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182:, were studied and memorized prior to a voyage and were not consulted during a trip, as compared to traditional navigation techniques where consultation of a map is frequent and points and courses are plotted out both before and during navigation. Marshallese navigators used their senses and memory to guide them on voyages by crouching down or lying prone in the canoe to feel how the canoe was being pitched and rolled by underlying swells.
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148:-crests and directions they took as they approached islands and met other similar wave-crests formed by the ebb and flow of breakers. Individual charts varied so much in form and interpretation that the individual navigator who made the chart was the only person who could fully interpret and use it. The use of stick charts ended after
368:
Stick charts were not made and used by all
Marshall Islanders. Only a select few rulers knew the method of making the maps, and the knowledge was only passed on from father to son. So that others could utilize the expertise of the navigator, fifteen or more canoes sailed together in a
216:
of swells as they came in contact with undersea slopes of islands and the bending of swells around islands as they interacted with swells coming from opposite directions. The four types of ocean swells were represented in many stick charts by curved sticks and threads.
143:
Most stick charts were made from the midribs of coconut fronds that were tied together to form an open framework. Island locations were represented by shells tied to the framework, or by the lashed junction of two or more sticks. The threads represented prevailing
399:; he subsequently described the system in an 1898 publication. Winkler became so intrigued by the stick charts that he made a major effort to determine navigational principles behind them and 'convinced' the navigators to share how the stick charts were used.
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charts also showed the direction of main deep ocean swells, the way the swells curved around specific islands and intersected with one another, and distance from a canoe at which an island could be detected. The
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171:, which was never before accomplished. They also use different materials from those common in other parts of the world. They are an indication that ancient
473:"Ueber die in früheren Zeiten in den Marschall-Inseln gebrauchten Seekarten, mit einigen Notizen über die Seefahrt der Marschall-Insulaner im Allgemeinen"
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638:
RESOLVING AMBIVALENCE IN MARSHALLESE NAVIGATION:RELEARNING, REINTERPRETING, AND REVIVING THE “STICK CHART” WAVE MODELS, Joseph H. Genz, 2016
587:
212:. Navigators focused on effects of islands in blocking swells and generating counterswells to some degree, but they mainly concentrated on
46:
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swells to come from the east, even though the angle of the winds as well as the impact of the ocean currents varied the swell direction.
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and are present during the entire year, even when they do not penetrate as far south as the
Marshall Islands. Marshallese considered the
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swells are the strongest of the four ocean swells and were referred to as "backbone" swells. They are generated by the northeast
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509:. Vol. 2.3: Cartography in the Traditional African, American, Arctic, Australian, and Pacific Societies. p. 476.
320:
stick chart was an abstract chart used for instruction and for teaching principles of reading how islands disrupt swells.
140:
disrupted those patterns, typically determined by sensing disruptions in ocean swells by islanders during sea navigation.
558:
The
History of Cartography: Cartography in the Traditional African, American, Arctic, Australian, and Pacific Societies.
650:
548:
Genz, J., Aucan, J., Merrifeld, M. , Finney, B., Joel, K., and Kelen, Alson, Wave
Navigation in the Marshall Islands,
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charts portrayed the same information as a meddo chart, but the difference lies in inclusiveness of the islands.
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may have looked very different, and encoded different features from the earth, from the maps that we use today.
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It was not until 1862 that this unique piloting system was revealed in a public notice prepared by a resident
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when new electronic technologies made navigation more accessible and travel among islands by canoe lessened.
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is present year round as well and arises in the southwest. This swell is often as strong as the
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and could only be detected by knowledgeable persons, but it is also present year round.
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swell is the weakest of the four swells, and is mainly felt in the northern islands.
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Traditional and
Nineteenth Century Communication Patterns In the Marshall Islands
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A short video on navigation by ocean wave refraction and stick charts by NOAA.
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A Micronesian navigational chart from the
Marshall Islands, made of wood,
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Models and maps from the
Marshall Islands. A case in etnomathematics,
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chart portrayed only a section of one of the two main island chains.
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chart showed actual islands and their relative or exact positions.
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We, the
Navigators: The Ancient Art of Landfinding in the Pacific
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500:"13: Nautical Cartography and Traditional Navigation in Oceania"
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charts, included all or most of one or both chains of islands.
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1927:
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Mathematics
Elsewhere. An Exploration of Ideas across Cultures
373:, accompanied by a leader pilot skilled in use of the charts.
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The stick charts typically fall into three main categories:
545:. Second Edition. Chicago, Precedent Publishing, Inc., 1966.
594:
Marshall
Islands stamps with stick charts, and explanations
562:
The University of Chicago Press, Chicago and London, 1998.
578:, article includes extensive explanations of stick charts
536:, Princeton University Press, 2002, pp89, 95-97, 101-125.
456:(Second ed.). University of Hawaii Press. p.
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The Marshallese recognized four main ocean swells: the
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The stick charts are a significant contribution to the
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505:. In Woodward, David; Lewis, G. Malcolm (eds.).
3082:Domesticated plants and animals of Austronesia
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479:(in German). 10 (Juli bis Dezember): 1418–39.
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156:Significance to the history of cartography
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69:Learn how and when to remove this message
388:. Winkler had been the commander of the
32:This article includes a list of general
425:
186:Ocean swells recognized by Marshallese
590:, diagrams and photographs. Archived.
7:
2584:Sa Huynh-Kalanay Interaction Sphere
2554:Austronesian maritime trade network
627:Reddit posts showing stick charts:
555:Woodward, D. and Malcolm Lewis, G.
164:because they represent a system of
38:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
471:Korvettenkapitän Winkler (1898).
2440:Polynesian multihull terminology
2338:
2322:
2306:
2290:
2274:
606:"The Secrets of the Wave Pilots"
23:
3108:Culture of the Marshall Islands
2496:Makassan contact with Australia
2367:Ship construction & sailing
178:The charts, unlike traditional
132:. The charts represented major
2723:Federated States of Micronesia
1:
2506:Marshall Islands stick chart
16:Micronesian navigational aid
604:Tingley, Kim (2016-03-17).
584:, includes many photographs
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552:22(2009), No. 2., 234–245.
507:The History of Cartography
189:
136:patterns and the ways the
112:were made and used by the
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268:in the southern islands.
248:swell is weaker than the
588:Micronesian Stick Charts
582:Polynesian Stick Charts
560:Volume Two, Book Three.
53:more precise citations.
3103:Cartography by country
2501:Māori migration canoes
1650: (Waqa tabu)
1565: (Dapang, Pilang)
1482: (Kumpit, Pidlas)
599:Marshall Islands Guide
543:History of Cartography
414:Ammassalik wooden maps
284:Stick chart categories
192:Micronesian navigation
162:history of cartography
106:
94:
3113:Traditional knowledge
2944:Ngahiraka Mai Tawhiti
2516:Polynesian navigation
128:off the coast of the
100:
84:
2589:Sepik Coast exchange
2569:Lapita trade network
1395: (Birok, Bidok)
573:Dirk HR Spennemann.
528:Historia Mathematica
386:Imperial German Navy
103:Überseemuseum Bremen
2894:Spirit of Majapahit
530:, 22(1995) 347-370.
256:Bungdockerik swells
2997:Masawa Hong Butuan
2579:Maritime Silk Road
2491:List of Māori waka
674:Austronesian ships
610:The New York Times
364:Knowledge transfer
272:Bundockeing swells
146:ocean surface wave
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2538:Yapese navigation
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1344: (Barangay)
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130:Marshall Islands
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49:this article by
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2713:Te Au o Tonga
2710:
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2706:Marumaru Atua
2703:
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2696:
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2680:Ship replicas
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267:
263:
255:
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251:
247:
240:Kaelib swells
239:
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235:
231:
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220:
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215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
193:
185:
183:
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122:Pacific Ocean
119:
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99:
92:
88:
83:
73:
70:
62:
59:February 2012
52:
48:
42:
41:
35:
30:
21:
20:
3071:
3048:
3030:
3023:
3016:
3009:
3004:Raya Kolambu
3002:
2995:
2988:
2981:
2974:
2956:
2951:Pūmaiterangi
2949:
2942:
2935:
2930:Aotearoa One
2928:
2912:Naga Pelangi
2910:
2892:
2885:
2878:
2871:
2864:
2846:
2839:
2832:
2825:
2818:
2811:
2804:
2786:
2768:
2761:
2743:
2736:
2729:
2711:
2704:
2697:
2691:Cook Islands
2525:
2505:
1969:Cook Islands
613:. Retrieved
609:
574:
557:
550:Oceanography
549:
542:
533:
527:
506:
490:
476:
466:
451:
446:Lewis, David
440:
435:Asscher 2002
391:
375:
367:
357:
353:
349:
348:
338:
333:
329:
327:
324:Meddo charts
317:
315:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
287:
277:
275:
265:
262:bungdockerik
261:
259:
249:
245:
243:
233:
225:
224:
221:Rilib swells
209:
206:bungdockerik
205:
201:
197:
195:
177:
169:ocean swells
159:
150:World War II
142:
110:Stick charts
109:
108:
65:
56:
37:
3011:Raya Siyagu
2968:Philippines
2922:New Zealand
2873:Hati Marege
2608:Archaeology
2594:Spice trade
2511:Mau Piailug
2471:Fanuankuwel
2298:Wa'a kaulua
2051:Waka hourua
2038:New Zealand
2028:Vaka touʻua
2010:Waʻa kaulua
1414:Chinedkeran
1314:Philippines
986:K'un-lun po
541:Bagrow, L.
496:Finney, Ben
397:German rule
278:bundockeing
230:trade winds
210:bundockeing
134:ocean swell
114:Marshallese
51:introducing
3097:Categories
2834:Hokualakai
2820:Hikianalia
2813:Hawaiʻiloa
2770:Tahiti Nui
2599:Trepanging
2574:Lingling-o
2464:Navigation
2399:Tanja sail
2394:Pinisi rig
2346:Padewakang
2253:Laka fiara
2218:Madagascar
2061:Waka tīwai
1982:Vaka katea
1875:(Agaraide)
1772:Micronesia
1731:(Mon, Ora)
1041:Padewakang
1026:Malangbang
981:Kotta mara
686:Ship types
615:2016-05-15
518:References
378:missionary
214:refraction
190:See also:
89:fiber and
34:references
3072:See also:
3025:Sarimanok
2958:Te Aurere
2858:Indonesia
2763:Faʻafaite
2731:Halametaw
2699:Maire Nui
2657:Kota mara
2564:Kula ring
2450:Sewn boat
2430:Outrigger
2425:Multihull
2415:Catamaran
2282:Ipanitika
2171:Hamatafua
2120:Vaʻa-tele
2056:Waka taua
2020:Marquesas
1960:Polynesia
1603:Melanesia
1574:Singapore
1521:Salisipan
1496:Panineman
1322:Armadahan
1251:Pencalang
1081:Pencalang
1011:Leti leti
1006:Lepa-Lepa
976:Kora kora
911:Janggolan
828:Indonesia
750:Ipanitika
390:SMS
306:rebbelith
3050:Gaualofa
2904:Malaysia
2848:Makali'i
2827:Hōkūleʻa
2615:Balangay
2533:Weriyeng
2527:Tākitimu
2486:Kafeŕoor
2455:Trimaran
2389:Junk rig
2245:Sakalava
2227:Malagasy
2186:Tongiaki
2148:Tipairua
2115:Vaʻa-alo
2101:(Foulua)
1873:Galaideʻ
1809:Kiribati
1720:(Solima)
1713:Binabina
1587:Tongkang
1551:Tilimbao
1516:Salambaw
1506:Pangayaw
1501:Pasaplap
1426:(Balutu)
1424:Djenging
1409:Chinarem
1363:Basnigan
1342:Balangay
1337:Balación
1286:Tongkang
1256:Penjajap
1236:Lancaran
1171:Bangkong
1158:Malaysia
1143:Tongkang
1071:Patorani
1061:Penjajap
1056:Paledang
1046:Paduwang
1016:Lis-alis
996:Lancaran
966:Kolekole
926:Jongkong
891:Fakatora
881:Chialoup
856:Bangkong
818:Tongkang
813:Penjajap
793:Bangkong
498:(1998).
448:(1994).
409:Weriyeng
403:See also
371:squadron
354:Rebbelib
350:Rebbelib
302:rebbelib
118:navigate
2976:Balatik
2745:Sailoam
2652:Daramba
2647:Burulan
2377:Rigging
2089:Fautasi
2084:Amatasi
1936:Chugpin
1799:Waserak
1740:Vanuatu
1724:Tepukei
1695:Lakatoi
1643:Camakau
1557:Tiririt
1531:Seberen
1460:Karakoa
1455:Junkung
1440:Guilalo
1419:Dinahit
1231:Lancang
1196:Cerucuh
1176:Banting
1066:Pangkur
1036:Orembai
991:Lancang
956:Kelulus
951:Kalulis
916:Jellore
906:Golekan
876:Cerucuh
861:Banting
706:Kavalan
481:At the
392:Bussard
382:Captain
318:mattang
300:), and
290:mattang
166:mapping
138:islands
93:shells.
47:improve
2937:Haunui
2841:Iosepa
2798:Hawaii
2642:Apilan
2481:Hipour
2235:Lakana
2204:Paopao
2196:Tuvalu
2138:Ivahah
2105:Paopao
2099:Lualua
1992:Hawaii
1894:Sakman
1879:Ladjak
1868:Duduli
1863:Duding
1840:Tipnol
1835:Korkor
1817:Baurua
1758:Wangga
1729:Tomako
1620:Endrol
1601:Island
1559:(Buti)
1546:Tempel
1541:Tataya
1536:Tapake
1526:Sapyaw
1486:Ontang
1470:Lanong
1465:Kulibo
1450:Junkun
1445:Juanga
1399:Buggoh
1393:Biroko
1353:Bangka
1348:Baloto
1304:Kabang
1276:Sampan
1246:Pelang
1216:Juanga
1206:Ghurab
1186:Buggoh
1128:Sekong
1118:Sandeq
1108:Sampan
1101:Palari
1091:Pinisi
1086:Perahu
1076:Pelang
1051:Pajala
1031:Mayang
936:Jukung
931:Juanga
901:Ghurab
866:Benawa
798:Gubang
780:Brunei
769:Island
755:Tatara
714:Mangka
697:Taiwan
246:kaelib
202:kaelib
91:cowrie
87:sennit
36:, but
3042:Samoa
2788:Saina
2738:Quest
2635:Other
2547:Trade
2521:Rapwi
2314:Paraw
2181:Pōpao
2176:Kalia
2163:Tonga
2094:Laʻau
2079:ʻalia
2071:Samoa
2000:Mālia
1941:Popow
1905:Palau
1889:Panga
1884:Lelek
1845:Walap
1753:Angga
1677:Tsǐne
1654:Takia
1563:Vinta
1511:Paraw
1491:Owong
1475:Lapis
1435:Garay
1430:Falua
1404:Casco
1388:Biray
1383:Birau
1373:Bigiw
1368:Batil
1332:Awang
1327:Avang
1296:Moken
1271:Pinas
1226:Kolek
1221:Kakap
1201:Ghali
1191:Birau
1181:Bedar
1166:Bajak
1138:Teneh
1123:Sarua
1096:Lambo
1021:Londe
961:Kolay
946:Kakap
896:Ghali
886:Eloha
851:Bajak
841:Bagan
808:Kakap
788:Bajak
503:(PDF)
420:Notes
358:meddo
339:meddo
334:Meddo
330:meddo
294:meddo
266:rilib
250:rilib
234:rilib
226:Rilib
198:rilib
126:canoe
2780:Guam
2445:Proa
2408:Hull
2153:Vaʻa
2143:Pahi
2110:Vaʻa
2046:Waka
2005:Waʻa
1977:Vaka
1913:Kaep
1794:Wahr
1718:Lisi
1648:Drua
1635:Fiji
1480:Lepa
1378:Bilo
1241:Lepa
1211:Jong
1148:Toop
1133:Solu
1001:Lepa
921:Jong
846:Bago
836:Abak
803:Jong
732:Ruza
724:Thao
328:The
316:The
304:(or
298:medo
296:(or
276:The
260:The
244:The
208:and
180:maps
173:maps
120:the
1928:Yap
1748:Aka
1672:Kǒp
1625:Kel
742:Tao
458:404
308:).
124:by
116:to
3099::
2330:Wa
1946:Wa
1918:Wa
1789:Wa
631:,
608:.
475:.
428:^
292:,
204:,
200:,
666:e
659:t
652:v
633:2
629:1
618:.
485:.
460:.
105:.
72:)
66:(
61:)
57:(
43:.
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