1767:; the public funding behind the study provided a necessary basis for its neutrality. 30,000 users, including minors between 14 and 17 years, were surveyed among September and October 2014. While a negative impact was found for the film industry, videogame sales were positively affected by illegal consumption, possibly due to "the industry being successful in converting illegal users to paying users" and employing player-oriented strategies (for example, by providing additional bonus levels or items in the gameplay for a fee); finally, no evidence was found for any claims of sales displacement in the other market sectors. According to the
2065:
fewer PC shipments than emerging economies in 2010. In addition with software infringement rates of 68 percent comparing to 24 percent of mature markets, emerging markets thus possessed the majority of the global increase in the commercial value of counterfeit software. China continued to have the highest commercial value of such software at $ 8.9 billion among developing countries and second in the world behind the US at $ 9.7 billion in 2011. In 2011, the
Business Software Alliance announced that 83 percent of software deployed on PCs in Africa had been pirated (excluding South Africa).
1198:(for example) to certain kinds of devices and media, provided rights holders are compensated and no copy protection measures are circumvented. Rights-holder compensation takes various forms, depending on the country, but is generally either a levy on "recording" devices and media, or a tax on the content itself. In some countries, such as Canada, the applicability of such laws to copying onto general-purpose storage devices like computer hard drives, portable media players, and phones, for which no levies are collected, has been the subject of debate and further efforts to reform copyright law.
1912:, the BSA stated: "Over half of the world's personal computer users – 57 percent – admit to pirating software." The ninth annual "BSA Global Software Piracy Study" claims that the "commercial value of this shadow market of pirated software" was worth US$ 63.4 billion in 2011, with the highest commercial value of pirated PC software existent in the U.S. during that time period (US$ 9,773,000). According to the 2011 study, Zimbabwe was the nation with the highest piracy rate, at 92%, while the lowest piracy rate was present in the U.S., at 19%.
750:, stated in April 2014: "Piracy is less about people not wanting to pay and more about just wanting the immediacy – people saying, 'I want to watch Spiderman right now' and downloading it". The statement occurred during the third year that the festival used the Internet to present its content, while it was the first year that it featured a showcase of content producers who work exclusively online. Cusumano further explained that downloading behavior is not merely conducted by people who merely want to obtain content for free:
1261: – though the US Copyright Office is currently reviewing anticircumvention rulemaking under DMCA – anti-circumvention exemptions that have been in place under the DMCA include those in software designed to filter websites that are generally seen to be inefficient (child safety and public library website filtering software) and the circumvention of copy protection mechanisms that have malfunctioned, have caused the instance of the work to become inoperable or which are no longer supported by their manufacturers. According to
841:, "high prices for media goods, low incomes, and cheap digital technologies" are the chief factors that lead to the global spread of media piracy, especially in emerging markets. According to the study, even though digital piracy inflicts additional costs on the production side of media, it also offers the main access to media goods in developing countries. The strong tradeoffs that favor using digital piracy in developing economies dictate the current neglected law enforcement's toward digital piracy.
96:
570:
1375:" provisions. Under European law, the governing principles for Internet Service Providers are "mere conduit", meaning that they are neutral 'pipes' with no knowledge of what they are carrying; and 'no obligation to monitor' meaning that they cannot be given a general mandate by governments to monitor content. These two principles are a barrier for certain forms of online copyright enforcement and they were the reason behind an attempt to amend the European
914:
1417:: In this animation, the colored bars beneath all of the seven clients in the upper region above represent the file, with each color representing an individual piece of the file. After the initial pieces transfer from the seed (large system at the bottom), the pieces are individually transferred from client to client. The original seeder only needs to send out one copy of the file for all the clients to receive a copy.
930:
1468:, in particular, does not sit easily with existing laws on online intermediaries' liability. The BitTorrent protocol established an entirely decentralised network architecture in order to distribute large files effectively. Recent developments in peer-to-peer technology towards more complex network configurations are said to have been driven by a desire to avoid liability as intermediaries under existing laws.
66:
1610:, considers digital transmissions of audio recordings to be licensed as long as a designated copyright collective's royalty and reporting requirements are met. The DMCA also provides safe harbor for digital service providers whose users are suspected of copyright infringement, thus reducing the likelihood that the providers themselves will be considered directly infringing.
585:" was used beginning in the 1980s, and is still being used. In copyright law, infringement does not refer to theft of physical objects that take away the owner's possession, but an instance where a person exercises one of the exclusive rights of the copyright holder without authorization. Courts have distinguished between copyright infringement and theft. For instance, the
1581:"Strengthen enforcement of IP laws with dedicated resources, including specialized enforcement units, training for law enforcement and judiciary officials, improved cross-border cooperation among law enforcement agencies, and fulfillment of obligations under the World Trade Organization's Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS)."
5277:
6007:
1410:
735:-based company Apptricity which makes software that allows the army to track their soldiers in real time. In 2004, the US Army paid the company a total of $ 4.5 million for a license of 500 users while allegedly installing the software for more than 9000 users; the case was settled for US$ 50 million. Major anti-piracy organizations, like the
1371:(2000) provide online intermediaries with limited statutory immunity from liability for copyright infringement. Online intermediaries hosting content that infringes copyright are not liable, so long as they do not know about it and take actions once the infringing content is brought to their attention. In U.S. law this is characterized as "
1614:
copyright owner publishes and distributes the work with a prepared license that anyone can use, as long as they adhere to certain conditions. This has the effect of reducing infringement – and the burden on courts – by simply permitting certain types of uses under terms that the copyright owner considers reasonable. Examples include
1134:(NET Act), a federal law passed in 1997, in response to LaMacchia, provides for criminal prosecution of individuals who engage in copyright infringement under certain circumstances, even when there is no monetary profit or commercial benefit from the infringement. Maximum penalties can be five years in prison and up to $ 250,000 in
1905:(25%). The 2007 report showed that the Asia-Pacific region was associated with the highest amount of loss, in terms of U.S. dollars, with $ 14,090,000, followed by the European Union, with a loss of $ 12,383,000; the lowest amount of U.S. dollars was lost in the Middle East/Africa region, where $ 2,446,000 was documented.
2056:, including the CD format replacement cycle; the shift from music specialty stores to wholesale suppliers of music and 'minimum advertised pricing'; and the economic expansion of 1991–2001. He believes that with the introduction of new digital technologies, the bubble burst, and the industry suffered as a result.
2002:, and Saudi Arabia, the last being included for the first time. The report said piracy is "causing considerable harm to EU businesses" and high economic losses have occurred in Argentina, China, Ecuador and India. It also informed Saudi Arabia has not "taken sufficient steps to stop the infringement" caused via
1953:, which believes the study is flawed and misleading. One argument against the research is that many music consumers only download music illegally. The IFPI also points out that music piracy affects not only online music sales but also multiple facets of the music industry, which is not addressed in the study.
2037:
study in 2000 found that "Napster users were 45 percent more likely to have increased their music purchasing habits than online music fans who don't use the software were." This indicated that users of peer-to-peer sharing did not hurt the profits of the music industry, but in fact may have increased
1928:
took $ 12.5 billion from the U.S. economy. According to the study, musicians and those involved in the recording industry are not the only ones who experience losses attributed to music piracy. Retailers have lost over a billion dollars, while piracy has resulted in 46,000 fewer production-level
1793:
The U.S. GAO's 2010 findings regarding the great difficulty of accurately gauging the economic impact of copyright infringement was reinforced within the same report by the body's research into three commonly cited estimates that had previously been provided to U.S. agencies. The GAO report explained
1789:
Following consultation with experts on copyright infringement, the United States
Government Accountability Office (GAO) clarified in 2010 that "estimating the economic impact of IP infringements is extremely difficult, and assumptions must be used due to the absence of data", while "it is difficult,
763:
executive director Matt Deaner clarified the motivation of the film industry: "Distributors are usually wanting to encourage cinema-going as part of this process and restrict the immediate access to online so as to encourage the maximum number of people to go to the cinema." Deaner further explained
1805:
Usually, movies are hot because a distributor has spent hundreds of thousands of dollars promoting the product in print and TV and other forms of advertising. The major
Hollywood studios spend millions on this process with marketing costs rivaling the costs of production. They are attempting then to
1214:
Although downloading or other private copying is sometimes permitted, public distribution – by uploading or otherwise offering to share copyright-protected content – remains illegal in most, if not all, countries. For example, in Canada, even though it was once legal to download any copyrighted file
1032:
In some jurisdictions, copyright or the right to enforce it can be contractually assigned to a third party which did not have a role in producing the work. When this outsourced litigator appears to have no intention of taking any copyright infringement cases to trial, but rather only takes them just
996:
in civil court, against alleged infringers directly or against providers of services and software that support unauthorized copying. For example, major motion-picture corporation MGM Studios filed suit against P2P file-sharing services
Grokster and Streamcast for their contributory role in copyright
799:
Although about three million computers get sold every year in China, people don't pay for the software. Someday they will, though. And as long as they're going to steal it, we want them to steal ours. They'll get sort of addicted, and then we'll somehow figure out how to collect sometime in the next
410:
system. Shifting public expectations, advances in digital technology and the increasing reach of the
Internet have led to such widespread, anonymous infringement that copyright-dependent industries now focus less on pursuing individuals who seek and share copyright-protected content online, and more
1945:
suggests that illegal music downloads have almost no effect on the number of legal music downloads. The study analyzed the behavior of 16,000 European music consumers and found that although music piracy negatively affects offline music sales, illegal music downloads had a positive effect on legal
1840:
However, a study conducted on data from sixteen countries between 2005 and 2013, many of which had enacted anti-piracy measures to increase box office revenues of movies, found no significant increases in any markets attributable to policy interventions, which calls into doubt the claimed negative
1547:
In order to qualify for protection, a work must be an expression with a degree of originality, and it must be in a fixed medium, such as written down on paper or recorded digitally. The idea itself is not protected. That is, a copy of someone else's original idea is not infringing unless it copies
3521:
Downloading music for personal, non-commercial purposes is arguably legal in Canada due to the private copying levy which places a levy on blank media such as blank CDs. The private copying levy does not extend to video, as it only covers sound recordings. Making a personal copy of a music CDs is
2064:
The 2011 Business
Software Alliance Piracy Study Standard estimated the total commercial value of illegally copied software to be at $ 59 billion in 2010, with emerging markets accounting for $ 31.9 billion, over half of the total. Furthermore, mature markets for the first time received
2022:
totaling $ 75 trillion – more than the global GDP – with the judge overseeing the case ruling that such claims were "absurd". The $ 75 trillion figure had been obtained by counting each song downloaded as an infringement of copyright. After the conclusion of the case, LimeWire
1605:
Legislatures have reduced infringement by narrowing the scope of what is considered infringing. Aside from upholding international copyright treaty obligations to provide general limitations and exceptions, nations have enacted compulsory licensing laws applying specifically to digital works and
1593:
Corporations and legislatures take different types of preventive measures to deter copyright infringement, with much of the focus since the early 1990s being on preventing or reducing digital methods of infringement. Strategies include education, civil and criminal legislation, and international
1562:
Evaluation of alleged copyright infringement in a court of law may be substantial; the time and costs required to apply these tests vary based on the size and complexity of the copyrighted material. Furthermore, there is no standard or universally accepted test; some courts have rejected the AFC
1559:(AFC Test) to determine if it is too abstract to qualify for protection, or too dissimilar to an original work to be considered infringing. Software-related case law has also clarified that the amount of R&D, effort and expense put into a work's creation does not affect copyright protection.
1538:
of a consumer of the aggregator's service, also infringed the copyright of the news generators. The first prong was decided in favor of the news generators; in June 2014 the second prong was decided by the Court of
Justice of the European Union (CJEU), which ruled that the temporary web cache of
1485:
Article 10 of the Berne
Convention mandates that national laws provide for limitations to copyright, so that copyright protection does not extend to certain kinds of uses that fall under what the treaty calls "fair practice", including but not limited to minimal quotations used in journalism and
754:
I think that if companies were willing to put that material out there, moving forward, consumers will follow. It's just that want to consume films online and they're ready to consume films that way and we're not necessarily offering them in that way. So it's the distribution models that need to
414:
Estimates of the actual economic impact of copyright infringement vary widely and depend on other factors. Nevertheless, copyright holders, industry representatives, and legislators have long characterized copyright infringement as piracy or theft – language which some U.S. courts now regard as
1067:
was added in 1897, which established a misdemeanor penalty for "unlawful performances and representations of copyrighted dramatic and musical compositions" if the violation had been "willful and for profit". Criminal copyright infringement requires that the infringer acted "for the purpose of
1613:
Some copyright owners voluntarily reduce the scope of what is considered infringement by employing relatively permissive, "open" licensing strategies: rather than privately negotiating license terms with individual users who must first seek out the copyright owner and ask for permission, the
545:
procedures and penalties in cases of "willful trademark counterfeiting or copyright piracy on a commercial scale." Piracy traditionally refers to acts of copyright infringement intentionally committed for financial gain, though more recently, copyright holders have described online copyright
476:
4080:
1836:
study that only involved
Finnish participants, aged between seven and 84. The researchers, who worked with 6,000 participants, stated: "Movie pirates are also more likely to cut down their piracy if they feel they are harming the industry compared with people who illegally download music".
494:
The term "piracy" has been used to refer to the unauthorized copying, distribution and selling of works in copyright. In 1668 publisher John
Hancock wrote of "some dishonest Booksellers, called Land-Pirats, who make it their practise to steal Impressions of other mens Copies" in the work
1771:
association, the study may have been censored: specifically, as of 2018, the European Commission has not published the results, except in the part where the film industry was found to be adversely affected by illegal content consumption. Access to the study was requested and obtained by
943:
extend copyright protections to authors of works. In countries with copyright legislation, enforcement of copyright is generally the responsibility of the copyright holder. However, in several jurisdictions there are also criminal penalties for copyright infringement. According to the
1509:, which is where the law forbids copyright owners from denying a license for certain uses of certain kinds of works, such as compilations and live performances of music. Compulsory licensing laws generally say that for certain uses of certain works, no infringement occurs as long as a
2045:, states that the connection between declining music sales and the creation of peer-to-peer file sharing sites such as Napster is tenuous, based on correlation rather than causation. He argues that the industry at the time was undergoing artificial expansion, what he describes as a
560:
have criticized the use of the word "piracy" in these situations, saying that publishers use the word to refer to "copying they don't approve of" and that "they imply that it is ethically equivalent to attacking ships on the high seas, kidnapping and murdering the people on them."
775:
people, aged seven to 84. The list of reasons for downloading given by the study respondents included money saving; the ability to access material not on general release, or before it was released; and assisting artists to avoid involvement with record companies and movie studios.
1051:
Punishment of copyright infringement varies case-by-case across countries. Convictions may include jail time and/or severe fines for each instance of copyright infringement. In the United States, willful copyright infringement carries a maximum fine of $ 150,000 per instance.
1232:
claims that statutory damages for non-commercial copyright infringement are capped at C$ 5,000 but this only applies to copies that have been made without the breaking of any "digital lock." However, this only applies to "bootleg distribution" and not non-commercial use.
1189:
of 2001, which is generally devised to allow EU members to enact laws sanctioning making copies without authorization, as long as they are for personal, noncommercial use. The Directive was not intended to legitimize file-sharing, but rather the common practice of
1359:
The debate has shifted away from questions about liability for specific content, including that which may infringe copyright, towards whether online intermediaries should be generally responsible for content accessible through their services or infrastructure.
1421:
These types of intermediaries do not host or transmit infringing content, themselves, but may be regarded in some courts as encouraging, enabling or facilitating infringement by users. These intermediaries may include the author, publishers, and marketers of
1434:. Torrent files do not contain copyrighted content, but they may refer to files that do, and they may point to trackers which coordinate the sharing of those files. Some torrent indexing and search sites, such as The Pirate Bay, now encourage the use of
1102:, signed in May 2011 by the United States, Japan, and the EU, requires that its parties add criminal penalties, including incarceration and fines, for copyright and trademark infringement, and obligated the parties to actively police for infringement.
997:
infringement. In 2005, the Supreme Court ruled in favor of MGM, holding that such services could be held liable for copyright infringement since they functioned and, indeed, willfully marketed themselves as venues for acquiring copyrighted movies. The
988:
Copyright infringement in civil law is any violation of the exclusive rights of the owner. In U.S. law, these rights include reproduction, preparation of derivative works, distribution of copies by sale or rental, and public performances or displays.
466:
granted a motion to deny the MPAA the usage of words whose appearance was primarily "pejorative". This list included the word "piracy", the use of which, the motion by the defense stated, serves no court purpose but to misguide and inflame the jury.
1356:. As different content was considered in different legal systems, and in the absence of common definitions for "ISPs", "bulletin boards" or "online publishers", early law on online intermediaries' liability varied widely from country to country.
6294:
1227:
Some countries, like Canada and Germany, have limited the penalties for non-commercial copyright infringement. For example, Germany has passed a bill to limit the fine for individuals accused of sharing movies and series to €800–900. Canada's
1012:
In the United States, copyright term has been extended many times over from the original term of 14 years with a single renewal allowance of 14 years, to the current term of the life of the author plus 70 years. If the work was produced under
1122:
laws effective at the time, committing copyright infringement for non-commercial motives could not be prosecuted under criminal copyright law. The ruling gave rise to what became known as the "LaMacchia Loophole", wherein criminal charges of
5881:
391:. The copyright holder is usually the work's creator, or a publisher or other business to whom copyright has been assigned. Copyright holders routinely invoke legal and technological measures to prevent and penalize copyright infringement.
848:
as of 2013, the issue of digital infringement has not merely been legal, but social – originating from the high demand for cheap and affordable goods as well as the governmental connections of the businesses which produce such goods.
6464:
1522:
5977:
1476:
Copyright law does not grant authors and publishers absolute control over the use of their work. Only certain types of works and kinds of uses are protected; only unauthorized uses of protected works can be said to be infringing.
678:
Unavailability – no legitimate sellers providing the product in the language or country of the end-user: not yet launched there, already withdrawn from sales, never to be sold there, geographical restrictions on
1246:
1059:
procedures and penalties in cases of "willful trademark counterfeiting or copyright piracy on a commercial scale". Copyright holders have demanded that states provide criminal sanctions for all types of copyright infringement.
6486:
6220:
1584:"Lead by example by using only fully licensed software, implementing software asset management (SAM) programs, and promoting the use of legal software in state-owned enterprises, and among all contractors and suppliers."
1915:
The GAO noted in 2010 that the BSA's research up until that year defined "piracy as the difference between total installed software and legitimate software sold, and its scope involved only packaged physical software."
1024:
to remedy copyright infringement with injunctions and the destruction of infringing products, and award damages. Some jurisdictions only allow actual, provable damages, and some, like the United States, allow for large
6452:
6166:
2482:
1798:(FBI) estimate, a Customs and Border Protection (CBP) press release and a Motor and Equipment Manufacturers Association estimate – "cannot be substantiated or traced back to an underlying data source or methodology."
1285:(ISPs). However, questions of liability have also emerged in relation to other Internet infrastructure intermediaries, including Internet backbone providers, cable companies and mobile communications providers.
1080:
must first show the basic elements of copyright infringement: ownership of a valid copyright, and the violation of one or more of the copyright holder's exclusive rights. The government must then establish that
6375:
6203:
411:
on expanding copyright law to recognize and penalize, as indirect infringers, the service providers and software distributors who are said to facilitate and encourage individual acts of infringement by others.
1742:
funded a study to analyze "the extent to which unauthorised online consumption of copyrighted materials (music, audiovisual, books and video games) displaces sales of online and offline legal content", across
538:
1548:
that person's unique, tangible expression of the idea. Some of these limitations, especially regarding what qualifies as original, are embodied only in case law (judicial precedent), rather than in statutes.
1201:
In some countries, the personal copying exemption explicitly requires that the content being copied be obtained legitimately – i.e., from authorized sources, not file-sharing networks. In April 2014, the
6387:
1786:(BSA) claimed in its 2011 piracy study: "Public opinion continues to support intellectual property (IP) rights: Seven PC users in 10 support paying innovators to promote more technological advances."
764:
the matter in terms of the Australian film industry, stating: "there are currently restrictions on quantities of tax support that a film can receive unless the film has a traditional cinema release."
1111:
611:– is invaded, but no control, physical or otherwise, is taken over the copyright, nor is the copyright holder wholly deprived of using the copyrighted work or exercising the exclusive rights held.
2068:
Some countries distinguish corporate piracy from private use, which is tolerated as a welfare service. This is the leading reason developing countries refuse to accept or respect copyright laws.
1998:
released a report on protection and enforcement of intellectual property rights in third countries. The report named as many as 13 countries, including Argentina, Brazil, China, Ecuador, India,
1142:
by 50%. The court's ruling explicitly drew attention to the shortcomings of current law that allowed people to facilitate mass copyright infringement while being immune to prosecution under the
1249:
has provisions that prevent persons from "circumvent a technological measure that effectively controls access to a work". Thus if a distributor of copyrighted works has some kind of software,
4054:
2049:'perfect bubble'—a confluence of economic, political, and technological forces that drove the aggregate value of music sales to unprecedented heights at the end of the twentieth century".
5309:
2272:
1438:, instead of direct links to torrent files, creating another layer of indirection; using such links, torrent files are obtained from other peers, rather than from a particular website.
503:. Over time the metaphor mostly used in the book-trade became more common, such that the use of the word 'pirate' itself to describe unauthorized publishing of books was attested to in
1206:
ruled that "national legislation which makes no distinction between private copies made from lawful sources and those made from counterfeited or pirated sources cannot be tolerated."
4312:
4768:
2596:
5876:
1950:
1578:"Modernize protections for software and other copyrighted materials to keep pace with new innovations such as cloud computing and the proliferation of networked mobile devices."
160:
2478:
795:
software illegally will eventually pay for it, out of familiarity, as a country's economy develops and legitimate products become more affordable to businesses and consumers:
3309:
2072:, the president of Romania from 2004 to 2014, stated that "piracy helped the young generation discover computers. It set off the development of the IT industry in Romania."
1157:. These bills are aimed towards defeating websites that carry or contain links to infringing content, but have raised concerns about domestic abuse and internet censorship.
879:, which she dubbed for secret viewings through Romania. According to the article, she dubbed more than 3,000 movies and became the country's second-most famous voice after
2456:
1464:
Nevertheless, whether and to what degree any of these types of intermediaries have secondary liability is the subject of ongoing litigation. The decentralised structure of
5838:
4275:
Ram D. Gopal and G. Lawrence Sanders. "International Software Piracy: Analysis of Key Issues and Impacts". Information Systems Research 9, no. 4 (December 1998): 380–397.
5515:
4912:
2030:
found that the "RIAA's request problematically assumes that every illegal download resulted in a lost sale", indicating profit/loss estimates were likely extremely off.
771:, and reported on in early May 2014, researchers from the University of Portsmouth in the UK discussed findings from examining the illegal downloading behavior of 6,000
573:
A common explanation for why copyright infringement is not theft is that the original copyright holder still possesses the work they made, unlike the theft of an object.
3598:
1265:, it is legal to point users to DRM-stripping software and inform them how to use it because of lack of evidence that DRM stripping leads to copyright infringement.
720:
works does not require identification whereas downloads directly from the website of the copyright owner often require a valid email address and/or other credentials
5001:
2900:
355:
4240:
2246:
1498:. In common law systems, these fair practice statutes typically enshrine principles underlying many earlier judicial precedents, and are considered essential to
4737:
3281:
3120:
5302:
3061:
2266:
2256:
2173:
1461:, and case law on the liability of Internet service providers (ISPs) in relation to copyright infringement has emerged primarily in relation to these cases.
1139:
509:
2014:
Some claims made by industry representatives have been criticized as overestimating the monetary loss caused by copyright infringement. In one example, the
6619:
4209:
2230:
1046:
455:. Not all copyright infringement results in commercial loss, and the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in 1985 that infringement does not easily equate with theft.
145:
1390:
intermediaries have been denied access to safe harbor provisions in relation to copyright infringement. Legal action against such intermediaries, such as
2952:
1426:
networking software, and the websites that allow users to download such software. In the case of the BitTorrent protocol, intermediaries may include the
2033:
Critics of industry estimates argue that those who use peer-to-peer sharing services, or practice "piracy" are actually more likely to pay for music. A
631:. The word itself had already been in use since the 16th century, referring to pirates, and meant "looting" or "plundering". This form of the word – a
2015:
1273:
Whether Internet intermediaries are liable for copyright infringement by their users is a subject of debate and court cases in a number of countries.
4481:"Estimating displacement rates of copyrighted content in the EU – a Freedom of Information request to Secretariat General of the European Commission"
5480:
2378:
2149:
5965:
1815:
In 2008, the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA) reported that its six major member companies lost US$ 6.1 billion to piracy. A 2009
6508:
5295:
4699:
2311:
2251:
1929:
jobs and almost 25,000 retail jobs. The U.S. government was also reported to suffer from music piracy, losing $ 422 million in tax revenue.
1487:
603:, or fraud. The Copyright Act even employs a separate term of art to define one who misappropriates a copyright: ' an infringer of the copyright.'
263:
5866:
4058:
1170:
To an extent, copyright law in some countries permits downloading copyright-protected content for personal, noncommercial use. Examples include
6282:
5831:
2512:
2224:
1594:
agreements, as well as publicizing anti-piracy litigation successes and imposing forms of digital media copy protection, such as controversial
1556:
1203:
940:
4418:
4018:
5669:
5236:
5217:
5196:
5173:
4985:
4376:
3845:
3506:
3235:
2858:
2785:
2712:
221:
4885:
1033:
far enough through the legal system to identify and exact settlements from suspected infringers, critics commonly refer to the party as a "
521:
The practice of labeling the infringement of exclusive rights in creative works as "piracy" predates statutory copyright law. Prior to the
278:
180:
1009:
decision, but rather clouded the legal waters; future designers of software capable of being used for copyright infringement were warned.
1055:
Article 61 of the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs) requires that signatory countries establish
660:. Haran advocated the term in an attempt to find a phrase more emotive than "copyright infringement", yet more appropriate than "theft".
6535:
6313:
6051:
5941:
5557:
4534:
4008:, 219, 221 (U.S. 2003). in which the court describes fair use as a "free speech safeguard" and a "First Amendment accommodation"
1292:, software and games providers, those providing virtual information such as interactive forums and comment facilities with or without a
1099:
348:
3389:
6088:
5247:
5207:
4841:
4304:
4284:
4152:
2347:
2288:
2261:
2198:
2161:
2155:
1069:
1020:
Article 50 of the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs) requires that signatory countries enable
810:
619:
The term "freebooting" has been used to describe the unauthorized copying of online media, particularly videos, onto websites such as
607:
The court said that in the case of copyright infringement, the province guaranteed to the copyright holder by copyright law – certain
586:
3573:
1575:"Increase public education and raise awareness about software piracy and IP rights in cooperation with industry and law enforcement."
441:
is "robbery or illegal violence at sea", but the term has been in use for centuries as a synonym for acts of copyright infringement.
6609:
6573:
6503:
5824:
4005:
2167:
1773:
945:
1029:
awards intended to deter would-be infringers and allow for compensation in situations where actual damages are difficult to prove.
3299:
387:
granted to the copyright holder, such as the right to reproduce, distribute, display or perform the protected work, or to produce
6406:
6247:
6121:
5871:
5490:
5281:
3225:
2603:
2452:
2219:
1364:
1348:(ISPs) for hosting, transmitting or publishing user-supplied content that could be actioned under civil or criminal law, such as
896:
310:
135:
5091:
2740:
258:
6594:
5373:
5188:
3557:"The amount of the levy payable for making private copies of a protected work may not take unlawful reproductions into account"
3276:
3133:
2435:
1795:
1441:
Since the late 1990s, copyright holders have taken legal actions against a number of peer-to-peer intermediaries, such as pir,
1215:
as long as it was for noncommercial use, it was still illegal to distribute the copyrighted files (e.g. by uploading them to a
591:
4916:
3004:
1571:
The BSA outlined four strategies that governments can adopt to reduce software piracy rates in its 2011 piracy study results:
5654:
3595:
2294:
2103:
1874:
1005:
341:
57:
1975:
suffered "billions of dollars" of losses, following the unilateral cancellation of an exclusive contract it shared with the
1693:
marks can be added to films to identify the source of illegal copies and shut them down. In 2006 a notable example of using
1127:
or copyright infringement would be dismissed under current legal standards, so long as there was no profit motive involved.
447:, meanwhile, emphasizes the potential commercial harm of infringement to copyright holders. However, copyright is a type of
6277:
1832:, an annual loss figure of US$ 20.5 billion was cited for the movie industry. The article's basis is the results of a
6252:
5996:
5953:
5495:
5363:
4616:
McKenzie, Jordi (2017). "Graduated response policies to digital piracy: Do they increase box office revenues of movies?".
2408:
2321:
1186:
5989:
5014:
4191:
3348:
McDonald, Paul, and Janet Wasko. The Contemporary Hollywood Film Industry. Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub., 2008. Print. p.202
857:
There have been instances where a country's government bans a movie, resulting in the spread of copied videos and DVDs.
6560:
6520:
6193:
6188:
6068:
5590:
4776:
4251:
3357:
McDonald, Paul, and Janet Wasko. The Contemporary Hollywood Film Industry. Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub., 2008. Print.p.203
1976:
1934:
1819:
article then cited a loss figure of "roughly $ 20 billion a year" for Hollywood studios. According to a 2013 article in
480:
3194:
1979:(AFC) for the past 10 years. The decision by the AFC to invalidate its license for broadcasting rights to air games in
6476:
6267:
6183:
6131:
6126:
5009:
4707:
3663:
3463:
3087:
2336:
1870:
1853:
1712:
1229:
876:
736:
4745:
1897:(91%). According to the study's results, the five countries with the lowest piracy rates were: 1. the U.S. (20%); 2.
4939:
4105:
3264:
2848:
709:
Shopping experience – no legitimate sellers providing the product with the required quality through
6555:
6338:
6257:
6151:
6141:
6105:
6021:
5861:
3137:
2143:
1783:
1619:
1282:
1106:
760:
703:
5909:
3922:
3892:
3862:
3805:
3775:
3745:
3715:
2620:
6272:
6242:
6210:
6073:
5921:
5804:
5704:
5600:
5422:
5353:
4505:"INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY Observations on Efforts to Quantify the Economic Effects of Counterfeit and Pirated Goods"
4195:
3556:
3166:
2403:
2383:
1602:
laws, which limit the amount of control consumers have over the use of products and content they have purchased.
1595:
1387:
1345:
687:
547:
165:
30:
6326:
4213:
3493:"United States of America v. David LaMacchia, Memorandum of Decision and Order on Defendant's Motion to Dismiss"
1555:
requirement to determine whether the work was copied. Likewise, courts may require computer software to pass an
1513:, at a rate determined by law rather than private negotiation, is paid to the copyright owner or representative
6604:
6493:
6471:
6442:
6416:
6360:
6350:
6227:
6098:
6061:
6031:
5984:
5916:
5888:
5659:
5562:
5039:
4860:
3272:
2331:
2209:
2091:
1938:
found that the effect of music downloads on legal music sales was "statistically indistinguishable from zero".
1833:
1623:
892:
740:
70:
6321:
5936:
5125:
2956:
1664:(entering its video window). During the theatrical window, digital versions of films are often transported in
702:) of restricting legitimate use (backups, usage on devices of different vendors, offline usage) or comes with
6481:
6394:
6289:
5972:
5948:
3450:
6525:
6515:
6498:
6426:
6411:
6382:
6355:
6345:
6178:
6078:
6041:
6036:
5904:
5790:
5500:
5395:
5338:
4465:
2214:
1821:
1801:
Deaner explained the importance of rewarding the "investment risk" taken by motion picture studios in 2014:
1768:
500:
170:
140:
130:
6215:
4591:
4344:
1866:
with a comparable installed base in Japan, "because it's a cartridge system there's virtually no piracy".
6599:
6459:
6447:
6421:
6365:
6333:
6262:
6232:
6198:
6173:
6146:
6136:
6093:
6056:
6046:
5960:
5931:
5926:
5856:
5610:
5595:
5470:
5437:
3688:
2597:"The Persistence of Piracy: The Consequences for Creativity, for Culture, and for Sustainable Development"
2097:
1698:
1552:
1399:
1150:
904:
868:
526:
399:
241:
74:
6399:
6370:
6161:
3534:
1095:
infringement has a very low threshold in terms of number of copies and the value of the infringed works.
672:
Pricing – unwillingness or inability to pay the price requested by the legitimate sellers
6624:
6237:
6083:
5605:
5510:
5475:
5318:
3128:
2085:
1942:
1858:
1615:
1607:
1465:
1414:
1143:
747:
448:
87:
77:
4978:
The Piracy Crusade: How the Music Industry's War on Sharing Destroys Markets and Erodes Civil Liberties
4712:
4480:
1806:
monetise through returns that can justify the investment in both the costs of promotion and production.
1790:
if not impossible, to quantify the net effect of counterfeiting and piracy on the economy as a whole."
95:
4565:
1676:, with the key being made to work only at specific times in order to prevent leakage between screens.
6530:
6026:
5550:
5545:
5525:
4966:
Aram Sinnreich, "Digital Music Subscriptions: Post-Napster Product Formats", Jupiter Research (2000).
4393:
2680:
2388:
2299:
2120:
1983:
came after the kingdom was accused of leading a piracy operation through its television broadcaster,
1720:
1716:
1514:
1454:
1368:
1014:
872:
463:
451:, an area of law distinct from that which covers robbery or theft, offenses related only to tangible
395:
3952:
5465:
5333:
4425:
4025:
3251:
2538:
2363:
1995:
1739:
1665:
1403:
1395:
787:, and Brent Schlender at the University of Washington in 1998, Bill Gates commented on piracy as a
710:
699:
680:
231:
3516:
1530:
service infringed the copyright of the news generators; the other concerned whether the temporary
727:
Sometimes only partial compliance with license agreements is the cause. For example, in 2013, the
569:
475:
5783:
5729:
5633:
5165:
5148:
4803:
4671:
3999:
3397:
3171:
3095:
2368:
2353:
2316:
2305:
2179:
2027:
1963:
1732:
1599:
1506:
1313:
1064:
908:
863:
315:
1153:
broaden the definition of "willful infringement", and introduce felony charges for unauthorized
125:
105:
6614:
6156:
5664:
5427:
5232:
5213:
5192:
5169:
4981:
4953:
4652:
4644:
4372:
3841:
3231:
3039:
2854:
2781:
2708:
2393:
2373:
2069:
1694:
1690:
1669:
1635:
1499:
1435:
1372:
1293:
644:
640:
4542:
4366:
3636:
3031:
383:
without permission for a usage where such permission is required, thereby infringing certain
5744:
5689:
5649:
5530:
5368:
5140:
4793:
4785:
4625:
3451:
Rethinking the Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement's Criminal Copyright Enforcement Measures
2777:
2765:
2732:
2728:
2702:
2661:
2513:"Tribeca Film Festival programmer urges film industry to forget piracy and embrace internet"
2109:
2034:
1972:
1946:
music purchases. Without illegal downloading, legal purchases were about two percent lower.
1863:
1376:
1297:
1289:
1026:
691:
600:
553:
407:
226:
3930:
Keynote paper at WIPO Workshop on Online Intermediaries and Liability for Copyright, Geneva
3900:
Keynote paper at WIPO Workshop on Online Intermediaries and Liability for Copyright, Geneva
3870:
Keynote paper at WIPO Workshop on Online Intermediaries and Liability for Copyright, Geneva
3813:
Keynote paper at WIPO Workshop on Online Intermediaries and Liability for Copyright, Geneva
3783:
Keynote paper at WIPO Workshop on Online Intermediaries and Liability for Copyright, Geneva
3753:
Keynote paper at WIPO Workshop on Online Intermediaries and Liability for Copyright, Geneva
3723:
Keynote paper at WIPO Workshop on Online Intermediaries and Liability for Copyright, Geneva
2829:
1852:
claimed in 1983 that software piracy cost it £2.9 million a year, 30% of its revenue.
1253:
or password access device installed in instances of the work, any attempt to bypass such a
5776:
5739:
5574:
5432:
5348:
5095:
4442:
3602:
2649:
2204:
2115:
2053:
1849:
1680:
1527:
1427:
1258:
1254:
1154:
1034:
999:
913:
788:
706:, which are removed in the unauthorized product, making it more desirable for the end-user
695:
608:
582:
522:
388:
384:
236:
3835:
3464:"The Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement – Summary of Key Elements Under Discussion"
1017:
it may last 120 years after creation or 95 years after publication, whichever is sooner.
4308:
4288:
4169:
5734:
5699:
5674:
5415:
5388:
5378:
5112:
5086:
4460:
2081:
1748:
1639:
1490:
for uses that would otherwise be infringing broadly fall into the categories of either
1333:
1191:
1185:
The personal copying exemption in the copyright law of EU member states stems from the
1175:
1135:
1119:
933:
900:
784:
656:
283:
246:
175:
120:
4136:"Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works (Paris Text 1971)"
2874:
6588:
5724:
5679:
5449:
5081:
4822:
4629:
4292:
2358:
2326:
1328:, and any website which provides access to third party content through, for example,
1325:
530:
504:
305:
200:
5152:
4807:
4156:
4055:"You can't break copyright by looking at something online, Europe's top court rules"
2770:
2564:
2006:, like other countries have, to minimize the extent of financial and economic loss.
1825:, industry estimates in the United States range between $ 6.1B to $ 18.5B per year.
675:
Testing and evaluation – try before paying for what may be bad value
5759:
5684:
5520:
5505:
5442:
5400:
5383:
5066:
5061:
2125:
1980:
1925:
1877:(IDC) study, the five countries with the highest rates of software piracy were: 1.
1703:
1539:
consumers of the aggregator did not infringe the copyright of the news generators.
1495:
1431:
1423:
1301:
1195:
948:'s 2021 IP Index, the nations with the lowest scores for copyright protection were
929:
922:
826:
581:, "although such misuse has been rejected by legislatures and courts". The slogan "
394:
Copyright infringement disputes are usually resolved through direct negotiation, a
331:
300:
295:
268:
190:
150:
5162:
The Copyright Enforcement Enigma – Internet Politics and the Telecoms Package
5144:
4940:"LimeWire Settlement: RIAA, Record Labels Win $ 105M, But Artists May Not Benefit"
3837:
The Copyright Enforcement Enigma – Internet Politics and the Telecoms Package
3492:
1862:
sold 20,000 copies for the Commodore 64 in the US, but 800,000 cartridges for the
1517:. Some fair dealing laws, such as Canada's, include similar royalty requirements.
880:
5287:
3331:
2978:
1073:
537:
on publication and tasking it with enforcing the charter. Article 61 of the 1994
5754:
5749:
5569:
5540:
5405:
3062:"Piracy study shows illegal downloaders more likely to pay for films than music"
2192:
1988:
1708:
1535:
1409:
1353:
1216:
1092:
648:
636:
632:
557:
403:
402:. Egregious or large-scale commercial infringement, especially when it involves
290:
216:
185:
2927:
723:
Freedom of information – opposition to copyright law in general
65:
5535:
5358:
4677:
4419:"Estimating displacement rates of copyrighted content in the EU, Final Report"
4368:
Besides the Screen: Moving Images through Distribution, Promotion and Curation
3618:
2341:
1898:
1886:
1882:
1776:
1731:
Organizations disagree on the scope and magnitude of copyright infringement's
1329:
1317:
1077:
780:
686:
Usefulness – the legitimate product comes with various means (
668:
Some of the motives for engaging in copyright infringement are the following:
595:(1985) that bootleg phonorecords did not constitute stolen property. Instead,
416:
4676:(YouTube). Game Developers Conference. Event occurs at 36:20. Archived from
4656:
3419:
3043:
2665:
1523:
Public Relations Consultants Association Ltd v Newspaper Licensing Agency Ltd
5410:
4651:. Vol. 98, no. 1357. Reed Business Information. pp. 376–377.
3304:
2236:
1999:
1673:
1661:
1531:
1510:
1321:
1305:
1115:
1082:
977:
973:
792:
380:
376:
251:
195:
115:
5816:
4504:
5276:
3367:
2801:
1247:
WIPO Copyright and Performances and Phonograms Treaties Implementation Act
713:
and through a shopping system with the required level of user-friendliness
435:
are often associated with copyright infringement. The original meaning of
5485:
4113:
3511:
2278:
2241:
2019:
1894:
1491:
1458:
1450:
1442:
1309:
1288:
In addition, intermediaries are now also generally understood to include
1087:
1056:
992:
In the United States, copyright infringement is sometimes confronted via
953:
717:
620:
542:
534:
452:
327:
273:
110:
4325:
1606:
uses. For example, in the U.S., the DMCA, an implementation of the 1996
437:
5797:
5694:
4170:"Copyright in Open Source Software – Understanding the Boundaries"
3985:
3981:
3252:
The Puzzle of Criminal Sanctions for Intellectual Property Infringement
2737:
Free Software, Free Society: The Selected Essays of Richard M. Stallman
1902:
1890:
1878:
1744:
1657:
1391:
1131:
993:
969:
961:
949:
858:
838:
772:
728:
652:
628:
624:
4798:
4135:
4861:"Feud Over Soccer Piracy Deepens as A.F.C. Ends BeIN Sports Contract"
3162:
2130:
2003:
1984:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1250:
1179:
1171:
965:
918:
834:
830:
822:
814:
813:, the first independent comparative study of media piracy focused on
155:
4461:"Did the EU Commission hide a study that did not suit their agenda?"
4024:. Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada. Archived from
3953:"Pirating copyrighted content is legal in Europe, if done correctly"
4789:
4769:"The Effect of File Sharing on Record Sales: An Empirical Analysis"
2398:
1968:
1909:
1752:
1446:
1408:
1349:
1124:
1021:
957:
928:
912:
875:'s regime. A visitor from the west gave her bootlegged copies of
845:
818:
732:
578:
568:
539:
Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights
517:'One who lives by pillage and robbing on the sea. Also a plagiary'
474:
443:
64:
3332:"17 U.S. Code § 106 – Exclusive rights in copyrighted works"
1924:
In 2007, the Institute for Policy Innovation (IPI) reported that
1551:
In the United States, for example, copyright case law contains a
56:
For information on handling copyright concerns in Knowledge, see
4738:"Music Piracy Costs U.S. Economy $ 12.5 Billion, Report Reveals"
3923:"Online Intermediaries and Liability for Copyright Infringement"
3893:"Online Intermediaries and Liability for Copyright Infringement"
3863:"Online Intermediaries and Liability for Copyright Infringement"
3806:"Online Intermediaries and Liability for Copyright Infringement"
3776:"Online Intermediaries and Liability for Copyright Infringement"
3746:"Online Intermediaries and Liability for Copyright Infringement"
3716:"Online Intermediaries and Liability for Copyright Infringement"
2479:"MPAA Banned From Using Piracy and Theft Terms in Hotfile Trial"
2453:"MPAA Banned From Using Piracy and Theft Terms in Hotfile Trial"
1626:, which are predominantly applied to visual and literary works.
1379:
in 2009 to support new measures against copyright infringement.
1242:
1085:
willfully infringed or, in other words, possessed the necessary
577:
Copyright holders frequently refer to copyright infringement as
5820:
5291:
3755:. World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO). pp. 5–6
599:
interference with copyright does not easily equate with theft,
5185:
Piracy. The Intellectual Property Wars from Gutenberg to Gates
4886:"European Commission calls out Saudi Arabia for sports piracy"
4112:. SCL – The IT Law Community (UK). 5 June 2014. Archived from
4106:"CJEU Judgment: No Copyright Infringement in Mere Web Viewing"
2283:
1735:
economic effects and public support for the copyright regime.
1430:
and any websites or search engines which facilitate access to
1112:
United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts
4503:
United States Government Accountability Office (April 2010).
4192:"Feature: 8 Cores on a Budget- Building a Better Workstation"
3872:. World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO). p. 10
3227:
Intellectual property enforcement: international perspectives
2704:
Intellectual property enforcement: international perspectives
4842:"Illegal Music Downloads Not Hurting Industry, Study Claims"
3932:. World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO). p. 9
3902:. World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO). p. 7
3815:. World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO). p. 5
3785:. World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO). p. 4
3725:. World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO). p. 2
5040:"Software piracy rate statistics – countries compared"
3453:
The Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology 102(1):67–117
2685:. T. Cox at the Lamb under the Royal-Exchange. p. 620.
883:, even though no one knew her name until many years later.
3473:. Swiss federation of Intellectual Property. November 2009
1908:
In its 2011 report, conducted in partnership with IDC and
497:
A String of Pearls: or, The Best Things Reserved till Last
1949:
The study has received criticism, particularly from the
1841:
economic effects of digital piracy on the film industry.
4913:"Judge rules punitive damages against LimeWire 'absurd'"
4250:. Business Software Alliance (BSA). 2011. Archived from
3562:. Court of Justice of the European Union. 10 April 2014.
2602:. UNESCO e-Copyright Bulletin. p. 2. Archived from
2273:
Elektra Records Co. v. Gem Electronic Distributors, Inc.
1941:
A report from 2013, released by the European Commission
936:
logo, a retaliation to the stereotypical image of piracy
704:
non-skippable advertisements and anti-piracy disclaimers
4700:"Fifth Annual BSA and IDC Global Software Piracy Study"
3664:"It's Perfectly Legal to Tell People How to Remove DRM"
3420:"U.S. Copyright Office – Copyright Law: Chapter 5"
3005:"US Army settles in $ 180 million software piracy case"
1697:
marks resulted in a man being arrested for uploading a
1281:
Internet intermediaries were formerly understood to be
34:
5002:"Shadow Market: 2011 BSA Global Software Piracy Study"
4980:. University of Massachusetts Press. pp. 94–118.
4345:"Movie Studios Push to Unlock DVD Release Dates – WSJ"
4343:
Ethan Smith; Lauren A. E. Schuker (12 February 2010).
4313:
Online Copyright Infringement Liability Limitation Act
5113:"PIRATE LIBRARIES and the fight for open information"
3254:
Harvard Journal of Law & Technology 24(2):469–518
2733:"Confusing Words and Phrases That Are Worth Avoiding"
1951:
International Federation of the Phonographic Industry
1394:, are generally brought in relation to principles of
1194:
copyright-protected content from a legally purchased
1037:". Such practices have had mixed results in the U.S.
4210:"3.3 The "Abstraction, Filtration, Comparison" Test"
2928:"Facebook announces new tools to tackle video theft"
1901:(21%); 3. New Zealand (22%); 4. Japan (23%); and 5.
1340:
Litigation and legislation concerning intermediaries
6548:
6435:
6312:
6305:
6114:
6014:
5897:
5768:
5717:
5642:
5626:
5619:
5583:
5458:
5326:
3619:"U.S. Copyright Office – Copyright Law: Chapter 12"
3368:"U.S. Copyright Office – Information Circular"
3265:"U.S. CHAMBER INTERNATIONAL IP INDEX 2021 (page 7)"
2979:"US agrees to pay $ 50m after 'piracy' of software"
2060:
Economic impact of infringement in emerging markets
861:-born documentary maker Ilinca Calugareanu wrote a
3300:"Vietnam boosts intellectual property index score"
2769:
1563:Test, for example, in favor of narrower criteria.
5248:"Holding States Accountable for Copyright Piracy"
4443:"Expired UDL link – TED Tenders Electronic Daily"
2955:. Tcs.cam.ac.uk. 24 November 2011. Archived from
2802:"Photographic image of 'Piracy is Theft' cartoon"
1110:871 F.Supp. 535 (1994) was a case decided by the
1068:commercial advantage or private financial gain" (
769:Journal of Behavioural and Experimental Economics
4514:. United States Government Accountability Office
4365:Virginia Crisp, Gabriel Menotti Gonring (2015).
3689:"Telling people how to remove DRM isn't illegal"
2894:
2892:
1719:on banknotes is used to prevent copying to make
5231:. Oxford Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press.
4673:Classic Game Postmortem – Raid On Bungeling Bay
2590:
2588:
2586:
3440:Act of 6 January 1897, ch. 4, 29 Stat. 481-82.
2247:Copyright aspects of downloading and streaming
1642:(theatrical window), on average approximately
1344:Early court cases focused on the liability of
5832:
5303:
2026:In another decision, US District Court Judge
349:
8:
3219:
3217:
3215:
2696:
2694:
2692:
2682:An Universal Etymological English Dictionary
2447:
2445:
2267:Criminal remedies for copyright infringement
2257:Copyrighted content on file sharing networks
2174:International Intellectual Property Alliance
510:An Universal Etymological English Dictionary
4394:"Man nabbed for uploading Oscar 'screener'"
4048:
4046:
3921:Edwards, Lilian; Waelde, Charlotte (2005).
3891:Edwards, Lilian; Waelde, Charlotte (2005).
3861:Edwards, Lilian; Waelde, Charlotte (2005).
3804:Edwards, Lilian; Waelde, Charlotte (2005).
3774:Edwards, Lilian; Waelde, Charlotte (2005).
3744:Edwards, Lilian; Waelde, Charlotte (2005).
3714:Edwards, Lilian; Waelde, Charlotte (2005).
2853:. Cambridge University Press. p. 221.
2595:Panethiere, Darrell (July–September 2005).
2231:Computer Associates Int. Inc. v. Altai Inc.
1987:, misappropriating sports content owned by
1520:In Europe, the copyright infringement case
1047:Criminal copyright law in the United States
146:Integrated circuit layout design protection
18:
6309:
5839:
5825:
5817:
5623:
5310:
5296:
5288:
3976:
3974:
3030:IDG Network World Inc (17 November 1997).
2760:
2758:
2539:"Game of Thrones: Another case for piracy"
2023:agreed to pay $ 105 million to RIAA.
755:catch up. People will pay for the content.
546:infringement, particularly in relation to
356:
342:
83:
69:An advertisement for copyright and patent
5246:Abbott; Madigan; Mossoff; Osenga; Rosen.
4797:
4019:"Canada – U.S. Copyright Comparison"
3522:also covered by the private copying levy.
2430:
2428:
2426:
2138:Anti-copyright-infringement organizations
2133:, by major funders of scientific research
1727:Economic impact of copyright infringement
5481:Business models for open-source software
4821:Delehaye, Dominique (19 November 2013).
4360:
4358:
4235:
4233:
4231:
3840:. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 104–106.
3230:. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 211.
3193:Calugareanu, Ilinca (17 February 2014).
2776:. Oxford University Press, USA. p.
2707:. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 208.
2379:Trade group efforts against file sharing
2150:Canadian Alliance Against Software Theft
2052:Sinnreich cites multiple causes for the
1526:had two prongs; one concerned whether a
1296:, aggregators of various kinds, such as
1076:). To establish criminal liability, the
24:This is an accepted version of this page
4954:United States of America v. Daniel Dove
4767:Oberholzer-Gee, Felix (February 2007).
4326:"Creative Commons – About The Licenses"
3607:Cap on Non-Commercial Copyright Damages
3224:Correa, Carlos Maria; Li, Xuan (2009).
3167:"Opinion | Stealing Books for the Poor"
2701:Correa, Carlos Maria; Li, Xuan (2009).
2422:
2312:Legal aspects of copyright infringement
2252:Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988
1991:since 2017, worth billions of dollars.
1486:education. The laws implementing these
759:In response to Cusumano's perspective,
264:Limitations and exceptions to copyright
208:
86:
20:
4498:
4496:
4494:
4085:Court of Justice of the European Union
3287:from the original on 14 December 2021.
3055:
3053:
2506:
2504:
2502:
2500:
2225:Comparison of anti-plagiarism software
2041:Professor Aram Sinnreich, in his book
1782:In relation to computer software, the
1557:Abstraction-Filtration-Comparison test
1204:Court of Justice of the European Union
479:Pirated edition of German philosopher
5670:Organization for Transformative Works
5111:Hamerman, Sarah (11 September 2015).
4248:2011 BSA Global Software Piracy Study
3115:
3113:
2459:from the original on 30 November 2013
743:regularly to ensure full compliance.
222:Artificial intelligence and copyright
7:
4592:"Putting a Price Tag on Film Piracy"
4392:Olsen, Stefanie (22 February 2007).
3574:"Canada deems P2P downloading legal"
3121:"Media Piracy in Emerging Economies"
2485:from the original on 3 December 2013
1398:for copyright infringement, such as
181:Supplementary protection certificate
5212:. Social Science Research Council.
5126:"Calculation in the pirate bazaars"
4911:Vijayan, Jaikumar (28 March 2011).
4848:– via entertainment.time.com.
4566:"Film piracy heads north of border"
4194:. 11 September 2008. Archived from
3390:"Piracy and Copyright in Australia"
2772:Moral Panics and the Copyright Wars
1505:Another example is the practice of
1263:Abby House Media Inc. v. Apple Inc.
458:This was taken further in the case
6620:Copyright infringement of software
5209:Media Piracy in Emerging Economies
4512:Report to Congressional Committees
3396:. 19 February 2015. Archived from
3136:. 2011. pp. i. Archived from
2834:Worldofstuart.excellentcontent.com
2439:(1985), 473 U.S. 207, pp. 217–218.
2348:Playboy Enterprises, Inc. v. Frena
2289:Federation Against Copyright Theft
2262:Copyright Remedy Clarification Act
2205:Copy protection § Anti-piracy
2199:In re Aimster Copyright Litigation
2162:Federation Against Copyright Theft
2156:Entertainment Software Association
1634:To maximize revenue, pre-COVID-19
1003:case did not overturn the earlier
811:Media Piracy in Emerging Economies
406:, is sometimes prosecuted via the
51:Illegal usage of copyrighted works
49:
6574:Category:Copyright law by country
5013:. 2012. p. 4. Archived from
4645:"Happy days for software pirates"
3336:LII / Legal Information Institute
3312:from the original on 4 April 2021
2648:Blayney, Peter W M (March 2022).
2168:Federation Against Software Theft
1811:Motion picture industry estimates
1774:Member of the European Parliament
6005:
5872:International copyright treaties
5491:Commercial use of copyleft works
5275:
5080:Nathan Davis (5 February 2007).
4744:. 22 August 2007. Archived from
4630:10.1016/j.infoecopol.2016.12.004
4618:Information Economics and Policy
3637:"Abbey House Media v. Apple Inc"
2743:from the original on 31 May 2010
2220:Center for Copyright Information
1828:In an early May 2014 article in
1365:Digital Millennium Copyright Act
1237:DMCA and anti-circumvention laws
1063:The first criminal provision in
897:Digital Millennium Copyright Act
871:, a narrator for state TV under
311:Outline of intellectual property
136:Indigenous intellectual property
94:
5471:Alternative compensation system
5255:Regulatory Transparency Project
5189:The University of Chicago Press
5062:"Software Piracy (Infographic)"
4840:Rothman, Lily (21 March 2013).
4643:Gosnell, Kelvin (12 May 1983).
4241:"Shadow Market – In Brief"
3507:"Your Interview: Michael Geist"
3277:Global Innovation Policy Center
3134:Social Science Research Council
2010:Criticism of industry estimates
1796:Federal Bureau of Investigation
1715:dots for similar purposes. The
746:Cara Cusumano, director of the
5655:Electronic Frontier Foundation
5082:"Thanks for letting us pirate"
4859:Panja, Tariq (12 March 2019).
4533:Shea Serrano (19 March 2008).
3641:Electronic Frontier Foundation
3596:Copyright Infringement Advisor
3515:. 7 April 2008. Archived from
2926:Foxx, Chris (31 August 2015).
2295:Intellectual property in China
2104:Electronic Frontier Foundation
2076:Pro-free-culture organizations
1875:International Data Corporation
1006:Sony v. Universal City Studios
529:of London in 1557, received a
58:Knowledge:Copyright violations
1:
5862:Copyright case law by country
5496:Commons-based peer production
5364:Legal aspects of file sharing
5145:10.1080/17530350.2017.1352009
4938:Korte, Travis (17 May 2011).
4590:Bialik, Carl (6 April 2013).
3576:. CNET News. 12 December 2003
2409:World Anti-Piracy Observatory
2322:Missionary Church of Kopimism
1656:weeks, before the release to
1543:Non-infringing types of works
1269:Online intermediary liability
1187:Information Society Directive
867:article telling the story of
853:Motivations due to censorship
484:
80:were still required in the US
5867:Copyright lengths by country
5591:Access to Knowledge movement
5206:Karaganis, Joe, ed. (2011).
4823:"The JRC in Seville (Spain)"
4777:Journal of Political Economy
4564:Bob Strauss (6 April 2009).
4053:Meyer, David (5 June 2014).
3951:Smith, Chris (6 June 2014).
3537:. Fundacja Nowoczesna Polska
3250:Irina D. Manta Spring 2011
3088:"The Bill & Warren Show"
3086:Gates, Bill (20 July 1998).
2899:Oremus, Will (8 July 2015).
2511:Matt Eaton (17 April 2014).
1977:Asian Football Confederation
1935:Journal of Political Economy
1114:which ruled that, under the
767:In a study published in the
716:Anonymity –
5133:Journal of Cultural Economy
5010:BSA (The Software Alliance)
4708:BSA (The Software Alliance)
4212:. Ladas.com. Archived from
3535:"Dozwolony użytek prywatny"
3091:(Digital newspaper archive)
3060:Samuel Gibbs (6 May 2014).
2901:"Facebook's Piracy Problem"
2337:Pirated movie release types
1845:Software industry estimates
1713:Machine Identification Code
1668:by couriers rather than by
1332:, a crucial element of the
1230:Copyright Modernization Act
1161:Non-commercial file sharing
587:United States Supreme Court
259:Idea–expression distinction
6641:
4605:– via blogs.wsj.com.
3298:Dang Khoa (3 April 2021).
2537:Nick Ross (8 April 2014).
2144:Business Software Alliance
2079:
1784:Business Software Alliance
1678:
1620:GNU General Public License
1488:limitations and exceptions
1346:Internet service providers
1283:internet service providers
1277:Definition of intermediary
1149:Proposed laws such as the
1138:. The NET Act also raised
1107:United States v. LaMacchia
1044:
890:
887:Existing and proposed laws
761:Screen Producers Australia
683:and international shipping
419:or otherwise contentious.
398:process, or litigation in
55:
6569:
6003:
5857:Copyright acts by country
5852:
5705:Students for Free Culture
5601:Cultural environmentalism
5558:Prizes instead of patents
5354:Digital rights management
2847:Clough, Jonathan (2010).
2830:"CLASSIC ANTI-PIRACY ADS"
2404:Windows Genuine Advantage
2384:Trans-Pacific Partnership
1961:In a March 2019 article,
1624:Creative Commons licenses
1388:Peer-to-peer file sharing
791:, whereby people who use
779:In a public talk between
741:software licensing audits
548:peer-to-peer file sharing
371:(at times referred to as
6610:Organized crime activity
5889:Rule of the shorter term
5847:Copyright law by country
5660:Free Software Foundation
5124:Deka, Maitrayee (2017).
4976:Sinnreich, Aram (2013).
4057:. Gigaom. Archived from
3273:U.S. Chamber of Commerce
2953:"Interview: Gabe Newell"
2850:Principles of Cybercrime
2628:Assets.documentcloud.org
2436:Dowling v. United States
2332:Open Letter to Hobbyists
2210:Australian copyright law
2092:Free Software Foundation
2018:claimed damages against
1957:Media industry estimates
1920:Music industry estimates
1834:University of Portsmouth
1367:(1998) and the European
1178:(EU) member states like
946:U.S. Chamber of Commerce
893:History of copyright law
592:Dowling v. United States
31:latest accepted revision
5791:RiP!: A Remix Manifesto
5501:Electronic sell-through
5396:Monopolies of knowledge
5339:Censorship by copyright
5160:Horten, Monica (2012).
4596:The Wall Street Journal
4466:European Digital Rights
3834:Horten, Monica (2012).
3394:Howard Smith of Geelong
2679:Bailey, Nathan (1736).
2215:Cable television piracy
1822:The Wall Street Journal
1769:European Digital Rights
1166:Legality of downloading
1132:No Electronic Theft Act
731:settled a lawsuit with
550:networks, as "piracy".
171:Plant genetic resources
141:Industrial design right
131:Geographical indication
6595:Copyright infringement
5805:The Internet's Own Boy
5611:Free software movement
5438:software patent debate
5344:Copyright infringement
5282:Copyright infringement
5227:Rosen, Ronald (2008).
5183:Johns, Adrian (2009).
4829:. European Commission.
4711:. 2007. Archived from
4570:Los Angeles Daily News
4371:. Palgrave Macmillan.
3594:For a discussion, see
2666:10.1093/library/22.3.3
2098:Open Source Initiative
1817:Los Angeles Daily News
1808:
1630:Protected distribution
1616:free software licenses
1553:substantial similarity
1418:
1400:contributory liability
1151:Stop Online Piracy Act
937:
926:
905:Stop Online Piracy Act
869:Irina Margareta Nistor
802:
757:
605:
574:
519:
491:
369:Copyright infringement
242:Criticism of copyright
166:Plant breeders' rights
81:
75:copyright registration
5606:Free-culture movement
5516:Libertarian positions
5511:Free-software license
5476:Anti-copyright notice
5319:Intellectual property
4670:Wright, Will (2011).
3601:13 April 2014 at the
3449:Miriam Bitton (2012)
3129:The American Assembly
2650:"Two Tales of Piracy"
2086:Free culture movement
1994:In January 2020, the
1943:Joint Research Centre
1859:Raid on Bungeling Bay
1803:
1794:that the sources – a
1679:Further information:
1638:typically began with
1608:WIPO Copyright Treaty
1466:peer-to-peer networks
1412:
1210:Legality of uploading
932:
916:
797:
752:
748:Tribeca Film Festival
643:" – was suggested by
597:
572:
533:giving the company a
515:
478:
449:intellectual property
88:Intellectual property
68:
6278:United Arab Emirates
5526:Open-design movement
5284:at Wikimedia Commons
4198:on 13 February 2010.
4006:537 U.S. 186
3032:"Surviving an audit"
2543:ABC technology+games
2455:. 29 November 2013.
2389:Video copy detection
2300:Internet Privacy Act
2121:Fight for the Future
1932:A 2007 study in the
1910:Ipsos Public Affairs
1869:According to a 2007
1721:counterfeit currency
1717:EURion constellation
1666:data storage devices
1515:copyright collective
1507:compulsory licensing
1369:E-Commerce Directive
1241:Title I of the U.S.
1100:ACTA trade agreement
1015:corporate authorship
464:Kathleen M. Williams
396:notice and take down
71:preparation services
5466:All rights reversed
5334:Artificial scarcity
5229:Music and Copyright
4330:creativecommons.org
4116:on 20 December 2014
3959:. Boy Genius Report
3495:. 28 December 1994.
3400:on 19 February 2015
3195:"VHS vs. Communism"
2959:on 26 November 2011
2364:Radio music ripping
1996:European Commission
1740:European Commission
1567:Preventive measures
1481:Non-infringing uses
1415:BitTorrent protocol
1404:vicarious liability
1396:secondary liability
1383:Peer-to-peer issues
711:online distribution
700:Blu-ray region code
681:online distribution
527:Stationers' Company
507:'s 1736 dictionary
232:Copyright abolition
21:Page version status
6509:Russian Federation
6052:Dominican Republic
5784:Good Copy Bad Copy
5730:Alexandra Elbakyan
5634:Copyright Alliance
5166:Palgrave Macmillan
5094:2011-08-17 at the
5020:on 1 November 2013
4942:. Huffington Post.
4919:on 9 February 2014
4865:The New York Times
4748:on 13 October 2012
4680:on 28 October 2021
4545:on 21 October 2013
4216:on 27 January 2012
4000:Eldred v. Ashcroft
3695:. 12 December 2014
3643:. 10 December 2014
3519:on 12 April 2008.
3471:transparency paper
3199:The New York Times
3172:The New York Times
2985:. 28 November 2013
2609:on 16 August 2008.
2369:Software copyright
2354:Product activation
2317:Licence laundering
2306:Jacobsen v. Katzer
2180:Copyright Alliance
2043:The Piracy Crusade
1967:reported that the
1964:The New York Times
1701:copy of the movie
1672:. The data can be
1600:anti-circumvention
1419:
1314:web search engines
1130:The United States
1065:U.S. copyright law
938:
927:
909:Software copyright
575:
492:
324:Higher categories:
316:Outline of patents
82:
27:
6582:
6581:
6544:
6543:
5814:
5813:
5713:
5712:
5665:Open Rights Group
5280:Media related to
5238:978-0-19-533836-2
5219:978-0-9841257-4-6
5198:978-0-226-40118-8
5175:978-0-230-32171-7
5070:. 22 August 2011.
4987:978-1-62534-052-8
4957:, 7 November 2008
4892:. 28 January 2020
4890:Broadband TV News
4378:978-1-137-47103-1
4309:§ 512(a)–(d)
4289:§ 514(f)–(g)
4257:on 19 August 2014
4061:on 7 January 2018
3980:Berne Convention
3847:978-0-230-32171-7
3662:Higgins, Parker.
3237:978-1-84844-663-2
3165:(13 March 2013).
3011:. 2 December 2013
2907:. The Slate Group
2877:. Merriam-Webster
2860:978-0-521-72812-6
2787:978-0-19-538564-9
2729:Stallman, Richard
2714:978-1-84844-663-2
2394:Video game piracy
2374:Software cracking
1695:Coded Anti-Piracy
1691:Coded Anti-Piracy
1670:data transmission
1636:film distribution
1500:freedom of speech
1294:moderation system
1223:Relaxed penalties
1140:statutory damages
917:Demonstration in
873:Nicolae Ceauşescu
541:(TRIPs) requires
366:
365:
39:12 September 2024
6632:
6490:
6468:
6456:
6403:
6391:
6379:
6342:
6330:
6310:
6298:
6286:
6224:
6207:
6170:
6102:
6065:
6009:
6008:
5993:
5981:
5969:
5957:
5945:
5913:
5841:
5834:
5827:
5818:
5745:Richard Stallman
5690:Public Knowledge
5650:Creative Commons
5624:
5531:Open music model
5312:
5305:
5298:
5289:
5279:
5265:
5263:
5261:
5252:
5242:
5223:
5202:
5179:
5156:
5130:
5120:
5098:
5078:
5072:
5071:
5058:
5052:
5051:
5049:
5047:
5036:
5030:
5029:
5027:
5025:
5019:
5006:
4998:
4992:
4991:
4973:
4967:
4964:
4958:
4950:
4944:
4943:
4935:
4929:
4928:
4926:
4924:
4915:. Archived from
4908:
4902:
4901:
4899:
4897:
4882:
4876:
4875:
4873:
4871:
4856:
4850:
4849:
4837:
4831:
4830:
4818:
4812:
4811:
4801:
4773:
4764:
4758:
4757:
4755:
4753:
4734:
4728:
4727:
4725:
4723:
4717:
4704:
4696:
4690:
4689:
4687:
4685:
4667:
4661:
4660:
4640:
4634:
4633:
4613:
4607:
4606:
4604:
4602:
4587:
4581:
4580:
4578:
4576:
4561:
4555:
4554:
4552:
4550:
4541:. Archived from
4530:
4524:
4523:
4521:
4519:
4509:
4500:
4489:
4488:
4477:
4471:
4470:
4457:
4451:
4450:
4439:
4433:
4432:
4431:on 21 June 2018.
4430:
4424:. Archived from
4423:
4415:
4409:
4408:
4406:
4404:
4389:
4383:
4382:
4362:
4353:
4352:
4340:
4334:
4333:
4322:
4316:
4302:
4296:
4282:
4276:
4273:
4267:
4266:
4264:
4262:
4256:
4245:
4237:
4226:
4225:
4223:
4221:
4206:
4200:
4199:
4188:
4182:
4181:
4179:
4177:
4166:
4160:
4150:
4144:
4143:
4132:
4126:
4125:
4123:
4121:
4102:
4096:
4095:
4093:
4091:
4077:
4071:
4070:
4068:
4066:
4050:
4041:
4040:
4038:
4036:
4031:on 30 April 2013
4030:
4023:
4015:
4009:
4003:
3995:
3989:
3978:
3969:
3968:
3966:
3964:
3948:
3942:
3941:
3939:
3937:
3927:
3918:
3912:
3911:
3909:
3907:
3897:
3888:
3882:
3881:
3879:
3877:
3867:
3858:
3852:
3851:
3831:
3825:
3824:
3822:
3820:
3810:
3801:
3795:
3794:
3792:
3790:
3780:
3771:
3765:
3764:
3762:
3760:
3750:
3741:
3735:
3734:
3732:
3730:
3720:
3711:
3705:
3704:
3702:
3700:
3685:
3679:
3678:
3676:
3674:
3659:
3653:
3652:
3650:
3648:
3633:
3627:
3626:
3615:
3609:
3592:
3586:
3585:
3583:
3581:
3570:
3564:
3563:
3561:
3553:
3547:
3546:
3544:
3542:
3531:
3525:
3524:
3503:
3497:
3496:
3489:
3483:
3482:
3480:
3478:
3468:
3460:
3454:
3447:
3441:
3438:
3432:
3431:
3429:
3427:
3416:
3410:
3409:
3407:
3405:
3386:
3380:
3379:
3377:
3375:
3364:
3358:
3355:
3349:
3346:
3340:
3339:
3328:
3322:
3321:
3319:
3317:
3295:
3289:
3288:
3286:
3269:
3261:
3255:
3248:
3242:
3241:
3221:
3210:
3209:
3207:
3205:
3190:
3184:
3183:
3181:
3179:
3159:
3153:
3152:
3150:
3148:
3142:
3125:
3117:
3108:
3107:
3105:
3103:
3092:
3083:
3077:
3076:
3074:
3072:
3057:
3048:
3047:
3027:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3016:
3001:
2995:
2994:
2992:
2990:
2975:
2969:
2968:
2966:
2964:
2949:
2943:
2942:
2940:
2938:
2923:
2917:
2916:
2914:
2912:
2896:
2887:
2886:
2884:
2882:
2871:
2865:
2864:
2844:
2838:
2837:
2826:
2820:
2819:
2817:
2815:
2806:
2798:
2792:
2791:
2775:
2762:
2753:
2752:
2750:
2748:
2725:
2719:
2718:
2698:
2687:
2686:
2676:
2670:
2669:
2645:
2639:
2638:
2636:
2634:
2625:
2617:
2611:
2610:
2608:
2601:
2592:
2581:
2580:
2578:
2576:
2561:
2555:
2554:
2552:
2550:
2534:
2528:
2527:
2525:
2523:
2508:
2495:
2494:
2492:
2490:
2475:
2469:
2468:
2466:
2464:
2449:
2440:
2432:
2110:Creative Commons
2048:
2035:Jupiter Research
1973:beIN Media Group
1864:Nintendo Famicom
1655:
1654:
1650:
1647:
1377:Telecoms Package
1298:news aggregators
1290:Internet portals
1027:statutory damage
805:Developing world
609:exclusive rights
554:Richard Stallman
489:
486:
408:criminal justice
389:derivative works
385:exclusive rights
375:) is the use of
358:
351:
344:
227:Brand protection
161:Peasants' rights
98:
84:
73:from 1906, when
6640:
6639:
6635:
6634:
6633:
6631:
6630:
6629:
6605:Organized crime
6585:
6584:
6583:
6578:
6565:
6540:
6484:
6462:
6450:
6436:Other countries
6431:
6397:
6385:
6373:
6336:
6324:
6301:
6292:
6280:
6218:
6201:
6164:
6110:
6096:
6059:
6010:
6006:
6001:
5987:
5975:
5963:
5951:
5939:
5907:
5893:
5848:
5845:
5815:
5810:
5777:Steal This Film
5764:
5740:Lawrence Lessig
5709:
5638:
5615:
5579:
5575:Video on demand
5454:
5349:Copyright troll
5322:
5316:
5272:
5259:
5257:
5250:
5245:
5239:
5226:
5220:
5205:
5199:
5182:
5176:
5159:
5128:
5123:
5110:
5107:
5105:Further reading
5102:
5101:
5096:Wayback Machine
5079:
5075:
5060:
5059:
5055:
5045:
5043:
5042:. Nation Master
5038:
5037:
5033:
5023:
5021:
5017:
5004:
5000:
4999:
4995:
4988:
4975:
4974:
4970:
4965:
4961:
4951:
4947:
4937:
4936:
4932:
4922:
4920:
4910:
4909:
4905:
4895:
4893:
4884:
4883:
4879:
4869:
4867:
4858:
4857:
4853:
4839:
4838:
4834:
4820:
4819:
4815:
4771:
4766:
4765:
4761:
4751:
4749:
4742:InformationWeek
4736:
4735:
4731:
4721:
4719:
4715:
4702:
4698:
4697:
4693:
4683:
4681:
4669:
4668:
4664:
4642:
4641:
4637:
4615:
4614:
4610:
4600:
4598:
4589:
4588:
4584:
4574:
4572:
4563:
4562:
4558:
4548:
4546:
4535:"Movie Pirates"
4532:
4531:
4527:
4517:
4515:
4507:
4502:
4501:
4492:
4487:. 27 July 2017.
4479:
4478:
4474:
4459:
4458:
4454:
4441:
4440:
4436:
4428:
4421:
4417:
4416:
4412:
4402:
4400:
4391:
4390:
4386:
4379:
4364:
4363:
4356:
4342:
4341:
4337:
4324:
4323:
4319:
4303:
4299:
4283:
4279:
4274:
4270:
4260:
4258:
4254:
4243:
4239:
4238:
4229:
4219:
4217:
4208:
4207:
4203:
4190:
4189:
4185:
4175:
4173:
4168:
4167:
4163:
4151:
4147:
4134:
4133:
4129:
4119:
4117:
4104:
4103:
4099:
4089:
4087:
4081:"Case C‑360/13"
4079:
4078:
4074:
4064:
4062:
4052:
4051:
4044:
4034:
4032:
4028:
4021:
4017:
4016:
4012:
3997:
3996:
3992:
3982:Article 10
3979:
3972:
3962:
3960:
3950:
3949:
3945:
3935:
3933:
3925:
3920:
3919:
3915:
3905:
3903:
3895:
3890:
3889:
3885:
3875:
3873:
3865:
3860:
3859:
3855:
3848:
3833:
3832:
3828:
3818:
3816:
3808:
3803:
3802:
3798:
3788:
3786:
3778:
3773:
3772:
3768:
3758:
3756:
3748:
3743:
3742:
3738:
3728:
3726:
3718:
3713:
3712:
3708:
3698:
3696:
3687:
3686:
3682:
3672:
3670:
3661:
3660:
3656:
3646:
3644:
3635:
3634:
3630:
3617:
3616:
3612:
3603:Wayback Machine
3593:
3589:
3579:
3577:
3572:
3571:
3567:
3559:
3555:
3554:
3550:
3540:
3538:
3533:
3532:
3528:
3505:
3504:
3500:
3491:
3490:
3486:
3476:
3474:
3466:
3462:
3461:
3457:
3448:
3444:
3439:
3435:
3425:
3423:
3422:. Copyright.gov
3418:
3417:
3413:
3403:
3401:
3388:
3387:
3383:
3373:
3371:
3370:. Copyright.gov
3366:
3365:
3361:
3356:
3352:
3347:
3343:
3330:
3329:
3325:
3315:
3313:
3297:
3296:
3292:
3284:
3267:
3263:
3262:
3258:
3249:
3245:
3238:
3223:
3222:
3213:
3203:
3201:
3192:
3191:
3187:
3177:
3175:
3161:
3160:
3156:
3146:
3144:
3143:on 22 June 2016
3140:
3123:
3119:
3118:
3111:
3101:
3099:
3090:
3085:
3084:
3080:
3070:
3068:
3059:
3058:
3051:
3029:
3028:
3024:
3014:
3012:
3003:
3002:
2998:
2988:
2986:
2977:
2976:
2972:
2962:
2960:
2951:
2950:
2946:
2936:
2934:
2925:
2924:
2920:
2910:
2908:
2898:
2897:
2890:
2880:
2878:
2873:
2872:
2868:
2861:
2846:
2845:
2841:
2828:
2827:
2823:
2813:
2811:
2804:
2800:
2799:
2795:
2788:
2764:
2763:
2756:
2746:
2744:
2727:
2726:
2722:
2715:
2700:
2699:
2690:
2678:
2677:
2673:
2647:
2646:
2642:
2632:
2630:
2623:
2621:"Omnibus Order"
2619:
2618:
2614:
2606:
2599:
2594:
2593:
2584:
2574:
2572:
2563:
2562:
2558:
2548:
2546:
2536:
2535:
2531:
2521:
2519:
2510:
2509:
2498:
2488:
2486:
2477:
2476:
2472:
2462:
2460:
2451:
2450:
2443:
2433:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2188:
2140:
2116:Demand Progress
2088:
2080:Main articles:
2078:
2062:
2054:economic bubble
2046:
2012:
1959:
1922:
1847:
1813:
1729:
1688:
1683:
1681:Copy protection
1652:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1632:
1622:(GPL), and the
1598:technology and
1591:
1569:
1545:
1534:created by the
1528:news aggregator
1483:
1474:
1428:torrent tracker
1385:
1342:
1279:
1271:
1255:copy protection
1239:
1225:
1212:
1168:
1163:
1155:media streaming
1049:
1043:
1035:copyright troll
1000:MGM v. Grokster
986:
911:
891:Main articles:
889:
877:American movies
855:
807:
789:means to an end
696:DVD region code
666:
617:
583:Piracy is theft
567:
523:Statute of Anne
487:
473:
460:MPAA v. Hotfile
425:
362:
326:
322:
237:Copyright troll
126:Farmers' rights
106:Authors' rights
61:
52:
47:
46:
45:
44:
43:
42:
26:
12:
11:
5:
6638:
6636:
6628:
6627:
6622:
6617:
6612:
6607:
6602:
6597:
6587:
6586:
6580:
6579:
6577:
6576:
6570:
6567:
6566:
6564:
6563:
6558:
6552:
6550:
6546:
6545:
6542:
6541:
6539:
6538:
6536:United Kingdom
6533:
6528:
6523:
6518:
6513:
6512:
6511:
6506:
6496:
6491:
6479:
6474:
6469:
6457:
6445:
6439:
6437:
6433:
6432:
6430:
6429:
6424:
6419:
6414:
6409:
6404:
6392:
6380:
6368:
6363:
6358:
6353:
6348:
6343:
6331:
6318:
6316:
6314:European Union
6307:
6303:
6302:
6300:
6299:
6287:
6275:
6270:
6265:
6260:
6255:
6250:
6245:
6240:
6235:
6230:
6225:
6213:
6208:
6196:
6191:
6186:
6181:
6176:
6171:
6159:
6154:
6149:
6144:
6139:
6134:
6129:
6124:
6118:
6116:
6112:
6111:
6109:
6108:
6103:
6091:
6086:
6081:
6076:
6071:
6066:
6054:
6049:
6044:
6039:
6034:
6029:
6024:
6018:
6016:
6012:
6011:
6004:
6002:
6000:
5999:
5994:
5982:
5970:
5958:
5946:
5934:
5929:
5924:
5919:
5914:
5901:
5899:
5895:
5894:
5892:
5891:
5886:
5885:
5884:
5882:related rights
5879:
5869:
5864:
5859:
5853:
5850:
5849:
5846:
5844:
5843:
5836:
5829:
5821:
5812:
5811:
5809:
5808:
5801:
5794:
5787:
5780:
5772:
5770:
5766:
5765:
5763:
5762:
5757:
5752:
5747:
5742:
5737:
5735:Rick Falkvinge
5732:
5727:
5721:
5719:
5715:
5714:
5711:
5710:
5708:
5707:
5702:
5700:Shadow library
5697:
5692:
5687:
5682:
5677:
5675:The Pirate Bay
5672:
5667:
5662:
5657:
5652:
5646:
5644:
5640:
5639:
5637:
5636:
5630:
5628:
5621:
5617:
5616:
5614:
5613:
5608:
5603:
5598:
5596:Anti-copyright
5593:
5587:
5585:
5581:
5580:
5578:
5577:
5572:
5567:
5566:
5565:
5555:
5554:
5553:
5548:
5538:
5533:
5528:
5523:
5518:
5513:
5508:
5503:
5498:
5493:
5488:
5483:
5478:
5473:
5468:
5462:
5460:
5456:
5455:
5453:
5452:
5447:
5446:
5445:
5440:
5435:
5430:
5420:
5419:
5418:
5416:Bioprospecting
5408:
5403:
5398:
5393:
5392:
5391:
5386:
5381:
5376:
5366:
5361:
5356:
5351:
5346:
5341:
5336:
5330:
5328:
5324:
5323:
5317:
5315:
5314:
5307:
5300:
5292:
5286:
5285:
5271:
5270:External links
5268:
5267:
5266:
5243:
5237:
5224:
5218:
5203:
5197:
5180:
5174:
5157:
5139:(5): 450–461.
5121:
5106:
5103:
5100:
5099:
5073:
5053:
5031:
4993:
4986:
4968:
4959:
4945:
4930:
4903:
4877:
4851:
4832:
4827:EU Science Hub
4813:
4790:10.1086/511995
4759:
4729:
4718:on 24 May 2013
4691:
4662:
4635:
4608:
4582:
4556:
4525:
4490:
4472:
4452:
4434:
4410:
4384:
4377:
4354:
4335:
4317:
4305:17 U.S.C.
4297:
4285:17 U.S.C.
4277:
4268:
4227:
4201:
4183:
4161:
4159:, for example.
4153:17 U.S.C.
4145:
4127:
4097:
4072:
4042:
4010:
3990:
3970:
3943:
3913:
3883:
3853:
3846:
3826:
3796:
3766:
3736:
3706:
3680:
3654:
3628:
3610:
3587:
3565:
3548:
3526:
3498:
3484:
3455:
3442:
3433:
3411:
3381:
3359:
3350:
3341:
3323:
3290:
3256:
3243:
3236:
3211:
3185:
3154:
3109:
3078:
3049:
3022:
2996:
2970:
2944:
2918:
2888:
2866:
2859:
2839:
2821:
2793:
2786:
2766:Patry, William
2754:
2720:
2713:
2688:
2671:
2640:
2612:
2582:
2569:Dictionary.com
2556:
2529:
2496:
2470:
2441:
2421:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2412:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2195:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2183:
2182:
2177:
2171:
2165:
2159:
2153:
2147:
2139:
2136:
2135:
2134:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2107:
2101:
2095:
2082:Anti-copyright
2077:
2074:
2070:Traian Băsescu
2061:
2058:
2028:James P. Jones
2011:
2008:
1958:
1955:
1921:
1918:
1893:(92%); and 5.
1850:Psion Software
1846:
1843:
1812:
1809:
1749:United Kingdom
1728:
1725:
1687:
1684:
1640:movie theaters
1631:
1628:
1590:
1587:
1586:
1585:
1582:
1579:
1576:
1568:
1565:
1544:
1541:
1482:
1479:
1473:
1470:
1384:
1381:
1341:
1338:
1334:World Wide Web
1278:
1275:
1270:
1267:
1257:scheme may be
1238:
1235:
1224:
1221:
1211:
1208:
1192:space shifting
1176:European Union
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1070:17 U.S.C.
1045:Main article:
1042:
1039:
985:
982:
941:Most countries
934:The Pirate Bay
921:in support of
901:Protect IP Act
888:
885:
864:New York Times
854:
851:
806:
803:
785:Warren Buffett
725:
724:
721:
714:
707:
684:
676:
673:
665:
662:
657:Hello Internet
647:and podcaster
616:
613:
566:
563:
481:Alfred Schmidt
472:
469:
462:, where Judge
424:
421:
404:counterfeiting
364:
363:
361:
360:
353:
346:
338:
335:
334:
321:
320:
319:
318:
308:
303:
298:
293:
288:
287:
286:
284:Right to quote
281:
276:
271:
261:
256:
255:
254:
247:Bioprospecting
244:
239:
234:
229:
224:
219:
211:
210:
209:Related topics
206:
205:
204:
203:
198:
193:
188:
183:
178:
176:Related rights
173:
168:
163:
158:
153:
148:
143:
138:
133:
128:
123:
121:Database right
118:
113:
108:
100:
99:
91:
90:
50:
48:
28:
22:
19:
17:
16:
15:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6637:
6626:
6623:
6621:
6618:
6616:
6613:
6611:
6608:
6606:
6603:
6601:
6600:Copyright law
6598:
6596:
6593:
6592:
6590:
6575:
6572:
6571:
6568:
6562:
6559:
6557:
6554:
6553:
6551:
6547:
6537:
6534:
6532:
6529:
6527:
6524:
6522:
6519:
6517:
6514:
6510:
6507:
6505:
6502:
6501:
6500:
6497:
6495:
6492:
6488:
6483:
6480:
6478:
6475:
6473:
6470:
6466:
6461:
6458:
6454:
6449:
6446:
6444:
6441:
6440:
6438:
6434:
6428:
6425:
6423:
6420:
6418:
6415:
6413:
6410:
6408:
6405:
6401:
6396:
6393:
6389:
6384:
6381:
6377:
6372:
6369:
6367:
6364:
6362:
6359:
6357:
6354:
6352:
6349:
6347:
6344:
6340:
6335:
6332:
6328:
6323:
6320:
6319:
6317:
6315:
6311:
6308:
6304:
6296:
6291:
6288:
6284:
6279:
6276:
6274:
6271:
6269:
6266:
6264:
6261:
6259:
6256:
6254:
6251:
6249:
6246:
6244:
6241:
6239:
6236:
6234:
6231:
6229:
6226:
6222:
6217:
6214:
6212:
6209:
6205:
6200:
6197:
6195:
6192:
6190:
6187:
6185:
6182:
6180:
6177:
6175:
6172:
6168:
6163:
6160:
6158:
6155:
6153:
6150:
6148:
6145:
6143:
6140:
6138:
6135:
6133:
6130:
6128:
6125:
6123:
6120:
6119:
6117:
6113:
6107:
6104:
6100:
6095:
6092:
6090:
6089:United States
6087:
6085:
6082:
6080:
6077:
6075:
6072:
6070:
6067:
6063:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6050:
6048:
6045:
6043:
6040:
6038:
6035:
6033:
6030:
6028:
6025:
6023:
6020:
6019:
6017:
6013:
5998:
5995:
5991:
5986:
5983:
5979:
5974:
5971:
5967:
5962:
5959:
5955:
5950:
5947:
5943:
5938:
5935:
5933:
5930:
5928:
5925:
5923:
5920:
5918:
5915:
5911:
5906:
5903:
5902:
5900:
5896:
5890:
5887:
5883:
5880:
5878:
5875:
5874:
5873:
5870:
5868:
5865:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5855:
5854:
5851:
5842:
5837:
5835:
5830:
5828:
5823:
5822:
5819:
5807:
5806:
5802:
5800:
5799:
5795:
5793:
5792:
5788:
5786:
5785:
5781:
5779:
5778:
5774:
5773:
5771:
5769:Documentaries
5767:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5728:
5726:
5725:Cory Doctorow
5723:
5722:
5720:
5716:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5693:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5678:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5668:
5666:
5663:
5661:
5658:
5656:
5653:
5651:
5648:
5647:
5645:
5641:
5635:
5632:
5631:
5629:
5627:Pro-copyright
5625:
5622:
5620:Organizations
5618:
5612:
5609:
5607:
5604:
5602:
5599:
5597:
5594:
5592:
5589:
5588:
5586:
5582:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5564:
5561:
5560:
5559:
5556:
5552:
5549:
5547:
5544:
5543:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5532:
5529:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5514:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5504:
5502:
5499:
5497:
5494:
5492:
5489:
5487:
5484:
5482:
5479:
5477:
5474:
5472:
5469:
5467:
5464:
5463:
5461:
5457:
5451:
5450:Public domain
5448:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5425:
5424:
5421:
5417:
5414:
5413:
5412:
5409:
5407:
5404:
5402:
5399:
5397:
5394:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5371:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5331:
5329:
5325:
5320:
5313:
5308:
5306:
5301:
5299:
5294:
5293:
5290:
5283:
5278:
5274:
5273:
5269:
5256:
5249:
5244:
5240:
5234:
5230:
5225:
5221:
5215:
5211:
5210:
5204:
5200:
5194:
5190:
5186:
5181:
5177:
5171:
5167:
5163:
5158:
5154:
5150:
5146:
5142:
5138:
5134:
5127:
5122:
5118:
5114:
5109:
5108:
5104:
5097:
5093:
5089:
5088:
5083:
5077:
5074:
5069:
5068:
5063:
5057:
5054:
5041:
5035:
5032:
5016:
5012:
5011:
5003:
4997:
4994:
4989:
4983:
4979:
4972:
4969:
4963:
4960:
4956:
4955:
4949:
4946:
4941:
4934:
4931:
4918:
4914:
4907:
4904:
4891:
4887:
4881:
4878:
4866:
4862:
4855:
4852:
4847:
4843:
4836:
4833:
4828:
4824:
4817:
4814:
4809:
4805:
4800:
4795:
4791:
4787:
4783:
4779:
4778:
4770:
4763:
4760:
4747:
4743:
4739:
4733:
4730:
4714:
4710:
4709:
4701:
4695:
4692:
4679:
4675:
4674:
4666:
4663:
4658:
4654:
4650:
4649:New Scientist
4646:
4639:
4636:
4631:
4627:
4623:
4619:
4612:
4609:
4597:
4593:
4586:
4583:
4571:
4567:
4560:
4557:
4544:
4540:
4539:Houston Press
4536:
4529:
4526:
4513:
4506:
4499:
4497:
4495:
4491:
4486:
4482:
4476:
4473:
4468:
4467:
4462:
4456:
4453:
4448:
4447:ted.europa.eu
4444:
4438:
4435:
4427:
4420:
4414:
4411:
4399:
4395:
4388:
4385:
4380:
4374:
4370:
4369:
4361:
4359:
4355:
4350:
4346:
4339:
4336:
4331:
4327:
4321:
4318:
4314:
4310:
4306:
4301:
4298:
4294:
4293:SoundExchange
4290:
4286:
4281:
4278:
4272:
4269:
4253:
4249:
4242:
4236:
4234:
4232:
4228:
4215:
4211:
4205:
4202:
4197:
4193:
4187:
4184:
4172:. Ifosslr.org
4171:
4165:
4162:
4158:
4157:§ 102(b)
4154:
4149:
4146:
4141:
4137:
4131:
4128:
4115:
4111:
4107:
4101:
4098:
4086:
4082:
4076:
4073:
4060:
4056:
4049:
4047:
4043:
4027:
4020:
4014:
4011:
4007:
4002:
4001:
3994:
3991:
3987:
3986:article 10bis
3983:
3977:
3975:
3971:
3958:
3954:
3947:
3944:
3931:
3924:
3917:
3914:
3901:
3894:
3887:
3884:
3871:
3864:
3857:
3854:
3849:
3843:
3839:
3838:
3830:
3827:
3814:
3807:
3800:
3797:
3784:
3777:
3770:
3767:
3754:
3747:
3740:
3737:
3724:
3717:
3710:
3707:
3694:
3690:
3684:
3681:
3669:
3665:
3658:
3655:
3642:
3638:
3632:
3629:
3624:
3623:copyright.gov
3620:
3614:
3611:
3608:
3604:
3600:
3597:
3591:
3588:
3575:
3569:
3566:
3558:
3552:
3549:
3536:
3530:
3527:
3523:
3518:
3514:
3513:
3508:
3502:
3499:
3494:
3488:
3485:
3472:
3465:
3459:
3456:
3452:
3446:
3443:
3437:
3434:
3421:
3415:
3412:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3385:
3382:
3369:
3363:
3360:
3354:
3351:
3345:
3342:
3337:
3333:
3327:
3324:
3311:
3307:
3306:
3301:
3294:
3291:
3283:
3279:
3278:
3274:
3266:
3260:
3257:
3253:
3247:
3244:
3239:
3233:
3229:
3228:
3220:
3218:
3216:
3212:
3200:
3196:
3189:
3186:
3174:
3173:
3168:
3164:
3158:
3155:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3130:
3122:
3116:
3114:
3110:
3098:
3097:
3089:
3082:
3079:
3067:
3063:
3056:
3054:
3050:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3036:Network World
3033:
3026:
3023:
3010:
3006:
3000:
2997:
2984:
2980:
2974:
2971:
2958:
2954:
2948:
2945:
2933:
2929:
2922:
2919:
2906:
2902:
2895:
2893:
2889:
2876:
2870:
2867:
2862:
2856:
2852:
2851:
2843:
2840:
2835:
2831:
2825:
2822:
2810:
2803:
2797:
2794:
2789:
2783:
2779:
2774:
2773:
2767:
2761:
2759:
2755:
2742:
2739:. GNU Press.
2738:
2734:
2730:
2724:
2721:
2716:
2710:
2706:
2705:
2697:
2695:
2693:
2689:
2684:
2683:
2675:
2672:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2644:
2641:
2629:
2622:
2616:
2613:
2605:
2598:
2591:
2589:
2587:
2583:
2570:
2566:
2560:
2557:
2544:
2540:
2533:
2530:
2518:
2514:
2507:
2505:
2503:
2501:
2497:
2484:
2480:
2474:
2471:
2458:
2454:
2448:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2437:
2431:
2429:
2427:
2423:
2416:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2359:Public domain
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2349:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2327:Online piracy
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2307:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2274:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2232:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2200:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2190:
2185:
2181:
2178:
2175:
2172:
2169:
2166:
2163:
2160:
2157:
2154:
2151:
2148:
2145:
2142:
2141:
2137:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2111:
2108:
2105:
2102:
2099:
2096:
2093:
2090:
2089:
2087:
2083:
2075:
2073:
2071:
2066:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2050:
2044:
2039:
2036:
2031:
2029:
2024:
2021:
2017:
2009:
2007:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1992:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1965:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1947:
1944:
1939:
1937:
1936:
1930:
1927:
1919:
1917:
1913:
1911:
1906:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1867:
1865:
1861:
1860:
1855:
1851:
1844:
1842:
1838:
1835:
1831:
1826:
1824:
1823:
1818:
1810:
1807:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1791:
1787:
1785:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1734:
1726:
1724:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1705:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1685:
1682:
1677:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1641:
1637:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1611:
1609:
1603:
1601:
1597:
1588:
1583:
1580:
1577:
1574:
1573:
1572:
1566:
1564:
1560:
1558:
1554:
1549:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1524:
1518:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1503:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1480:
1478:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1462:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1439:
1437:
1433:
1432:torrent files
1429:
1425:
1416:
1411:
1407:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1361:
1357:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1326:mailing lists
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1286:
1284:
1276:
1274:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1199:
1197:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1165:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1152:
1147:
1145:
1144:Copyright Act
1141:
1137:
1133:
1128:
1126:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1108:
1103:
1101:
1096:
1094:
1090:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1030:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1016:
1010:
1008:
1007:
1002:
1001:
995:
990:
983:
981:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
942:
935:
931:
924:
920:
915:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
886:
884:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
865:
860:
852:
850:
847:
842:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
804:
801:
796:
794:
790:
786:
782:
777:
774:
770:
765:
762:
756:
751:
749:
744:
742:
738:
734:
730:
722:
719:
715:
712:
708:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
682:
677:
674:
671:
670:
669:
663:
661:
659:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
615:"Freebooting"
614:
612:
610:
604:
602:
596:
594:
593:
588:
584:
580:
571:
564:
562:
559:
555:
551:
549:
544:
540:
536:
532:
531:royal charter
528:
525:in 1710, the
524:
518:
514:
512:
511:
506:
505:Nathan Bailey
502:
501:Thomas Brooks
498:
482:
477:
470:
468:
465:
461:
456:
454:
450:
446:
445:
440:
439:
434:
430:
422:
420:
418:
412:
409:
405:
401:
397:
392:
390:
386:
382:
379:protected by
378:
374:
370:
359:
354:
352:
347:
345:
340:
339:
337:
336:
333:
329:
325:
317:
314:
313:
312:
309:
307:
306:Public domain
304:
302:
299:
297:
294:
292:
289:
285:
282:
280:
277:
275:
272:
270:
267:
266:
265:
262:
260:
257:
253:
250:
249:
248:
245:
243:
240:
238:
235:
233:
230:
228:
225:
223:
220:
218:
215:
214:
213:
212:
207:
202:
201:Utility model
199:
197:
194:
192:
189:
187:
184:
182:
179:
177:
174:
172:
169:
167:
164:
162:
159:
157:
154:
152:
149:
147:
144:
142:
139:
137:
134:
132:
129:
127:
124:
122:
119:
117:
114:
112:
109:
107:
104:
103:
102:
101:
97:
93:
92:
89:
85:
79:
76:
72:
67:
63:
59:
54:
40:
36:
32:
25:
6625:File sharing
6253:Saudi Arabia
5997:South Africa
5803:
5796:
5789:
5782:
5775:
5760:Aaron Swartz
5685:Pirate Party
5643:Pro-copyleft
5521:Open content
5506:Free content
5406:Orphan works
5401:Music piracy
5343:
5258:. Retrieved
5254:
5228:
5208:
5184:
5161:
5136:
5132:
5116:
5087:APC Magazine
5085:
5076:
5067:TorrentFreak
5065:
5056:
5044:. Retrieved
5034:
5022:. Retrieved
5015:the original
5008:
4996:
4977:
4971:
4962:
4952:
4948:
4933:
4921:. Retrieved
4917:the original
4906:
4894:. Retrieved
4889:
4880:
4868:. Retrieved
4864:
4854:
4845:
4835:
4826:
4816:
4781:
4775:
4762:
4750:. Retrieved
4746:the original
4741:
4732:
4720:. Retrieved
4713:the original
4706:
4694:
4682:. Retrieved
4678:the original
4672:
4665:
4648:
4638:
4621:
4617:
4611:
4599:. Retrieved
4595:
4585:
4573:. Retrieved
4569:
4559:
4547:. Retrieved
4543:the original
4538:
4528:
4516:. Retrieved
4511:
4485:AsktheEU.org
4484:
4475:
4464:
4455:
4446:
4437:
4426:the original
4413:
4401:. Retrieved
4397:
4387:
4367:
4348:
4338:
4329:
4320:
4300:
4280:
4271:
4259:. Retrieved
4252:the original
4247:
4218:. Retrieved
4214:the original
4204:
4196:the original
4186:
4176:20 September
4174:. Retrieved
4164:
4148:
4139:
4130:
4118:. Retrieved
4114:the original
4109:
4100:
4088:. Retrieved
4084:
4075:
4063:. Retrieved
4059:the original
4033:. Retrieved
4026:the original
4013:
3998:
3993:
3961:. Retrieved
3956:
3946:
3934:. Retrieved
3929:
3916:
3904:. Retrieved
3899:
3886:
3874:. Retrieved
3869:
3856:
3836:
3829:
3817:. Retrieved
3812:
3799:
3787:. Retrieved
3782:
3769:
3757:. Retrieved
3752:
3739:
3727:. Retrieved
3722:
3709:
3697:. Retrieved
3692:
3683:
3671:. Retrieved
3667:
3657:
3645:. Retrieved
3640:
3631:
3622:
3613:
3606:
3590:
3578:. Retrieved
3568:
3551:
3539:. Retrieved
3529:
3520:
3517:the original
3510:
3501:
3487:
3475:. Retrieved
3470:
3458:
3445:
3436:
3424:. Retrieved
3414:
3402:. Retrieved
3398:the original
3393:
3384:
3372:. Retrieved
3362:
3353:
3344:
3335:
3326:
3314:. Retrieved
3303:
3293:
3271:
3259:
3246:
3226:
3202:. Retrieved
3198:
3188:
3176:. Retrieved
3170:
3157:
3145:. Retrieved
3138:the original
3127:
3100:. Retrieved
3094:
3081:
3069:. Retrieved
3066:The Guardian
3065:
3035:
3025:
3013:. Retrieved
3008:
2999:
2987:. Retrieved
2982:
2973:
2961:. Retrieved
2957:the original
2947:
2935:. Retrieved
2931:
2921:
2909:. Retrieved
2904:
2879:. Retrieved
2875:"Freebooter"
2869:
2849:
2842:
2833:
2824:
2812:. Retrieved
2808:
2796:
2771:
2745:. Retrieved
2736:
2723:
2703:
2681:
2674:
2657:
2653:
2643:
2631:. Retrieved
2627:
2615:
2604:the original
2573:. Retrieved
2568:
2559:
2547:. Retrieved
2542:
2532:
2520:. Retrieved
2516:
2487:. Retrieved
2473:
2461:. Retrieved
2434:
2346:
2304:
2271:
2229:
2197:
2126:Pirate Party
2067:
2063:
2051:
2042:
2040:
2032:
2025:
2013:
1993:
1981:Saudi Arabia
1962:
1960:
1948:
1940:
1933:
1931:
1926:music piracy
1923:
1914:
1907:
1868:
1857:
1848:
1839:
1830:The Guardian
1829:
1827:
1820:
1816:
1814:
1804:
1800:
1792:
1788:
1781:
1737:
1730:
1709:photocopiers
1704:Flushed Away
1702:
1689:
1686:Watermarking
1633:
1612:
1604:
1592:
1570:
1561:
1550:
1546:
1521:
1519:
1504:
1496:fair dealing
1484:
1475:
1463:
1440:
1436:magnet links
1424:peer-to-peer
1420:
1386:
1362:
1358:
1343:
1302:universities
1287:
1280:
1272:
1262:
1240:
1226:
1213:
1200:
1184:
1169:
1148:
1129:
1105:
1104:
1097:
1086:
1062:
1054:
1050:
1041:Criminal law
1031:
1019:
1011:
1004:
998:
991:
987:
939:
923:file sharing
862:
856:
843:
827:South Africa
808:
798:
778:
768:
766:
758:
753:
745:
726:
667:
655:
618:
606:
598:
590:
576:
552:
520:
516:
508:
496:
493:
483:(Amsterdam,
459:
457:
442:
436:
432:
428:
426:
413:
393:
372:
368:
367:
332:Property law
323:
301:Pirate Party
296:Patent troll
279:Paraphrasing
269:Fair dealing
191:Trade secret
151:Moral rights
62:
53:
38:
29:This is the
23:
6561:New Zealand
6521:Switzerland
6485: [
6463: [
6451: [
6407:Netherlands
6398: [
6386: [
6374: [
6337: [
6325: [
6293: [
6281: [
6248:Philippines
6219: [
6202: [
6194:South Korea
6189:North Korea
6165: [
6122:Afghanistan
6097: [
6069:El Salvador
6060: [
5988: [
5976: [
5964: [
5952: [
5940: [
5937:Ivory Coast
5908: [
5755:Peter Sunde
5750:Peter Suber
5570:Share-alike
5541:Open source
5536:Open patent
4784:(1): 1–42.
4120:21 December
4090:21 December
4065:20 December
4035:14 February
3963:20 December
3936:1 September
3906:1 September
3876:1 September
3819:1 September
3789:1 September
3759:1 September
3729:1 September
3699:30 November
3673:30 November
3647:30 November
3580:27 December
3404:19 February
3204:18 February
2814:22 February
2660:(1): 3–24.
2654:The Library
2633:22 February
2489:30 November
2463:30 November
2193:Abandonware
1989:beIN Sports
1854:Will Wright
1618:, like the
1536:web browser
1472:Limitations
1373:safe harbor
1354:pornography
1217:P2P network
1093:Misdemeanor
718:downloading
692:region lock
649:Brady Haran
641:bootlegging
637:freeloading
633:portmanteau
558:GNU Project
488: 1970
423:Terminology
400:civil court
291:Orphan work
217:Abandonware
186:Trade dress
78:formalities
6589:Categories
6482:Kyrgyzstan
6477:Kazakhstan
6395:Luxembourg
6290:Uzbekistan
6268:Tajikistan
6184:Kazakhstan
6132:Bangladesh
6127:Azerbaijan
5973:Mozambique
5949:Madagascar
5877:by country
5680:Piratbyrån
5428:biological
5359:Gripe site
5046:27 January
4896:28 January
4799:1808/10115
4220:27 January
3426:27 January
3374:27 January
3316:24 January
3102:16 January
2963:27 January
2417:References
2342:Plagiarism
1899:Luxembourg
1889:(92%); 4.
1887:Azerbaijan
1885:(92%); 3.
1883:Bangladesh
1881:(93%); 2.
1856:said that
1777:Felix Reda
1733:free rider
1699:screener's
1455:BitTorrent
1330:hyperlinks
1318:chat rooms
1259:actionable
1120:cybercrime
1078:prosecutor
1074:§ 506
781:Bill Gates
739:, conduct
664:Motivation
601:conversion
427:The terms
417:pejorative
6556:Australia
6383:Lithuania
6258:Sri Lanka
6152:Indonesia
6142:Hong Kong
6106:Venezuela
6022:Argentina
5584:Movements
5411:Biopiracy
5117:The Media
4752:27 August
4657:0262-4079
4601:9 October
3541:1 January
3305:VnExpress
3044:0887-7661
2237:Copyfraud
2000:Indonesia
1674:encrypted
1532:web cache
1363:The U.S.
1322:web blogs
1306:libraries
1116:copyright
1083:defendant
984:Civil law
978:Argentina
974:Venezuela
881:Ceauşescu
793:Microsoft
381:copyright
252:Biopiracy
196:Trademark
116:Copyright
6615:Tort law
6273:Thailand
6243:Pakistan
6216:Mongolia
6211:Malaysia
6074:Honduras
6015:Americas
5922:Cameroon
5563:contests
5551:software
5546:hardware
5486:Copyleft
5459:Concepts
5443:trolling
5433:software
5321:activism
5153:56318191
5092:Archived
4870:12 March
4808:14114650
4722:21 April
4624:: 1–11.
4575:21 April
4549:21 April
4518:21 April
4403:9 August
4261:21 April
4140:zvon.org
3693:Engadget
3605: :
3599:Archived
3512:CBC News
3310:Archived
3282:Archived
3178:28 April
3015:21 April
3009:Fox News
2989:21 April
2983:BBC News
2932:BBC News
2768:(2009).
2741:Archived
2575:21 April
2565:"piracy"
2549:21 April
2522:21 April
2517:ABC News
2483:Archived
2457:Archived
2279:Fair Use
2242:Copyleft
2186:See also
2020:LimeWire
1895:Zimbabwe
1492:fair use
1459:Limewire
1451:SoulSeek
1443:Grokster
1310:archives
1088:mens rea
1057:criminal
994:lawsuits
954:Pakistan
859:Romanian
800:decade.
645:YouTuber
621:Facebook
589:held in
556:and the
543:criminal
535:monopoly
471:"Piracy"
453:property
328:Property
274:Fair use
111:Copyleft
35:reviewed
6549:Oceania
6531:Ukraine
6494:Moldova
6472:Georgia
6460:Belarus
6448:Armenia
6443:Albania
6417:Romania
6361:Ireland
6351:Germany
6334:Belgium
6322:Austria
6228:Myanmar
6199:Lebanon
6094:Uruguay
6057:Ecuador
6032:Bolivia
6027:Bermuda
5985:Senegal
5961:Morocco
5917:Burundi
5798:TPB AFK
5695:Sci-Hub
5423:Patents
5374:digital
5024:1 April
4684:9 April
4349:Wsj.com
4110:Scl.org
3957:Bgr.com
3668:Gizmodo
3163:Hua, Yu
3147:1 April
3096:Fortune
2937:9 March
2911:9 March
2881:24 July
2809:Ntk.net
2152:(CAAST)
1971:-based
1903:Austria
1891:Moldova
1879:Armenia
1745:Germany
1707:. Some
1658:Blu-ray
1651:⁄
1511:royalty
1392:Napster
970:Algeria
962:Nigeria
950:Vietnam
839:Bolivia
773:Finnish
729:US Army
653:podcast
651:in the
639:" and "
629:Twitter
625:YouTube
565:"Theft"
6526:Turkey
6516:Serbia
6499:Russia
6427:Sweden
6412:Poland
6371:Latvia
6356:Greece
6346:France
6306:Europe
6179:Jordan
6162:Israel
6079:Panama
6042:Canada
6037:Brazil
5898:Africa
5718:People
5389:videos
5369:Mashup
5327:Issues
5260:15 May
5235:
5216:
5195:
5172:
5151:
4984:
4923:8 June
4806:
4655:
4375:
4311:; see
4307:
4291:; see
4287:
4155:
4004:,
3844:
3477:8 June
3234:
3071:12 May
3042:
3038:: 81.
2857:
2784:
2747:1 June
2711:
2571:. 2014
2411:(WAPO)
2291:(FACT)
2176:(IIPA)
2170:(FAST)
2164:(FACT)
2131:Plan S
2004:BeoutQ
1985:beoutQ
1765:Sweden
1761:Poland
1757:France
1747:, the
1251:dongle
1245:, the
1180:Poland
1172:Canada
1072:
1022:courts
966:Brunei
925:, 2006
919:Sweden
907:, and
835:Turkey
831:Mexico
823:Russia
815:Brazil
438:piracy
429:piracy
373:piracy
156:Patent
6489:]
6467:]
6455:]
6422:Spain
6402:]
6390:]
6378:]
6366:Italy
6341:]
6329:]
6297:]
6285:]
6263:Syria
6233:Nepal
6223:]
6206:]
6174:Japan
6169:]
6147:India
6137:China
6101:]
6064:]
6047:Chile
5992:]
5980:]
5968:]
5956:]
5944:]
5932:Egypt
5927:Ghana
5912:]
5905:Benin
5384:novel
5379:music
5251:(PDF)
5149:S2CID
5129:(PDF)
5018:(PDF)
5005:(PDF)
4804:S2CID
4772:(PDF)
4716:(PDF)
4703:(PDF)
4508:(PDF)
4429:(PDF)
4422:(PDF)
4255:(PDF)
4244:(PDF)
4029:(PDF)
4022:(PDF)
3926:(PDF)
3896:(PDF)
3866:(PDF)
3809:(PDF)
3779:(PDF)
3749:(PDF)
3719:(PDF)
3560:(PDF)
3467:(PDF)
3285:(PDF)
3268:(PDF)
3141:(PDF)
3124:(PDF)
2905:Slate
2805:(GIF)
2624:(PDF)
2607:(PDF)
2600:(PDF)
2545:. ABC
2399:Warez
2158:(ESA)
2146:(BSA)
2106:(EFF)
2100:(OSI)
2094:(FSF)
1969:Qatar
1753:Spain
1589:Legal
1447:eMule
1350:libel
1136:fines
1125:fraud
958:Egypt
846:China
819:India
733:Texas
579:theft
444:Theft
433:theft
377:works
6504:USSR
6238:Oman
6157:Iran
6115:Asia
6084:Peru
5262:2021
5233:ISBN
5214:ISBN
5193:ISBN
5170:ISBN
5048:2012
5026:2013
4982:ISBN
4925:2013
4898:2020
4872:2019
4846:Time
4754:2019
4724:2014
4686:2020
4653:ISSN
4603:2021
4577:2014
4551:2014
4520:2014
4405:2020
4398:CNET
4373:ISBN
4263:2014
4222:2012
4178:2012
4122:2014
4092:2014
4067:2014
4037:2014
3965:2014
3938:2010
3908:2010
3878:2010
3842:ISBN
3821:2010
3791:2010
3761:2010
3731:2010
3701:2016
3675:2016
3649:2016
3582:2012
3543:2014
3479:2010
3428:2012
3406:2015
3376:2012
3318:2022
3232:ISBN
3206:2014
3180:2013
3149:2013
3104:2015
3073:2014
3040:ISSN
3017:2014
2991:2014
2965:2012
2939:2017
2913:2017
2883:2017
2855:ISBN
2816:2022
2782:ISBN
2749:2010
2709:ISBN
2635:2022
2577:2014
2551:2014
2524:2014
2491:2013
2465:2013
2112:(CC)
2084:and
2038:it.
2016:RIAA
1873:and
1763:and
1738:The
1711:use
1660:and
1457:and
1413:The
1402:and
1308:and
1243:DMCA
1174:and
1118:and
1098:The
976:and
837:and
635:of "
431:and
330:and
5141:doi
4794:hdl
4786:doi
4782:115
4626:doi
2662:doi
2284:FBI
1871:BSA
1662:DVD
1596:DRM
1494:or
1352:or
1219:).
844:In
809:In
737:BSA
688:DRM
627:or
499:by
37:on
6591::
6487:ru
6465:ru
6453:ru
6400:de
6388:ru
6376:ru
6339:fr
6327:de
6295:ru
6283:de
6221:ru
6204:ru
6167:ru
6099:es
6062:es
5990:fr
5978:ru
5966:fr
5954:fr
5942:fr
5910:fr
5253:.
5191:.
5187:.
5168:.
5164:.
5147:.
5137:10
5135:.
5131:.
5115:.
5090:.
5084:.
5064:.
5007:.
4888:.
4863:.
4844:.
4825:.
4802:.
4792:.
4780:.
4774:.
4740:.
4705:.
4647:.
4622:38
4620:.
4594:.
4568:.
4537:.
4510:.
4493:^
4483:.
4463:.
4445:.
4396:.
4357:^
4347:.
4328:.
4246:.
4230:^
4138:.
4108:.
4083:.
4045:^
3984:,
3973:^
3955:.
3928:.
3898:.
3868:.
3811:.
3781:.
3751:.
3721:.
3691:.
3666:.
3639:.
3621:.
3509:.
3469:.
3392:.
3334:.
3308:.
3302:.
3280:.
3275:,
3270:.
3214:^
3197:.
3169:.
3132:.
3126:.
3112:^
3093:.
3064:.
3052:^
3034:.
3007:.
2981:.
2930:.
2903:.
2891:^
2832:.
2807:.
2780:.
2778:92
2757:^
2735:.
2731:.
2691:^
2658:23
2656:.
2652:.
2626:.
2585:^
2567:.
2541:.
2515:.
2499:^
2481:.
2444:^
2425:^
1779:.
1759:,
1755:,
1751:,
1723:.
1644:16
1502:.
1453:,
1449:,
1445:,
1406:.
1336:.
1324:,
1320:,
1316:,
1312:,
1304:,
1300:,
1196:CD
1182:.
1146:.
1091:.
980:.
972:,
968:,
964:,
960:,
956:,
952:,
903:,
899:,
895:,
833:,
829:,
825:,
821:,
817:,
783:,
698:,
694:,
690:,
623:,
513::
485:c.
33:,
5840:e
5833:t
5826:v
5311:e
5304:t
5297:v
5264:.
5241:.
5222:.
5201:.
5178:.
5155:.
5143::
5119:.
5050:.
5028:.
4990:.
4927:.
4900:.
4874:.
4810:.
4796::
4788::
4756:.
4726:.
4688:.
4659:.
4632:.
4628::
4579:.
4553:.
4522:.
4469:.
4449:.
4407:.
4381:.
4351:.
4332:.
4315:.
4295:.
4265:.
4224:.
4180:.
4142:.
4124:.
4094:.
4069:.
4039:.
3988:.
3967:.
3940:.
3910:.
3880:.
3850:.
3823:.
3793:.
3763:.
3733:.
3703:.
3677:.
3651:.
3625:.
3584:.
3545:.
3481:.
3430:.
3408:.
3378:.
3338:.
3320:.
3240:.
3208:.
3182:.
3151:.
3106:.
3075:.
3046:.
3019:.
2993:.
2967:.
2941:.
2915:.
2885:.
2863:.
2836:.
2818:.
2790:.
2751:.
2717:.
2668:.
2664::
2637:.
2579:.
2553:.
2526:.
2493:.
2467:.
2047:"
1653:2
1649:1
1646:+
490:)
357:e
350:t
343:v
60:.
41:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.