188:
203:
179:
27:
81:– must be transformed from the acquired values to new values that are appropriate for color reproduction or display. Several aspects of the acquisition and display process make such color correction essential – including that the acquisition sensors do not match the sensors in the human eye, that the properties of the display medium must be accounted for, and that the ambient viewing conditions of the acquisition differ from the display viewing conditions.
4313:
105:
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1929:, representing the effective stimuli for the Long-, Medium-, and Short-wavelength cone types that are modeled as adapting independently. A 3x3 matrix converts RGB or XYZ to LMS, and then the three LMS primary values are scaled to balance the neutral; the color can then be converted back to the desired final
273:
tended to produce less color inconstancy (i.e., less distortion of the colors) than in monitor RGB for over 4000 hypothetical sets of camera sensitivities. This difference typically amounted to a factor of more than two in favor of camera RGB. This means that it is advantageous to get color balance
226:
There is a large literature on how one might estimate the ambient lighting from the camera data and then use this information to transform the image data. A variety of algorithms have been proposed, and the quality of these has been debated. A few examples and examination of the references therein
822:, the color balancing may be performed there. This has been termed a "wrong von Kries" transformation. Although it has been demonstrated to offer usually poorer results than balancing in monitor RGB, it is mentioned here as a bridge to other things. Mathematically, one computes:
120:
refers to the adjustment that in addition makes other colors in a displayed image appear to have the same general appearance as the colors in an original scene. It is particularly important that neutral (gray, neutral, white) colors in a scene appear neutral in the reproduction.
182:
Two photos of a high-rise building shot within a minute of each other with an entry-level point-and-shoot camera. Left photo shows a "normal", more accurate color balance, while the right side shows a "vivid" color balance, in-camera effects and no post-production besides black
133:
more critically than other colors. Trees, grass and sky can all be off without concern, but if human flesh tones are 'off' then the human subject can look sick or dead. To address this critical color balance issue, the tri-color primaries themselves are formulated to
218:
Many methods exist for color balancing. Setting a button on a camera is a way for the user to indicate to the processor the nature of the scene lighting. Another option on some cameras is a button which one may press when the camera is pointed at a
2635:
Comparisons of images balanced by diagonal transforms in a number of different RGB spaces have identified several such spaces that work better than others, and better than camera or monitor spaces, for chromatic adaptation, as measured by several
210:
Most digital cameras have means to select color correction based on the type of scene lighting, using either manual lighting selection, automatic white balance, or custom white balance. The algorithms for these processes perform generalized
2394:
By
Viggiano's measure, and using his model of gaussian camera spectral sensitivities, most camera RGB spaces performed better than either monitor RGB or XYZ. If the camera's raw RGB values are known, one may use the 3x3 diagonal matrix:
2385:
Matrices to convert to LMS space were not specified by von Kries, but can be derived from CIE color matching functions and LMS color matching functions when the latter are specified; matrices can also be found in reference books.
801:
are the red, green, and blue components of a pixel which is believed to be a white surface in the image before color balancing. This is a simple scaling of the red, green, and blue channels, and is why color balance tools in
2648:
The best color matrix for adapting to a change in illuminant is not necessarily a diagonal matrix in a fixed color space. It has long been known that if the space of illuminants can be described as a linear model with
1900:
3006:
3061:
Viggiano, J A Stephen (2004). "Comparison of the accuracy of different white-balancing options as quantified by their color constancy". In Blouke, Morley M; Sampat, Nitin; Motta, Ricardo J (eds.).
2933:
70:
is one of the most common kinds of balancing, and is when colors are adjusted to make a white object (such as a piece of paper or a wall) appear white and not a shade of any other colour.
266:
under which an image was captured; and second, scaling the components (e.g., R, G, and B) of the image or otherwise transforming the components so they conform to the viewing illuminant.
1508:
50:). An important goal of this adjustment is to render specific colors – particularly neutral colors like white or grey – correctly. Hence, the general method is sometimes called
2614:
2152:
1062:
567:
1393:
2305:
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1296:
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1236:
799:
769:
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2640:; the systems that performed statistically as well as the best on the majority of the image test sets used were the "Sharp", "Bradford", "CMCCAT", and "ROMM" spaces.
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709:
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330:
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balance as a true neutral color. The purpose of this color primary imbalance is to more faithfully reproduce the flesh tones through the entire brightness range.
2215:
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223:
or other neutral colored object. This captures an image of the ambient light, which enables a digital camera to set the correct color balance for that light.
294:. This type of transformation is appropriate if the image was captured using the wrong white balance setting on a digital camera, or through a color filter.
30:
The left half shows the photo as it came from the digital camera. The right half shows the photo adjusted to make a gray surface neutral in the same light.
258:. Algorithms and techniques used to attain color constancy are frequently used for color balancing, as well. Color constancy is, in turn, related to
4090:
251:, as everything in the image appears to have been shifted towards one color. Color balancing may be thought in terms of removing this color cast.
3944:
4080:
3309:
3223:
3159:
3142:
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2897:
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1373:
are the tristimulus values of a pixel in the un-color-balanced image. If the tristimulus values of the monitor primaries are in a matrix
4156:
247:
Color balancing an image affects not only the neutrals, but other colors as well. An image that is not color balanced is said to have a
187:
92:
values, without respect to any color sensing or reproduction model. In film photography, color balance is typically achieved by using
2706:
Comparison of resulted colors as shot by the digital camera for different light qualities (color temperature): Neutral, Warm and Cold.
202:
1604:
3270:
66:. Generalized versions of color balance are used to correct colors other than neutrals or to deliberately change them for effect.
4101:
2827:
2800:
1925:
has survived as the dominant explanation of color sensation for over 100 years, motivated the method of converting color to the
4326:
4280:
1208:
are the tristimulus values of the viewing illuminant (the white point to which the image is being transformed to conform to);
4096:
4085:
274:
right at the time an image is captured, rather than edit later on a monitor. If one must color balance later, balancing the
806:
have a white eyedropper tool. It has been demonstrated that performing the white balancing in the phosphor set assumed by
4357:
4161:
178:
2854:
3964:
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3398:
810:
tends to produce large errors in chromatic colors, even though it can render the neutral surfaces perfectly neutral.
3209:
3128:
4166:
3753:
3302:
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would result, at least in theory, in a color balanced image. In this type of transformation the 3x3 matrix is a
4141:
3959:
3609:
3342:
4136:
4131:
4126:
332:
was believed to be a white object, and if 255 is the count which corresponds to white, one could multiply all
302:
In principle, one wants to scale all relative luminances in an image so that objects which are believed to be
3158:
Sabine Süsstrunk; Jack Holm; Graham D. Finlayson (January 2001). Eschbach, Reiner; Marcu, Gabriel G. (eds.).
1401:
4193:
4146:
151:
93:
19:
This article is about the process applied to still images. For the equivalent process applied to video, see
4151:
3015:
2637:
2998:
2856:
Cinematography: Theory and
Practice : Imagemaking for Cinematographers, Directors, and Videographers
4075:
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1939:
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259:
212:
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263:
155:
3187:
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3386:
3179:
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are the tristimulus values of an object believed to be white in the un-color-balanced image, and
1910:
1298:
are the tristimulus values of an object believed to be white in the un-color-balanced image, and
26:
3264:
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74:
3063:
Sensors and Camera
Systems for Scientific, Industrial, and Digital Photography Applications V
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3531:
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2250:
2220:
1595:
1271:
1241:
1211:
774:
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714:
275:
130:
63:
39:
3276:
1570:
1543:
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1184:
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309:
162:, Australia. The white balance has been adjusted towards the warm side for creative effect.
4266:
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4251:
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255:
236:
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is the global adjustment of the intensities of the colors (typically red, green, and blue
3258:
2912:
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1984:
1685:
873:
399:
2360:
2335:
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689:
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will tend to produce less distortion of chromatic colors than balancing in monitor RGB.
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47:
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85:
20:
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171:
78:
62:. Color balance changes the overall mixture of colors in an image and is used for
3281:
166:
711:
are the red, green, and blue components of the image before color balancing, and
4173:
4031:
3808:
3803:
3667:
3636:
3602:
3507:
3403:
3369:
3166:. Color Imaging: Device-Independent Color, Color Hardcopy, and Graphic Arts VI.
2780:
2753:
Example of different white balance settings on digital camera for
Neutral light.
1930:
192:
35:
2741:
4183:
4026:
3863:
3854:
3758:
3746:
3686:
3502:
3465:
3460:
3443:
2934:"When Color Constancy Goes Wrong: Correcting Improperly White-Balanced Images"
2765:
2717:
2670:
262:. Conceptually, color balancing consists of two steps: first, determining the
248:
146:
4043:
4016:
4011:
3520:
3134:
2948:
2729:
2624:
1918:
803:
220:
3092:
Heinz
Terstiege (1972). "Chromatic adaptation: a state-of-the-art report".
2657:
fixed linear transformations, not necessarily consistently diagonalizable.
2941:
2019 IEEE/CVF Conference on
Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR)
2694:
2682:
88:
applications usually operate directly on the red, green, and blue channel
4298:
4021:
3629:
3277:
Affine color balance with saturation, with code and on-line demonstration
2653:
basis terms, the proper color transformation will be the weighted sum of
1914:
286:
Color balancing is sometimes performed on a three-component image (e.g.,
159:
2999:"Color by correlation: a simple, unifying framework for color constancy"
4070:
3352:
3210:"Color constancy: a method for recovering surface spectral reflectance"
228:
3175:
3070:
3029:
2382:
are the tristimulus values of a pixel in the un-color-balanced image.
4293:
3896:
3886:
2932:
Afifi, Mahmoud; Price, Brian; Cohen, Scott; Brown, Michael S (2019).
1922:
3921:
3916:
3906:
3876:
3347:
3318:
633:
337:
201:
186:
177:
165:
145:
103:
89:
25:
2997:
Graham
Finlayson; Paul M. Hubel; Steven Hordley (November 2001).
3911:
3891:
3871:
3741:
3658:
2620:
807:
341:
303:
196:
3291:
3287:
2985:
Proceedings of the Fourth IS&T/SID Color
Imaging Conference
3987:
3881:
3646:
3007:
IEEE Transactions on
Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
333:
191:
Comparison of color versions (raw, natural, white balance) of
1895:{\displaystyle \left=\mathbf {P^{-1}} \left\mathbf {P} \left}
632:
are the color balanced red, green, and blue components of a
112:
Sometimes the adjustment to keep neutrals neutral is called
3160:"Chromatic Adaptation Performance of Different RGB Sensors"
269:
Viggiano found that white balancing in the camera's native
206:
A white-balanced image of Mount Sharp (Aeolis Mons) on Mars
2563:
2410:
2101:
1948:
1828:
1613:
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1410:
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837:
516:
363:
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1607:
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1304:
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1214:
1187:
1160:
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831:
777:
747:
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692:
667:
642:
618:
598:
578:
357:
312:
2217:
are the color-balanced LMS cone tristimulus values;
4279:
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3980:
3930:
3862:
3853:
3772:
3705:
3694:
3583:
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3412:
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3326:
3282:Getting the White Balance Right for Neutral Colors
2608:
2374:
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1119:
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1079:
1056:
793:
763:
733:
703:
678:
653:
624:
604:
584:
561:
324:
227:will lead the reader to many others. Examples are
174:as a reference shot for color balance adjustments.
3940:Linguistic relativity and the color naming debate
3212:. In Martin A. Fischler; Oscar Firschein (eds.).
2619:and then convert to a working RGB space such as
3056:
3054:
3052:
3208:Laurence T. Maloney; Brain A. Wandell (1987).
16:Adjustment of color intensities in photography
3303:
2979:Brian Funt, Vlad Cardei, and Kobus Barnard, "
8:
3243:"photoskop: Interactive Photography Lessons"
3237:
3235:
1127:are the color-balanced tristimulus values;
4322:
4114:
3859:
3702:
3332:
3310:
3296:
3288:
3265:photoskop: Interactive Photography Lessons
3122:
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2079:
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1999:
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1303:
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336:values by 255/240. Doing analogously for
311:
4091:International Commission on Illumination
84:The color balance operations in popular
73:Image data acquired by sensors – either
2791:
1503:{\displaystyle \left=\mathbf {P} \left}
96:over the lights or on the camera lens.
4081:Color Association of the United States
2888:. Cambridge University Press. p.
2884:Introduction to Color Imaging Science
2631:Preferred chromatic adaptation spaces
818:If the image may be transformed into
7:
3065:. Vol. 5301. pp. 323–333.
142:Illuminant estimation and adaptation
306:appear so. If, say, a surface with
3945:Blue–green distinction in language
3114:Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1998.
14:
3044:Principles of Color Reproduction.
254:Color balance is also related to
4321:
4312:
4311:
4102:International Colour Association
3685:
3164:IS&T/SPIE Electronic Imaging
2740:
2728:
2716:
2693:
2681:
2669:
2609:{\displaystyle \left=\left\left}
2147:{\displaystyle \left=\left\left}
1819:
1674:
1671:
1667:
1442:
1381:
1057:{\displaystyle \left=\left\left}
562:{\displaystyle \left=\left\left}
2921:Retrieved October 12, 2016.
2805:. Peachpit Press. p. 134.
4097:International Color Consortium
4086:International Colour Authority
3130:Digital Color Imaging Handbook
1:
4162:List of Crayola crayon colors
2644:General illuminant adaptation
2859:. Focal Press. p. 170.
2832:. Adobe Press. p. 278.
2826:Adobe Creative Team (2000).
1388:{\displaystyle \mathbf {P} }
282:Mathematics of color balance
3965:Traditional colors of Japan
3742:Achromatic colors (Neutral)
3625:Multi-primary color display
3399:Spectral power distribution
3271:Understanding White Balance
3267:- Interactive White Balance
3261:- Intro at nikondigital.org
3215:Readings in Computer Vision
3094:Journal of Color Appearance
2802:The Gimp for Linux and Unix
298:Scaling monitor R, G, and B
125:Psychological color balance
4374:
1917:and three color-sensitive
1598:monitor RGB, one may use:
820:CIE XYZ tristimulus values
108:Example of color balancing
18:
4307:
3825:Color realism (art style)
3683:
3483:Evolution of color vision
233:artificial neural network
193:Mount Sharp (Aeolis Mons)
150:A seascape photograph at
100:Generalized color balance
4142:List of colors (compact)
3960:Color in Chinese culture
3610:Digital image processing
3343:Electromagnetic spectrum
3112:Color Appearance Models.
2981:Learning color constancy
94:color correction filters
4147:List of colors by shade
2949:10.1109/cvpr.2019.00163
2638:color appearance models
4152:List of color palettes
3284:- Photography Tutorial
3127:Gaurav Sharma (2003).
3100:(4): 19–23 (cont. 40).
3046:New York: Wiley, 1967.
2943:. pp. 1535–1544.
2880:Hsien-Che Lee (2005).
2799:Phyllis Davis (2000).
2610:
2376:
2351:
2326:
2301:
2300:{\displaystyle S'_{w}}
2271:
2270:{\displaystyle M'_{w}}
2241:
2240:{\displaystyle L'_{w}}
2211:
2191:
2171:
2148:
1905:
1896:
1588:
1561:
1534:
1504:
1389:
1367:
1342:
1317:
1292:
1291:{\displaystyle Z'_{w}}
1262:
1261:{\displaystyle Y'_{w}}
1232:
1231:{\displaystyle X'_{w}}
1202:
1175:
1148:
1121:
1101:
1081:
1058:
795:
794:{\displaystyle B'_{w}}
765:
764:{\displaystyle G'_{w}}
735:
734:{\displaystyle R'_{w}}
705:
680:
655:
626:
606:
586:
563:
326:
207:
199:
184:
175:
163:
109:
31:
4076:Color Marketing Group
3831:On Vision and Colours
3764:Tinctures in heraldry
3375:Structural coloration
2611:
2377:
2352:
2327:
2302:
2272:
2242:
2212:
2192:
2172:
2149:
1897:
1589:
1587:{\displaystyle L_{B}}
1562:
1560:{\displaystyle L_{G}}
1535:
1533:{\displaystyle L_{R}}
1505:
1390:
1368:
1343:
1318:
1293:
1263:
1233:
1203:
1201:{\displaystyle Z_{w}}
1176:
1174:{\displaystyle Y_{w}}
1149:
1147:{\displaystyle X_{w}}
1122:
1102:
1082:
1059:
796:
766:
736:
706:
681:
656:
627:
607:
587:
564:
327:
325:{\displaystyle R=240}
205:
190:
181:
169:
149:
107:
29:
4358:Film post-production
4157:List of color spaces
4049:Tint, shade and tone
3932:Cultural differences
3747:Polychromatic colors
3732:Complementary colors
3720:Monochromatic colors
2853:Blain Brown (2002).
2402:
2361:
2336:
2311:
2281:
2251:
2221:
2201:
2181:
2161:
1940:
1605:
1571:
1544:
1517:
1402:
1377:
1352:
1327:
1302:
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1242:
1212:
1185:
1158:
1131:
1111:
1091:
1071:
829:
775:
745:
715:
690:
665:
640:
616:
596:
576:
355:
310:
260:chromatic adaptation
213:chromatic adaptation
4137:List of colors: N–Z
4132:List of colors: G–M
4127:List of colors: A–F
3218:. Morgan-Kaufmann.
2987:, pp. 58–60 (1996).
2829:Adobe Photoshop 6.0
2549:
2509:
2469:
2296:
2266:
2236:
2087:
2047:
2007:
1809:
1762:
1715:
1287:
1257:
1227:
997:
950:
903:
790:
760:
730:
502:
462:
422:
4184:List of web colors
4179:List of RAL colors
3585:Color reproduction
3550:Lüscher color test
3387:Color of chemicals
3110:Mark D Fairchild,
2606:
2600:
2552:
2537:
2497:
2457:
2432:
2390:Scaling camera RGB
2375:{\displaystyle S'}
2372:
2350:{\displaystyle M'}
2347:
2325:{\displaystyle L'}
2322:
2297:
2284:
2267:
2254:
2237:
2224:
2207:
2187:
2167:
2144:
2138:
2090:
2075:
2035:
1995:
1970:
1913:, whose theory of
1911:Johannes von Kries
1906:Von Kries's method
1892:
1886:
1812:
1797:
1750:
1703:
1656:
1584:
1557:
1530:
1500:
1494:
1432:
1385:
1366:{\displaystyle Z'}
1363:
1341:{\displaystyle Y'}
1338:
1316:{\displaystyle X'}
1313:
1288:
1275:
1258:
1245:
1228:
1215:
1198:
1171:
1144:
1117:
1097:
1077:
1054:
1048:
1000:
985:
938:
891:
859:
791:
778:
761:
748:
731:
718:
704:{\displaystyle B'}
701:
679:{\displaystyle G'}
676:
654:{\displaystyle R'}
651:
622:
602:
582:
559:
553:
505:
490:
450:
410:
385:
322:
208:
200:
185:
176:
164:
110:
32:
4335:
4334:
4275:
4274:
4057:
4056:
3849:
3848:
3839:Theory of Colours
3681:
3680:
3593:Color photography
3545:Color preferences
3488:Impossible colors
3478:Color vision test
3473:Color temperature
3451:Color calibration
3380:Animal coloration
3245:. April 25, 2015.
3225:978-0-934613-33-0
3176:10.1117/12.410788
3144:978-0-8493-0900-7
3071:10.1117/12.524922
3030:10.1109/34.969113
2958:978-1-7281-3293-8
2899:978-0-521-84388-1
2866:978-0-240-80500-9
2839:978-0-201-71016-8
2812:978-0-201-70253-8
2771:Color temperature
2747:Setting: Tungsten
2627:after balancing.
2210:{\displaystyle S}
2190:{\displaystyle M}
2170:{\displaystyle L}
1120:{\displaystyle Z}
1100:{\displaystyle Y}
1080:{\displaystyle X}
625:{\displaystyle B}
605:{\displaystyle G}
585:{\displaystyle R}
129:Humans relate to
116:, and the phrase
4365:
4353:Image processing
4325:
4324:
4315:
4314:
4115:
3981:Color dimensions
3970:Human skin color
3860:
3737:Analogous colors
3703:
3689:
3615:Color management
3532:Color psychology
3498:Opponent process
3414:Color perception
3333:
3312:
3305:
3298:
3289:
3247:
3246:
3239:
3230:
3229:
3205:
3199:
3198:
3196:
3195:
3186:. Archived from
3155:
3149:
3148:
3124:
3115:
3108:
3102:
3101:
3089:
3083:
3082:
3058:
3047:
3040:
3034:
3033:
3023:
3003:
2994:
2988:
2977:
2971:
2970:
2938:
2929:
2923:
2922:
2910:
2904:
2903:
2887:
2877:
2871:
2870:
2850:
2844:
2843:
2823:
2817:
2816:
2796:
2776:Gamma correction
2744:
2732:
2723:Setting: As shot
2720:
2697:
2685:
2673:
2615:
2613:
2612:
2607:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2585:
2573:
2557:
2553:
2545:
2536:
2505:
2496:
2465:
2456:
2437:
2433:
2381:
2379:
2378:
2373:
2371:
2356:
2354:
2353:
2348:
2346:
2331:
2329:
2328:
2323:
2321:
2306:
2304:
2303:
2298:
2292:
2276:
2274:
2273:
2268:
2262:
2246:
2244:
2243:
2238:
2232:
2216:
2214:
2213:
2208:
2196:
2194:
2193:
2188:
2176:
2174:
2173:
2168:
2153:
2151:
2150:
2145:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2123:
2111:
2095:
2091:
2083:
2074:
2043:
2034:
2003:
1994:
1975:
1971:
1901:
1899:
1898:
1893:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1882:
1881:
1864:
1863:
1862:
1845:
1844:
1843:
1822:
1817:
1813:
1805:
1796:
1791:
1790:
1758:
1749:
1744:
1743:
1711:
1702:
1697:
1696:
1679:
1678:
1677:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1652:
1639:
1638:
1625:
1624:
1593:
1591:
1590:
1585:
1583:
1582:
1566:
1564:
1563:
1558:
1556:
1555:
1539:
1537:
1536:
1531:
1529:
1528:
1509:
1507:
1506:
1501:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1490:
1477:
1476:
1463:
1462:
1445:
1437:
1433:
1394:
1392:
1391:
1386:
1384:
1372:
1370:
1369:
1364:
1362:
1347:
1345:
1344:
1339:
1337:
1322:
1320:
1319:
1314:
1312:
1297:
1295:
1294:
1289:
1283:
1267:
1265:
1264:
1259:
1253:
1237:
1235:
1234:
1229:
1223:
1207:
1205:
1204:
1199:
1197:
1196:
1180:
1178:
1177:
1172:
1170:
1169:
1153:
1151:
1150:
1145:
1143:
1142:
1126:
1124:
1123:
1118:
1106:
1104:
1103:
1098:
1086:
1084:
1083:
1078:
1063:
1061:
1060:
1055:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1033:
1021:
1005:
1001:
993:
984:
979:
978:
946:
937:
932:
931:
899:
890:
885:
884:
864:
860:
800:
798:
797:
792:
786:
770:
768:
767:
762:
756:
740:
738:
737:
732:
726:
710:
708:
707:
702:
700:
685:
683:
682:
677:
675:
660:
658:
657:
652:
650:
631:
629:
628:
623:
611:
609:
608:
603:
591:
589:
588:
583:
568:
566:
565:
560:
558:
554:
550:
538:
526:
510:
506:
498:
489:
458:
449:
418:
409:
390:
386:
331:
329:
328:
323:
243:Chromatic colors
170:Photograph of a
64:color correction
40:image processing
4373:
4372:
4368:
4367:
4366:
4364:
4363:
4362:
4338:
4337:
4336:
4331:
4303:
4271:
4188:
4106:
4063:
4053:
3976:
3955:Blue in culture
3926:
3845:
3792:Secondary color
3768:
3725:black-and-white
3697:
3690:
3677:
3579:
3565:National colors
3560:Political color
3540:Color symbolism
3526:
3456:Color constancy
3434:Color blindness
3408:
3365:Spectral colors
3322:
3316:
3255:
3250:
3241:
3240:
3233:
3226:
3207:
3206:
3202:
3193:
3191:
3157:
3156:
3152:
3145:
3137:. p. 153.
3126:
3125:
3118:
3109:
3105:
3091:
3090:
3086:
3060:
3059:
3050:
3042:John A C Yule,
3041:
3037:
3021:10.1.1.133.2101
3014:(11): 1209–21.
3001:
2996:
2995:
2991:
2978:
2974:
2959:
2936:
2931:
2930:
2926:
2920:
2911:
2907:
2900:
2879:
2878:
2874:
2867:
2852:
2851:
2847:
2840:
2825:
2824:
2820:
2813:
2798:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2762:
2757:
2756:
2755:
2754:
2750:
2749:
2748:
2745:
2737:
2736:
2735:Setting: Cloudy
2733:
2725:
2724:
2721:
2710:
2709:
2708:
2707:
2703:
2702:
2701:
2698:
2690:
2689:
2686:
2678:
2677:
2674:
2663:
2646:
2633:
2599:
2598:
2590:
2587:
2586:
2578:
2575:
2574:
2566:
2558:
2551:
2550:
2527:
2522:
2516:
2515:
2510:
2487:
2481:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2441:
2431:
2430:
2424:
2423:
2417:
2416:
2405:
2400:
2399:
2392:
2364:
2359:
2358:
2339:
2334:
2333:
2314:
2309:
2308:
2279:
2278:
2249:
2248:
2219:
2218:
2199:
2198:
2179:
2178:
2159:
2158:
2137:
2136:
2128:
2125:
2124:
2116:
2113:
2112:
2104:
2096:
2089:
2088:
2065:
2060:
2054:
2053:
2048:
2025:
2019:
2018:
2013:
2008:
1979:
1969:
1968:
1962:
1961:
1955:
1954:
1943:
1938:
1937:
1927:LMS color space
1908:
1885:
1884:
1874:
1869:
1866:
1865:
1855:
1850:
1847:
1846:
1836:
1831:
1823:
1811:
1810:
1782:
1780:
1775:
1769:
1768:
1763:
1735:
1733:
1727:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1688:
1680:
1666:
1655:
1654:
1644:
1641:
1640:
1630:
1627:
1626:
1616:
1608:
1603:
1602:
1596:gamma corrected
1574:
1569:
1568:
1547:
1542:
1541:
1520:
1515:
1514:
1493:
1492:
1482:
1479:
1478:
1468:
1465:
1464:
1454:
1446:
1431:
1430:
1424:
1423:
1417:
1416:
1405:
1400:
1399:
1375:
1374:
1355:
1350:
1349:
1330:
1325:
1324:
1305:
1300:
1299:
1270:
1269:
1240:
1239:
1210:
1209:
1188:
1183:
1182:
1161:
1156:
1155:
1134:
1129:
1128:
1109:
1108:
1089:
1088:
1069:
1068:
1047:
1046:
1038:
1035:
1034:
1026:
1023:
1022:
1014:
1006:
999:
998:
970:
968:
963:
957:
956:
951:
923:
921:
915:
914:
909:
904:
876:
868:
858:
857:
851:
850:
844:
843:
832:
827:
826:
816:
814:Scaling X, Y, Z
773:
772:
743:
742:
713:
712:
693:
688:
687:
668:
663:
662:
643:
638:
637:
614:
613:
594:
593:
574:
573:
552:
551:
543:
540:
539:
531:
528:
527:
519:
511:
504:
503:
480:
475:
469:
468:
463:
440:
434:
433:
428:
423:
394:
384:
383:
377:
376:
370:
369:
358:
353:
352:
346:diagonal matrix
308:
307:
300:
284:
271:RGB color model
256:color constancy
245:
237:Bayesian method
144:
127:
102:
56:neutral balance
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4371:
4369:
4361:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4340:
4339:
4333:
4332:
4330:
4329:
4319:
4308:
4305:
4304:
4302:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4285:
4283:
4277:
4276:
4273:
4272:
4270:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4198:
4196:
4190:
4189:
4187:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4170:
4169:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4123:
4121:
4112:
4108:
4107:
4105:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4067:
4065:
4059:
4058:
4055:
4054:
4052:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4040:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4009:
4008:
4007:
3997:
3996:
3995:
3984:
3982:
3978:
3977:
3975:
3974:
3973:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3951:Color history
3949:
3948:
3947:
3936:
3934:
3928:
3927:
3925:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3868:
3866:
3857:
3851:
3850:
3847:
3846:
3844:
3843:
3835:
3834:(Schopenhauer)
3827:
3822:
3819:Color analysis
3816:
3814:Color triangle
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3795:
3794:
3789:
3778:
3776:
3770:
3769:
3767:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3750:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3728:
3727:
3711:
3709:
3700:
3692:
3691:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3678:
3676:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3664:
3663:
3662:
3661:
3651:
3650:
3649:
3634:
3633:
3632:
3627:
3620:Color printing
3617:
3612:
3607:
3606:
3605:
3600:
3589:
3587:
3581:
3580:
3578:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3555:Kruithof curve
3552:
3547:
3542:
3536:
3534:
3528:
3527:
3525:
3524:
3517:
3512:
3511:
3510:
3505:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3469:
3468:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3447:
3446:
3441:
3431:
3430:
3429:
3427:Sonochromatism
3418:
3416:
3410:
3409:
3407:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3395:
3394:
3384:
3383:
3382:
3377:
3367:
3362:
3361:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3339:
3337:
3330:
3324:
3323:
3317:
3315:
3314:
3307:
3300:
3292:
3286:
3285:
3279:
3274:
3268:
3262:
3254:
3253:External links
3251:
3249:
3248:
3231:
3224:
3200:
3150:
3143:
3116:
3103:
3084:
3048:
3035:
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2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2006:
2002:
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1993:
1989:
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1982:
1978:
1974:
1967:
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1963:
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1946:
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1471:
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636:in the image;
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283:
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244:
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126:
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101:
98:
77:or electronic
48:primary colors
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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4087:
4084:
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4072:
4069:
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4066:
4064:organizations
4060:
4050:
4047:
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4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
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4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4014:
4013:
4010:
4006:
4005:Pastel colors
4003:
4002:
4001:
3998:
3994:
3991:
3990:
3989:
3986:
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3800:
3797:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3787:Primary color
3785:
3784:
3783:
3780:
3779:
3777:
3775:
3771:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3754:Light-on-dark
3752:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
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3730:
3726:
3723:
3722:
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3716:
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3699:
3693:
3688:
3674:
3673:Color mapping
3671:
3669:
3666:
3660:
3657:
3656:
3655:
3652:
3648:
3645:
3644:
3643:
3640:
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3598:Color balance
3596:
3595:
3594:
3591:
3590:
3588:
3586:
3582:
3576:
3575:Chromotherapy
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
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3558:
3556:
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3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
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3538:
3537:
3535:
3533:
3529:
3523:
3522:
3518:
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3515:Tetrachromacy
3513:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3500:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
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3486:
3484:
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3464:
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3445:
3442:
3440:
3439:Achromatopsia
3437:
3436:
3435:
3432:
3428:
3425:
3424:
3423:
3422:Chromesthesia
3420:
3419:
3417:
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3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3393:
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3354:
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3349:
3346:
3345:
3344:
3341:
3340:
3338:
3336:Color physics
3334:
3331:
3329:
3328:Color science
3325:
3320:
3313:
3308:
3306:
3301:
3299:
3294:
3293:
3290:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3272:
3269:
3266:
3263:
3260:
3259:White Balance
3257:
3256:
3252:
3244:
3238:
3236:
3232:
3227:
3221:
3217:
3216:
3211:
3204:
3201:
3190:on 2006-10-18
3189:
3185:
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3140:
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2935:
2928:
2925:
2918:
2917:Nikon Digital
2914:
2913:White Balance
2909:
2906:
2901:
2895:
2891:
2886:
2885:
2876:
2873:
2868:
2862:
2858:
2857:
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2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2763:
2759:
2743:
2731:
2719:
2696:
2684:
2676:Neutral light
2672:
2660:
2658:
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2652:
2643:
2641:
2639:
2630:
2628:
2626:
2622:
2602:
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2036:
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2015:
2010:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1991:
1987:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1965:
1958:
1951:
1944:
1936:
1935:
1934:
1932:
1928:
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1921:types in the
1920:
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749:
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719:
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672:
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173:
168:
161:
157:
153:
152:Clifton Beach
148:
141:
139:
137:
132:
124:
122:
119:
118:color balance
115:
114:white balance
106:
99:
97:
95:
91:
87:
86:image editing
82:
80:
79:image sensors
76:
71:
69:
68:White balance
65:
61:
60:white balance
57:
53:
49:
45:
44:color balance
41:
37:
28:
22:
21:Color grading
4037:Fluorescence
4000:Colorfulness
3993:Dichromatism
3837:
3829:
3799:Chromaticity
3782:Color mixing
3774:Color theory
3707:Color scheme
3597:
3570:Chromophobia
3519:
3214:
3203:
3192:. Retrieved
3188:the original
3167:
3163:
3153:
3129:
3111:
3106:
3097:
3093:
3087:
3062:
3043:
3038:
3011:
3005:
2992:
2984:
2975:
2940:
2927:
2916:
2908:
2883:
2875:
2855:
2848:
2828:
2821:
2801:
2794:
2654:
2650:
2647:
2634:
2618:
2393:
2384:
2156:
1909:
1512:
1066:
817:
571:
301:
285:
268:
253:
246:
225:
217:
209:
172:ColorChecker
135:
128:
117:
113:
111:
83:
72:
67:
59:
55:
52:gray balance
51:
43:
33:
4174:Color chart
4032:Iridescence
3864:Basic terms
3855:Color terms
3809:Color wheel
3804:Color solid
3668:Color space
3654:subtractive
3637:Color model
3508:Unique hues
3404:Colorimetry
3370:Chromophore
3170:: 172–183.
2781:White point
1931:color space
1594:are the un-
183:background.
131:flesh tones
36:photography
4342:Categories
4194:Shades of:
4027:Brightness
3759:Web colors
3715:Color tool
3698:philosophy
3603:Color cast
3503:Afterimage
3493:Metamerism
3466:Color code
3461:Color task
3444:Dichromacy
3273:- Tutorial
3194:2009-03-20
2787:References
2766:Color cast
2700:Cold light
2688:Warm light
264:illuminant
249:color cast
4044:Grayscale
4017:Lightness
4012:Luminance
3821:(fashion)
3521:The dress
3135:CRC Press
3016:CiteSeerX
2967:196195956
2625:Adobe RGB
1672:−
1395:so that:
804:Photoshop
221:gray card
156:South Arm
4317:Category
4299:Lighting
4022:Darkness
3842:(Goethe)
3642:additive
3630:Quattron
2760:See also
2661:Examples
2595:′
2583:′
2571:′
2547:′
2507:′
2467:′
2369:′
2344:′
2319:′
2294:′
2264:′
2234:′
2133:′
2121:′
2109:′
2085:′
2045:′
2005:′
1879:′
1860:′
1841:′
1807:′
1760:′
1713:′
1360:′
1335:′
1310:′
1285:′
1255:′
1225:′
1043:′
1031:′
1019:′
995:′
948:′
901:′
788:′
758:′
728:′
698:′
673:′
648:′
548:′
536:′
524:′
500:′
460:′
420:′
160:Tasmania
4281:Related
4242:Magenta
4167:history
4071:Pantone
3358:Visible
3353:Rainbow
3184:8140548
3079:8971750
304:neutral
229:Retinex
4294:Qualia
4289:Vision
4237:Purple
4232:Violet
4212:Yellow
4207:Orange
3902:Orange
3897:Purple
3887:Yellow
3321:topics
3222:
3182:
3141:
3077:
3018:
2983:", in
2965:
2955:
2896:
2863:
2836:
2809:
2357:, and
2277:, and
2197:, and
2157:where
1923:retina
1567:, and
1513:where
1348:, and
1268:, and
1181:, and
1107:, and
1067:where
771:, and
686:, and
612:, and
572:where
292:matrix
4348:Color
4327:Index
4267:Black
4257:White
4252:Brown
4217:Green
4119:Lists
4111:Names
4093:(CIE)
4062:Color
3922:Brown
3917:White
3907:Black
3877:Green
3696:Color
3392:Water
3348:Light
3319:Color
3180:S2CID
3075:S2CID
3002:(PDF)
2963:S2CID
2937:(PDF)
634:pixel
338:green
235:or a
231:, an
90:pixel
58:, or
4262:Gray
4247:Pink
4227:Blue
4222:Cyan
3912:Gray
3892:Pink
3872:Blue
3659:CMYK
3220:ISBN
3168:4300
3139:ISBN
2953:ISBN
2894:ISBN
2861:ISBN
2834:ISBN
2807:ISBN
2621:sRGB
1919:cone
1915:rods
808:sRGB
342:blue
340:and
197:Mars
75:film
38:and
4202:Red
3988:Hue
3882:Red
3647:RGB
3172:doi
3067:doi
3026:doi
2945:doi
2890:450
2623:or
2530:255
2490:255
2450:255
483:255
443:255
403:255
334:red
320:240
288:RGB
195:on
136:not
34:In
4344::
3234:^
3178:.
3162:.
3133:.
3119:^
3096:.
3073:.
3051:^
3024:.
3012:23
3010:.
3004:.
2961:.
2951:.
2939:.
2919:.
2915:.
2892:.
2332:,
2247:,
2177:,
1933::
1540:,
1323:,
1238:,
1154:,
1087:,
741:,
661:,
592:,
348:.
239:.
215:.
158:,
154:,
54:,
42:,
3311:e
3304:t
3297:v
3228:.
3197:.
3174::
3147:.
3098:1
3081:.
3069::
3032:.
3028::
2969:.
2947::
2902:.
2869:.
2842:.
2815:.
2655:N
2651:N
2603:]
2592:B
2580:G
2568:R
2560:[
2555:]
2543:w
2539:B
2534:/
2525:0
2520:0
2513:0
2503:w
2499:G
2494:/
2485:0
2478:0
2473:0
2463:w
2459:R
2454:/
2443:[
2439:=
2435:]
2428:B
2421:G
2414:R
2407:[
2366:S
2341:M
2316:L
2290:w
2286:S
2260:w
2256:M
2230:w
2226:L
2205:S
2185:M
2165:L
2141:]
2130:S
2118:M
2106:L
2098:[
2093:]
2081:w
2077:S
2072:/
2068:1
2063:0
2058:0
2051:0
2041:w
2037:M
2032:/
2028:1
2023:0
2016:0
2011:0
2001:w
1997:L
1992:/
1988:1
1981:[
1977:=
1973:]
1966:S
1959:M
1952:L
1945:[
1889:]
1876:B
1871:L
1857:G
1852:L
1838:R
1833:L
1825:[
1820:P
1815:]
1803:w
1799:Z
1794:/
1788:w
1784:Z
1778:0
1773:0
1766:0
1756:w
1752:Y
1747:/
1741:w
1737:Y
1731:0
1724:0
1719:0
1709:w
1705:X
1700:/
1694:w
1690:X
1682:[
1675:1
1668:P
1663:=
1659:]
1650:B
1646:L
1636:G
1632:L
1622:R
1618:L
1610:[
1580:B
1576:L
1553:G
1549:L
1526:R
1522:L
1497:]
1488:B
1484:L
1474:G
1470:L
1460:R
1456:L
1448:[
1443:P
1439:=
1435:]
1428:Z
1421:Y
1414:X
1407:[
1382:P
1357:Z
1332:Y
1307:X
1281:w
1277:Z
1251:w
1247:Y
1221:w
1217:X
1194:w
1190:Z
1167:w
1163:Y
1140:w
1136:X
1115:Z
1095:Y
1075:X
1051:]
1040:Z
1028:Y
1016:X
1008:[
1003:]
991:w
987:Z
982:/
976:w
972:Z
966:0
961:0
954:0
944:w
940:Y
935:/
929:w
925:Y
919:0
912:0
907:0
897:w
893:X
888:/
882:w
878:X
870:[
866:=
862:]
855:Z
848:Y
841:X
834:[
784:w
780:B
754:w
750:G
724:w
720:R
695:B
670:G
645:R
620:B
600:G
580:R
556:]
545:B
533:G
521:R
513:[
508:]
496:w
492:B
487:/
478:0
473:0
466:0
456:w
452:G
447:/
438:0
431:0
426:0
416:w
412:R
407:/
396:[
392:=
388:]
381:B
374:G
367:R
360:[
317:=
314:R
23:.
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