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that Class A facilities have "high-quality standard finishes, state of the art systems, exceptional accessibility and a definite market presence." BOMA describes Class B office buildings as those that compete "for a wide range of users with rents in the average range for the area." BOMA states that Class B buildings have "adequate systems" and finishes that "are fair to good for the area," but that the buildings do not compete at the same price rates as Class A buildings. According to BOMA, Class C buildings are aimed towards "tenants requiring functional space at rents below the average for the area." The lack of specifics allows considerable room for pushing the boundaries of these BOMA categories. Oftentimes, they are further modified by adding the plus or minus sign to create subclasses, such as Class A+ or Class B-.
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438:, merchants tended to conduct their business in buildings that also sometimes housed people doing retail sales, warehousing, and clerical work. During the 15th century, the population density in many cities reached a point where merchants began to use stand-alone buildings to conduct their business. A distinction began to develop between religious, administrative/military, and commercial uses for buildings.
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383:, which was the place where most government letters were written and laws were copied within a kingdom. The rooms of the chancery often had walls full of pigeonholes, constructed to hold rolled-up pieces of parchment for safekeeping or ready reference. This kind of structure was a precursor to the modern bookshelf. The introduction of the
1362:
There are many different ways of arranging the space in an office. Managerial styles and the culture of specific companies are important factors in how office space will ultimately be used. One example of diverging office layout philosophies concerns how many people will work within the same room. At
1730:
the Modern
Efficiency Desk, first made in 1915 by Steelcase Inc. for the New York offices of Equitable Assurance. This desk, consisting of a simple, rectangular table with small drawers, replaced the cabinet-like desks, with their high backs made up of little drawers and cubby holes, which dominated
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to some extent but often fails on acoustic separation and security. Most cubicles also require the occupant to sit with their back towards anyone who might be approaching. Workers in walled offices typically try to position their normal work seats and desks so that they can see someone entering, and
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did their work. Ancient texts mentioning the work of scribes allude to the existence of such "offices". These rooms are sometimes called "libraries" by some archaeologists because of scrolls' association with literature. They were, however, closer to modern offices because the scrolls were meant for
1490:
The primary purpose of an office building is to provide a workplace and working environment primarily for administrative and managerial workers. These workers usually occupy set areas within the office building, and usually are provided with desks, PCs and other equipment they may need within their
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While offices can be set up in almost any location and in almost any building, some modern requirements for offices make this more difficult. These requirements can be legal (such as sufficient light levels) or technical (such as requirements for computer networking). Other needs, such as security
1554:
The
Building Owners and Managers Association (BOMA) classifies office space into three categories: Class A, Class B, and Class C. According to BOMA, Class A office buildings have the "most prestigious buildings competing for premier office users with rents above average for the area." BOMA states
1510:
Rental rates for office and retail space are typically quoted in terms of cost per floor-area–time, usually cost per floor-area per year or month. For example, the rate for a particular property may be $ 29 per square-foot per year ($ 29/sq. ft/yr) or $ 290 per square-meter per year ($ 290/m/yr).
1393:
According to research, open-plan offices are associated with increased stress, a rise in electronic communication, a 70% decrease in face-to-face interactions, a 25% uptick in negative moods, and up to a 20% drop in productivity due to distractions. In contrast, post-pandemic trends are favoring
601:
in New York City introduced the "Modern
Efficiency Desk" with a flat top and drawers below, designed to allow managers an easy view of the workers. This led to a demand for large square footage per floor in buildings, and a return to the open spaces that were seen in pre–industrial revolution
534:
dramatically grew in size and complexity. Increasingly large number of clerks were needed to handle order processing, accounting, and document filing, and these clerks needed to be housed in increasingly specialized spaces. Most of the desks of the era were top-heavy and had a cubicle-like
503:. The Company developed a very complex bureaucracy for the task, necessitating thousands of office employees to process the required paperwork. The Company recognized the benefits of centralized administration and required that all workers sign in and out at the central office each day.
779:
The main purpose of an office environment is to support its occupants in performing their jobs—preferably at minimum cost and with maximum satisfaction. Different people performing different tasks will require different office spaces, or spaces that can handle a variety of uses. To aid
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335:. An officium was not necessarily a place, but often referred instead to human staff members of an organization, or even the abstract notion of a formal position like a magistrate. The elaborate Roman bureaucracy would not be equaled for centuries in the West after the fall of
1494:
An office building may be divided into sections for different companies, or it may be dedicated to one company. In either case, each company will typically have a reception area, one or several meeting rooms, singular or open-plan offices, and service rooms such as restrooms.
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289:(1856–1915), led to the "Modern Efficiency Desk" of 1915. Its flat top, with drawers below, was designed to allow managers an easy view of their workers. By the middle of the 20th century, it became apparent that an efficient office required additional control over
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597:, led to the idea that managers needed to play an active role in directing the work of subordinates to increase the efficiency of the workplace. F.W. Taylor advocated the use of large, open floor plans and desks that faced supervisors. As a result, in 1915, the
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decision-making in workplace and office design, one can distinguish three different types of office spaces: workspaces, meeting spaces, and support spaces. For new or developing businesses, remote satellite offices and project rooms, or
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office might see tens or hundreds of people working in the same room. Open-plan offices put multiple workers together in the same space, and some studies have shown that they can improve short-term productivity, i.e. within a single
252:
acted as a sort of office, serving as the space where records and laws were stored and copied. With the growth of large, complex organizations in the 18th century, the first purpose-built office spaces were constructed. As the
1532:, the rate quoted is an all-inclusive rate. The renter pays a set amount of rent per time and the landlord is responsible for all other expenses, including payments for utilities, taxes, insurance, maintenance, and repairs.
1994:
858:: ideal for fostering privacy in today's bustling open-plan offices. It provides a cost-effective and efficient way to ensure privacy and continuity during conversations, calls, and video conferences.
620:
However, by the midpoint of the 20th century, it became apparent that an efficient office required more privacy in order to combat tedium, increase productivity, and encourage creativity. In 1964, the
2056:
1539:
lease is one in which the tenant is liable for a share of various expenses such as property taxes, insurance, maintenance, utilities, climate control, repairs, janitorial services and landscaping.
1375:. At the same time, the loss of privacy and security can increase the incidence of theft and loss of company secrets. A type of compromise between open plan and individual rooms is provided by the
2025:
417:
During the 13th century, the
English word "office" first began to appear when referring to a position involving specific professional duties (for example, "the office of the....")
177:
in order to support and realize the various goals of the organization. The word "office" may also denote a position within an organization with specific duties attached to it (see
2002:
581:, Roebuck, and Co. had opened their headquarters operation in a 3,000,000-square-foot (280,000 m) building in Chicago, at the time the largest building in the world. The
840:: an open workspace for more than ten people; suitable for activities that demand frequent communication or routine activities that need relatively little concentration.
2411:
538:
The relatively high price of land in the central core of cities led to the first multi-story buildings, which were limited to about 10 stories until the use of
846:: a semi-enclosed workspace for two to eight people; suitable for teamwork which demands frequent internal communication and a medium level of concentration.
2064:
2455:
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office life before the First World War. At their new efficiency desks, office workers could be watched, monitored and subjected to time-and-motion studies.
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Many office buildings also have kitchen facilities and a staff room, where workers can have lunch or take a short break. Some office spaces are now also
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902:: an enclosed workspace for one person; suitable for activities that are confidential, demand a lot of concentration, or include many small meetings.
1864:
639:
Offices in Japan have developed unique characteristics partly as a result of the country's unique business culture. Japanese offices tend to follow
2033:
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are also support spaces that are legally mandatory for companies in the United States, as of the 2010 Patient
Protection and Affordable Care Act.
964:: a lounge-like workspace for two to six people; suitable for short-term activities that demand collaboration and/or allow impromptu interaction.
2173:
1521:
A particular 2,000 sq. ft space is priced at $ 15/sq. ft/yr, ultimately costing (2,000 sq. ft) Ă— ($ 15/sq. ft/yr) / (12 mo/yr) = $ 2500 per month
233:), entire floors of buildings, and massive buildings dedicated entirely to one company. In modern terms, an office is usually the location where
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605:
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2317:
458:) was built in 1726 and was the first purpose-built office building in Great Britain. As well as offices, the building housed a board room and
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Roderick, Ian (2016). "Representing affective labour and gender performativity in knowledge work: a multimodal critical discourse analysis".
914:: an enclosed workspace for four to ten people; suitable for teamwork that may be confidential and demands frequent internal communication.
446:
The first purpose-built office spaces were constructed in the 18th century to suit the needs of large and growing organizations such as the
2740:
741:
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enabled the rapid upward escalation of buildings. By the end of the 19th century, larger office buildings frequently contained large glass
908:: a compact, semi-private workspace designed for two or three individuals, facilitating both focused work and small group collaboration.
2404:
1759:
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which are dedicated primarily for use as offices. An office building, also known as an office block or business center, is a form of
792:
Workspaces in an office are typically used for conventional office activities such as reading, writing, and computer work. There are
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1952:
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Medieval paintings and tapestries often show people in their private offices handling record-keeping books or writing on scrolls of
126:
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Meeting spaces in an office typically use interactive processes, be they quick conversations or intensive brainstorming. There are
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621:
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1212:: an open or enclosed support space where employees can get refreshments and where supplies for visitor hospitality are kept.
970:: an open workspace for one person; suitable for short-term activities that require little concentration and low interaction.
139:
3018:
2397:
1102:
Support spaces in an office are typically used for secondary activities such as filing documents or taking breaks. There are
852:: a semi-enclosed workspace for one person; suitable for activities that demand medium concentration and medium interaction.
690:
64:
1792:
1524:
A particular 200 m space is priced at $ 150/m/yr, ultimately costing (200 m) Ă— ($ 150/m/yr) / (12 mo/yr) = $ 2500 per month
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private "cell-office plans," which address health precautions and have been reported to enhance productivity by up to 22%.
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958:: an enclosed workspace for one person; suitable for short-term activities that demand concentration or confidentiality.
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1701:
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grew dramatically, requiring many clerks. As a result, more office space was assigned to house their activities. The
107:
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Office rents in the United States are still recovering from the high vacancy rates that occurred in the wake of the
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Offices in classical antiquity were often part of a palace complex or a large temple. There was often a room where
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679:
53:
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appearance, with paper storage bins extending above the desk-work area, offering workers some degree of privacy.
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and its wider distribution, there was often no clear cultural distinction between a private office and a private
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or organization has offices in any place where it has an official presence, even if that presence consists of a
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1088:: an enclosed meeting space for five to twelve people; suitable for brainstorming sessions and workshops.
1082:: an open or semi-open meeting space for five to twelve people; suitable for short, informal interaction.
651:(consensus systems) to encourage input on policies from as many groups throughout the office as possible.
539:
2111:
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layouts in an 'island-style' arrangement, which promotes teamwork and top-down management. They also use
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allowed for higher structures. The first purpose-built office block was the
Brunswick Building, built in
185:); the latter is an earlier usage, as "office" originally referred to the location of one's duty. In its
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1038:: an open or semi-open meeting space for two to four persons; suitable for short, informal interaction.
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1026:: an enclosed meeting space for two to four people; suitable for both formal and informal interaction.
339:, with areas partially reverting to illiteracy. Further east, the Byzantine Empire and varying Islamic
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1324:: an open or semi-open support space where visitors can be received and wait for their appointment.
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1330:: support space which is required for circulation on office floors, linking all major functions.
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1937:
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In many countries, rent is typically paid monthly, even if usually discussed in terms of years.
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if that goal is not feasible, some install tiny mirrors on things such as computer monitors.
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one extreme, each individual worker might have their own room; at the other extreme, a large
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1150:: an open or enclosed support space for the storage of frequently used files and documents.
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appears to have first used the word in 1395 to mean a place where business is transacted in
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1262:: an open or semi-open support space where employees can store their personal belongings.
1218:: a semi-open or enclosed support space where employees can take a break from their work.
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814:
455:
300:
1206:: an open or semi-open support space where employees can pick up or deliver their mail.
1168:
1162:: an open or enclosed support space with facilities for printing, scanning and copying.
1094:: an open meeting point for two to four people; suitable for ad hoc, informal meetings.
1032:: an enclosed meeting space for five to twelve people; suitable for formal interaction.
888:
487:. The company employed a plethora of bureaucrats to administer its territories in India.
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1156:: an open or enclosed support space for the storage of commonly used office supplies.
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1318:: an enclosed support space where employees can play games, such as pool or darts.
1274:: a semi-open or enclosed support space for reading books, journals and magazines.
826:
586:
431:
355:
record-keeping and other management functions, not for poetry or works of fiction.
286:
210:
202:
167:
1888:"Evidence-based ergonomics: a comparison of Japanese and American office layouts"
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did not impact the setup and function of these government offices significantly.
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spaces, allowing for those occupying a space or building to share facilities.
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784:, can provide a simple solution and provide all of the former types of space.
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for the Lords of the
Admiralty. In the 1770s, many scattered offices for the
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1995:"Open Plan Offices Aren't Just the 'Dumbest Management Fad of All Time.'"
1861:
University of
Southern California Master of Science in Applied Psychology
1778:
The Making of the Modern
Admiralty:British Naval Policy-Making, 1805-1927
1480:
1430:
1369:
628:, a prolific industrial designer. Propst came up with the concept of the
190:
182:
163:
2389:
1710:
Queuing for
Beginners: The Story of Daily Life From Breakfast to Bedtime
1639:
363:
244:, offices were often part of a palace complex or a large temple. In the
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2700:
1589:
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as the headquarters from which the East India Company administered its
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in the world, comprising over 350 million square feet of office space.
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523:
368:
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270:
218:
2245:
Planning Office Spaces: a practical guide for manager and designers
1474:
is a high-rise office building, the tallest of its kind in the U.S.
1268:: an enclosed support space where employees can smoke a cigarette.
1461:
1435:
1416:
1401:
1345:
604:
578:
565:
472:
362:
315:
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205:, for example, instead of a more traditional establishment with a
194:
138:
2057:"The surprising toll open-plan offices have on our mental health"
511:
407:
336:
258:
206:
2393:
2299:
2295:
2290:
2204:
What do you call a sociopath in a cubicle? (answer, a coworker)
2911:
2243:
van Meel, Juriaan; Martens, Yuri; van Ree, Hermen Jan (2010).
1487:
which contains spaces mainly designed to be used for offices.
1479:
and layout flexibility, have prompted the creation of special
1355:
724:
658:
510:
intensified in the 18th and 19th centuries, the industries of
257:
intensified in the 18th and 19th centuries, the industries of
36:
2211:
Duffy, Francis; Cave, Colin; Worthington, John, eds. (1976).
609:
1937 image of the Division of Classification and Cataloging,
558:
to allow light into the complex and improve air circulation.
1563:
2092:. The Steven L. Newman Real Estate Institute. Spring 2011.
1892:
International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics
414:, as were personal and professional accounts and letters.
2026:"Post-Pandemic: Fight For An End To The Open-Plan Office"
1886:
Noro, Kageyu; Fujimaki, Goroh; Kishi, Shinsuke (2003).
748:
343:
preserved a more sophisticated administrative culture.
1712:. London: Profile Books (published 2010). p. 36.
2965:
2884:
2428:
1943:(3rd ed.). Bostion: Nicholas Brealey. p.
67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2221:
1936:
470:, the first block purpose-built for office work.
2116:St. Louis Daily Record & St. Louis Countian
589:and later applied to the office environment by
406:; books were both read and written at the same
221:phenomenon, including small offices, such as a
1939:When cultures collide: leading across cultures
1754:. Denver: Aardex Corporation. pp. 14–16.
2405:
2311:
8:
2206:. Kansas City, Missouri: Andrews McMeel Pub.
2112:"Categorization of office space is flexible"
693:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
434:became the dominant economic theory of the
27:Room where administrative work is performed
2412:
2398:
2390:
2318:
2304:
2296:
1781:. Cambridge University Press. p. 15.
1903:
767:Learn how and when to remove this message
713:Learn how and when to remove this message
379:(1000–1300) saw the rise of the medieval
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
2254:Cubed: A Secret History of the Workplace
327:The word "office" stems from the Latin "
1693:
1276:
1220:
1164:
1108:
1104:twelve generic types of support spaces,
1040:
984:
916:
860:
798:
2215:. London: The Architectural Press Ltd.
1745:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1106:each supporting different activities.
982:each supporting different activities.
796:each supporting different activities.
477:The sprawling complex of the extended
738:This section may contain information
546:in 1841. The invention of the safety
189:form, the term "office" may refer to
7:
1867:from the original on 27 January 2015
980:six generic types of meeting spaces,
691:adding citations to reliable sources
65:adding citations to reliable sources
2247:. London: Laurence King Publishing.
2179:from the original on 9 October 2016
1379:, possibly made most famous by the
2024:Sarkis, Stephanie (Jan 17, 2021).
1969:"Office Environment | NIOSH | CDC"
442:The emergence of the modern office
25:
794:nine generic types of workspaces,
570:An office in 1903, equipped with
331:" and its equivalents in various
229:or a room in someone's home (see
2967:
2966:
2099:from the original on 2013-05-17.
1857:"Psychology of the Office Space"
1795:from the original on 2016-06-17.
1638:
1624:
1303:
1291:
1279:
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1223:
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1179:
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622:Herman Miller (office equipment)
599:Equitable Life Insurance Company
585:, pioneered in manufacturing by
285:, pioneered in manufacturing by
41:
2228:. New York: Facts on File Inc.
1813:from the original on 2013-07-22
632:, which later evolved into the
52:needs additional citations for
2110:Kennedy Smith (30 June 2006).
1905:10.1080/10803548.2003.11076588
1506:Office and retail rental rates
398:. Before the invention of the
1:
2055:Sander, Libby (Jul 6, 2021).
1807:"How the office was invented"
1706:"3: A lifetime behind a desk"
1385:cartoon series, which solves
481:
2137:"Building Class Definitions"
1993:Haden, Jeff (Jan 14, 2022).
304:A typical modern office, in
2491:Counterproductive behaviour
1406:A small office building in
501:Indian colonial possessions
237:carry out their functions.
3045:
1935:Lewis, Richard D. (2015).
248:(1000–1300), the medieval
29:
2334:
2220:Klein, Judy Graf (1982).
2087:"This Recovery Explained"
1358:, Wellington, New Zealand
744:to the article's subject.
636:office furniture system.
152:central business district
2993:Aspects of organizations
2641:Hostile work environment
2374:Small office/home office
2277:10.1558/genl.v10i3.32040
1752:User Effective Buildings
1421:Alandia Trade Center, a
647:(informal meetings) and
231:small office/home office
2978:Aspects of corporations
2766:Quality of working life
2456:Artificial intelligence
2163:"CLASS A+ OFFICE SPACE"
213:. An office is also an
32:Office (disambiguation)
2988:Aspects of occupations
1775:Hamilton, C.I (2011).
1674:Sick building syndrome
1475:
1468:One World Trade Center
1459:
1433:
1414:
1359:
617:
574:
488:
372:
324:
308:
155:
3019:Office administration
2726:Performance appraisal
2476:Computer surveillance
2252:Saval, Nikil (2014).
2213:Planning Office Space
2202:Adams, Scott (2002).
1595:Office space planning
1465:
1453:Cupertino, California
1439:
1420:
1405:
1349:
742:important or relevant
608:
583:time and motion study
569:
508:Industrial Revolution
495:was built in 1729 on
476:
454:. The Old Admiralty (
366:
319:
303:
283:time-and-motion study
255:Industrial Revolution
162:is a space where the
142:
2871:Workplace harassment
2861:Work–family conflict
2576:Employee recognition
2061:World Economic Forum
749:improve this section
687:improve this section
424:The Canterbury Tales
293:, and gradually the
235:white-collar workers
61:improve this article
30:For other uses, see
2741:Positive psychology
2636:Health surveillance
2566:Employee monitoring
2561:Employee experience
2556:Employee engagement
2551:Employee assistance
2536:Effects of overtime
2441:Abusive supervision
2291:Early Office Museum
2264:Gender and Language
2036:on January 18, 2021
2005:on January 14, 2022
1646:Architecture portal
1485:commercial building
1425:office building in
1408:Salinas, California
1160:Print and copy area
1142:Print and copy area
1080:Large meeting space
1050:Large meeting space
1036:Small meeting space
1018:Small meeting space
624:company contracted
466:were gathered into
323:in his office, 1916
242:classical antiquity
225:in the corner of a
193:-related tasks. In
2771:Queen bee syndrome
1832:"Liverpool Firsts"
1750:Long, Kim (2004).
1476:
1460:
1434:
1415:
1360:
1030:Large meeting room
1024:Small meeting room
1006:Large meeting room
994:Small meeting room
618:
575:
489:
452:East India Company
373:
325:
309:
156:
3006:
3005:
2731:Personality clash
2676:Kiss up kick down
2387:
2386:
2143:on 27 August 2013
1684:
1683:
1664:Office management
1605:Over-illumination
1328:Circulation space
1310:Circulation space
777:
776:
769:
723:
722:
715:
611:National Archives
497:Leadenhall Street
333:Romance languages
144:Midtown Manhattan
137:
136:
129:
111:
16:(Redirected from
3036:
3024:Office buildings
2970:
2969:
2686:Machiavellianism
2631:Health promotion
2586:Employee surveys
2581:Employee silence
2414:
2407:
2400:
2391:
2364:Paperless office
2320:
2313:
2306:
2297:
2280:
2257:
2248:
2239:
2227:
2216:
2207:
2189:
2188:
2186:
2184:
2178:
2167:
2159:
2153:
2152:
2150:
2148:
2139:. Archived from
2133:
2127:
2126:
2124:
2122:
2107:
2101:
2100:
2098:
2091:
2083:
2077:
2076:
2074:
2072:
2063:. Archived from
2052:
2046:
2045:
2043:
2041:
2032:. Archived from
2021:
2015:
2014:
2012:
2010:
2001:. Archived from
1990:
1984:
1983:
1981:
1980:
1965:
1959:
1958:
1942:
1932:
1926:
1925:
1907:
1883:
1877:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1853:
1847:
1846:
1844:
1843:
1834:. Archived from
1828:
1822:
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1819:
1818:
1803:
1797:
1796:
1772:
1766:
1765:
1747:
1734:
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1727:
1726:
1698:
1648:
1643:
1642:
1634:
1629:
1628:
1564:
1447:architecture at
1443:headquarters of
1398:Office buildings
1342:Office structure
1307:
1295:
1283:
1251:
1239:
1227:
1195:
1183:
1171:
1139:
1127:
1115:
1105:
1071:
1059:
1047:
1015:
1003:
991:
981:
947:
935:
923:
891:
879:
867:
829:
817:
805:
795:
782:serviced offices
772:
765:
761:
758:
752:
733:
732:
725:
718:
711:
707:
704:
698:
667:
659:
595:Lillian Gilbreth
493:East India House
486:
483:
479:East India House
419:Geoffrey Chaucer
377:High Middle Ages
297:system evolved.
246:High Middle Ages
132:
125:
121:
118:
112:
110:
69:
45:
37:
21:
3044:
3043:
3039:
3038:
3037:
3035:
3034:
3033:
3009:
3008:
3007:
3002:
2983:Aspects of jobs
2961:
2922:Labour movement
2880:
2821:Toxic workplace
2791:Robotics safety
2721:Parkinson's law
2711:Office politics
2696:Micromanagement
2571:Employee morale
2541:Emotional labor
2526:Divide and rule
2501:Culture of fear
2424:
2418:
2388:
2383:
2369:Serviced office
2330:
2324:
2287:
2260:
2251:
2242:
2236:
2224:The Office Book
2219:
2210:
2201:
2198:
2196:Further reading
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2161:
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2067:on July 6, 2021
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1669:Office politics
1659:Business attire
1644:
1637:
1632:Business portal
1630:
1623:
1610:Steel buildings
1600:Office supplies
1585:Executive suite
1561:
1552:
1544:2008 depression
1508:
1500:serviced office
1400:
1354:offices, above
1344:
1335:Lactation rooms
1311:
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1062:Brainstorm room
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484:
456:Ripley Building
444:
361:
314:
150:is the largest
133:
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35:
28:
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18:Office building
15:
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2516:Discrimination
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2379:Virtual office
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2285:External links
2283:
2282:
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2271:(3): 340–363.
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2016:
1985:
1960:
1953:
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1898:(4): 527–538.
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1399:
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1387:visual privacy
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974:Meeting spaces
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928:
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900:Private office
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870:Private office
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721:
720:
703:September 2021
671:
669:
662:
656:
653:
572:speaking tubes
563:
560:
540:iron and steel
468:Somerset House
443:
440:
400:printing press
385:printing press
360:
357:
350:were kept and
313:
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227:small business
172:administrative
135:
134:
49:
47:
40:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
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3:
2:
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2999:
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2957:Whistleblower
2955:
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2950:
2948:
2947:Strike action
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2781:Relationships
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2486:Control freak
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2354:Middle office
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1838:on 2013-12-20
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672:This section
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655:Office spaces
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631:
630:Action Office
627:
626:Robert Propst
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615:United States
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50:This article
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2937:Organization
2931:
2927:Labor rights
2907:Headquarters
2826:Toxic leader
2806:Spirituality
2671:Kick the cat
2661:Intervention
2601:Feminisation
2451:Anti-pattern
2349:Front office
2326:
2268:
2262:
2256:. Doubleday.
2253:
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2183:21 September
2181:. Retrieved
2169:
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2141:the original
2131:
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2069:. Retrieved
2065:the original
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2034:the original
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1377:cubicle desk
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1242:Smoking room
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747:Please help
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685:Please help
673:
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619:
587:F. W. Taylor
576:
562:20th century
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432:mercantilism
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371:office, 1719
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287:F. W. Taylor
239:
203:storage silo
168:organization
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59:Please help
54:verification
51:
2952:Trade union
2942:Remote work
2917:Job sharing
2892:Corporation
2841:Undermining
2761:Psychopathy
2611:Goofing off
2606:Generations
2591:Empowerment
2436:Absenteeism
2420:Aspects of
2339:Back office
2121:9 September
1973:www.cdc.gov
1653:Soft issues
1530:gross lease
1423:real estate
1260:Locker area
1230:Locker area
1210:Pantry area
1186:Pantry area
962:Work lounge
956:Study booth
938:Work lounge
926:Study booth
838:Open office
808:Open office
602:buildings.
552:Elisha Otis
550:in 1852 by
485: 1800
436:Renaissance
389:Renaissance
387:during the
359:Middle Ages
321:Jack London
3013:Categories
2998:Employment
2897:Employment
2706:Narcissism
2656:Inequality
2651:Incivility
2626:Harassment
2596:Evaluation
2531:Drug tests
2446:Aggression
2422:workplaces
2030:forbes.com
1979:2024-05-17
1871:28 January
1842:2012-12-17
1817:2012-12-17
1725:2018-09-08
1702:Moran, Joe
1688:References
1537:triple net
1517:Examples:
1449:Apple Park
1441:Apple Inc.
1350:Open plan
1316:Games room
1286:Games room
1216:Break area
1198:Break area
968:Touch down
950:Touch down
856:Office Pod
844:Team space
820:Team space
788:Workspaces
645:uchi-awase
532:telegraphy
464:Royal Navy
460:apartments
448:Royal Navy
341:caliphates
279:telegraphy
87:newspapers
2971:Templates
2756:Profanity
2751:Probation
2691:Menopause
2681:Listening
2621:Happiness
2521:Diversity
2506:Democracy
2496:Coworking
1615:Warehouse
1481:buildings
1472:Manhattan
1427:Mariehamn
1365:open plan
1204:Mail area
1174:Mail area
912:Team room
894:Team room
674:does not
649:ringi-sho
641:open plan
577:By 1906,
544:Liverpool
528:petroleum
520:insurance
396:parchment
367:An early
275:petroleum
267:insurance
187:adjective
164:employees
2885:See also
2876:Workwear
2866:Workload
2856:Wellness
2846:Violence
2836:Turnover
2831:Training
2811:Strategy
2801:Sabotage
2776:Rat race
2716:Overwork
2546:Emotions
2511:Deviance
2481:Conflict
2461:Bullying
2174:Archived
2094:Archived
1922:32155122
1914:14675524
1865:Archived
1811:Archived
1793:Archived
1704:(2007).
1569:Physical
1559:See also
1370:software
757:May 2024
548:elevator
450:and the
381:chancery
369:European
329:officium
250:chancery
191:business
183:official
170:perform
117:May 2024
76:"Office"
2902:Factory
2851:Virtual
2786:Revenge
2746:Privacy
2701:Mobbing
2471:Culture
2466:Climate
2170:cbre.us
2147:18 July
1999:inc.com
1809:. BBC.
1590:Factory
1550:Grading
1491:areas.
1382:Dilbert
1373:project
1352:TradeMe
1272:Library
1254:Library
850:Cubicle
832:Cubicle
695:removed
680:sources
634:cubicle
556:atriums
512:banking
506:As the
404:library
352:scribes
348:scrolls
312:History
295:cubicle
291:privacy
259:banking
199:company
179:officer
101:scholar
2932:Office
2816:Stress
2736:Phobia
2666:Jargon
2616:Gossip
2429:Topics
2327:Office
2232:
2071:Sep 7,
2040:Sep 7,
2009:Sep 7,
1951:
1920:
1912:
1785:
1758:
1716:
1679:
530:, and
524:retail
306:Israel
277:, and
271:retail
219:design
166:of an
160:office
103:
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74:
3029:Rooms
2646:Humor
2329:types
2177:(PDF)
2166:(PDF)
2097:(PDF)
2090:(PDF)
1918:S2CID
1528:In a
1431:Ă…land
591:Frank
579:Sears
412:table
223:bench
211:chair
108:JSTOR
94:books
2230:ISBN
2185:2016
2149:2013
2123:2010
2073:2023
2042:2023
2011:2023
1949:ISBN
1910:PMID
1873:2015
1783:ISBN
1756:ISBN
1714:ISBN
1535:The
1466:The
740:not
678:any
676:cite
593:and
516:rail
491:The
408:desk
375:The
337:Rome
263:rail
217:and
209:and
207:desk
197:, a
175:work
80:news
2912:Job
2273:doi
1945:511
1900:doi
1470:in
1451:in
1356:NZX
689:by
430:As
410:or
240:In
195:law
181:or
158:An
146:in
63:by
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1738:^
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