575:
591:
955:
131:
1051:
936:'s east are found ruins of an ancient monument in a platform style. The structure is formed by a rectangular dry stone wall that is low in height; the space in between is filled with rubble and manually covered with small stones. Relatively large standing stones are also positioned on the edifice's corners. Near the platform are graves, which are outlined in stones. Measuring 24 by 17 m (79 by 56 ft), the structure is the largest of a string of ancient platform and enclosed platform monuments exclusive to far northeastern Somalia.
241:
1036:
1013:
994:
709:
974:
925:
stones causes most of them to act as if they were a monolithic gravity wall of the same weight. Dry stone retaining walls were once built in great numbers for agricultural terracing and also to carry paths, roads and railways. Although dry stone is seldom used for these purposes today, a great many are still in use and maintained. New ones are often built in gardens and nature conservation areas. Dry stone retaining structures continue to be a subject of research.
852:
539:
559:
756:
672:
340:
782:
32:
1070:
229:
909:
812:
low-maintenance lifetimes. As a result of the increasing appreciation of the landscape and heritage value of dry stone walls, wallers remain in demand, as do the walls themselves. A nationally recognised certification scheme is operated in the UK by the Dry Stone
Walling Association, with four grades from Initial to Master Craftsman.
778:
where a solid wall might be at risk of being unsettled by the buffeting. The porous nature of the wall significantly reduces wind force but takes greater skill to construct. They are also found in grazing areas where they are used to maximize the utility of the available stones (where ploughing was not turning up ever more stones).
646:
924:
Dry stone walls can be built against embankments or even vertical terraces. If they are subjected to lateral earth pressure, they are retaining walls of the type gravity wall. The weight of the stones resists the pressure from the retained soil, including any surcharges, and the friction between the
875:
were constructed using the double-wall dry stone method. When buildings are constructed using this method, the middle of the wall is generally filled with earth or sand in order to eliminate draughts. During the Iron Age, and perhaps earlier, the technique also was used to build fortifications such
747:
Boulder walls are a type of single wall in which the wall consists primarily of large boulders, around which smaller stones are placed. Single walls work best with large, flatter stones. Ideally, the largest stones are being placed at the bottom and the whole wall tapers toward the top. Sometimes a
696:
are placed which span both faces of the wall and sometimes project. These have the effect of bonding what would otherwise be two thin walls leaning against each other, greatly increasing the strength of the wall. Diminishing the width of the wall as it gets higher, as traditionally done in
Britain,
636:
of polished dry stone walls of regular shape. The Incas were masters of this technique, in which blocks of stone are cut to fit together tightly without mortar. Many junctions are so perfect that not even a knife fits between the stones. The structures have persisted in the high earthquake region
777:
dykes consist of a base of double-wall construction or larger boulders with single-wall construction above. They appear to be rickety, with many holes, which deters livestock (and people) from attempting to cross them. These dykes are principally found in locations with exceptionally high winds,
811:
As with many older crafts, skilled wallers, today, are few in number. With the advent of modern wire fencing, fields can be fenced with much less time and expense using wire than using stone walls; however, the initial expense of building dykes is offset by their sturdiness and consequent long,
807:
Different regions have made minor modifications to the general method of construction—sometimes because of limitations of building material available, but also to create a look that is distinctive for that area. Whichever method is used to build a dry stone wall, considerable skill is required.
683:
One type of wall is called a "double" wall and is constructed by placing two rows of stones along the boundary to be walled. The foundation stones are ideally set into the ground so as to rest firmly on the subsoil. The rows are composed of large flattish stones, diminishing in size as the wall
900:
in southwest
Ireland and the rampart of the Long Scar Dyke. Many of the dry-stone walls that exist today in Scotland can be dated to the 14th century or earlier when they were built to divide fields and retain livestock. Some extremely well built examples are found on the lands of
808:
Correcting any mistakes invariably means disassembling down to the level of the error. Selection of the correct stone for every position in the wall makes an enormous difference to the lifetime of the finished product, and a skilled waller will take time making the selection.
732:. As with the tie stones, the capstones span the entire width of the wall and prevent it breaking apart. In some areas, such as South Wales, there is a tradition of placing the coping stones on a final layer of flat stones slightly wider than the top of the wall proper (
743:
such as sheep. The smaller holes usually no more than 200 millimetres (8 in) in height are called "Bolt Holes" or "Smoots". Larger ones may be between 450 and 600 mm (18 and 24 in) in height, which are called "Cripple Holes".
867:
While the dry stone technique is most commonly used for the construction of double-wall stone walls and single-wall retaining terracing, dry stone sculptures, buildings, fortifications, bridges, and other structures also exist.
2209:
172:
for terracing, but dry stone shelters, houses and other structures also exist. The term tends not to be used for the many historic styles which used precisely-shaped stone, but did not use mortar, for example the
993:
590:
574:
378:) or conditions are too harsh for hedges capable of retaining livestock to be grown as reliable field boundaries. Many thousands of kilometres of such walls exist, most of them centuries old.
331:, Africa, is an acropolis-like large city complex constructed in dry stone from the 11th to the 15th centuries AD. It is the largest of structures of similar construction throughout the area.
495:
removed from the arable or cultural land. They serve both as cattle/sheep fences and the lot's borders. Sometimes also the dry stone terracing is apparent, often combined with parts of stone
2194:
939:
In Great
Britain, Ireland, France and Switzerland, it is possible to find small dry stone structures built as signs, marking mountain paths or boundaries of owned land. In many countries,
660:
The style and method of construction of a wall will vary, depending on the type of stone available, its intended use and local tradition. Many older walls were constructed from stones and
954:
528:
era. Notable examples include the island of
Baljenac, which has 23 kilometres (14 mi) of dry stone walls despite being only 14 hectares (35 acres) in area, and the vineyards of
1050:
2280:
1035:
1012:
973:
684:
rises. Smaller stones may be used as chocks in areas where the natural stone shape is more rounded. The walls are built up to the desired height layer-by-layer (
480:
Similar walls also are found in the Swiss–Italian border region, where they are often used to enclose the open space under large natural boulders or outcrops.
804:(the slope of the "hedge"). As with many other varieties of wall, the height is the same as the width of the base, and the top is half the base width.
511:
189:
2204:
538:
2199:
1237:
1805:
637:
because of the flexibility of the walls, and because in their double wall architecture, the two portions of the walls incline into each other.
366:
where rock outcrops naturally or large stones exist in quantity in the soil. They are especially abundant in the West of
Ireland, particularly
558:
520:) were built for a variety of reasons: to clear the earth of stone for crops; to delineate land ownership; or for shelter against the
1476:
1642:
1196:
785:
Dry stone shelter at Tales, Plana Baixa, Valencia, Spain, with its entrance topped by two slabs pitted against each other to form a
115:
514:
in
November 2018, alongside those of Cyprus, France, Greece, Italy, Slovenia, Spain and Switzerland. In Croatia, dry stone walls (
358:, where professional dry stone wall builders are referred to as 'dykers'. Dry stone walls are characteristic of upland areas of
374:, including retaining walls used for terracing. Such constructions are common where large stones are plentiful (for example, in
2270:
2049:
1678:
889:
53:
1501:
713:
157:
to bind them together. A certain amount of binding is obtained through the use of carefully selected interlocking stones.
130:
1263:
2214:
96:
1215:
354:
Terminology varies regionally. When used as field boundaries, dry stone structures are more commonly known as dykes in
2275:
697:
also strengthens the wall considerably. The voids between the facing stones are carefully packed with smaller stones (
68:
1574:
2260:
1959:
1833:
1798:
49:
42:
2255:
2039:
1919:
739:
In addition to gates, a wall may contain smaller purposely built gaps for the passage or control of wildlife and
75:
2265:
800:, which is a stone-clad earth bank topped by turf, scrub, or trees and characterised by a strict inward-curved
1069:
2240:
1969:
82:
2245:
2059:
601:
466:
287:
2235:
1883:
1791:
749:
621:
446:
64:
1863:
1858:
1747:
454:
1552:
668:) although some used stone quarried nearby. For modern walls, quarried stone is almost always used.
2024:
240:
1986:
1868:
1165:
1525:"The Character of a Wall. The changing construction of agricultural walls on the island of Gozo"
1376:
999:
Adding a dry stone wall to convert the space under a large rock into a functional building near
708:
499:(house foundations and shed walls) that are held together by a clay and pine needle "composite"
851:
2148:
2095:
1674:
1638:
1424:
1301:
1192:
1111:
1106:
633:
565:
314:
299:
267:
178:
2054:
1976:
1904:
1414:
1023:
836:
828:
820:
764:
581:
500:
402:
390:
252:
154:
1403:"Inside and outside the dry stone walls: revisiting the material culture of Great Zimbabwe"
2250:
2168:
1924:
1888:
1878:
1332:(in Serbo-Croatian). Sarajevo: Međunarodni centar za mir, Institut za istoriju. p. 27
917:
902:
897:
786:
462:
344:
321:
illustrate use of dry stone construction in architecture of the 8th and 9th centuries AD.
263:
made from dry stone walls, since covered in peat, has been carbon-dated to 3800 BC.
260:
755:
671:
2115:
2044:
1873:
1848:
1148:
1122:
1042:
913:
877:
860:
801:
442:
339:
324:
233:
169:
150:
89:
491:(e.g. around the mountain river of Vydra) are often lined by dry stone walls built of
2229:
2178:
2080:
2034:
2014:
1838:
1153:
1117:
793:
748:
row of capstones completes the top of a wall, with the long rectangular side of each
545:
382:
371:
359:
2110:
2064:
1998:
1814:
1135:
1128:
1057:
629:
398:
251:
Some dry stone wall constructions in north-west Europe have been dated back to the
174:
781:
529:
1524:
1351:
1327:
2019:
1954:
1094:
1004:
984:
824:
816:
676:
521:
470:
434:
386:
256:
213:
31:
228:
2173:
2100:
1929:
1914:
1419:
1402:
908:
872:
525:
492:
438:
394:
375:
295:
165:
161:
1428:
1305:
720:
The final layer on the top of the wall also consists of large stones, called
624:. They also employed this mode of construction for freestanding walls. Their
2157:
2153:
2120:
2105:
2085:
1981:
1934:
1452:"A dry stone wall built by Tom Newing in the Kiama region [picture]"
1019:
943:, as they are called in Scotland, are used as road and mountaintop markers.
740:
650:
620:
made use of otherwise unusable slopes by building dry stone walls to create
597:
450:
367:
318:
291:
271:
20:
1598:
An
Archaeological Reconnaissance of the Horn: The British-Somali Expedition
488:
2090:
1555:. The Conservation Volunteers. See entries for "Cripple hole" and "Smoot"
1441:
Shire of Melton Dry Stone Walls Study, Volume 1 – The Report, August 2011
1027:
1000:
980:
961:
881:
840:
774:
661:
605:
458:
422:
418:
414:
406:
355:
348:
328:
205:
1944:
1853:
1451:
1142:
965:
929:
856:
832:
689:
654:
507:
496:
484:
363:
303:
283:
275:
244:
209:
1288:Šaravanja, Krešimir; Oreč, Frano; Kurtović, Azra (26 September 2018).
2163:
2143:
2029:
1964:
1939:
1828:
1159:
933:
885:
760:
649:
A partly moss-covered dry stone fence of the old
Vierevi Cemetery in
625:
410:
310:
279:
197:
193:
185:
441:. The technique of construction was brought to America primarily by
1575:"An experimental and analytical study of dry-stone retaining walls"
675:
Using a batter-frame and guidelines to rebuild a dry stone wall in
645:
2210:
Operative
Plasterers' and Cement Masons' International Association
2125:
1993:
1949:
1909:
1712:
Charles Ewald, À construire vous-même : le “cabanon” romain,
1100:
1080:
1076:
940:
907:
893:
850:
780:
754:
707:
670:
644:
474:
239:
227:
217:
201:
1061:
617:
613:
549:
149:, is a building method by which structures are constructed from
1787:
1783:
1289:
912:
Boundary wall of a pub featuring a dry stone sculpture, in the
25:
1752:
1502:"A country so gorgeous even its stone walls are works of art"
1294:
E-Zbornik, elektronički zbornik radova Građevinskog fakulteta
290:, built around a prehistoric central fortified settlement or
1623:, Faber & Faber. 1952 (new impressions in 1977 et 1999).
664:
cleared from the fields during preparation for agriculture (
1772:
1757:
1189:
The Forgotten Arts: A practical guide to traditional skills
768:
19:"Drystone" redirects here. For the computer algorithm, see
2195:
International Union of Bricklayers and Allied Craftworkers
1767:
184:
The art of dry stone walling was inscribed in 2018 on the
1777:
1401:
Chirikure, Shadreck; Pikirayi, Innocent (December 2008).
1762:
1719:
Christian Lassure (text), Dominique Repérant (photos),
232:
Partially damaged passageway in the Great Enclosure of
160:
Dry stone construction is best known in the context of
1041:
A stone terrace created using dry stack techniques in
164:, traditionally used for the boundaries of fields and
1778:
Project Alpter, Terraced Landscapes of the Alpine Arc
1238:"The Céide Fields – Mayo's Stone Age monument wonder"
1216:"Art of dry stone walling, knowledge and techniques"
712:
Construction work on dry stone. Illustration of the
190:
list of the intangible cultural heritage of humanity
2187:
2136:
2073:
2007:
1897:
1821:
510:was added to the UNESCO Representative List of the
385:they are common in areas with rocky soils, such as
294:(existed there c. 17–16th C. BCE to the end of the
56:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1664:Irish Stone Walls: History, Building, Conservation
1377:"Time Travel Turtle – The Crystal Skull of Belize"
1352:"The natural and architectural ensemble of Stolac"
932:, on the coastal plain 20 km (12 mi) to
483:The higher-lying rock-rich fields and pastures in
278:, Greece, have been dated to 1350 BC and those of
1633:Alen MacWeeney (photog.) & Richard Conniff,
1628:Dry Stone Walling. A Practical Conservation Book
1191:. Angus & Robertson Publishers. p. 54.
134:Dry stone walls in the Yorkshire Dales, England
1768:Dry Stone Walling Association of Great Britain
1645:; New York: Stewart, Tabori & Chang, 1986.
515:
1799:
1780:, a network of associations in Western Europe
1056:Intihuatana ritual buildings of dry stone at
8:
1714:La Revue des bricoleurs. Bricole et brocante
1657:Dry Stone Walling, Techniques and Traditions
449:immigrants. The technique was also taken to
401:. They are a notable characteristic of the
192:, for dry stone walls in countries such as
1806:
1792:
1784:
1693:The Forgotten Art of Building a Stone Wall
1396:
1394:
1763:The Dry Stone Wall Association of Ireland
1418:
116:Learn how and when to remove this message
2205:Mason Contractors Association of America
1758:Dry Stone Walls Association of Australia
1648:Carolyn Murray-Wooley & Karl Raitz,
1210:
1208:
512:Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity
425:, where they are usually referred to as
370:. They may also be found throughout the
338:
129:
2281:Intangible Cultural Heritage of Ukraine
2200:Master of Work to the Crown of Scotland
1753:Dry Stone Walling Association of Canada
1671:Dry Stone Walling, a practical handbook
1179:
950:
534:
1290:"Kratak prikaz hercegovaÄŤkih suhozida"
343:Dry stone fence, or drystane dyke, at
298:, c. 9–8th C. BCE), and surrounded by
1652:, University Press of Kentucky. 1992.
819:, a 22-mile (35 km) wall in the
752:perpendicular to the wall alignment.
282:slightly earlier. Similar example is
7:
1733:Louis Cagin & Laetitia Nicolas,
1637:. London: Thames & Hudson, 1986
54:adding citations to reliable sources
1655:The Dry Stone Walling Association,
855:The Gearrannan Blackhouse Village,
506:The dry stone walling tradition of
524:wind. Some walls date back to the
14:
1721:Cabanes en pierre sèche de France
1523:Thompson, Adam (September 2006).
871:Traditional turf-roofed Highland
487:'s south-western border range of
1477:"Historic Dry Stone Walls Kiama"
1068:
1049:
1034:
1011:
992:
972:
953:
589:
573:
557:
537:
30:
2050:Non-explosive demolition agents
1532:Journal of Applied Anthropology
1329:Urbano biće Bosne i Hercegovine
41:needs additional citations for
1728:La Pierre sèche, mode d'emploi
979:Dry stone wall with window in
890:Maiden Castle, North Yorkshire
1:
1748:How to build a dry stone wall
1669:Alan Brooks and Sean Adcock,
1619:Colonel F. Rainsford-Hannay,
815:Notable examples include the
714:Valencian Museum of Ethnology
2215:Worshipful Company of Masons
1773:The Drystone Conservancy, US
1650:Rock Fences of the Bluegrass
1577:. UK Research and Innovation
1553:"Dry stone walling glossary"
1356:UNESCO World Heritage Centre
1300:(Posebno izdanje): 208–236.
616:in the 15th century AD, the
839:in the mid-17th century in
688:) and, at intervals, large
306:) dated to the 4th C. BCE.
2297:
1737:, Ă©ditions Eyrolles. 2008.
1735:Construire en pierre sèche
1730:, Ă©ditions Eyrolles, 2008.
1666:, The O'Brien Press. 2011.
1635:The Stone Walls of Ireland
1614:United Kingdom and Ireland
1596:Chittick, Neville (1975).
831:, and the wall around the
18:
2040:Lewis (lifting appliance)
1420:10.1017/S0003598X00097726
1264:"Cyclopean | FactMonster"
960:Dry stone, Feidin walls,
835:nature reserve, built by
792:Another variation is the
247:in Bosnia and Herzegovina
634:Inca architectural style
335:Location and terminology
2271:Architectural elements
1326:Seka BrkljaÄŤa (1996).
1187:Seymour, John (1984).
921:
864:
789:
771:
717:
680:
657:
544:"Cabane de Malais" at
516:
465:, particularly around
351:
261:an entire field system
248:
237:
135:
911:
854:
784:
758:
711:
674:
648:
628:type construction in
453:(principally western
342:
243:
231:
133:
1864:Massive precut stone
1859:Post-tensioned stone
1700:Building Stone Walls
987:(Swiss-Italian part)
461:, and some parts of
50:improve this article
2060:Stonemason's hammer
2025:Ceramic tile cutter
1726:Christian Lassure,
1600:. pp. 117–133.
1268:www.factmonster.com
141:, sometimes called
16:Construction method
2276:Building materials
1691:Curtis P. Fields,
1481:The Fold Illawarra
1166:Village des Bories
1075:Dry stone wall in
922:
865:
790:
772:
718:
681:
658:
596:Summer hut in the
584:, Dordogne, France
352:
249:
238:
136:
2261:Natural materials
2223:
2222:
2149:Hardstone carving
2096:Polygonal masonry
1920:Decorative stones
1716:, september 1973.
1702:, 1976 (Vermont).
1695:, 1971 (Vermont).
1621:Dry Stone Walling
1112:Cabanes du Breuil
1107:Building material
759:Galloway dyke on
632:uses the classic
580:Dry stone hut at
566:Vers-Pont-du-Gard
564:Dry stone hut at
437:in north central
179:Inca architecture
145:or, in Scotland,
126:
125:
118:
100:
2288:
2256:Stone (material)
2055:Plug and feather
1905:Artificial stone
1808:
1801:
1794:
1785:
1662:Patrick McAfee,
1602:
1601:
1593:
1587:
1586:
1584:
1582:
1571:
1565:
1564:
1562:
1560:
1549:
1543:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1529:
1520:
1514:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1498:
1492:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1473:
1467:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1448:
1442:
1439:
1433:
1432:
1422:
1413:(318): 976–993.
1398:
1389:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1373:
1367:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1348:
1342:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1323:
1317:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1285:
1279:
1278:
1276:
1274:
1260:
1254:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1242:IrishCentral.com
1234:
1228:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1212:
1203:
1202:
1184:
1072:
1053:
1038:
1024:Bluegrass region
1015:
996:
976:
957:
928:In northeastern
876:as the walls of
837:Charles X Gustav
829:Northern Ireland
821:Mourne Mountains
765:Shetland Islands
686:course by course
593:
577:
561:
541:
519:
457:, some parts of
403:bluegrass region
121:
114:
110:
107:
101:
99:
58:
34:
26:
2296:
2295:
2291:
2290:
2289:
2287:
2286:
2285:
2266:Garden features
2226:
2225:
2224:
2219:
2183:
2132:
2069:
2003:
1925:Dimension stone
1893:
1817:
1812:
1744:
1723:, Edisud, 2004.
1709:
1688:
1616:
1611:
1609:Further reading
1606:
1605:
1595:
1594:
1590:
1580:
1578:
1573:
1572:
1568:
1558:
1556:
1551:
1550:
1546:
1536:
1534:
1527:
1522:
1521:
1517:
1507:
1505:
1504:. Croatia feeds
1500:
1499:
1495:
1485:
1483:
1475:
1474:
1470:
1460:
1458:
1450:
1449:
1445:
1440:
1436:
1400:
1399:
1392:
1382:
1380:
1375:
1374:
1370:
1360:
1358:
1350:
1349:
1345:
1335:
1333:
1325:
1324:
1320:
1310:
1308:
1296:(in Croatian).
1287:
1286:
1282:
1272:
1270:
1262:
1261:
1257:
1247:
1245:
1244:. 8 August 2022
1236:
1235:
1231:
1221:
1219:
1214:
1213:
1206:
1199:
1186:
1185:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1090:
1083:
1073:
1064:
1054:
1045:
1039:
1030:
1018:Fence of local
1016:
1007:
997:
988:
977:
968:
958:
949:
918:Gloucestershire
903:Muchalls Castle
898:Dunlough Castle
849:
787:triangular arch
643:
608:
594:
585:
578:
569:
568:, Gard, France
562:
553:
542:
463:New South Wales
345:Muchalls Castle
337:
300:cyclopean walls
268:cyclopean walls
226:
188:representative
170:retaining walls
122:
111:
105:
102:
59:
57:
47:
35:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2294:
2292:
2284:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2241:Building stone
2238:
2228:
2227:
2221:
2220:
2218:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2191:
2189:
2185:
2184:
2182:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2151:
2146:
2140:
2138:
2134:
2133:
2131:
2130:
2129:
2128:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2077:
2075:
2071:
2070:
2068:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2011:
2009:
2005:
2004:
2002:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1990:
1989:
1979:
1974:
1973:
1972:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1901:
1899:
1895:
1894:
1892:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1849:Letter cutting
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1825:
1823:
1819:
1818:
1813:
1811:
1810:
1803:
1796:
1788:
1782:
1781:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1743:
1742:External links
1740:
1739:
1738:
1731:
1724:
1717:
1708:
1705:
1704:
1703:
1696:
1687:
1684:
1683:
1682:
1667:
1660:
1653:
1646:
1631:
1624:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1604:
1603:
1588:
1566:
1544:
1515:
1493:
1468:
1443:
1434:
1390:
1379:. 21 June 2018
1368:
1343:
1318:
1280:
1255:
1229:
1218:. UNESCO. 2018
1204:
1197:
1178:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1169:
1163:
1157:
1151:
1149:Stone industry
1146:
1140:
1132:
1126:
1123:Great Zimbabwe
1120:
1115:
1109:
1104:
1098:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1085:
1084:
1074:
1067:
1065:
1055:
1048:
1046:
1043:North Carolina
1040:
1033:
1031:
1017:
1010:
1008:
998:
991:
989:
978:
971:
969:
959:
952:
948:
945:
914:Forest of Dean
878:Eketorp Castle
861:Outer Hebrides
848:
845:
694:through stones
642:
639:
610:
609:
595:
588:
586:
579:
572:
570:
563:
556:
554:
543:
536:
336:
333:
325:Great Zimbabwe
234:Great Zimbabwe
225:
222:
124:
123:
38:
36:
29:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2293:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2246:Types of wall
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2233:
2231:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2188:Organizations
2186:
2180:
2179:Machicolation
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2159:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2141:
2139:
2135:
2127:
2124:
2123:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2078:
2076:
2072:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2035:Diamond blade
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2015:Angle grinder
2013:
2012:
2010:
2006:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1988:
1985:
1984:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1971:
1968:
1967:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1902:
1900:
1896:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1826:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1809:
1804:
1802:
1797:
1795:
1790:
1789:
1786:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1745:
1741:
1736:
1732:
1729:
1725:
1722:
1718:
1715:
1711:
1710:
1706:
1701:
1698:John Vivian,
1697:
1694:
1690:
1689:
1686:United States
1685:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1665:
1661:
1658:
1654:
1651:
1647:
1644:
1643:9780711213722
1640:
1636:
1632:
1629:
1626:Alan Brooks,
1625:
1622:
1618:
1617:
1613:
1608:
1599:
1592:
1589:
1576:
1570:
1567:
1554:
1548:
1545:
1533:
1526:
1519:
1516:
1503:
1497:
1494:
1482:
1478:
1472:
1469:
1457:
1453:
1447:
1444:
1438:
1435:
1430:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1397:
1395:
1391:
1378:
1372:
1369:
1357:
1353:
1347:
1344:
1331:
1330:
1322:
1319:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1284:
1281:
1269:
1265:
1259:
1256:
1243:
1239:
1233:
1230:
1217:
1211:
1209:
1205:
1200:
1198:0-207-15007-9
1194:
1190:
1183:
1180:
1173:
1167:
1164:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1154:Stora Alvaret
1152:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1141:
1138:
1137:
1133:
1130:
1127:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1118:Dry stone hut
1116:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1078:
1071:
1066:
1063:
1059:
1052:
1047:
1044:
1037:
1032:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1014:
1009:
1006:
1002:
995:
990:
986:
982:
975:
970:
967:
963:
956:
951:
946:
944:
942:
937:
935:
931:
926:
919:
915:
910:
906:
904:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
874:
869:
862:
858:
853:
846:
844:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
813:
809:
805:
803:
799:
795:
794:Cornish hedge
788:
783:
779:
776:
770:
766:
762:
757:
753:
751:
745:
742:
737:
735:
731:
727:
726:coping stones
723:
715:
710:
706:
704:
700:
695:
691:
687:
678:
673:
669:
667:
663:
656:
652:
647:
640:
638:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
607:
603:
599:
592:
587:
583:
576:
571:
567:
560:
555:
551:
547:
546:Souvignargues
540:
535:
533:
531:
527:
523:
518:
513:
509:
504:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
481:
478:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
421:, as well as
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
383:United States
379:
377:
373:
372:Mediterranean
369:
365:
361:
357:
350:
346:
341:
334:
332:
330:
326:
322:
320:
316:
312:
307:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
264:
262:
258:
254:
246:
242:
235:
230:
223:
221:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
182:
180:
176:
171:
167:
163:
158:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
132:
128:
120:
117:
109:
98:
95:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67: –
66:
62:
61:Find sources:
55:
51:
45:
44:
39:This article
37:
33:
28:
27:
22:
2236:Stonemasonry
2111:Tuckpointing
2065:Straightedge
1999:Stone veneer
1843:
1815:Stonemasonry
1734:
1727:
1720:
1713:
1699:
1692:
1673:, TCV. 2013
1670:
1663:
1656:
1649:
1634:
1627:
1620:
1597:
1591:
1579:. Retrieved
1569:
1557:. Retrieved
1547:
1535:. Retrieved
1531:
1518:
1506:. Retrieved
1496:
1484:. Retrieved
1480:
1471:
1459:. Retrieved
1455:
1446:
1437:
1410:
1406:
1381:. Retrieved
1371:
1359:. Retrieved
1355:
1346:
1334:. Retrieved
1328:
1321:
1309:. Retrieved
1297:
1293:
1283:
1271:. Retrieved
1267:
1258:
1246:. Retrieved
1241:
1232:
1220:. Retrieved
1188:
1182:
1136:Mending Wall
1134:
1129:Machu Picchu
1058:Machu Picchu
938:
927:
923:
870:
866:
814:
810:
806:
797:
791:
773:
746:
738:
733:
729:
725:
721:
719:
702:
698:
693:
685:
682:
666:field stones
665:
659:
641:Construction
630:Machu Picchu
611:
505:
493:field-stones
482:
479:
473:(especially
431:stone fences
430:
426:
399:Pennsylvania
380:
353:
323:
308:
302:(similar to
265:
250:
183:
175:Greek temple
159:
153:without any
146:
142:
138:
137:
127:
112:
103:
93:
86:
79:
72:
60:
48:Please help
43:verification
40:
2020:Bush hammer
1955:Lime mortar
1834:Rustication
1581:15 February
1559:15 February
1537:15 February
1508:15 February
1222:15 February
1095:Anathyrosis
1026:of central
1005:Switzerland
985:Switzerland
873:blackhouses
863:of Scotland
825:County Down
817:Mourne Wall
677:South Wales
471:New Zealand
447:Scots-Irish
435:Napa Valley
427:rock fences
405:of central
387:New England
259:, Ireland,
257:County Mayo
214:Switzerland
166:churchyards
162:stone walls
106:August 2017
65:"Dry stone"
2230:Categories
2174:Stone wall
2101:Repointing
2074:Techniques
1930:Fieldstone
1915:Cast stone
1869:Monumental
1679:0946752192
1361:28 October
1336:28 October
1311:13 January
1174:References
1145:(Sardegna)
1125:(Zimbabwe)
1103:(Scotland)
847:Other uses
843:, Sweden.
734:coverbands
690:tie-stones
439:California
433:, and the
395:New Jersey
376:The Burren
296:Bronze Age
76:newspapers
2169:Sculpture
2158:Footstone
2154:Headstone
2121:Brickwork
2106:Scabbling
2086:Flushwork
1982:Sandstone
1960:Limestone
1935:Flagstone
1898:Materials
1879:Sculpture
1844:Dry stone
1429:0003-598X
1407:Antiquity
1383:13 August
1306:2232-9080
1273:13 August
1248:13 August
1020:limestone
859:, in the
796:or Welsh
741:livestock
722:capstones
651:Parikkala
604:, French
598:Vicdessos
530:Primošten
526:Liburnian
451:Australia
368:Connemara
319:Lubaantun
317:ruins at
292:acropolis
272:acropolis
253:Neolithic
139:Dry stone
21:Dhrystone
2137:Products
2091:Knapping
1884:Slipform
1168:(France)
1156:(Sweden)
1114:(France)
1097:(Greece)
1088:See also
1028:Kentucky
1001:Bignasco
981:Bignasco
962:Inisheer
775:Galloway
750:capstone
703:hearting
662:boulders
622:terraces
606:Pyrenees
552:, France
517:suhozidi
459:Tasmania
455:Victoria
423:Virginia
419:Missouri
415:Arkansas
407:Kentucky
391:New York
356:Scotland
349:Scotland
329:Zimbabwe
255:Age. In
206:Slovenia
168:, or as
147:drystane
143:drystack
2081:Flaming
1945:Granite
1889:Snecked
1854:Masonry
1839:Carving
1659:. 2004.
1630:, 1977.
1486:17 June
1461:17 June
1162:(Italy)
1143:Nuraghe
966:Ireland
947:Gallery
930:Somalia
857:Garenin
833:Ottenby
699:filling
655:Finland
508:Croatia
497:masonry
485:Bohemia
443:English
381:In the
364:Ireland
360:Britain
304:Mycenae
284:Daorson
276:Mycenae
270:of the
245:Daorson
224:History
210:Croatia
90:scholar
2251:Fences
2164:Mosaic
2144:Castle
2116:Veneer
2045:Trowel
2030:Chisel
1977:Mortar
1965:Marble
1940:Gabion
1874:Rubble
1829:Ashlar
1707:France
1677:
1641:
1427:
1304:
1195:
1160:Trullo
1131:(Peru)
941:cairns
934:Aluula
886:Sweden
802:batter
798:clawdd
761:Fetlar
626:ashlar
602:Ariège
600:area,
582:Vitrac
501:mortar
489:Ĺ umava
469:) and
411:Ozarks
409:, the
397:, and
313:, the
311:Belize
288:Bosnia
280:Tiryns
198:Greece
194:France
186:UNESCO
155:mortar
151:stones
92:
85:
78:
71:
63:
2126:Wythe
2008:Tools
1994:Slate
1970:Types
1950:Grout
1910:Brick
1822:Types
1528:(PDF)
1456:Trove
1101:Broch
1081:Malta
1077:Mgarr
894:Reeth
882:Ă–land
841:Ă–land
730:copes
475:Otago
467:Kiama
315:Mayan
286:, in
218:Spain
202:Italy
97:JSTOR
83:books
1987:List
1675:ISBN
1639:ISBN
1583:2019
1561:2019
1539:2019
1510:2019
1488:2023
1463:2023
1425:ISSN
1385:2023
1363:2021
1338:2021
1313:2024
1302:ISSN
1275:2023
1250:2023
1224:2019
1193:ISBN
1139:(US)
1062:Peru
920:, UK
679:, UK
618:Inca
614:Peru
550:Gard
522:bora
503:.
445:and
417:and
362:and
266:The
216:and
177:and
69:news
1415:doi
1022:in
888:),
823:in
736:).
728:or
705:).
692:or
612:In
477:).
429:or
413:of
327:in
309:In
274:of
52:by
2232::
1530:.
1479:.
1454:.
1423:.
1411:82
1409:.
1405:.
1393:^
1354:.
1292:.
1266:.
1240:.
1207:^
1079:,
1060:,
1003:,
983:,
964:,
916:,
896:,
892:,
884:,
827:,
769:UK
767:,
763:,
724:,
701:,
653:,
548:,
532:.
393:,
389:,
347:,
220:.
212:,
208:,
204:,
200:,
196:,
181:.
2160:)
2156:(
1807:e
1800:t
1793:v
1681:.
1585:.
1563:.
1541:.
1512:.
1490:.
1465:.
1431:.
1417::
1387:.
1365:.
1340:.
1315:.
1298:8
1277:.
1252:.
1226:.
1201:.
905:.
880:(
716:.
236:.
119:)
113:(
108:)
104:(
94:·
87:·
80:·
73:·
46:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
