu, Yutaka; Nakaya, Hideo (7 February 2019).

1808: 1736: 1619: 1501: 1493: 1473: 1371: 997: 748: 563: 478: 244: 2961: 2642:"Ancient and modern genomes unravel the evolutionary history of the rhinoceros family" 1361: 5935: 5729: 5523: 5419: 5172: 5022: 4790:

Olias, P.; Mundhenk, L.; Bothe, M.; Ochs, A.; Gruber, A. D.; Klopfleisch, R. (2012).

4030: 3874: 3816: 3585: 3569: 3400: 2926: 2772: 2205: 2192: 2084: 1967: 1958: 1667: 879: 621: 608:(IUCN) in 2011. The IUCN estimates that 3,142 mature individuals remain in the wild. 304: 160: 66: 4951: 4451: 3952: 3925: 3601: 3100: 2819: 5879: 5865: 5633: 5395: 5335: 5289: 4336:"Rhino killed every 10 hours in Africa, births not keeping up with poaching losses" 4165: 3448: 2557: 1854: 1063:

showing the relationships of recent and Late Pleistocene rhinoceros species (minus

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Pettigrew; Manger (2008). "Retinal ganglion cell density of the black rhinoceros (

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home ranges are around 70 to 100 km (27 to 39 sq mi), while in the

533:, its colours vary from brown to grey. It is the only extant species of the genus 4085: 2754: 2430: 1857:

granted permits to hunt 10 black rhinos, stating that the population is growing.

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In May 2017, 18 eastern black rhinos were translocated from South Africa to the

1525: 1485: 1465: 1387: 1383: 1049: 853: 824: 816: 792: 766: 740: 729:. Relict populations in northern Somalia vanished during the early 20th century. 648: 41: 5000: 4875:. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. Archived from the original on 8 August 2007 4811: 3976: 2658: 2641: 1731:

Black rhinos use several forms of communication. Due to their solitary nature,

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to detect sounds. An excellent sense of smell alerts rhinos to the presence of

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since 1993, where it became extinct in 1990. Similarly it was reintroduced to

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Landman, M.; Schoeman, D. S.; Kerley, G. I. H. (2013). Hayward, Matt (ed.).

2436: 1925: 1912: 1682: 1676: 1653: 1602: 1533: 1447: 1060: 557: 204: 91: 35: 5591: 4819: 4637: 4104: 3984: 3554: 3092: 3020: 2685: 2586:"The existing basis for subspecies classification of black and white rhino" 2003: 4506: 4397: 568: 5997:

Species endangered by human consumption for medicinal or magical purposes

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only became recognised in 1812). In 1911 this was formally fixed and the

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South Africa grants permits to hunt 10 critically endangered black rhino

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nations to make ornately carved handles for ceremonial daggers called

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Plotz, Roan D. & Linklater, Wayne L. (2009). "Black Rhinoceros (

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Groves, C.P. (1967). "Geographic variation in the black rhinoceros (

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security and the infrastructure before the transfer can take place.

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The Natural History of Egypt: Vol. IV. The Mammals of Ancient Egypt

755:. Nearly extinct, possibly only one surviving specimen in Botswana. 5820: 5470: 5283: 5269: 5222: 5181: 1864: 1845:

A January 2014 auction for a permit to hunt a black rhinoceros in

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Malan, E. W.; Reilly, B. K.; Landman, M.; Myburgh, W. J. (2012).

1700:

accurately and more frequently identify and penalize poachers.

1504:. Its former native occurrence in the extremely dry parts of the 944:, but some experts consider them a subspecies in their own right. 2519: 1820: 1776: 1623: 1426: 1422: 969: 832: 800: 5656: 5566: 5061: 4139:"Chemical signals of age, sex and identity in black rhinoceros" 1610:

ranges having more abundant resources than larger home ranges.

5018: 4697:"Texas hunter bags his rhino on controversial hunt in Namibia" 4471: 2624:"Mammals." EDGE of Existence. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 October 2013. 1952: 1950: 1948: 1946: 1944: 1942: 1940: 5041: 3517:"Characterizing Sleep Behavior of the Wild Black Rhinoceros ( 2749:, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 409–500, 2263:"Review of the European perception of the African Rhinoceros" 4000:"Effects of browse availability and quality on black rhino ( 3297:"Black rhinos return to Rwanda 10 years after disappearance" 1735:

is often used to identify themselves to other black rhinos.

1437:. Such behaviour was originally thought to be an example of 1409:

Their thick-layered skin helps to protect black rhinos from

2983:

Mikula, P; Hadrava, J; Albrecht, T; Tryjanowski, P (2018).

2812:

10.1671/0272-4634(2005)025[0451:PRMFHA]2.0.CO;2

2741:

Giaourtsakis, Ioannis X. (2022), Vlachos, Evangelos (ed.),

4847: 4845: 4843: 4841: 2512:

African Rhinos: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan

1370:(6,385 lb). The cows are smaller than the bulls. Two 4913:

African Rhino. Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan

1516:

is uncertain. It was abundant in an area stretching from

996:

about fifty million years ago alongside other members of

4873:"Portland Man Pleads Guilty to Selling Black Rhino Horn" 3239:

Zambia Wildlife Authority / Frankfurt Zoological Society

1067:

based on whole nuclear genomes, after Liu et al., 2021:

3414:

Reid, C.; Slotow, R.; Howison, O.; Balfour, D. (2007).

3123:. Warminster: Aris & Phillips Ltd. pp. x+213. 2424: 2422: 2420: 4137:

Linklater, W. L.; Mayer, K.; Swaisgood, R. R. (2013).

3759: 3757: 4861:. Rhinoresourcecenter.com. Retrieved 7 November 2013. 3953:"Comparative investigations on digestion in grazing ( 2928:

No Turning Back: The Life and Death of Animal Species

972:, listing three surviving subspecies and recognizing 5029:

African Wildlife Preservation Trust, supporting the

4667:"Black Rhino Hunting Permit Auctioned For $ 350,000" 4600: 4598: 4518: 4516: 2522:/SSC African Rhino Specialist Group. pp. x+92. 2373:

Internationales Zuchtbuch für afrikanische Nashörner

1213: 1190: 1085: 431: Extant & Assisted Colonisation (resident) 5849: 5575: 5485: 5469: 5441: 5417: 5393: 5360: 5343: 5170: 5153: 4605:Stoops, M. A.; O'Brien, J. K.; Roth, T. L. (2011). 5053:the man that won the auction to hunt a black rhino 4747:"Historical Distribution of the Black Rhinoceros ( 4365:Kelly, J. D.; Blyde, D. J.; Denney, I. S. (1995). 4240:"WWF Factsheet; Black Rhinoceros Diceros Bicornis" 4004:Groves 1967) diet in Nairobi National Park, Kenya" 3330:"Black Rhino Gives Birth at Akagera National Park" 2925: 2122:"Historical distribution of the black rhinoceros ( 1881:Cameroon, Rwanda, Mozambique, and Somalia. In the 5044:dedicated to black rhino conservation in Zimbabwe 4792:"Iron Overload Syndrome in the Black Rhinoceros ( 3515:Santymire, R.; Meyer, J.; Freeman, E. W. (2012). 3192:"Black Rhino spearheads Malawi Wildlife Makeover" 2046:Hillman-Smith, A.K.K. & Groves, C.P. (1994). 5037:U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Species Profile 4893:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 4607:"Gamete rescue in the African black rhinoceros ( 3357:"South Africa to restock Chad with black rhinos" 3281:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 2319:Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 2115: 2113: 2111: 2109: 4571:"West African Black Rhino Extinct, Group Says" 3796:Buk, Kenneth Gregers; Knight, Mike H. (2012). 3268:. Archived from the original on 8 April 2014. 3262:"Botswana Rhino Relocation and Reintroduction" 3036:"Red-billed oxpeckers: vampires or tickbirds?" 2220:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T39319A45814470.en 1982:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T6557A152728945.en 606:International Union for Conservation of Nature 5073: 3370: 3368: 3366: 2186: 2184: 2182: 647:was used to refer to the African rhinos (the 8: 2863: 2861: 2464:Rookmaaker, L.C. & Groves, C.P. (1978). 1885:in South Africa, the African bush elephant ( 1036:of East Africa (Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania). 5942:IUCN Red List critically endangered species 3635:The Guinness Book of Animal Facts and Feats 3232:"Re-establishment of black rhino in Zambia" 3205:(1). East African Wildlife Society: 48–53. 3158:National Museums of Rhodesia, Museum Memoir 2916: 2914: 2546: 2544: 2041: 2039: 2037: 2035: 2033: 2031: 2029: 1365:A black rhinoceros skull with restored horn 815:. The range possibly stretched west to the 5563: 5482: 5357: 5329: 5167: 5139: 5080: 5066: 5058: 4532:. american.edu. Retrieved 7 November 2013. 4367:"The importation of the black rhinoceros ( 3906:South African Journal of Wildlife Research 3855:South African Journal of Wildlife Research 425: Extant & Reintroduced (resident) 398: 384: 149: 114: 20: 4997:Zoological Parks Board of New South Wales 4094: 4084: 3965:Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A 3544: 3438: 3051: 3010: 3000: 2667: 2657: 2553:"West African black rhino feared extinct" 2218: 1980: 1666:species, as well as plants in the family 739:) – A local subspecies restricted to the 529:. Although the species is referred to as 5033:and Mkomazi Rhino Sanctuary in Tanzania 4213:World Association of Zoos and Aquariums 2932:. New York: Harper Perennial. pp. 2362:"Die Unterarten des Spitzmaulnashorns ( 1936: 1040:is suggested to have evolved from this 852:) – Had a historical distribution from 5992:Species endangered by use in wearables 4886: 4467:"Western black rhino declared extinct" 4206:Dollinger, Peter & Geser, Silvia. 3475: 3473: 3274: 2826:from the original on 24 September 2019 1755:Mother and calf in Lewa, central Kenya 5977:Critically endangered fauna of Africa 4707:from the original on 1 September 2015 4479:from the original on 10 November 2011 4465:Boettcher, Daniel (9 November 2011). 3932:from the original on 22 December 2015 3881:from the original on 22 December 2015 3765:"Diceros bicornis (Black rhinoceros)" 2697: 2695: 2634: 2632: 2630: 7: 5919:0E6C16BD-CAAA-4C90-AE92-F07B8FCA47F8 4911:Emslie, R. & Brooks, M. (1999). 4826:from the original on 4 February 2022 4677:from the original on 19 January 2014 4630:10.1016/j.theriogenology.2011.05.032 4346:from the original on 22 October 2020 3496:from the original on 29 October 2013 3458:from the original on 31 January 2016 3336:from the original on 14 October 2017 3328:Dan Ngabonziza (23 September 2017). 3114:Osborn, D.J.; Osbornová, J. (1998). 2880:from the original on 25 October 2014 2330:from the original on 4 February 2022 2242:Western black rhino declared extinct 2094:from the original on 30 October 2005 2014:from the original on 5 December 2017 1464:found in this area and the abundant 1441:, but recent evidence suggests that 683:) – Extinct. Once abundant from the 604:, which was declared extinct by the 542:The other African rhinoceros is the 4544:"Black Rhino An Endangered Species" 3703:from the original on 17 August 2021 3568:Berger, J.; Cunningham, C. (1998). 3071:): Calculating visual resolution". 2747:Fossil Vertebrates of Greece Vol. 2 2565:from the original on 30 August 2013 2240:Knight, Matthew (10 November 2011) 2206:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 1968:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 1274: 1183: 1176: 1169: 1113: 1106: 1077: 1070: 968:. This concept is also used by the 4550:from the original on 9 August 2013 4390:10.1111/j.1751-0813.1995.tb06173.x 3998:Muya, S. M.; Oguge, N. O. (2000). 3900:Buk, K. G.; Knight, M. H. (2012). 3777:from the original on 22 April 2021 3748:10.1111/j.1365-2028.1994.tb00565.x 3624:. AWF. Retrieved 24 February 2012. 3260:Collins, K.; Ives, M.; Proust, N. 2876:. Animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu. 2799:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 2529:from the original on 25 April 2012 2441:The Johns Hopkins University Press 2366:) und ihre Zucht in Menschenobhut" 1783:pressure) is from 35 to 50 years. 1588:Black rhino at Moringa waterhole, 14: 4647:from the original on 4 March 2016 4175:from the original on 3 March 2016 4040:from the original on 4 March 2016 2509:Emslie, R.H.; Brooks, M. (1999). 1823:declared the western black rhino 992:The rhinoceros originated in the 5547: 5546: 4800:Journal of Comparative Pathology 4771:from the original on 25 May 2013 4118:Rhino Horn Use: Fact vs. Fiction 4031:10.1046/j.1365-2028.2000.00213.x 3817:10.1111/j.1365-2028.2010.01213.x 3586:10.1111/j.1523-1739.1998.97207.x 3401:10.1046/j.1365-2028.2000.00235.x 3309:from the original on 10 May 2019 3212:from the original on 25 May 2013 3171:from the original on 25 May 2013 3130:from the original on 25 May 2013 2606:from the original on 25 May 2013 2551:Meldrum, Andrew (12 July 2006). 2490:from the original on 25 May 2013 2386:from the original on 25 May 2013 2293:from the original on 25 May 2013 2148:from the original on 25 May 2013 1398:Black rhinoceros female, with a 191: 4499:"Rhino Horn Import Ban (RHINO)" 4371:) from Zimbabwe into Australia" 4284:from the original on 6 May 2013 2477:Säugetierkundliche Mitteilungen 695:and probably into the south of 4309:International Rhino Foundation 4251:. October 2004. Archived from 3355:Ed Stoddard (9 October 2017). 2466:"The extinct Cape Rhinoceros, 2429:Groves, C.; Grubb, P. (2011). 2411:Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde 1805:International Rhino Foundation 1714:south-western black rhinoceros 1417:. Their skin harbors external 926:South-western black rhinoceros 918:and inhabit national parks in 902:. Extinct but reintroduced in 872:South-central black rhinoceros 725:and northern and southeastern 709:) – Extinct. Formerly central 703:North-eastern black rhinoceros 586:south-western black rhinoceros 407:Current black rhinoceros range 125:south-central black rhinoceros 1: 5972:Mammals of Sub-Saharan Africa 4871:Patte, David (26 June 2007). 4569:Markey, Sean (12 July 2006). 4378:Australian Veterinary Journal 4342:. TimesLive. 9 October 2019. 4158:10.1016/j.anbehav.2012.12.034 2720:10.1080/08912963.2017.1362560 1221:Stephanorhinus kirchbergensis 914:. It also ranges in parts of 765:) – Former distribution from 376:Diceros bicornis occidentalis 4196:. Chicago Zoological Society 4086:10.1371/journal.pone.0069771 2755:10.1007/978-3-030-68442-6_14 1918:traditional Chinese medicine 1909:traditional Chinese medicine 896:Democratic Republic of Congo 717:, northern and southeastern 616:The species was first named 5987:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus 3847:"Diet of black rhinoceros ( 1883:Addo Elephant National Park 1550:North Luangwa National Park 1480:Historical and extant range 1065:Stephanorhinus hemitoechus) 866:Addo Elephant National Park 791:) – Extinct. Once lived in 624:in the 10th edition of his 343:Diceros bicornis chobiensis 6013: 5967:Mammals of Southern Africa 4812:10.1016/j.jcpa.2012.07.005 4011:African Journal of Ecology 3977:10.1016/j.cbpa.2010.03.006 3805:African Journal of Ecology 3728:African Journal of Ecology 3693:"How far can a rhino see?" 3381:African Journal of Ecology 3379:, in a Kenyan sanctuary". 2659:10.1016/j.cell.2021.07.032 2377:Zoologischer Garten Berlin 1869:A black rhinoceros in the 1402:and scratches on skin, in 679:or Cape black rhinoceros ( 469:sometimes also called the 349:Diceros bicornis ladoensis 5982:Mammals described in 1758 5544: 5332: 5328: 5142: 5138: 5100: 5042:Sebakwe Black Rhino Trust 4944:10.1017/S0952836905006436 4745:Rookmaaker, L.C. (2004). 4304:"Black Rhino Information" 4002:Diceros bicornis michaeli 3726:L.) in Laikipia, Kenya". 3519:Diceros bicornis bicornis 3480:Kurnit, Jennifer (2009). 3440:10.1017/S0030605307001780 3266:Wilderness Wildlife Trust 3149:Smithers, R.H.N. (1971). 3085:10.1017/S0952523808080498 2468:Diceros bicornis bicornis 2360:Rookmaaker, L.C. (1982). 2284:10.1017/S0952836905006436 2261:Rookmaaker, L.C. (2005). 2120:Rookmaaker, L.C. (2004). 1840:southern white rhinoceros 1386:and close in size to the 1374:on the skull are made of 1299: 1279: 1272: 1243: 1211: 1188: 1181: 1174: 1167: 1138: 1118: 1111: 1104: 1083: 1075: 677:Southern black rhinoceros 580:overall is classified as 443: 436: 406: 397: 392: 383: 364:Diceros bicornis michaeli 355:Diceros bicornis longipes 325:Diceros bicornis bicornis 321: 316: 293: 286: 188:Scientific classification 186: 169: 147: 138: 122: 113: 23: 4852:RRC: China and the rhino 4731:26 February 2022 at the 4123:14 November 2014 at the 3637:. Sterling Pub Co Inc., 1429:, which may be eaten by 1250:Dicerorhinus sumatrensis 1014:"Ceratotherium" neumayri 846:Eastern black rhinoceros 837:western black rhinoceros 797:Central African Republic 785:Western black rhinoceros 655:officially declared the 602:western black rhinoceros 4857:4 February 2022 at the 4528:29 October 2013 at the 3697:www.thesouthafrican.com 3673:Black rhino information 3053:10.1093/beheco/11.2.154 2958:"About the Black Rhino" 2904:2 December 2014 at the 2851:4 February 2022 at the 2518:. Gland and Cambridge: 2346:15 January 2014 at the 2247:6 November 2013 at the 1875:Milwaukee Public Museum 1198:Coelodonta antiquitatis 1090:Elasmotherium sibiricum 759:Uganda black rhinoceros 334:Diceros bicornis brucii 5515:South American tapir ( 4278:"Southern Black Rhino" 3849:Diceros bicornis minor 3678:17 August 2014 at the 1877: 1813:White Oak Conservation 1799: 1756: 1728: 1649: 1592: 1581: 1406: 1366: 733:Chobe black rhinoceros 567: 556: 471:hook-lipped rhinoceros 413: Extant, resident 370:Diceros bicornis minor 5808:Paleobiology Database 5405:Sumatran rhinoceros ( 4983:Rhino Resource Center 4523:Black Rhino and Trade 3663:, World Wildlife Fund 3151:"Mammals of Botswana" 2652:(19): 4874–4885.e16. 2213:: e.T39319A45814470. 2172:19 April 2012 at the 1975:: e.T6557A152728945. 1868: 1794: 1754: 1711: 1647: 1587: 1579: 1565:Zakouma National Park 1557:Akagera National Park 1404:Nairobi National Park 1397: 1364: 777:and southwesternmost 582:critically endangered 156:Critically Endangered 5962:Fauna of East Africa 5212:Przewalski's horse ( 5092:(Odd-toed ungulates) 5031:Mkomazi Game Reserve 5006:on 28 September 2007 4979:Black Rhino Pictures 4444:10.3377/004.044.0216 3918:10.3957/056.042.0206 3867:10.3957/056.042.0104 3770:Animal Diversity Web 3659:14 July 2014 at the 3615:Wildlife: Rhinoceros 3574:Conservation Biology 3490:Animal Diversity Web 2792:Geraads, D. (2005). 2584:du Toit, R. (1987). 2004:"Appendices | CITES" 1722:Etosha National Park 1590:Etosha National Park 1532:, especially around 1306:Rhinoceros unicornis 1286:Rhinoceros sondaicus 1018:but this is disputed 636:Rhinoceros unicornis 5851:Rhinoceros bicornis 5372:Indian rhinoceros ( 5095:species by suborder 4735:The Guardian. 2022. 4673:. 12 January 2014. 4576:National Geographic 4509:on 9 December 2000. 4258:on 19 November 2008 4248:World Wildlife Fund 4077:2013PLoSO...869771L 4023:2000AfJEc..38...62M 3955:Ceratotherium simum 3826:on 29 November 2014 3740:1994AfJEc..32..142O 3699:. 8 November 2018. 3633:Wood, G. L. (1983) 3620:14 May 2008 at the 3393:2000AfJEc..38..163T 3190:Patton, F. (2011). 3073:Visual Neuroscience 2964:on 22 February 2014 2844:Geraads, D., 2010. 2312:Thomas, O. (1911). 2191:Emslie, R. (2020). 1957:Emslie, R. (2020). 1795:Black rhino in the 1498:Ethiopian Highlands 1490:tropical rainforest 1459:Prehistorical range 1400:red-billed oxpecker 1246:Sumatran rhinoceros 1125:Ceratotherium simum 1032:was present in the 645:Rhinoceros bicornis 618:Rhinoceros bicornis 596:have been declared 548:Ceratotherium simum 450:Linnaeus, 1758 447:Rhinoceros bicornis 141:Conservation status 5453:Black rhinoceros ( 5429:White rhinoceros ( 5381:Javan rhinoceros ( 5243:African wild ass ( 4990:"Black Rhinoceros" 4932:Journal of Zoology 4208:"Black Rhinoceros" 3537:10.5665/sleep.2212 3040:Behavioral Ecology 3002:10.7717/peerj.4520 2868:Kurnit, Jennifer. 2708:Historical Biology 2409:Linnaeus, 1758)". 2271:Journal of Zoology 1888:Loxodonta africana 1878: 1800: 1757: 1729: 1718:D. b. occidentalis 1650: 1593: 1582: 1407: 1367: 1217:Merck's rhinoceros 930:D. b. occidentalis 882:) to northeastern 811:and south-eastern 473:) is a species of 5929: 5928: 5795:Open Tree of Life 5569:Taxon identifiers 5560: 5559: 5540: 5539: 5536: 5535: 5479: 5465: 5464: 5354: 5324: 5323: 5320: 5319: 5214:E. f. przewalskii 5187: 5164: 5093: 4751:) In West Africa" 4316:on 10 August 2007 3643:978-0-85112-235-9 3531:(11): 1569–1574. 3486:black rhinoceros" 3034:Weeks, P (2000). 2874:black rhinoceros" 2764:978-3-030-68441-9 2470:(Linnaeus, 1758)" 2450:978-1-4214-0093-8 2432:Ungulate Taxonomy 2126:) in West Africa" 2060:Mammalian Species 1911:, and is said by 1652:Black rhinos are 1648:Chewing on plants 1512:and northwestern 1468:found across the 1353: 1352: 1344: 1343: 1335: 1334: 1326: 1325: 1317: 1316: 1302:Indian rhinoceros 1261: 1260: 1232: 1231: 1194:Woolly rhinoceros 1156: 1155: 1050:Early Pleistocene 886:and southeastern 685:Cape of Good Hope 653:Cape of Good Hope 632:Indian rhinoceros 588:is classified as 584:(even though the 457: 456: 181: 164: 16:Species of mammal 6004: 5947:Black rhinoceros 5922: 5921: 5909: 5908: 5896: 5895: 5883: 5882: 5870: 5869: 5868: 5842: 5841: 5829: 5828: 5816: 5815: 5803: 5802: 5790: 5789: 5777: 5776: 5764: 5763: 5751: 5750: 5738: 5737: 5725: 5724: 5712: 5711: 5699: 5698: 5686: 5685: 5673: 5672: 5660: 5659: 5647: 5646: 5637: 5636: 5624: 5623: 5611: 5610: 5609: 5607:Diceros bicornis 5596: 5595: 5594: 5577:Diceros bicornis 5564: 5550: 5549: 5506:Mountain tapir ( 5483: 5478: 5477: 5473: 5358: 5353: 5352: 5348: 5330: 5299:Mountain zebra ( 5223:Domestic horse ( 5186: 5185: 5177: 5168: 5163: 5162: 5158: 5140: 5091: 5082: 5075: 5068: 5059: 5021:Website for the 5015: 5013: 5011: 5005: 4999:. Archived from 4994: 4975:Black Rhino Info 4966:Black rhinoceros 4955: 4926: 4899: 4898: 4892: 4884: 4882: 4880: 4868: 4862: 4849: 4836: 4835: 4833: 4831: 4794:Diceros bicornis 4787: 4781: 4780: 4778: 4776: 4770: 4755: 4749:Diceros Bicornis 4742: 4736: 4723: 4717: 4716: 4714: 4712: 4693: 4687: 4686: 4684: 4682: 4663: 4657: 4656: 4654: 4652: 4646: 4624:(7): 1258–1265. 4615: 4609:Diceros bicornis 4602: 4593: 4592: 4590: 4588: 4579:. Archived from 4566: 4560: 4559: 4557: 4555: 4546:. bagheera.com. 4539: 4533: 4520: 4511: 4510: 4505:. Archived from 4495: 4489: 4488: 4486: 4484: 4462: 4456: 4455: 4428:Diceros Ricornis 4423: 4417: 4416: 4414: 4412: 4406: 4400:. Archived from 4375: 4369:Diceros bicornis 4362: 4356: 4355: 4353: 4351: 4332: 4326: 4325: 4323: 4321: 4312:. Archived from 4300: 4294: 4293: 4291: 4289: 4274: 4268: 4267: 4265: 4263: 4257: 4244: 4236: 4230: 4229: 4227: 4225: 4216:. Archived from 4203: 4197: 4194:Black Rhinoceros 4191: 4185: 4184: 4182: 4180: 4174: 4146:Animal Behaviour 4143: 4134: 4128: 4115: 4109: 4108: 4098: 4088: 4056: 4050: 4049: 4047: 4045: 4039: 4008: 3995: 3989: 3988: 3959:Diceros bicornis 3957:) and browsing ( 3948: 3942: 3941: 3939: 3937: 3897: 3891: 3890: 3888: 3886: 3842: 3836: 3835: 3833: 3831: 3825: 3819:. Archived from 3802: 3793: 3787: 3786: 3784: 3782: 3761: 3752: 3751: 3724:Diceros bicornis 3719: 3713: 3712: 3710: 3708: 3689: 3683: 3682:, Save the Rhino 3670: 3664: 3651: 3645: 3631: 3625: 3612: 3606: 3605: 3565: 3559: 3558: 3548: 3512: 3506: 3505: 3503: 3501: 3484:Diceros bicornis 3477: 3468: 3467: 3465: 3463: 3457: 3442: 3424: 3418:Diceros bicornis 3411: 3405: 3404: 3377:Diceros bisornis 3372: 3361: 3360: 3352: 3346: 3345: 3343: 3341: 3325: 3319: 3318: 3316: 3314: 3293: 3287: 3286: 3280: 3272: 3257: 3251: 3250: 3248: 3246: 3236: 3228: 3222: 3221: 3219: 3217: 3211: 3196: 3187: 3181: 3180: 3178: 3176: 3170: 3155: 3146: 3140: 3139: 3137: 3135: 3129: 3122: 3111: 3105: 3104: 3069:Diceros bicornis 3064: 3058: 3057: 3055: 3031: 3025: 3024: 3014: 3004: 2980: 2974: 2973: 2971: 2969: 2960:. Archived from 2954: 2948: 2947: 2931: 2918: 2909: 2899:Black Rhinoceros 2896: 2890: 2889: 2887: 2885: 2872:Diceros bicornis 2865: 2856: 2842: 2836: 2835: 2833: 2831: 2789: 2783: 2782: 2781: 2779: 2738: 2732: 2731: 2699: 2690: 2689: 2671: 2661: 2636: 2625: 2622: 2616: 2615: 2613: 2611: 2605: 2590: 2581: 2575: 2574: 2572: 2570: 2548: 2539: 2538: 2536: 2534: 2528: 2517: 2506: 2500: 2499: 2497: 2495: 2489: 2474: 2461: 2455: 2454: 2426: 2415: 2414: 2407:Diceros bicornis 2402: 2396: 2395: 2393: 2391: 2385: 2370: 2364:Diceros bicornis 2357: 2351: 2339: 2337: 2335: 2309: 2303: 2302: 2300: 2298: 2292: 2267: 2258: 2252: 2238: 2232: 2231: 2229: 2227: 2222: 2195:Diceros bicornis 2188: 2177: 2167:White rhinoceros 2164: 2158: 2157: 2155: 2153: 2147: 2130: 2124:Diceros bicornis 2117: 2104: 2103: 2101: 2099: 2093: 2056: 2050:Diceros bicornis 2043: 2024: 2023: 2021: 2019: 2000: 1994: 1993: 1991: 1989: 1984: 1961:Diceros bicornis 1954: 1922:Portland, Oregon 1920:supply store in 1528:to southeastern 1508:of southwestern 1492:areas along the 1282:Javan rhinoceros 1275: 1215: 1192: 1184: 1177: 1170: 1145:Diceros bicornis 1141:Black rhinoceros 1121:White Rhinoceros 1114: 1107: 1087: 1081:Elasmotheriinae 1078: 1071: 1024:Diceros bicornis 1005:white rhinoceros 743:in southeastern 737:D. b. chobiensis 659:of the species. 600:, including the 544:white rhinoceros 466:Diceros bicornis 461:black rhinoceros 451: 430: 424: 418: 412: 402: 388: 299: 297:Diceros bicornis 279:D. bicornis 196: 195: 175: 158: 153: 152: 118: 108: 38: 27:Temporal range: 24:Black rhinoceros 21: 6012: 6011: 6007: 6006: 6005: 6003: 6002: 6001: 5932: 5931: 5930: 5925: 5917: 5912: 5904: 5899: 5891: 5886: 5878: 5873: 5864: 5863: 5858: 5845: 5837: 5832: 5824: 5819: 5811: 5806: 5798: 5793: 5785: 5782:Observation.org 5780: 5772: 5767: 5759: 5754: 5746: 5741: 5733: 5728: 5720: 5715: 5707: 5702: 5694: 5689: 5681: 5676: 5668: 5663: 5655: 5650: 5642: 5640: 5632: 5627: 5619: 5614: 5605: 5604: 5599: 5590: 5589: 5584: 5571: 5561: 5556: 5532: 5524:Malayan tapir ( 5497:Baird's tapir ( 5475: 5474: 5461: 5437: 5413: 5389: 5350: 5349: 5347: 5339: 5316: 5308:Grévy's zebra ( 5179: 5178: 5176: 5160: 5159: 5157: 5149: 5134: 5096: 5090:Perissodactyla 5086: 5051:interview with 5009: 5007: 5003: 4992: 4988: 4962: 4929: 4923: 4910: 4907: 4905:Further reading 4902: 4885: 4878: 4876: 4870: 4869: 4865: 4859:Wayback Machine 4850: 4839: 4829: 4827: 4806:(#4): 542–549. 4789: 4788: 4784: 4774: 4772: 4768: 4758:African Zoology 4753: 4744: 4743: 4739: 4733:Wayback Machine 4724: 4720: 4710: 4708: 4703:. 21 May 2015. 4695: 4694: 4690: 4680: 4678: 4665: 4664: 4660: 4650: 4648: 4644: 4613: 4604: 4603: 4596: 4586: 4584: 4583:on 16 July 2006 4568: 4567: 4563: 4553: 4551: 4541: 4540: 4536: 4530:Wayback Machine 4521: 4514: 4497: 4496: 4492: 4482: 4480: 4464: 4463: 4459: 4432:African Zoology 4425: 4424: 4420: 4410: 4408: 4407:on 3 March 2016 4404: 4384:(10): 369–374. 4373: 4364: 4363: 4359: 4349: 4347: 4334: 4333: 4329: 4319: 4317: 4302: 4301: 4297: 4287: 4285: 4276: 4275: 4271: 4261: 4259: 4255: 4242: 4238: 4237: 4233: 4223: 4221: 4220:on 16 July 2009 4205: 4204: 4200: 4192: 4188: 4178: 4176: 4172: 4141: 4136: 4135: 4131: 4125:Wayback Machine 4116: 4112: 4058: 4057: 4053: 4043: 4041: 4037: 4006: 3997: 3996: 3992: 3961:) rhinoceroses" 3950: 3949: 3945: 3935: 3933: 3899: 3898: 3894: 3884: 3882: 3844: 3843: 3839: 3829: 3827: 3823: 3800: 3795: 3794: 3790: 3780: 3778: 3763: 3762: 3755: 3721: 3720: 3716: 3706: 3704: 3691: 3690: 3686: 3680:Wayback Machine 3671: 3667: 3661:Wayback Machine 3652: 3648: 3632: 3628: 3622:Wayback Machine 3613: 3609: 3567: 3566: 3562: 3514: 3513: 3509: 3499: 3497: 3479: 3478: 3471: 3461: 3459: 3455: 3422: 3413: 3412: 3408: 3374: 3373: 3364: 3354: 3353: 3349: 3339: 3337: 3327: 3326: 3322: 3312: 3310: 3302:TheGuardian.com 3295: 3294: 3290: 3273: 3259: 3258: 3254: 3244: 3242: 3234: 3230: 3229: 3225: 3215: 3213: 3209: 3194: 3189: 3188: 3184: 3174: 3172: 3168: 3153: 3148: 3147: 3143: 3133: 3131: 3127: 3120: 3113: 3112: 3108: 3066: 3065: 3061: 3033: 3032: 3028: 2982: 2981: 2977: 2967: 2965: 2956: 2955: 2951: 2944: 2920: 2919: 2912: 2906:Wayback Machine 2897: 2893: 2883: 2881: 2867: 2866: 2859: 2853:Wayback Machine 2843: 2839: 2829: 2827: 2791: 2790: 2786: 2777: 2775: 2765: 2740: 2739: 2735: 2701: 2700: 2693: 2638: 2637: 2628: 2623: 2619: 2609: 2607: 2603: 2588: 2583: 2582: 2578: 2568: 2566: 2550: 2549: 2542: 2532: 2530: 2526: 2515: 2508: 2507: 2503: 2493: 2491: 2487: 2472: 2463: 2462: 2458: 2451: 2443:. p. 317. 2428: 2427: 2418: 2404: 2403: 2399: 2389: 2387: 2383: 2368: 2359: 2358: 2354: 2348:Wayback Machine 2333: 2331: 2311: 2310: 2306: 2296: 2294: 2290: 2265: 2260: 2259: 2255: 2249:Wayback Machine 2239: 2235: 2225: 2223: 2190: 2189: 2180: 2176:, Animal Corner 2174:Wayback Machine 2165: 2161: 2151: 2149: 2145: 2134:African Zoology 2128: 2119: 2118: 2107: 2097: 2095: 2091: 2069:10.2307/3504292 2054: 2045: 2044: 2027: 2017: 2015: 2002: 2001: 1997: 1987: 1985: 1956: 1955: 1938: 1934: 1873:diorama at the 1863: 1789: 1749: 1706: 1694:Albany thickets 1642: 1580:A cow with calf 1574: 1538:nature reserves 1506:Kalahari desert 1482: 1461: 1456: 1359: 1354: 1345: 1336: 1327: 1318: 1262: 1233: 1157: 1102:Rhinocerotinae 1029:Diceros praecox 990: 807:, northeastern 763:D. b. ladoensis 751:) and northern 665: 627:Systema naturae 614: 590:near threatened 483:southern Africa 449: 432: 428: 426: 422: 420: 416: 414: 410: 408: 373: 367: 361: 352: 346: 340: 331: 312: 301: 295: 282: 190: 182: 165: 154: 150: 143: 109: 107: 106: 105: 104: 99: 94: 89: 84: 79: 74: 69: 64: 59: 54: 49: 44: 33: 32: 25: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6010: 6008: 6000: 5999: 5994: 5989: 5984: 5979: 5974: 5969: 5964: 5959: 5954: 5949: 5944: 5934: 5933: 5927: 5926: 5924: 5923: 5910: 5897: 5884: 5871: 5855: 5853: 5847: 5846: 5844: 5843: 5830: 5817: 5804: 5791: 5778: 5765: 5752: 5739: 5726: 5713: 5700: 5687: 5674: 5661: 5648: 5638: 5625: 5612: 5597: 5581: 5579: 5573: 5572: 5567: 5558: 5557: 5545: 5542: 5541: 5538: 5537: 5534: 5533: 5531: 5530: 5521: 5512: 5503: 5493: 5491: 5480: 5467: 5466: 5463: 5462: 5460: 5459: 5449: 5447: 5439: 5438: 5436: 5435: 5425: 5423: 5415: 5414: 5412: 5411: 5407:D. sumatrensis 5401: 5399: 5391: 5390: 5388: 5387: 5378: 5368: 5366: 5355: 5351:(Rhinoceroses) 5345:Rhinocerotidae 5341: 5340: 5333: 5326: 5325: 5322: 5321: 5318: 5317: 5315: 5314: 5305: 5296: 5290:Plains zebra ( 5277: 5276: 5267: 5258: 5249: 5230: 5229: 5220: 5219: 5218: 5190: 5188: 5165: 5161:(Horse family) 5151: 5150: 5143: 5136: 5135: 5133: 5132: 5130:Laurasiatheria 5126: 5120: 5114: 5108: 5101: 5098: 5097: 5087: 5085: 5084: 5077: 5070: 5062: 5056: 5055: 5045: 5039: 5034: 5027:George Adamson 5016: 4986: 4972: 4961: 4960:External links 4958: 4957: 4956: 4938:(4): 365–376. 4927: 4921: 4906: 4903: 4901: 4900: 4863: 4837: 4782: 4737: 4718: 4688: 4658: 4618:Theriogenology 4594: 4561: 4534: 4512: 4490: 4457: 4438:(2): 283–287. 4418: 4357: 4327: 4295: 4269: 4231: 4198: 4186: 4152:(3): 671–677. 4129: 4110: 4051: 3990: 3971:(4): 380–388. 3943: 3892: 3837: 3788: 3753: 3734:(2): 142–157. 3714: 3684: 3665: 3646: 3626: 3607: 3580:(3): 708–711. 3560: 3507: 3469: 3406: 3387:(2): 163–182. 3362: 3347: 3332:. Rwanda Eye. 3320: 3305:. 3 May 2017. 3288: 3270:year 2006–2012 3252: 3223: 3182: 3141: 3106: 3059: 3046:(2): 154–160. 3026: 2975: 2949: 2942: 2922:Ellis, Richard 2910: 2891: 2857: 2846:Rhinocerotidae 2837: 2806:(2): 451–461. 2784: 2763: 2733: 2714:(2): 262–273. 2691: 2626: 2617: 2576: 2540: 2501: 2483:(2): 117–126. 2456: 2449: 2416: 2413:(32): 267–276. 2397: 2352: 2304: 2278:(4): 365–376. 2253: 2233: 2178: 2159: 2105: 2025: 1995: 1935: 1933: 1930: 1862: 1859: 1809:Yulee, Florida 1788: 1785: 1748: 1745: 1737:Urine spraying 1705: 1702: 1641: 1638: 1573: 1570: 1502:Horn of Africa 1494:Bight of Benin 1481: 1478: 1474:Eastern Desert 1460: 1457: 1455: 1452: 1358: 1355: 1351: 1350: 1347: 1346: 1342: 1341: 1338: 1337: 1333: 1332: 1329: 1328: 1324: 1323: 1320: 1319: 1315: 1314: 1311: 1310: 1298: 1295: 1294: 1291: 1290: 1278: 1273: 1271: 1268: 1267: 1264: 1263: 1259: 1258: 1255: 1254: 1242: 1239: 1238: 1235: 1234: 1230: 1229: 1226: 1225: 1210: 1207: 1206: 1203: 1202: 1187: 1182: 1180: 1175: 1173: 1168: 1166: 1163: 1162: 1159: 1158: 1154: 1153: 1150: 1149: 1137: 1134: 1133: 1130: 1129: 1117: 1112: 1110: 1105: 1103: 1099: 1098: 1095: 1094: 1082: 1076: 1074: 1069: 998:Perissodactyla 989: 986: 982:D. b. bicornis 978:D. b. longipes 962:D. b. michaeli 958:D. b. longipes 950:D. b. bicornis 946: 945: 938:D. b. bicornis 923: 869: 850:D. b. michaeli 843: 789:D. b. longipes 782: 756: 749:Zambezi Region 730: 700: 681:D. b. bicornis 664: 661: 613: 610: 479:eastern Africa 455: 454: 453: 452: 441: 440: 434: 433: 427: 421: 415: 409: 404: 403: 395: 394: 390: 389: 381: 380: 319: 318: 314: 313: 302: 291: 290: 284: 283: 276: 274: 270: 269: 262: 258: 257: 255:Rhinocerotidae 252: 248: 247: 245:Perissodactyla 242: 238: 237: 232: 228: 227: 222: 218: 217: 212: 208: 207: 202: 198: 197: 184: 183: 170: 167: 166: 148: 145: 144: 139: 136: 135: 120: 119: 111: 110: 102: 101: 100: 95: 90: 85: 80: 75: 70: 65: 60: 55: 50: 45: 40: 39: 26: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6009: 5998: 5995: 5993: 5990: 5988: 5985: 5983: 5980: 5978: 5975: 5973: 5970: 5968: 5965: 5963: 5960: 5958: 5955: 5953: 5950: 5948: 5945: 5943: 5940: 5939: 5937: 5920: 5915: 5911: 5907: 5902: 5898: 5894: 5889: 5885: 5881: 5876: 5872: 5867: 5861: 5857: 5856: 5854: 5852: 5848: 5840: 5835: 5831: 5827: 5822: 5818: 5814: 5809: 5805: 5801: 5796: 5792: 5788: 5783: 5779: 5775: 5770: 5766: 5762: 5757: 5753: 5749: 5744: 5740: 5736: 5731: 5727: 5723: 5718: 5714: 5710: 5705: 5701: 5697: 5692: 5688: 5684: 5679: 5675: 5671: 5666: 5662: 5658: 5653: 5649: 5645: 5639: 5635: 5630: 5626: 5622: 5617: 5613: 5608: 5602: 5598: 5593: 5587: 5583: 5582: 5580: 5578: 5574: 5570: 5565: 5555: 5554: 5543: 5529: 5527: 5522: 5520: 5518: 5517:T. terrestris 5513: 5511: 5509: 5504: 5502: 5500: 5495: 5494: 5492: 5490: 5489: 5484: 5481: 5472: 5468: 5458: 5456: 5451: 5450: 5448: 5446: 5445: 5440: 5434: 5432: 5427: 5426: 5424: 5422: 5421: 5420:Ceratotherium 5416: 5410: 5408: 5403: 5402: 5400: 5398: 5397: 5392: 5386: 5384: 5379: 5377: 5375: 5370: 5369: 5367: 5365: 5364: 5359: 5356: 5346: 5342: 5338: 5337: 5331: 5327: 5313: 5311: 5306: 5304: 5302: 5297: 5295: 5293: 5287: 5286: 5285: 5279: 5278: 5275: 5273: 5268: 5266: 5264: 5259: 5257: 5255: 5250: 5248: 5246: 5240: 5239: 5238: 5232: 5231: 5228: 5226: 5221: 5217: 5215: 5210: 5209: 5208: 5206: 5200: 5199: 5198: 5192: 5191: 5189: 5183: 5175: 5174: 5169: 5166: 5156: 5152: 5148: 5147: 5141: 5137: 5131: 5127: 5125: 5121: 5119: 5115: 5113: 5109: 5107: 5103: 5102: 5099: 5094: 5083: 5078: 5076: 5071: 5069: 5064: 5063: 5060: 5054: 5050: 5046: 5043: 5040: 5038: 5035: 5032: 5028: 5024: 5023:Tony Fitzjohn 5020: 5017: 5002: 4998: 4991: 4987: 4984: 4980: 4976: 4973: 4971: 4967: 4964: 4963: 4959: 4953: 4949: 4945: 4941: 4937: 4933: 4928: 4924: 4922:2-8317-0502-9 4918: 4914: 4909: 4908: 4904: 4896: 4890: 4874: 4867: 4864: 4860: 4856: 4853: 4848: 4846: 4844: 4842: 4838: 4825: 4821: 4817: 4813: 4809: 4805: 4801: 4797: 4795: 4786: 4783: 4767: 4763: 4759: 4752: 4750: 4741: 4738: 4734: 4730: 4727: 4722: 4719: 4706: 4702: 4698: 4692: 4689: 4676: 4672: 4671:NY Daily News 4668: 4662: 4659: 4643: 4639: 4635: 4631: 4627: 4623: 4619: 4612: 4610: 4601: 4599: 4595: 4582: 4578: 4577: 4572: 4565: 4562: 4549: 4545: 4538: 4535: 4531: 4527: 4524: 4519: 4517: 4513: 4508: 4504: 4500: 4494: 4491: 4478: 4474: 4473: 4468: 4461: 4458: 4453: 4449: 4445: 4441: 4437: 4433: 4429: 4422: 4419: 4403: 4399: 4395: 4391: 4387: 4383: 4379: 4372: 4370: 4361: 4358: 4345: 4341: 4337: 4331: 4328: 4315: 4311: 4310: 4305: 4299: 4296: 4283: 4279: 4273: 4270: 4254: 4250: 4249: 4241: 4235: 4232: 4219: 4215: 4214: 4209: 4202: 4199: 4195: 4190: 4187: 4171: 4167: 4163: 4159: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4140: 4133: 4130: 4126: 4122: 4119: 4114: 4111: 4106: 4102: 4097: 4092: 4087: 4082: 4078: 4074: 4071:(7): e69771. 4070: 4066: 4062: 4055: 4052: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4024: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4005: 4003: 3994: 3991: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3960: 3956: 3947: 3944: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3915: 3911: 3907: 3903: 3896: 3893: 3880: 3876: 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