1141:
to think that the family originated from
Kashmir, for in time of distress, they took refuge in the Valley. Whatever it be, their Kashmiri origin is undoubted and this also explains the deep interest of the Barmaks, in later years, in Kashmir, for we know they were responsible for inviting several scholars and physicians from Kashmir to the Court of Abbasids." Prof. Maqbool also refers to the descriptions of Kashmir contained in the report prepared by the envoy of Yahya bin Barmak. He surmises that the envoy could have possibly visited Kashmir during the reign of Samgramapida II (797–801). Reference has been made to sages and arts.
866:
670:
1172:
91:
1164:(Bactria) in 715. In the wake of Arab conquest, the resident monks of the Vihara were either killed or forced to abandon their faith. The Viharas were razed to the ground. Priceless treasures in the form of manuscripts in the libraries of monasteries were consigned to ashes. Presently, only the ancient wall of the town, which once encircled it, stands partially. Nava-Vihara stands in ruins, near Takhta-i-Rustam. In 726, the Umayyad governor
71:
862:(602–664 CE) visited Balkh in 630 CE, when it was a flourishing centre of Hinayana Buddhism. According to his memoirs, there were about a hundred Buddhist convents in the city or its vicinity at the time of his visit. There were 3,000 monks and a large number of stupas and other religious monuments. Xuanzang also remarked that Buddhism was widely practiced by the Hunnish rulers of Balkh, who were descended from Indian royal stock.
1422:
4308:
160:
7398:
1129:, which the Arab historians call 'Nava Bahara' and describe it as one of the magnificent places, which comprised a range of 360 cells around the high stupas'. They plundered the gems and jewels that were studded on many images and stupas and took away the wealth accumulated in the Vihara but probably did no considerable harm to other monastic buildings or to the monks residing there".
1714:
1558:
581:
98:
788:
607:(also known as the Oxus in Greek), between 2000 and 1500 BC. However it was only recently that archaeological remains before 500 BC were found by French archaeologists led by Johanna Lhullier and Julio Bendezu-Sarmiento in the section called Bala Hissar, which is the citadel of the site. They dated this first settlement to the Early Iron Age (
1120:, 644–656 AD). Attracted by the grandeur and wealth of Balkh, they attacked it in 645 AD. It was only in 653 when Arab commander al-Ahnaf raided the town again and compelled it to pay tribute. The Arab hold over the town, however, remained tenuous. The area was brought under Arab control only after it was reconquered by
1136:
The Arabs' control over Balkh did not last long as it soon came under the rule of a local prince, a zealous
Buddhist called Nazak (or Nizak) Tarkhan. He expelled the Arabs from his territories in 670 or 671. He is said to have not only reprimanded the Chief Priest (Barmak) of Nava-Vihara but beheaded
1732:
constructions have proved more durable than the
Islamic buildings. The Top-Rustam is 46 m (50 yd) in diameter at the base and 27 m (30 yd) at the top, circular and about 15 m (49 ft) high. Four circular vaults are sunk in the interior and four passages have been pierced
1140:
Nazak
Tarkhan is also said to have murdered not only the Chief Priest but also his sons. Only a young son was saved. He was taken by his mother to Kashmir where he was given training in medicine, astronomy and other sciences. Later they returned to Balkh. Prof. Maqbool Ahmed observes "One is tempted
1401:
until 1335, he described it as a city still in ruins: "It is completely dilapidated and uninhabited, but anyone seeing it would think it to be inhabited because of the solidity of its construction (for it was a vast and important city), and its mosques and colleges preserve their outward appearance
1132:
The Arab attacks had little effect on the normal ecclesiastical life in the monasteries or Balkh
Buddhist population outside. Buddhism continued to flourish with their monasteries as the centres of Buddhist learning and training. Scholars, monks and pilgrims from China, India and Korea continued to
917:
medical, pharmacological, and toxicological texts were translated into Arabic under the patronage of Khalid, the vizier of Al-Mansur. Khalid was the son of a chief priest of a
Buddhist monastery. Some of the family were killed when the Arabs captured Balkh; others including Khalid survived by
622:
period, c. 1000-540 BC). Bala Hissar is located at the north of the site and is oval in shape, having an area of around 1,500 by 1,000 m2 (c. 150 hectares) and to the south is the lower town. Another mound of the site, known as Tepe
Zargaran, and the Northern Fortification Wall of Balkh, were
2537:
1700:'s fall in 2001 some poor residents dug in an attempt to sell ancient treasures. The provisional Afghan government said in January 2002 that it had stopped the looting. On March 9, 2023, the Taliban appointed Governor of Balkh Mohammad Dawood Muzammil was killed in a bomb blast.
327:, which is spoken by a significant majority. Balkh's surrounding region is particularly known for its archeological sites, which attest the presence of many different civilizations that influenced the town's society in various eras. The Belgian-French explorer and spiritualist
1137:
him for embracing Islam. As per another account, when Balkh was conquered by the Arabs, the head priest of the Nava-Vihara had gone to the capital and became a Muslim. This displeased the people of the Balkh. He was deposed and his son was placed in his position.
1510:, for the majority of the early nineteenth century, and only nominally acknowledged Kabul's suzerainty. During this time, the Qataghan dynasty also competed with Bukhara in interdynastic conflicts throughout the area. Only through the conquests of the
2548:
810:'s first disciples. They were the first to offer Buddha food after he attained enlightenment, and in return Buddha gave them eight of his hairs to remember him by. According to some accounts, Trapusa and Bahalika returned to Balkh, and built two
3146:
1365:(lady) of Davud, from 848 appointed governor of Balkh, had taken over from him with "particular responsibility for the city and people" while he was busy building himself an elaborate pleasure palace called Nawshǎd (New Joy).
1684:
A project of modernization was undertaken in 1934, in which eight streets were laid out, housing and bazaars built. Modern Balkh is a centre of the cotton industry, of the skins known commonly in the West as "Persian lamb"
2875:. William Woodthorpe Tarn. 1st Edition, 1938; 2nd Updated Edition, 1951. 3rd Edition, updated with a Preface and a new bibliography by Frank Lee Holt. Ares Publishers, Inc., Chicago. 1984. (1984), pp. 114–115 and n. 1.
775:, written from the fourth to eighth centuries - consistently evoke the name of local deities, such as Kamird and Wakhsh, for example, as witnesses to contracts. The documents come from an area between Balkh and
1605:, Friday Mosque). The outer walls, mostly in utter disrepair, were estimated about 6.5–7 mi (10.5–11.3 km) in perimeter. In the south-east, they were set high on a mound or rampart, which indicated a
1345:, in the 12th century, speaks of its possessing a variety of educational establishments, and carrying on an active trade. There were several important commercial routes from the city, stretching as far east as
3848:
1124:
in 663 AD. Prof. Upasak describes the effect of this conquest in these words: "The Arabs plundered the town and killed the people indiscriminately. It is said that they raided the famous
Buddhist shrine of
877:(704–787 CE) recorded that even after the Arab invasion, the residents of Balkh continued to practice Buddhism and followed a Buddhist king. He noted that the king of Balkh at the time had fled to nearby
7427:
1820:
The museum is also known as the Museum of the Blue Mosque, from the building it shares with a religious library. As well as exhibits from the ancient ruins of Balkh, the collection includes works of
1612:
The fort and citadel to the north-east were built well above the town on a barren mound and were walled and moated. There was, however, little left of them but the remains of a few pillars. The
3140:
1257:
in 900. He was sent to the
Abbasid Caliph as a prisoner and was executed in 902. The power of Saffarids was diminished and they became vassals of the Samanids. Thus Balkh now passed to them.
814:
in the way Buddha instructed. Balkh is therefore named after
Bahalika, who is credited with introducing Buddhism to the city. This is reflected in literature, where the town has been called
1300:
army, commanded by Ala al-Din Husayn and he took him prisoner for two years before releasing him as a vassal of the Seljuks. The next year, he marched against rebellious Oghuz Turks from
3370:
Pickett, J. (2023, June 21). Central Asia between Empires: New Research on the 18th and 19th Centuries. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Asian History. Retrieved 19 Jul. 2023, from
2512:
1051:: "a considerable colony of Jews, who have a separate quarter of the village to themselves, and appeared, so far as we could judge, to be fair-looking men with most unmistakably
1737:
about 60 cm (2.0 ft) square and 100 to 130 mm (3.9 to 5.1 in) thick. The Takht-e Rustam is wedge-shaped in plan with uneven sides. It is apparently built of
1534:
reported that the city was "nothing but a vast ruin" and that there were no more than 500 houses, occupied mostly by "Afghan settlers" and with "very few Usbegs" (i.e. Uzbeks).
634:
Since the Iranic people built one of their first kingdoms in Balkh, some scholars believe that it was from this area that different waves of Iranic tribes spread to north-east
3371:
4426:
3873:
3086:
Reinterpreting Islamic Historiography: Hārūn al-Rashīd and the narrative of the ʻAbbāsid caliphate by Tayeb El-Hibri published by Cambridge University Press, 1999 Page 8
2959:
Archaeology of Central Asia during the 1st millennium BC, from the beginning of the Iron Age to the Hellenistic period: Proceedings from the Workshop held at 10th ICAANE
3899:
2678:
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7010:
3830:
711:
of Bactria after killing the king of Balkh in the 4th century BC, and brought the Greek culture and religion to the region. The city was one of the capitals of the
3110:
India, the Ancient Past: a history of the Indian sub-continent from c. 7000 BC to AD 1200 by Burjor Avari Edition: illustrated Published by Taylor & Francis.
7437:
4137:
258:
3574:
1377:
sacked Balkh, butchered its inhabitants and levelled all the buildings capable of defence – treatment to which it was again subjected in the 14th century by
408:
892:. Located near the city of Balkh, it served as a pilgrimage centre for political leaders who came from far and wide to pay homage to it. Shortly before the
7432:
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1168:
rebuilt Balkh and installed in it an Arab garrison, while in his second governorship, a decade later, he transferred the provincial capital there.
2745:
958:
1852:
came from Balkh. Furthermore, the city was a cultural centre for science and had notable scientists working in or originating from that region.
1311:
Balkh was nominally ruled by Mahmud Khan, the former khan of Western Karakhanids, but the real power was held by Muayyid al-Din Ay Aba, amir of
4419:
1760:
The mounds of ruins on the road to Mazar-e Sharif probably represent the site of a city yet older than those on which stands the modern Balkh.
323:
account for a substantial portion of Balkh's populace and have continuously inhabited the site for millennia. The main language of the town is
4127:
2988:
2888:
Iranica in the Achaemenid Period (ca. 550–330 B.C.): Linguistic Study of Old Iranian Proper Names and Loanwords, Attested in Non-Iranian Texts
4078:
3842:
3675:
3322:
3292:
3123:
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2896:
2835:
312:. Most of the town now consists of ruined buildings, situated some 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) from the right bank of the seasonally flowing
3644:
7452:
4373:
4154:
2101:
or Ibn Sina, 10th/11th century philosopher and scientist, one of the most significant physicians, astronomers, thinkers and writers of the
3463:
1144:
The Arabs managed to bring Balkh under their control only in 715 AD, in spite of strong resistance offered by the Balkh people during the
3807:
3372:
https://oxfordre-com.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/asianhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277727.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277727-e-713
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2505:
3752:
5856:
4013:
3235:
3195:
2375:
1109:
1029:
2827:
Iranica in the Achaemenid Period (ca. 550–330 B.C.): Lexicon of Old Iranian Proper Names and Loanwords, Attested in Non-Iranian Texts
254:
70:
4412:
3980:
3975:. London; Kegan Paul International in association with Islamic Publications for The Institute of Ismaili Studies. pp. 167–175.
3417:
3392:
3115:
3091:
1849:
904:, an Arab traveler of the 10th century, who describes Balkh as built of clay, with ramparts and six gates, and extending for half a
268:
Historically, the site of present-day Balkh was held in considerably high regard due to its religious and political significance in
865:
90:
7457:
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1222:
219:
122:
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1817:
The museum was formerly the second largest museum in the country, but its collection has suffered from looting in recent times.
7447:
893:
2710:
2338:
5773:
2092:
309:
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1308:. But he was defeated twice and was captured after a second battle in Merv. The Oghuzs looted Khorasan after their victory.
3895:
7385:
6108:
4554:
4524:
4494:
3545:
3072:
van Bladel, Kevin (2011). "The Bactrian Background of the Barmakids". In A. Akasoy, C. Burnett and R. Yoeli-Tlalim (ed.).
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61:
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1848:. The early works of Persian literature were written by poets and writers who were originally from Balkh. Many famous
942:
669:
4145:
4144:. Istanbul: Organization of Islamic Cooperation, Research Centre for Islamic History, Art and Culture. Archived from
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7359:
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6584:
6569:
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6292:
5455:
5143:
5040:
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4098:
1165:
1090:
1385:(probably referring to its past) could still describe it as "a noble city and a great seat of learning." For when
1093:
in the 7th century, however, Balkh had provided an outpost of resistance and a safe haven for the Persian emperor
1043:
There was still a substantial Jewish community in Balkh as late as 1885, as attested by the British administrator
7322:
6904:
6811:
6705:
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4695:
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4439:
4435:
4219:
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2055:
1990:
poet and scientist, considered to be one of the greatest figures in Persian literature, lived and died in Balkh
1519:
1171:
982:
184:
172:
3314:
The History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume XXV: The End of Expansion: The Caliphate of Hishām, A.D. 724–738/A.H. 105–120
3284:
The History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume XXV: The End of Expansion: The Caliphate of Hishām, A.D. 724–738/A.H. 105–120
2040:
1358:
3287:. SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. pp. 26–27.
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6579:
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5778:
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5583:
5357:
4972:
4735:
4680:
4670:
4627:
4277:
4173:
4119:
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2974:, in American Journal of Archaeology, Vol. 59, No. 4, (Oct., 1955), The University of Chicago Press, p. 267.
1628:
1595:
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724:
462:
328:
7349:
6788:
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5763:
5724:
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5558:
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5158:
4715:
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4544:
4041:
3317:. SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. p. 128.
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2224:
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20:
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1323:. He died in 1157 and control of Balkh passed to Mahmud Khan until his death in 1162. It was captured by
245:. It is located approximately 20 kilometres (12 mi) to the northwest of the provincial capital city
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1488:. After his assassination, local Uzbek Hadji Khan declared the independence of Balkh in 1747, under the
4125:
Indigenous Indian civilization prevailed in Balkh, Afghanistan till the second half of tenth century AD
3837:, The Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 4, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 633–657,
2026:
2743:
7286:
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1973:
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mud (i.e. mud mixed with straw and puddled). It is possible that in these ruins we may recognize the
1613:
994:
803:
686:
481:
1577:) gate, one passed under three arches, in which the compilers recognized the remnants of the former
7296:
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5934:
5861:
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4388:
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3459:
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1956:
1638:), named for its green-tiled dome (see photograph top right corner) and said to be the tomb of the
1541:
outbreak during the flood season, Balkh lost its administrative status to the neighbouring city of
1464:
fruitlessly fought them there for several years in the 1640s. Nevertheless, Balkh was ruled by the
1336:
1328:
1324:
1265:
934:
704:
403:
76:
3385:
State and Tribe in Nineteenth Century Afghanistan The Reign of Amir Dost Muhammad Khan (1826-1863)
1768:
Numerous places of interest are to be seen today aside from the ancient ruins and fortifications:
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below from the outside, which probably lead to them. The base of the building is constructed of
3449:
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established its capital in Balkh. There is a long-standing tradition that an ancient shrine of
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since antiquity, when the region was very fertile. Its foundation is mythically ascribed to
493:
364:
336:
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869:
An ambassador from Balkh (白題國 Baitiguo) to the Tang dynasty, Wanghuitu (王會圖), circa 650 CE.
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A silver dirham of the Umayyad Caliphate, minted at Balkh al-Baida in AH 111 (=729/30 AD).
756:
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694:
643:
600:
593:
559:
360:
3896:"Maulana Jalal-ud-Din Muhammad Rumi Balkhi Biography - Mevlana Celaludin Rumi Biografisi"
3835:
The Cambridge History of Iran: Volume 4: The Period from the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs
1565:
In 1911 Balkh comprised a settlement of about 500 houses of Afghan settlers, a colony of
4157:. Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA: MIT School of Architecture and Planning. Archived from
2024:
language, literary figure and intellectual, one of the first Persian poets to introduce
830:) at Balkh was built for Bahalika when he returned home after becoming a Buddhist monk.
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4637:
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4594:
4509:
4489:
4404:
4393:
4262:
4227:
4196:
4037:
3722:
3059:
2287:
2228:
2204:
2013:
1692:
The site and the museum have suffered from looting and uncontrolled digging during the
1542:
1500:
1421:
1410:
1297:
1058:
1037:
889:
795:
744:
736:
728:
689:, the founder of which, Zoroaster, died within the walls according to the Persian poet
682:
422:
387:
289:
273:
246:
238:
189:
177:
3511:
3486:
7416:
7337:
7113:
7024:
6670:
6380:
6375:
6317:
6249:
6191:
6103:
6005:
5876:
5803:
5646:
5198:
5163:
4914:
4904:
4823:
4504:
4469:
4297:
3601:
3596:
2437:
2303:
2129:
1465:
1250:
1070:
794:
alongside other locations of kingdoms and republics mentioned in the Indian epics or
740:
549:
534:
27:
4307:
1402:
even now, with the inscriptions on their buildings incised with lapis-blue paints."
558:), which may derive from the important Zoroastrian fire temple Azar-i-Asp or from a
7204:
7189:
7158:
7148:
7080:
7075:
7044:
6113:
5748:
5412:
4383:
4358:
4206:
3968:
2722:
2291:
1672:
1374:
1293:
674:
281:
3502:
1506:
The area of Balkh was governed by the Uzbek Qataghan dynasty, with its capital in
900:. A curious reference to this building is found in the writings of the geographer
3312:
3282:
2652:
1675:
that formed one side of a courtyard, which was shaded by a group of chenar trees
7276:
7090:
6969:
4378:
4363:
4327:
4322:
2811:
2370:
2360:
2196:
2125:
2003:
1918:
1821:
1794:
1745:
1718:
1579:
1573:
set in the midst of a waste of ruins and acres of debris. Entering by the west (
1386:
1305:
1285:
1273:
1242:
1161:
1126:
930:
897:
885:
628:
619:
608:
470:
391:
376:
313:
301:
242:
165:
3534:
3011:
2912:
1156:
and the east from 705 to 715. He established a firm hold over lands beyond the
7214:
7179:
7070:
6984:
3973:
History of Islamic Philosophy, Translated by Liadain Sherrard, Philip Sherrard
2310:
2261:, wrote one of the earliest, if not first, commentaries (tafsir) of the Qur'an
2210:
2162:
2139:
1964:
1951:
1485:
1473:
1461:
1382:
1261:
1249:, who were nominally vassals of Abbasids, but he was defeated and captured by
1188:
1078:
1074:
1013:
962:
950:
938:
901:
685:. For a long time the city and country was the central seat of the dualistic
368:
305:
3946:
3630:
3252:
2953:
Lhuillier, Johanna, Julio Bendezu-Sarmiento, & Philippe Marquis, (2021).
2105:
and father of early modern medicine, whose father Abdullah was a Balkh native
1040:, the Jews of Balkh were given a gated city quarter of their own to live in.
654:; and it is at least certain that, at a very early date, it was the rival of
137:
124:
7271:
7266:
6994:
6974:
6098:
3990:
2346:
2249:
2241:
2172:
2168:
2146:
2115:
2010:-writing poet of medieval India whose father, Amir Saifuddin, was from Balkh
1881:
1876:
1668:
1530:(also known as Oxus River) become a permanent part of Afghanistan. By 1885,
1527:
1481:
1457:. Balkh was ruled by Bukhara except for Safavid rule between 1598 and 1601.
1406:
1398:
1260:
Samanid rule in Balkh lasted until 997, when their former subordinates, the
1204:
1133:
visit this place. Several revolts were made against the Arab rule in Balkh.
919:
878:
748:
604:
332:
308:
described Balkh as "a noble city and a great seat of learning" prior to the
250:
209:
3520:
2954:
2000:
poet, one of the most famous and influential Persian writers, born in Balkh
1937:
1108:
2955:"Ancient Bactra: New Data on the Iron Age Occupation of the Bactra Oasis"
2165:, Greek king who ruled in Balkh in the 3rd century BC before Euthydemus I.
1713:
1557:
1272:
conquered Balkh in 1059. In 1115, it was occupied and looted by irregular
7209:
7133:
7128:
4337:
4006:
Philosophy in the Islamic World: A History of Philosophy Without Any Gaps
2684:. Regional Rural Economic Regeneration Strategies (RRERS). Archived from
2626:
2365:
2328:
2307:
2200:
2190:
2133:
2098:
2072:
1987:
1829:
1750:
1734:
1729:
1677:
1446:
1438:
1312:
1246:
1226:
1192:
1153:
1062:
990:
914:
906:
859:
855:
791:
690:
655:
647:
513:
505:
363:, whose academic focus was on the teachings of the Armenian-Greek mystic
277:
265:, unofficial 2024 estimates set its population at around 114,883 people.
4071:
Sacred Landscape in Medieval Afghanistan: Revisiting the Faḍāʾil-i Balkh
3043:
Sacred Landscape in Medieval Afghanistan: Revisiting the Faḍāʾil-i Balkh
1016:
during the 11th century, when Jews were forced to maintain a garden for
838:(337-422 CE) traveled to the region in the early 5th century, and found
7240:
7174:
7153:
6999:
3668:
Sacred Landscape in Medieval Afghanistan Revisiting the Faḍāʾil-i Balkh
2332:
2294:
2275:
2059:
2017:
1774:
1739:
1697:
1644:
1538:
1390:
1332:
1315:
for three years. Sanjar finally escaped from captivity and returned to
1301:
1269:
1145:
1121:
998:
986:
851:
847:
776:
698:
663:
659:
639:
599:
Balkh was earlier considered to be the first city to which the ancient
589:
580:
413:
297:
3954:
2985:"IRAN vi. IRANIAN LANGUAGES AND SCRIPTS (1) E – Encyclopaedia Iranica"
2971:
787:
7342:
7219:
7065:
7060:
7029:
3540:
3435:
Northern Afghanistan, or, Letters from the Afghan Boundary Commission
3213:
Northern Afghanistan, or, Letters from the Afghan Boundary Commission
2433:
2274:
and reputedly ruler of Balkh, one of the most prominent of the early
2182:
1983:
1943:
1900:
1606:
1570:
1430:
1394:
1320:
1230:
1176:
1117:
1025:
1021:
874:
835:
807:
708:
359:) as an etymology of its name. In a similar vein, the British author
320:
269:
3437:. Edinburgh & London: William Blackwood & Sons. p. 255.
3215:. Edinburgh & London: William Blackwood & Sons. p. 256.
3938:
2851:
Daniel Coit Gilman; Harry Thurston Peck; Frank Moore Colby (1902),
2511:. National Statistic and Information Authority (NSIA). April 2021.
949:. This account is discussed in the works of the Egyptian historian
19:
This article is about the town in Afghanistan. For other uses, see
7261:
7138:
7123:
7039:
7034:
3645:"Taliban governor of Afghanistan's Balkh province killed in blast"
2281:
2271:
2258:
2220:
1825:
1754:
1712:
1556:
1526:
in 1888, did the region of "little Turkestan" to the south of the
1469:
1454:
1442:
1420:
1378:
1350:
1346:
1277:
1107:
1033:
843:
811:
786:
727:. After the demise of the Greco-Bactrian kingdom, it was ruled by
367:, speculated in his works that Shambhala may have been a Bactrian
6924:
4165:
1805:, is the earliest Islamic monument yet identified in Afghanistan.
1659:
The town was garrisoned as of 1911 by a few thousand irregulars (
319:
While it is one of Afghanistan's ethnically diverse settlements,
249:
and approximately 74 kilometres (46 mi) to the south of the
7245:
6989:
6979:
2342:
2322:
2278:
2268:
1671:, near Mazari Sharif. The gardens to the north-east contained a
1316:
1234:
1157:
1098:
1006:
954:
635:
324:
6928:
4408:
4169:
4107:
4094:
937:
from 705 to 681 BCE, is said to have forcibly transferred some
1642:, had nothing but the arched entrance remaining of the former
1566:
918:
converting to Islam. They would later come to be known as the
300:. As such, it was famously known as the capital of Bactria or
3774:
3717:
2030:("Nimaic poetry") to Afghan-Persian literature, born in Balkh
1445:
ruled Balkh between 1511 and 1512 as a vassal of the Persian
553:
544:
An earlier name for Balkh or a term for part of the city was
3600:
402:, itself meaning 'she who divides', etymologically from the
261:
reported that the town had 138,594 residents. Listed as the
2478:
2409:
1801:). This exquisitely ornamented mosque, also referred to as
701:
was to be found here, a temple so rich it invited plunder.
469:). The name of the province or country also appears in the
1077:, as some scholars have asserted that he was a practicing
1069:, was born in Balkh and is widely believed to have been a
965:
attested the existence of a monument called Bāb al-Yahūd (
517:) for "Bactrian", and by transposition the modern Persian
335:, a mythical kingdom that features prominently in ancient
2418:
2403:
1689:), and for agricultural produce like almonds and melons.
693:. Armenian sources state that the Arsacid dynasty of the
677:, one of the rulers of ancient Balkh, 3rd-2nd century BC.
1549:), about 20 kilometres (12 mi) southeast of Balkh.
1405:
It was not reconstructed until 1338. It was captured by
3870:"Afghanistan to start restoration of Rumi's birthplace"
3226:
Vladimirovich Barthold, Vasilii; Soucek, Sivat (2014).
2095:, introduced the Concept of Mental Health In Psychology
316:, at an elevation of about 365 metres (1,198 ft).
2458:
1233:. He captured present Afghanistan and most of present
1116:
Arabs occupied Persia in 642 (during the Caliphate of
953:, who wrote that the arrival and establishment of the
7428:
Populated places established in the 2nd millennium BC
3353:
The Travels of Ibn Baṭṭūṭa, A.D. 1325–1354 (Volume 3)
2424:
1633:
1600:
1476:, only to be lost in 1647, just like the neighboring
1160:
for the Arabs. He fought and killed Tarkhan Nizak in
1105:, Islam became firmly rooted in the local population.
888:("New Temple"), which possessed a gigantic statue of
873:
During the 8th century, the Korean monk and traveler
572:
The nickname of Balkh is "the Mother of All Cities".
4062:
Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art & Architecture
2545:
National Statistics and Information Authority (NSIA)
2421:
2415:
2406:
2400:
1561:
A street in Balkh with several horse carts, c. 1970s
806:, two merchants who, according to scripture, became
802:
Balkh is well known to Buddhists as the hometown of
473:
inscriptions (B.h.i 16; Dar Pers e.16; Nr. a.23) as
425:
7373:
7310:
7254:
7228:
7167:
7053:
7017:
6962:
6845:
6787:
6744:
6646:
6598:
6550:
6487:
6439:
6331:
6263:
6210:
6167:
6044:
5996:
5958:
5910:
5817:
5739:
5685:
5592:
5504:
5436:
5343:
5265:
5197:
5089:
5001:
4933:
4880:
4832:
4744:
4651:
4608:
4455:
4346:
4315:
4218:
3074:
Islam and Tibet: Interactions along the Musk Routes
1907:
poet, Balkh is one of his suggested places of birth
218:
208:
200:
195:
183:
171:
153:
41:
1268:, but Ghaznavids recaptured it 1008. Finally, the
1012:Balkh's Jewish community was further noted in the
1840:Balkh had a major role in the development of the
1389:visited Balkh around 1333 during the rule of the
1101:. Later, in the 9th century, during the reign of
961:. Additionally, a number of geographers from the
618:-1000 BC) continuing until pre-Achaemenid times (
26:"Bactra" redirects here. For the moth genus, see
3829:Elwell-Sutton, L. P. (1975), Frye, R. N. (ed.),
1753:. There are the remains of many other topes (or
3410:Afghanistan: A History from 1260 to the Present
3012:"Silk Road jewel reveals more of its treasures"
2058:, thought to be the greatest astrologer of the
1276:. Between 1141 and 1142, Balkh was captured by
884:The most remarkable Buddhist monastery was the
529:. This same root entered the Greek language as
3230:. Princeton University Press. pp. 13–14.
2171:, ancient king of Balkh and early follower of
1413:, his successor, rebuilt the citadel in 1407.
1264:, captured it. In 1006, Balkh was captured by
1225:rebelled against Abbasid rule and founded the
438:
375:, taking note of the Afghan author and mystic
6940:
4420:
4181:
2577:"Afghanistan Population (2024) - Worldometer"
2547:. www.nsia.gov.af. p. 31. Archived from
2538:"Estimated Population of Afghanistan 2020-21"
2506:"Estimated Population of Afghanistan 2021-22"
2248:say that balkh was traditionally the home of
1784:, the shrine and mosque of Khwaja Nasr Parsa.
416:
390:proposed that the region was named after the
259:National Statistics and Information Authority
8:
3611:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
2949:
2947:
2122:, Avicenna's direct student, worked in Balkh
1893:poetess, first woman poet in the history of
1871:Abul Moayyad Balkhi10th century Persian poet
563:
4095:The Balkh Art and Cultural Heritage Project
3337:Arezou Azad: "Islam's forgotten scholars",
3190:. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. p. 58.
3062:, Motilal Banarsi Dass Publishers, Page 130
2341:also known as Baha al-Din Walad, father of
1917:poet, one of the first to compose poems in
1409:in 1389 and its citadel was destroyed, but
966:
941:to Balkh after dispossessing them from the
344:
7008:
6947:
6933:
6925:
5736:
4452:
4448:
4427:
4413:
4405:
4188:
4174:
4166:
3831:"THE "RUBĀ'Ī" IN EARLY PERSIAN LITERATURE"
3366:
3364:
3362:
2715:Program for Culture & Conflict Studies
2627:"Stephanus of Byzantium, Ethnica, Z294.15"
2602:"Population of Cities in Afghanistan 2024"
2442:
1622:
1589:
1484:in his youth. In 1736 it was conquered by
1195:(next Sunni Caliphate dynasty) during the
1187:The Umayyad period lasted until 747, when
910:. He also mentions a castle and a mosque.
49:
47:
38:
3510:
3142:Encyclopedia of Jews in the Islamic World
2142:, a conventional name for a 12th-century
1472:(imperial top-level province) in 1646 by
1284:, after the Seljuks were defeated by the
500:) . From this came the intermediate form
280:, the ancient city was also known to the
4008:. Oxford University Press. p. 113.
3341:, Vol. 66, No. 10 (October 2016), p. 27.
2339:Muhammad ibn Husayn al Khatibi al Balkhi
1828:, and examples of Afghan decorative and
1361:, states that a woman known only as the
1353:. The late 12th-century local chronicle
1170:
1009:as the site of his final resting place.
864:
668:
642:region. The changing climate has led to
579:
263:eighth largest settlement in the country
4073:. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
3355:. London: Hakluyt Society. p. 571.
2868:
2866:
2494:
2388:
681:The city was traditionally a center of
673:Silver coin of the Greco-Bactrian king
569:meaning "having gold-coloured horses".
217:
207:
194:
152:
117:
83:
67:
7443:Former populated places in Afghanistan
2500:
2498:
2207:was born in Saman a village near Balkh
2006:, from the 13th century, the greatest
3577:from the original on 18 November 2017
3466:from the original on 17 November 2018
2633:from the original on 21 December 2019
2345:and respected theologian, jurist and
1355:The Merits of Balkh (Fada'il-i-Balkh)
1199:. The city remained in Abbasid hands
1001:was buried there, though Jews revere
584:Map showing Balkh (here indicated as
537:: Βάκτρα), often written in the form
199:
182:
170:
7:
7438:Populated places along the Silk Road
4374:Mazar-e Sharif International Airport
3149:from the original on 1 December 2017
3022:from the original on 20 October 2013
2571:
2569:
2441:
1901:Abu Mansur Muhammad Ibn Ahmad Daqiqi
1437:. They were briefly expelled by the
1359:Abu Bakr Abdullah al-Wa'iz al-Balkhi
959:Sennacherib's campaign in the Levant
466:
48:
4048:(3rd ed.), London: B. Quaritch
3921:Young, Rodney S. (1 October 1955).
3433:Yate, Major Charles Edward (1888).
3259:from the original on 1 October 2011
3211:Yate, Major Charles Edward (1888).
3010:Lynne O'Donnell (20 October 2013).
2913:"Balkh | Silk Roads Programme"
1749:described by the Chinese traveller
1653:
1621:
1588:
1480:. Balkh was the government seat of
1449:. But he was defeated twice by the
1433:entered Balkh under the command of
1397:vassals of the Persia-based Mongol
989:believe that the Israelite prophet
497:
36:Town in Balkh Province, Afghanistan
16:Town in Balkh Province, Afghanistan
7433:Populated places in Balkh Province
4142:Islamic Cultural Heritage Database
3876:from the original on 24 March 2021
3775:"Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica"
3718:"Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica"
3567:"Green Mosque, Balkh, Afghanistan"
3548:from the original on 22 April 2019
3458:(Online ed.). United States:
3076:. London: Ashgate. pp. 43–88.
2939:An Historical Guide to Afghanistan
2919:from the original on 22 April 2019
2853:The New International Encyclopædia
2767:. 5 September 2013. Archived from
2376:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
2257:, 8th-century story teller of the
1203:, when it was taken in 870 by the
1152:, an Arab General was Governor of
1097:who fled there from the armies of
957:in Balkh had occurred in light of
488:). It is written in the Avesta as
379:as the source of this suggestion.
304:. The Italian explorer and writer
14:
3902:from the original on 16 June 2020
3666:Azad, Arezou (12 December 2013).
3629:, 17 January 2002, archived from
3623:"Ancient Afghan City Looted Anew"
2991:from the original on 13 June 2015
2659:from the original on 23 June 2020
2653:"City of Balkh (antique Bactria)"
2518:from the original on 24 June 2021
1381:. Notwithstanding this, however,
650:, the first king of the world in
623:occupied at a large extension in
7397:
7396:
4306:
4064:. Oxford University Press. 2009.
3923:"The South Wall of Balkh-Bactra"
3851:from the original on 9 July 2021
3810:from the original on 9 July 2021
3755:from the original on 9 July 2021
3387:. Psychology Press. p. 15.
3139:(2010). Stillman, Norman (ed.).
2972:"The South Wall of Balkh-Bactra"
2814:as the source of the suggestion.
2655:. UNESCO World Heritage Centre.
2396:
1994:Mawlānā Jalal ad-Din Rūmī Balkhi
826:. The first Buddhist monastery (
603:peoples moved from north of the
158:
96:
89:
69:
4116:Explore Balkh with Google Earth
3927:American Journal of Archaeology
3487:"History of Human Parasitology"
3412:. Reaktion Books. p. 188.
3228:An Historical Geography of Iran
2873:The Greeks in Bactria and India
2149:and author of the Persian book
1980:secretary, poet and philologist
1963:royal poet at the court of the
1950:royal poet at the court of the
1495:In 1751, Balkh was captured by
1369:Mongol conquest and destruction
1085:Arab conquests and Islamization
997:and that the Israelite prophet
339:, and also offered the Persian
4069:Azad, Arezou (November 2013).
2753:Britannica Online Encyclopedia
2255:Muqatil ibn Sulayman Al-Balkhi
1967:, born in Balkh, according to
1808:Tepe Rustam and Takht-e Rustam
1:
4054:Published in the 21st century
4031:Published in the 19th century
3503:10.1128/cmr.15.4.595-612.2002
3186:Shterenshis, Michael (2013).
2807:Gurdjieff: Making a New World
1223:Ya'qub ibn al-Layth al-Saffar
981:) and a settlement called al-
612:
255:Afghanistan–Uzbekistan border
97:
3872:. TRT World. 23 March 2021.
2679:"Provincial Profile - Balkh"
2479:
2459:
2189:and member of the prominent
1874:Abu Ali Balkhi, author of a
1813:Displays at the Balkh Museum
1468:from 1641 and turned into a
1453:and was forced to retire to
1150:Qutayba ibn Muslim al-Bahili
779:, which is part of Bactria.
771:Bactrian documents - in the
7453:Districts of Balkh Province
3670:. Oxford University Press.
3485:Cox, F. E. (October 2002).
1634:
1601:
1211:Iranic and Turkic dynasties
985:at the site of Balkh. Some
783:Zoroastrianism and Buddhism
7479:
3647:. Al Jazeera. 9 March 2023
3383:Noelle, Christine (1997).
3175:(4 ed.). p. 147.
2970:Young, Rodney S., (1955).
2941:, 1977, Kabul, Afghanistan
2468:
2451:
2227:conqueror who founded the
1933:Sani Balkhi, 10th century
1778:of Sayed Subhan Quli Khan.
1214:
1166:Asad ibn Abdallah al-Qasri
1103:Ya'qub bin Laith as-Saffar
1091:Islamic conquest of Persia
858:. Later, the Chinese monk
759:before the arrival of the
565:
554:
485:
439:
394:(in Greek transliteration
25:
18:
7394:
7006:
4446:
4304:
4203:
3309:Blankinship, Khalid Yahya
3279:Blankinship, Khalid Yahya
2792:Les Nouvelles littéraires
2719:Naval Postgraduate School
2606:worldpopulationreview.com
2020:contemporary poet of the
1824:including a 13th-century
1663:), the regular troops of
1609:origin to the compilers.
1425:The Green Mosque of Balkh
993:fled to Balkh during the
896:, the monastery became a
767:Ancient Bactrian religion
412:'to divide' (whence also
118:
84:
68:
59:
45:
7096:101 Names of Ahura Mazda
4436:Districts of Afghanistan
3255:. Kashmir News Network.
3056:Buddhism in Central Asia
2891:, Peeters, p. 370,
2265:Ibrahim ibn Adham Balkhi
1757:) in the neighbourhood.
1522:), followed by those of
1520:Afghan Conquest of Balkh
1518:in the 1850s (see also;
842:prevalent in Shan Shan,
717:besieged for three years
631:period, c. 540-330 BC).
7458:Buddhism in Afghanistan
7282:Three Persian religions
4120:Global Heritage Network
4004:Adamson, Peter (2016).
3608:Encyclopædia Britannica
2885:Tavernier, Jan (2007),
2830:. Peeters. p. 25.
2824:Tavernier, Jan (2007).
2748:21 October 2020 at the
1049:Second Anglo-Afghan War
933:, who reigned over the
898:Zoroastrian fire-temple
725:Antiochus III the Great
426:
110:Location in Afghanistan
7448:Ancient Iranian cities
4108:Mazar-i-Sharif (Balkh)
3745:"ABU'L-MOʾAYYAD BALḴĪ"
3408:Lee, Jonathan (2019).
3253:"The Rise Of Barmarks"
3188:Tamerlane and the Jews
2109:Ali ibn Yusuf al-Ilaqi
2004:Amir Khusraw (Dehlavi)
1969:Dawlat Shah Samarkandi
1725:
1562:
1553:20th to 21st centuries
1426:
1417:16th to 19th centuries
1296:decisively defeated a
1184:
1113:
870:
799:
713:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
678:
596:
417:
331:associated Balkh with
21:Balkh (disambiguation)
7386:Fire temples in India
7054:Scripture and worship
4347:Landmarks and culture
4161:on 26 September 2011.
3351:Gibb, H.A.R. (1971).
3137:Ben Zion Yehoshua-Raz
2765:"Balkh — Afghanistan"
2581:www.worldometers.info
2244:. some scholars like
2041:Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi
1795:The Nine Domes Mosque
1787:The tomb of the poet
1716:
1640:Khwaja Abu Nasr Parsa
1560:
1424:
1335:in 1198 and again by
1215:Further information:
1174:
1111:
868:
790:
672:
583:
437:name of the city was
296:, giving its name to
138:36.75806°N 66.89806°E
77:Green Mosque of Balkh
7381:Fire temples in Iran
7168:Accounts and legends
4103:University of Oxford
4046:Cyclopaedia of India
3573:. 13 December 2014.
3491:Clin. Microbiol. Rev
3455:Encyclopædia Iranica
3173:Encyclopedia Judaica
3145:. Brill Publishing.
2937:Nancy Hatch Dupree,
2857:Dodd, Mead & Co.
2327:Abdullah, father of
2199:, progenitor of the
1974:Rashid al-Din Vatvat
1946:, 10th/11th century
1704:Archaeological sites
1191:captured it for the
995:Babylonian captivity
834:The Chinese pilgrim
804:Trapusa and Bahalika
687:Zoroastrian religion
449:Middle Persian texts
329:Alexandra David-Néel
257:. In 2021–2022, the
7463:Places in Shahnameh
7255:History and culture
7101:Udvada Atash Behram
6807:Hisa-I-Awali Bihsud
5705:Hesa Duwum Kohistan
4389:Simorgh Alborz F.C.
3698:on 18 December 2014
3460:Columbia University
2771:on 5 September 2013
2203:and founder of the
1957:Manuchihri Damghani
1799:Masjid-e Noh Gonbad
1678:Platanus orientalis
1460:The Mughal Emperor
1286:Kara-Khitan Khanate
1241:, tried to capture
1089:At the time of the
1030:Jewish oral history
935:Neo-Assyrian Empire
705:Alexander the Great
404:Proto-Indo-European
134: /
7185:Book of Arda Viraf
7119:Cypress of Kashmar
5700:Hesa Awal Kohistan
4130:2010-09-20 at the
4099:Oriental Institute
2691:on 19 October 2015
2231:, crowned in Balkh
2103:Islamic Golden Age
2066:Abu Zayd al-Balkhi
1726:
1722:Corinthian capital
1667:being cantoned at
1563:
1516:Dost Mohammad Khan
1497:Ahmad Shah Durrani
1451:Khanate of Bukhara
1427:
1343:Muhammad al-Idrisi
1217:Anarchy at Samarra
1197:Abbasid Revolution
1185:
1114:
947:Assyrian captivity
913:A large number of
871:
800:
753:Hephthalite Empire
679:
597:
588:), the capital of
398:) from underlying
143:36.75806; 66.89806
7410:
7409:
6922:
6921:
6917:
6916:
6913:
6912:
6585:Khuram Wa Sarbagh
6570:Dara-i Sufi Payin
5733:
5732:
5041:Khani Chahar Bagh
4402:
4401:
4080:978-0-19-968705-3
3898:. 28 March 2014.
3844:978-0-521-20093-6
3804:iranicaonline.org
3779:iranicaonline.org
3749:iranicaonline.org
3677:978-0-19-968705-3
3627:The Art Newspaper
3324:978-0-88706-569-9
3294:978-0-88706-569-9
3124:978-0-415-35616-9
3100:978-0-521-65023-6
3041:Azad, A. (2013).
3016:BBC News Magazine
2898:978-90-429-1833-7
2837:978-90-429-1833-7
2477:
2457:
2236:Religious figures
2215:Ghaznavid dynasty
2213:, founder of the
2187:Abbasid Caliphate
2179:Khalid ibn Barmak
2136:, worked in Balkh
1924:Abu-Shakur Balkhi
1862:Abu-Shakur Balkhi
1632:
1599:
1537:In 1866, after a
1524:Abdur Rahman Khan
1435:Muhammad Shaybani
1181:Abbasid Caliphate
1079:gnostic Christian
943:Kingdom of Israel
840:Hinayana Buddhism
773:Bactrian language
757:Sassanid Persians
498:𐬠𐬁𐬑𐬜𐬌
435:Bactrian language
237:is a town in the
230:
229:
201: • Town
7470:
7400:
7399:
7365:in United States
7106:Adur Burzen-Mihr
7012:
6949:
6942:
6935:
6926:
6905:Tarnak Aw Jaldak
6706:Khwaja Bahauddin
6565:Dara-i Sufi Bala
5737:
5320:Nawa-I-Barakzayi
5232:Lal wa Sarjangal
5046:Khwaja Sabz Posh
4453:
4449:
4429:
4422:
4415:
4406:
4354:Balkh University
4310:
4190:
4183:
4176:
4167:
4162:
4149:
4148:on 15 June 2013.
4112:
4084:
4065:
4049:
4020:
4019:
4001:
3995:
3994:
3965:
3959:
3958:
3918:
3912:
3911:
3909:
3907:
3892:
3886:
3885:
3883:
3881:
3866:
3860:
3859:
3858:
3856:
3826:
3820:
3819:
3817:
3815:
3800:"ABŪ ʿALĪ BALḴĪ"
3796:
3790:
3789:
3787:
3785:
3771:
3765:
3764:
3762:
3760:
3741:
3735:
3734:
3732:
3730:
3714:
3708:
3707:
3705:
3703:
3694:. Archived from
3688:
3682:
3681:
3663:
3657:
3656:
3654:
3652:
3641:
3635:
3634:
3633:on 21 March 2005
3619:
3613:
3612:
3604:
3593:
3587:
3586:
3584:
3582:
3563:
3557:
3556:
3555:
3553:
3531:
3525:
3524:
3514:
3482:
3476:
3475:
3473:
3471:
3445:
3439:
3438:
3430:
3424:
3423:
3405:
3399:
3398:
3380:
3374:
3368:
3357:
3356:
3348:
3342:
3335:
3329:
3328:
3305:
3299:
3298:
3275:
3269:
3268:
3266:
3264:
3248:
3242:
3241:
3223:
3217:
3216:
3208:
3202:
3201:
3183:
3177:
3176:
3165:
3159:
3158:
3156:
3154:
3133:
3127:
3108:
3102:
3084:
3078:
3077:
3069:
3063:
3053:
3047:
3046:
3038:
3032:
3031:
3029:
3027:
3007:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2996:
2981:
2975:
2968:
2962:
2951:
2942:
2935:
2929:
2928:
2926:
2924:
2909:
2903:
2901:
2882:
2876:
2870:
2861:
2860:
2848:
2842:
2841:
2821:
2815:
2809:
2805:Bennett, J. G.,
2802:
2796:
2787:
2781:
2780:
2778:
2776:
2761:
2755:
2741:
2735:
2734:
2732:
2730:
2721:. Archived from
2711:"Balkh Province"
2707:
2701:
2700:
2698:
2696:
2690:
2683:
2675:
2669:
2668:
2666:
2664:
2649:
2643:
2642:
2640:
2638:
2623:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2612:
2598:
2592:
2591:
2589:
2587:
2573:
2564:
2563:
2561:
2559:
2553:
2542:
2534:
2528:
2527:
2525:
2523:
2517:
2510:
2502:
2483:
2482:
2472:
2470:
2462:
2456:romanized:
2455:
2453:
2445:
2444:
2431:
2430:
2427:
2426:
2423:
2420:
2417:
2412:
2411:
2408:
2405:
2402:
2393:
2175:, and his patron
2128:, 12th century,
2120:Greater Khorasan
2062:court in Baghdad
1842:Persian language
1764:Medieval Islamic
1735:sun-dried bricks
1709:Ancient Buddhist
1665:Afghan Turkestan
1655:
1637:
1627:
1625:
1624:
1604:
1594:
1592:
1591:
1512:Emirate of Kabul
1478:Badakhshan Subah
1331:in 1165, by the
1327:in 1162, by the
1290:Battle of Qatwan
1239:Amr ibn al-Layth
1237:. His successor
1061:, a 9th-century
1018:Mahmud of Ghazni
1014:Ghaznavid Empire
980:
977:
976:Gate of the Jews
974:
971:
968:
617:
614:
568:
567:
557:
556:
499:
487:
468:
442:
441:
429:
420:
365:George Gurdjieff
358:
355:
352:
349:
346:
337:Tibetan Buddhism
310:Mongol conquests
164:
162:
161:
149:
148:
146:
145:
144:
139:
135:
132:
131:
130:
127:
100:
99:
93:
73:
54:
53:
52:
51:
39:
7478:
7477:
7473:
7472:
7471:
7469:
7468:
7467:
7413:
7412:
7411:
7406:
7390:
7369:
7306:
7250:
7224:
7195:Story of Sanjan
7163:
7049:
7018:Divine entities
7013:
7004:
6958:
6953:
6923:
6918:
6909:
6841:
6783:
6740:
6642:
6594:
6580:Hazarati Sultan
6546:
6483:
6435:
6327:
6259:
6206:
6163:
6040:
5992:
5954:
5906:
5872:Narang Aw Badil
5813:
5729:
5681:
5588:
5500:
5432:
5418:Pashtun Zarghun
5339:
5261:
5193:
5085:
4997:
4929:
4876:
4828:
4740:
4711:Khost Wa Fereng
4696:Farang Wa Gharu
4647:
4604:
4535:Kuran Wa Munjan
4442:
4433:
4403:
4398:
4342:
4311:
4302:
4214:
4199:
4194:
4152:
4136:
4132:Wayback Machine
4110:
4091:
4081:
4068:
4059:
4036:
4028:
4026:Further reading
4023:
4016:
4003:
4002:
3998:
3983:
3967:
3966:
3962:
3920:
3919:
3915:
3905:
3903:
3894:
3893:
3889:
3879:
3877:
3868:
3867:
3863:
3854:
3852:
3845:
3828:
3827:
3823:
3813:
3811:
3798:
3797:
3793:
3783:
3781:
3773:
3772:
3768:
3758:
3756:
3743:
3742:
3738:
3728:
3726:
3716:
3715:
3711:
3701:
3699:
3692:"UNHCR eCentre"
3690:
3689:
3685:
3678:
3665:
3664:
3660:
3650:
3648:
3643:
3642:
3638:
3621:
3620:
3616:
3595:
3594:
3590:
3580:
3578:
3565:
3564:
3560:
3551:
3549:
3533:
3532:
3528:
3484:
3483:
3479:
3469:
3467:
3447:
3446:
3442:
3432:
3431:
3427:
3420:
3407:
3406:
3402:
3395:
3382:
3381:
3377:
3369:
3360:
3350:
3349:
3345:
3336:
3332:
3325:
3307:
3306:
3302:
3295:
3277:
3276:
3272:
3262:
3260:
3251:Kumar, Ramesh.
3250:
3249:
3245:
3238:
3225:
3224:
3220:
3210:
3209:
3205:
3198:
3185:
3184:
3180:
3167:
3166:
3162:
3152:
3150:
3135:
3134:
3130:
3109:
3105:
3085:
3081:
3071:
3070:
3066:
3054:
3050:
3040:
3039:
3035:
3025:
3023:
3009:
3008:
3004:
2994:
2992:
2983:
2982:
2978:
2969:
2965:
2952:
2945:
2936:
2932:
2922:
2920:
2911:
2910:
2906:
2899:
2884:
2883:
2879:
2871:
2864:
2855:, vol. 2,
2850:
2849:
2845:
2838:
2823:
2822:
2818:
2804:
2803:
2799:
2789:David-Néel, A.
2788:
2784:
2774:
2772:
2763:
2762:
2758:
2750:Wayback Machine
2742:
2738:
2728:
2726:
2709:
2708:
2704:
2694:
2692:
2688:
2681:
2677:
2676:
2672:
2662:
2660:
2651:
2650:
2646:
2636:
2634:
2625:
2624:
2620:
2610:
2608:
2600:
2599:
2595:
2585:
2583:
2575:
2574:
2567:
2557:
2555:
2551:
2540:
2536:
2535:
2531:
2521:
2519:
2515:
2508:
2504:
2503:
2496:
2492:
2487:
2486:
2414:
2399:
2395:
2394:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2356:
2299:Biblical critic
2292:Bukharan Jewish
2238:
2217:, died in Balkh
2205:Samaind dynasty
2159:
2111:, 11th century
2037:
2027:she’r-e nimaa'i
1986:, 12th century
1976:, 11th century
1959:, 11th century
1926:, 10th century
1913:, 10th century
1903:, 10th century
1889:, 10th century
1880:, according to
1858:
1838:
1815:
1766:
1724:found in Balkh.
1711:
1706:
1694:1990s civil war
1555:
1490:Maimana Khanate
1419:
1371:
1255:Battle of Balkh
1219:
1213:
1183:minted in Balkh
1087:
1053:Jewish features
1028:. According to
978:
975:
972:
969:
928:
833:
792:Bahlika Kingdom
785:
769:
721:Seleucid Empire
695:Parthian Empire
644:desertification
615:
594:Hellenistic Age
578:
525:, and Armenian
451:, it was named
385:
361:John G. Bennett
356:
354:elevated candle
353:
350:
347:
159:
157:
142:
140:
136:
133:
128:
125:
123:
121:
120:
114:
113:
112:
111:
108:
107:
106:
105:
101:
80:
64:
55:
46:
44:
37:
34:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7476:
7474:
7466:
7465:
7460:
7455:
7450:
7445:
7440:
7435:
7430:
7425:
7415:
7414:
7408:
7407:
7395:
7392:
7391:
7389:
7388:
7383:
7377:
7375:
7371:
7370:
7368:
7367:
7362:
7357:
7352:
7347:
7346:
7345:
7340:
7330:
7325:
7320:
7314:
7312:
7308:
7307:
7305:
7304:
7299:
7294:
7289:
7284:
7279:
7274:
7269:
7264:
7258:
7256:
7252:
7251:
7249:
7248:
7243:
7238:
7232:
7230:
7226:
7225:
7223:
7222:
7217:
7212:
7207:
7202:
7200:Chinvat Bridge
7197:
7192:
7190:Book of Jamasp
7187:
7182:
7177:
7171:
7169:
7165:
7164:
7162:
7161:
7156:
7151:
7146:
7144:Khordeh Avesta
7141:
7136:
7131:
7126:
7121:
7116:
7111:
7108:
7103:
7098:
7093:
7088:
7086:Airyaman ishya
7083:
7078:
7073:
7068:
7063:
7057:
7055:
7051:
7050:
7048:
7047:
7042:
7037:
7032:
7027:
7025:Amesha Spentas
7021:
7019:
7015:
7014:
7007:
7005:
7003:
7002:
6997:
6992:
6987:
6982:
6977:
6972:
6966:
6964:
6963:Primary topics
6960:
6959:
6956:Zoroastrianism
6954:
6952:
6951:
6944:
6937:
6929:
6920:
6919:
6915:
6914:
6911:
6910:
6908:
6907:
6902:
6897:
6892:
6887:
6882:
6877:
6872:
6867:
6862:
6857:
6851:
6849:
6843:
6842:
6840:
6839:
6834:
6829:
6824:
6822:Markazi Bihsud
6819:
6814:
6809:
6804:
6799:
6793:
6791:
6785:
6784:
6782:
6781:
6776:
6774:Shahidi Hassas
6771:
6766:
6761:
6756:
6750:
6748:
6742:
6741:
6739:
6738:
6733:
6728:
6723:
6718:
6713:
6708:
6703:
6698:
6693:
6688:
6683:
6678:
6673:
6668:
6663:
6658:
6652:
6650:
6644:
6643:
6641:
6640:
6635:
6630:
6625:
6620:
6615:
6610:
6604:
6602:
6596:
6595:
6593:
6592:
6587:
6582:
6577:
6575:Feroz Nakhchir
6572:
6567:
6562:
6556:
6554:
6548:
6547:
6545:
6544:
6539:
6534:
6529:
6524:
6519:
6514:
6509:
6504:
6499:
6493:
6491:
6485:
6484:
6482:
6481:
6476:
6471:
6466:
6461:
6456:
6451:
6445:
6443:
6437:
6436:
6434:
6433:
6428:
6423:
6418:
6413:
6408:
6403:
6398:
6393:
6388:
6383:
6378:
6373:
6368:
6363:
6358:
6353:
6348:
6343:
6337:
6335:
6329:
6328:
6326:
6325:
6320:
6315:
6310:
6305:
6300:
6295:
6290:
6285:
6280:
6275:
6269:
6267:
6261:
6260:
6258:
6257:
6252:
6247:
6242:
6237:
6232:
6227:
6222:
6216:
6214:
6208:
6207:
6205:
6204:
6199:
6194:
6189:
6184:
6179:
6173:
6171:
6165:
6164:
6162:
6161:
6156:
6151:
6146:
6141:
6139:Pachir Aw Agam
6136:
6131:
6126:
6121:
6116:
6111:
6106:
6101:
6096:
6091:
6086:
6081:
6076:
6071:
6066:
6061:
6056:
6050:
6048:
6042:
6041:
6039:
6038:
6033:
6028:
6023:
6018:
6013:
6008:
6002:
6000:
5994:
5993:
5991:
5990:
5985:
5980:
5975:
5970:
5964:
5962:
5956:
5955:
5953:
5952:
5947:
5942:
5937:
5932:
5927:
5922:
5916:
5914:
5908:
5907:
5905:
5904:
5899:
5894:
5889:
5884:
5879:
5874:
5869:
5864:
5859:
5854:
5849:
5844:
5839:
5834:
5829:
5823:
5821:
5815:
5814:
5812:
5811:
5806:
5801:
5796:
5791:
5786:
5781:
5779:Nadir Shah Kot
5776:
5771:
5766:
5761:
5756:
5751:
5745:
5743:
5734:
5731:
5730:
5728:
5727:
5722:
5717:
5712:
5707:
5702:
5697:
5691:
5689:
5683:
5682:
5680:
5679:
5674:
5669:
5664:
5659:
5654:
5649:
5644:
5639:
5634:
5629:
5624:
5619:
5614:
5609:
5604:
5598:
5596:
5590:
5589:
5587:
5586:
5581:
5576:
5571:
5566:
5561:
5556:
5551:
5546:
5541:
5536:
5531:
5526:
5521:
5516:
5510:
5508:
5502:
5501:
5499:
5498:
5493:
5488:
5483:
5478:
5473:
5468:
5463:
5458:
5453:
5448:
5442:
5440:
5434:
5433:
5431:
5430:
5425:
5420:
5415:
5410:
5405:
5400:
5395:
5390:
5385:
5380:
5375:
5370:
5365:
5360:
5358:Chishti Sharif
5355:
5349:
5347:
5341:
5340:
5338:
5337:
5332:
5327:
5322:
5317:
5312:
5307:
5302:
5297:
5292:
5287:
5282:
5277:
5271:
5269:
5263:
5262:
5260:
5259:
5254:
5249:
5244:
5239:
5234:
5229:
5224:
5219:
5214:
5209:
5203:
5201:
5195:
5194:
5192:
5191:
5186:
5181:
5176:
5171:
5166:
5161:
5156:
5151:
5146:
5141:
5136:
5131:
5126:
5121:
5116:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5095:
5093:
5087:
5086:
5084:
5083:
5078:
5073:
5068:
5063:
5058:
5053:
5048:
5043:
5038:
5033:
5028:
5023:
5018:
5013:
5007:
5005:
4999:
4998:
4996:
4995:
4990:
4985:
4980:
4975:
4973:Lash Wa Juwayn
4970:
4965:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4939:
4937:
4931:
4930:
4928:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4886:
4884:
4878:
4877:
4875:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4838:
4836:
4830:
4829:
4827:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4804:Mazar-e Sharif
4801:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4776:
4771:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4750:
4748:
4742:
4741:
4739:
4738:
4736:Tala Wa Barfak
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4681:Dahana i Ghuri
4678:
4673:
4671:Baghlani Jadid
4668:
4663:
4657:
4655:
4649:
4648:
4646:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4620:
4614:
4612:
4606:
4605:
4603:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4461:
4459:
4447:
4444:
4443:
4434:
4432:
4431:
4424:
4417:
4409:
4400:
4399:
4397:
4396:
4394:Zadian Minaret
4391:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4350:
4348:
4344:
4343:
4341:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4319:
4317:
4313:
4312:
4305:
4303:
4301:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4278:Mazar-e Sharif
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4224:
4222:
4216:
4215:
4204:
4201:
4200:
4197:Balkh Province
4195:
4193:
4192:
4185:
4178:
4170:
4164:
4163:
4150:
4134:
4122:
4113:
4105:
4097:housed at the
4090:
4089:External links
4087:
4086:
4085:
4079:
4066:
4056:
4055:
4051:
4050:
4038:Edward Balfour
4033:
4032:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4021:
4015:978-0199577491
4014:
3996:
3981:
3960:
3939:10.2307/500794
3933:(4): 267–276.
3913:
3887:
3861:
3843:
3821:
3791:
3766:
3736:
3723:Iranica Online
3709:
3683:
3676:
3658:
3636:
3614:
3599:, ed. (1911).
3597:Chisholm, Hugh
3588:
3571:Muslim Mosques
3558:
3526:
3497:(4): 595–612.
3477:
3440:
3425:
3418:
3400:
3393:
3375:
3358:
3343:
3330:
3323:
3311:, ed. (1989).
3300:
3293:
3281:, ed. (1989).
3270:
3243:
3237:978-0691612072
3236:
3218:
3203:
3197:978-1136873669
3196:
3178:
3160:
3128:
3103:
3079:
3064:
3060:Baij Nath Puri
3048:
3033:
3002:
2976:
2963:
2943:
2930:
2904:
2897:
2877:
2862:
2843:
2836:
2816:
2810:Bennett notes
2797:
2782:
2756:
2736:
2725:on 29 May 2012
2702:
2670:
2644:
2618:
2593:
2565:
2554:on 3 July 2020
2529:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2485:
2484:
2387:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2351:
2350:
2336:
2331:and respected
2325:
2301:
2290:, 9th century
2288:Hiwi al-Balkhi
2285:
2267:, 8th century
2262:
2252:
2237:
2234:
2233:
2232:
2229:Timurid Empire
2218:
2208:
2194:
2181:, 8th century
2176:
2166:
2158:
2157:Heads of state
2155:
2154:
2153:
2137:
2123:
2106:
2096:
2068:, 9th century
2063:
2043:, 8th century
2036:
2033:
2032:
2031:
2014:Wasef Bakhtari
2011:
2001:
1991:
1981:
1971:
1954:
1941:
1931:
1921:
1908:
1898:
1884:
1872:
1869:
1857:
1854:
1837:
1836:Notable people
1834:
1814:
1811:
1810:
1809:
1806:
1792:
1785:
1779:
1765:
1762:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1554:
1551:
1543:Mazar-i-Sharif
1501:Durrani Empire
1418:
1415:
1370:
1367:
1212:
1209:
1086:
1083:
1059:Hiwi al-Balkhi
1047:following the
1038:Timurid Empire
1005:in modern-day
1003:Ezekiel's Tomb
927:
924:
890:Gautama Buddha
796:Bharata Khanda
784:
781:
768:
765:
745:Indo-Sassanids
737:Indo-Parthians
729:Indo-Scythians
683:Zoroastrianism
652:Persian legend
577:
574:
486:𐎲𐎠𐎧𐎫𐎼𐎡𐏁
463:Middle Persian
388:Wilhelm Eilers
384:
381:
274:Zoroastrianism
247:Mazar-i-Sharif
239:Balkh Province
228:
227:
222:
216:
215:
212:
206:
205:
202:
198:
197:
193:
192:
190:Balkh District
187:
181:
180:
178:Balkh Province
175:
169:
168:
155:
151:
150:
116:
115:
109:
103:
102:
95:
94:
88:
87:
86:
85:
82:
81:
74:
66:
65:
60:
57:
56:
42:
35:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7475:
7464:
7461:
7459:
7456:
7454:
7451:
7449:
7446:
7444:
7441:
7439:
7436:
7434:
7431:
7429:
7426:
7424:
7421:
7420:
7418:
7405:
7404:
7393:
7387:
7384:
7382:
7379:
7378:
7376:
7372:
7366:
7363:
7361:
7358:
7356:
7353:
7351:
7348:
7344:
7341:
7339:
7336:
7335:
7334:
7331:
7329:
7328:in Azerbaijan
7326:
7324:
7321:
7319:
7316:
7315:
7313:
7309:
7303:
7300:
7298:
7295:
7293:
7290:
7288:
7285:
7283:
7280:
7278:
7275:
7273:
7270:
7268:
7265:
7263:
7260:
7259:
7257:
7253:
7247:
7244:
7242:
7239:
7237:
7234:
7233:
7231:
7227:
7221:
7218:
7216:
7213:
7211:
7208:
7206:
7203:
7201:
7198:
7196:
7193:
7191:
7188:
7186:
7183:
7181:
7178:
7176:
7173:
7172:
7170:
7166:
7160:
7157:
7155:
7152:
7150:
7147:
7145:
7142:
7140:
7137:
7135:
7132:
7130:
7127:
7125:
7122:
7120:
7117:
7115:
7114:Adur Gushnasp
7112:
7109:
7107:
7104:
7102:
7099:
7097:
7094:
7092:
7089:
7087:
7084:
7082:
7079:
7077:
7074:
7072:
7069:
7067:
7064:
7062:
7059:
7058:
7056:
7052:
7046:
7043:
7041:
7038:
7036:
7033:
7031:
7028:
7026:
7023:
7022:
7020:
7016:
7011:
7001:
6998:
6996:
6993:
6991:
6988:
6986:
6983:
6981:
6978:
6976:
6973:
6971:
6968:
6967:
6965:
6961:
6957:
6950:
6945:
6943:
6938:
6936:
6931:
6930:
6927:
6906:
6903:
6901:
6898:
6896:
6893:
6891:
6888:
6886:
6883:
6881:
6878:
6876:
6873:
6871:
6868:
6866:
6863:
6861:
6858:
6856:
6853:
6852:
6850:
6848:
6844:
6838:
6835:
6833:
6830:
6828:
6825:
6823:
6820:
6818:
6815:
6813:
6810:
6808:
6805:
6803:
6800:
6798:
6795:
6794:
6792:
6790:
6786:
6780:
6777:
6775:
6772:
6770:
6767:
6765:
6762:
6760:
6757:
6755:
6752:
6751:
6749:
6747:
6743:
6737:
6734:
6732:
6729:
6727:
6724:
6722:
6719:
6717:
6714:
6712:
6709:
6707:
6704:
6702:
6699:
6697:
6694:
6692:
6689:
6687:
6684:
6682:
6679:
6677:
6674:
6672:
6669:
6667:
6664:
6662:
6659:
6657:
6654:
6653:
6651:
6649:
6645:
6639:
6636:
6634:
6631:
6629:
6626:
6624:
6621:
6619:
6616:
6614:
6611:
6609:
6606:
6605:
6603:
6601:
6597:
6591:
6588:
6586:
6583:
6581:
6578:
6576:
6573:
6571:
6568:
6566:
6563:
6561:
6558:
6557:
6555:
6553:
6549:
6543:
6540:
6538:
6535:
6533:
6530:
6528:
6525:
6523:
6520:
6518:
6515:
6513:
6510:
6508:
6505:
6503:
6500:
6498:
6495:
6494:
6492:
6490:
6486:
6480:
6477:
6475:
6472:
6470:
6467:
6465:
6462:
6460:
6457:
6455:
6452:
6450:
6447:
6446:
6444:
6442:
6438:
6432:
6429:
6427:
6424:
6422:
6419:
6417:
6414:
6412:
6409:
6407:
6404:
6402:
6399:
6397:
6394:
6392:
6389:
6387:
6384:
6382:
6379:
6377:
6374:
6372:
6369:
6367:
6364:
6362:
6359:
6357:
6354:
6352:
6349:
6347:
6344:
6342:
6339:
6338:
6336:
6334:
6330:
6324:
6321:
6319:
6316:
6314:
6311:
6309:
6306:
6304:
6301:
6299:
6296:
6294:
6291:
6289:
6286:
6284:
6283:Dand Aw Patan
6281:
6279:
6276:
6274:
6271:
6270:
6268:
6266:
6262:
6256:
6253:
6251:
6248:
6246:
6243:
6241:
6238:
6236:
6233:
6231:
6228:
6226:
6223:
6221:
6218:
6217:
6215:
6213:
6209:
6203:
6200:
6198:
6195:
6193:
6190:
6188:
6185:
6183:
6180:
6178:
6177:Chahar Burjak
6175:
6174:
6172:
6170:
6166:
6160:
6157:
6155:
6152:
6150:
6147:
6145:
6142:
6140:
6137:
6135:
6132:
6130:
6127:
6125:
6122:
6120:
6117:
6115:
6112:
6110:
6107:
6105:
6102:
6100:
6097:
6095:
6092:
6090:
6087:
6085:
6082:
6080:
6077:
6075:
6072:
6070:
6067:
6065:
6062:
6060:
6057:
6055:
6052:
6051:
6049:
6047:
6043:
6037:
6034:
6032:
6031:Mohammad Agha
6029:
6027:
6024:
6022:
6019:
6017:
6014:
6012:
6009:
6007:
6004:
6003:
6001:
5999:
5995:
5989:
5986:
5984:
5981:
5979:
5976:
5974:
5971:
5969:
5966:
5965:
5963:
5961:
5957:
5951:
5948:
5946:
5943:
5941:
5938:
5936:
5933:
5931:
5928:
5926:
5925:Dasht-e-Archi
5923:
5921:
5918:
5917:
5915:
5913:
5909:
5903:
5900:
5898:
5895:
5893:
5890:
5888:
5885:
5883:
5880:
5878:
5875:
5873:
5870:
5868:
5865:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5855:
5853:
5850:
5848:
5845:
5843:
5840:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5825:
5824:
5822:
5820:
5816:
5810:
5807:
5805:
5802:
5800:
5797:
5795:
5792:
5790:
5787:
5785:
5782:
5780:
5777:
5775:
5772:
5770:
5767:
5765:
5764:Khost (Matun)
5762:
5760:
5757:
5755:
5752:
5750:
5747:
5746:
5744:
5742:
5738:
5735:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5716:
5713:
5711:
5708:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5693:
5692:
5690:
5688:
5684:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5662:Shah Wali Kot
5660:
5658:
5655:
5653:
5650:
5648:
5645:
5643:
5640:
5638:
5635:
5633:
5630:
5628:
5625:
5623:
5620:
5618:
5615:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5600:
5599:
5597:
5595:
5591:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5577:
5575:
5572:
5570:
5567:
5565:
5562:
5560:
5559:Mir Bacha Kot
5557:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5547:
5545:
5542:
5540:
5537:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5511:
5509:
5507:
5503:
5497:
5494:
5492:
5489:
5487:
5484:
5482:
5479:
5477:
5474:
5472:
5471:Khwaja Du Koh
5469:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5459:
5457:
5454:
5452:
5449:
5447:
5444:
5443:
5441:
5439:
5435:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5416:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5406:
5404:
5401:
5399:
5396:
5394:
5391:
5389:
5386:
5384:
5381:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5371:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5351:
5350:
5348:
5346:
5342:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5326:
5323:
5321:
5318:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5272:
5270:
5268:
5264:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5204:
5202:
5200:
5196:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5100:
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4727:
4724:
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4719:
4717:
4716:Khwaja Hijran
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4701:Guzargahi Nur
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
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4682:
4679:
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4588:
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4585:Yaftali Sufla
4583:
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4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
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4545:Shahri Buzurg
4543:
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4153:ArchNet.org.
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4025:
4017:
4011:
4007:
4000:
3997:
3992:
3988:
3984:
3982:0-7103-0416-1
3978:
3974:
3970:
3969:Corbin, Henry
3964:
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3646:
3640:
3637:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3618:
3615:
3610:
3609:
3603:
3602:"Balkh"
3598:
3592:
3589:
3576:
3572:
3568:
3562:
3559:
3547:
3543:
3542:
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3451:
3444:
3441:
3436:
3429:
3426:
3421:
3419:9781789140101
3415:
3411:
3404:
3401:
3396:
3394:9781138982871
3390:
3386:
3379:
3376:
3373:
3367:
3365:
3363:
3359:
3354:
3347:
3344:
3340:
3339:History Today
3334:
3331:
3326:
3320:
3316:
3315:
3310:
3304:
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3296:
3290:
3286:
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3204:
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3164:
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3148:
3144:
3143:
3138:
3132:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3116:0-415-35616-4
3113:
3107:
3104:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3092:0-521-65023-2
3089:
3083:
3080:
3075:
3068:
3065:
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3057:
3052:
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3044:
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3034:
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3017:
3013:
3006:
3003:
2990:
2986:
2980:
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2894:
2890:
2889:
2881:
2878:
2874:
2869:
2867:
2863:
2859:, p. 341
2858:
2854:
2847:
2844:
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2833:
2829:
2828:
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2674:
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2648:
2645:
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2622:
2619:
2607:
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2594:
2582:
2578:
2572:
2570:
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2550:
2546:
2539:
2533:
2530:
2514:
2507:
2501:
2499:
2495:
2489:
2481:
2475:
2466:
2465:Ancient Greek
2461:
2449:
2439:
2435:
2429:
2392:
2389:
2382:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2344:
2343:Rumi (Balkhi)
2340:
2337:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2309:
2306:10th century
2305:
2304:Shahid Balkhi
2302:
2300:
2296:
2293:
2289:
2286:
2283:
2280:
2277:
2273:
2270:
2266:
2263:
2260:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2240:
2239:
2235:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2219:
2216:
2212:
2209:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2195:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2177:
2174:
2170:
2167:
2164:
2161:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2145:
2141:
2138:
2135:
2131:
2130:mathematician
2127:
2124:
2121:
2117:
2114:
2110:
2107:
2104:
2100:
2097:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2081:mathematician
2078:
2074:
2071:
2067:
2064:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2046:
2042:
2039:
2038:
2034:
2029:
2028:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2012:
2009:
2005:
2002:
1999:
1996:13th century
1995:
1992:
1989:
1985:
1982:
1979:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1944:Unsuri Balkhi
1942:
1939:
1936:
1932:
1929:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1911:Ma'ruf Balkhi
1909:
1906:
1902:
1899:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1887:Rabi'a Balkhi
1885:
1883:
1879:
1878:
1873:
1870:
1867:
1864:10th century
1863:
1860:
1859:
1855:
1853:
1851:
1850:Persian poets
1847:
1843:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1818:
1812:
1807:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1793:
1790:
1789:Rabi'a Balkhi
1786:
1783:
1780:
1777:
1776:
1771:
1770:
1769:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1747:
1742:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1723:
1720:
1717:Remains of a
1715:
1708:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1695:
1690:
1688:
1682:
1680:
1679:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1657:
1651:
1647:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1630:
1619:
1615:
1610:
1608:
1603:
1597:
1586:
1582:
1581:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1559:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1547:Mazār-e Šarīf
1544:
1540:
1535:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1504:
1502:
1498:
1493:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1466:Mughal Empire
1463:
1458:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1423:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1408:
1403:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1338:
1337:Khwarezmshahs
1334:
1330:
1326:
1325:Khwarezmshahs
1322:
1318:
1314:
1309:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1258:
1256:
1252:
1251:Ismail Samani
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1218:
1210:
1208:
1207:captured it.
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1182:
1178:
1173:
1169:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1128:
1123:
1119:
1110:
1106:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1095:Yazdegerd III
1092:
1084:
1082:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1041:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1010:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
925:
923:
921:
916:
911:
909:
908:
903:
899:
895:
894:Arab conquest
891:
887:
882:
880:
876:
867:
863:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
831:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
797:
793:
789:
782:
780:
778:
774:
766:
764:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
741:Kushan Empire
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
676:
671:
667:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
632:
630:
626:
621:
610:
606:
602:
595:
591:
587:
582:
575:
573:
570:
561:
551:
550:Ancient Greek
547:
542:
540:
536:
535:Ancient Greek
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
515:
510:
507:
503:
495:
491:
483:
480:
476:
472:
464:
461:
458:
454:
450:
446:
436:
431:
428:
424:
419:
415:
411:
410:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
382:
380:
378:
374:
373:Shams-i-Balkh
370:
366:
362:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
317:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
266:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
226:
223:
221:
213:
211:
203:
191:
188:
186:
179:
176:
174:
167:
156:
147:
119:Coordinates:
92:
78:
75:Ruins of the
72:
63:
58:
40:
32:
30:
22:
7401:
7235:
7205:Frashokereti
7159:Atash Behram
7149:The Revayats
7110:Adur Farnbag
7091:Fire Temples
7081:Yenghe hatam
7076:Ahuna Vairya
7045:Angra Mainyu
6797:Chaki Wardak
6769:Khas Uruzgan
6691:Hazar Sumuch
6542:Surkhi Parsa
6011:Baraki Barak
5554:Khaki Jabbar
5519:Chahar Asyab
5408:Kushki Kuhna
5149:Khwaja Umari
5081:Shirin Tagab
4753:
4633:Bala Murghab
4465:Arghanj Khwa
4384:Qala-i-Jangi
4369:Green Mosque
4359:Noble Shrine
4333:Koh e Alburz
4211:
4205:
4159:the original
4146:the original
4141:
4070:
4061:
4045:
4005:
3999:
3972:
3963:
3930:
3926:
3916:
3904:. Retrieved
3890:
3878:. Retrieved
3864:
3853:, retrieved
3834:
3824:
3812:. Retrieved
3803:
3794:
3782:. Retrieved
3778:
3769:
3757:. Retrieved
3748:
3739:
3727:. Retrieved
3721:
3712:
3700:. Retrieved
3696:the original
3686:
3667:
3661:
3649:. Retrieved
3639:
3631:the original
3626:
3617:
3606:
3591:
3579:. Retrieved
3570:
3561:
3550:, retrieved
3538:
3529:
3494:
3490:
3480:
3468:. Retrieved
3453:
3443:
3434:
3428:
3409:
3403:
3384:
3378:
3352:
3346:
3338:
3333:
3313:
3303:
3283:
3273:
3261:. Retrieved
3246:
3227:
3221:
3212:
3206:
3187:
3181:
3172:
3168:
3163:
3151:. Retrieved
3141:
3136:
3131:
3106:
3082:
3073:
3067:
3055:
3051:
3042:
3036:
3024:. Retrieved
3015:
3005:
2993:. Retrieved
2979:
2966:
2958:
2938:
2933:
2921:. Retrieved
2907:
2887:
2880:
2872:
2852:
2846:
2826:
2819:
2806:
2800:
2790:
2785:
2773:. Retrieved
2769:the original
2759:
2752:
2739:
2727:. Retrieved
2723:the original
2714:
2705:
2693:. Retrieved
2686:the original
2673:
2661:. Retrieved
2647:
2637:20 September
2635:. Retrieved
2621:
2609:. Retrieved
2605:
2596:
2584:. Retrieved
2580:
2556:. Retrieved
2549:the original
2544:
2532:
2520:. Retrieved
2391:
2246:Rodney Young
2225:Turco-Mongol
2150:
2089:psychologist
2025:
1875:
1839:
1819:
1816:
1802:
1798:
1773:
1767:
1759:
1744:
1738:
1728:The earlier
1727:
1696:. After the
1691:
1683:
1676:
1673:caravanserai
1660:
1658:
1643:
1614:Green Mosque
1611:
1602:Jama‘ Masjid
1578:
1574:
1569:and a small
1564:
1546:
1536:
1532:Charles Yate
1505:
1494:
1459:
1428:
1404:
1375:Genghis Khan
1372:
1362:
1354:
1341:
1329:Kara Khitans
1310:
1294:Ahmad Sanjar
1259:
1220:
1186:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1115:
1088:
1075:by ethnicity
1071:Bukharan Jew
1067:Bible critic
1057:
1045:Charles Yate
1042:
1022:minority tax
1011:
929:
922:of Baghdad.
912:
905:
883:
872:
832:
827:
823:
819:
815:
801:
770:
703:
680:
675:Euthydemus I
633:
598:
585:
571:
545:
543:
538:
530:
526:
522:
518:
512:
508:
501:
489:
478:
474:
459:
456:
452:
444:
432:
407:
399:
395:
386:
372:
340:
318:
293:
285:
267:
234:
233:
231:
28:
7360:in Pakistan
7318:Persecution
7277:Khurramites
6990:Persia/Iran
6975:Zarathustra
6970:Ahura Mazda
6827:Maidan Shar
6711:Khwaja Ghar
6681:Dashti Qala
6512:Jabul Saraj
6220:Bargi Matal
6129:Momand Dara
5978:Dawlat Shah
5950:Qalay-I-Zal
5852:Dara-I-Pech
5759:Zazi Maidan
5715:Mahmud Raqi
5672:Spin Boldak
5207:Chaghcharan
5061:Pashtun Kot
5026:Dawlat Abad
4968:Khaki Safed
4809:Nahri Shahi
4731:Puli Khumri
4379:Mazar Hotel
4364:Camp Marmal
4328:Khulm River
4323:Balkh River
4283:Nahri Shahi
4111:(in German)
3470:25 February
3448:Grenet, F.
3263:30 November
3153:28 November
2812:Idries Shah
2663:26 December
2611:10 February
2586:10 February
2371:Mount Imeon
2361:Nava Vihara
2315:philosopher
2197:Saman Khuda
2126:Al-Isfizari
2056:philosopher
1919:New Persian
1822:Islamic art
1803:Haji Piyada
1746:Nava Vihara
1719:Hellenistic
1656:, school).
1654:مَـدْرَسَـة
1635:Masjid Sabz
1590:جَامع مَسجد
1580:Jama Masjid
1393:, who were
1387:Ibn Battuta
1306:Tukharistan
1274:Oghuz Turks
1266:Karakhanids
1243:Transoxiana
1229:dynasty at
1162:Tokharistan
1127:Nava-Vihara
1073:, at least
945:during the
931:Sennacherib
886:Nava Vihara
723:under king
616: 1500
592:during the
482:Old Persian
471:Old Persian
392:Balkh River
377:Idries Shah
341:Sham-i-Bala
314:Balkh River
302:Tokharistan
288:and to the
272:. A hub of
243:Afghanistan
166:Afghanistan
141: /
79:, July 2001
7417:Categories
7323:in Armenia
7215:Hamistagan
7071:Ashem Vohu
6985:Vohu Manah
6895:Shamulzayi
6865:Dey Chopan
6855:Argahandab
6802:Day Mirdad
6759:Deh Rawood
6736:Yangi Qala
6638:Sozma Qala
6618:Kohistanat
6590:Ruyi Du Ab
6527:Sayed Khel
6502:Chaharikar
6298:Said Karam
6182:Chakhansur
5935:Imam Sahib
5862:Khas Kunar
5837:Chapa Dara
5642:Miyanishin
5579:Shakardara
5496:Shibirghan
5305:Lashkargah
5222:Dawlat Yar
5021:Bilchiragh
4988:Qala i Kah
4978:Pur Chaman
4953:Bala Buluk
4925:Shahristan
4774:Dawlatabad
4726:Puli Hisar
4643:Qala i Naw
4457:Badakhshan
4248:Dawlatabad
3026:20 October
2795:;1954, p.1
2490:References
2349:from Balkh
2311:theologian
2211:Sabuktigin
2163:Diodotus I
2140:Ibn Balkhi
2077:geographer
2052:astronomer
2048:astrologer
2035:Scientists
1965:Ghaznavids
1952:Ghaznavids
1846:literature
1782:Bala-Hesar
1623:مَسجد سَبز
1486:Nader Shah
1474:Shah Jahan
1462:Shah Jahan
1383:Marco Polo
1280:, Shah of
1262:Ghaznavids
1189:Abu Muslim
1020:and pay a
963:Arab world
951:Al-Maqrizi
939:Israelites
902:Ibn Hawqal
625:Achaemenid
369:Sun temple
306:Marco Polo
196:Population
129:66°53′53″E
126:36°45′29″N
7311:Adherents
7292:Festivals
7272:Mazdakism
7267:Zurvanism
7180:Bundahišn
6995:Faravahar
6880:Naw Bahar
6696:Ishkamish
6623:Sancharak
6600:Sar-e Pol
6532:Shekh Ali
6517:Kohi Safi
6426:Yusufkhel
6421:Yahyakhel
6416:Wor Mamay
6386:Sar Hawza
6371:Mata Khan
6278:Ahmadkhel
6273:Ahmad Aba
6197:Khash Rod
6159:Surkh Rod
6119:Kuz Kunar
6099:Jalalabad
6074:Darai Nur
6069:Chaparhar
6046:Nangarhar
6036:Puli Alam
5983:Mihtarlam
5940:Khan Abad
5857:Ghaziabad
5832:Bar Kunar
5769:Mandozayi
5607:Arghistan
5602:Arghandab
5491:Qush Tepa
5428:Zinda Jan
5310:Musa Qala
5300:Khanashin
5189:Zana Khan
4983:Pusht Rod
4943:Anar Dara
4920:Sangtakht
4890:Ishtarlay
4872:Yakawlang
4794:Kishindih
4759:Charbolak
4686:Dih Salah
4618:Ab Kamari
4540:Raghistan
4500:Ishkashim
4316:Landforms
4268:Kishindih
4233:Charbolak
4220:Districts
4060:"Balkh".
3971:(1993) .
3947:0002-9114
3126:Page 220.
2474:romanized
2250:Zoroaster
2242:Zoroaster
2173:Zoroaster
2169:Vishtaspa
2151:Fārs-Nāma
2147:historian
2116:physician
2093:scientist
2085:physician
1877:Shah-nama
1669:Takhtapul
1629:romanized
1596:romanized
1528:Amu Darya
1482:Aurangzeb
1441:in 1510.
1411:Shah Rukh
1407:Tamerlane
1399:Ilkhanate
1339:in 1206.
1245:from the
1205:Saffarids
1201:until 861
983:Yahūdiyya
920:Barmakids
879:Badakshan
749:Kidarites
733:Parthians
605:Amu Darya
566:Ζaryāspa-
479:Bakhtri (
423:Old Indic
383:Etymology
333:Shambhala
251:Amu Darya
210:Time zone
7403:Category
7333:in India
7297:Marriage
7287:Calendar
7210:Xrafstar
7134:Visperad
7129:Vendidad
6837:Saydabad
6779:Tarinkot
6716:Namak Ab
6701:Kalafgan
6628:Sari Pul
6613:Gosfandi
6552:Samangan
6537:Shinwari
6507:Ghorband
6441:Panjshir
6411:Wazakhwa
6366:Khairkot
6361:Janikhel
6308:Tsamkani
6293:Janikhel
6240:Nurgaram
6212:Nuristan
6109:Khogyani
6084:Dur Baba
6079:Dih Bala
6059:Bati Kot
5988:Qarghayi
5973:Alishing
5930:Chardara
5920:Ali Abad
5902:Wata Pur
5897:Sirkanay
5867:Marawara
5827:Asadabad
5809:Tirazayi
5784:Qalandar
5774:Musakhel
5710:Koh Band
5667:Shorabak
5652:Panjwayi
5622:Kandahar
5594:Kandahar
5574:Qarabagh
5524:Deh Sabz
5481:Mingajik
5456:Fayzabad
5423:Shindand
5353:Adraskan
5237:Pasaband
5227:Du Layna
5217:Charsada
5179:Rashidan
5174:Qarabagh
5154:Malistan
5144:Khogyani
5104:Ajristan
5066:Qaramqol
5051:Kohistan
5036:Gurziwan
5031:Ghormach
4993:Shib Koh
4963:Gulistan
4882:Daykundi
4819:Shortepa
4814:Sholgara
4764:Charkint
4550:Shighnan
4525:Kohistan
4495:Fayzabad
4440:province
4338:Kumargah
4293:Shortepa
4288:Sholgara
4238:Charkint
4128:Archived
4040:(1885),
3991:22109949
3900:Archived
3880:24 March
3874:Archived
3849:archived
3808:Archived
3753:Archived
3575:Archived
3546:archived
3521:12364371
3464:Archived
3257:Archived
3171:(1971).
3147:Archived
3020:Archived
2989:Archived
2917:Archived
2746:Archived
2657:Archived
2631:Archived
2558:24 March
2513:Archived
2448:Bactrian
2366:Kumargah
2354:See also
2329:Avicenna
2201:Samanids
2191:Barmakid
2134:Khorasan
2099:Avicenna
2073:polymath
1830:folk art
1751:Xuanzang
1730:Buddhist
1661:kasidars
1645:madrasah
1447:Safavids
1439:Safavids
1429:In 1506
1373:In 1220
1319:through
1313:Nishabur
1282:Khwarezm
1247:Samanids
1227:Saffarid
1221:In 870,
1193:Abbasids
1154:Khurasan
1148:period.
1032:, under
991:Jeremiah
915:Sanskrit
907:parasang
860:Xuanzang
856:Gandhara
715:and was
707:married
691:Firdowsi
656:Ecbatana
648:Keyumars
611:period,
555:Ζαρίασπα
546:Zariaspa
506:Sanskrit
467:𐭡𐭠𐭧𐭫
286:Zariaspa
282:Persians
278:Buddhism
253:and the
185:District
173:Province
7355:in Iraq
7350:in Iran
7241:Kashmar
7175:Dēnkard
7154:Ab-Zohr
7030:Yazatas
7000:Avestan
6900:Shinkay
6890:Shahjoy
6812:Jaghatu
6746:Uruzgan
6726:Taluqan
6686:Farkhar
6666:Chah Ab
6656:Baharak
6608:Balkhab
6454:Bazarak
6396:Sharana
6333:Paktika
6230:Kamdesh
6187:Delaram
6154:Shinwar
6149:Sherzad
6124:Lal Pur
6094:Hisarak
6021:Kharwar
5968:Alingar
5960:Laghman
5892:Shultan
5887:Shaigal
5842:Chawkay
5637:Maiwand
5627:Khakrez
5569:Paghman
5564:Mussahi
5549:Kalakan
5539:Istalif
5534:Guldara
5514:Bagrami
5476:Mardyan
5466:Khaniqa
5461:Khamyab
5438:Jowzjan
5368:Ghoryan
5315:Nad Ali
5285:Garmsir
5275:Baghran
5267:Helmand
5252:Taywara
5247:Shahrak
5212:Marghab
5139:Jaghatū
5134:Jaghori
5114:Dih Yak
5099:Ab Band
5076:Qurghan
5056:Maymana
5016:Andkhoy
4910:Miramor
4857:Sayghan
4847:Kahmard
4779:Dihdadi
4769:Chimtal
4706:Khinjan
4666:Baghlan
4661:Andarab
4653:Baghlan
4610:Badghis
4570:Tishkan
4560:Shuhada
4515:Khwahan
4480:Darayim
4475:Baharak
4253:Dihdadi
4243:Chimtal
4207:Capital
4155:"Balkh"
4138:"Balkh"
4101:at the
4042:"Balkh"
3906:16 June
3855:30 June
3759:30 June
3651:9 March
3535:"Balkh"
3169:Fischel
2775:13 July
2729:13 July
2695:13 July
2522:21 June
2476::
2335:scholar
2333:Ismaili
2308:Persian
2295:exegete
2276:ascetic
2185:of the
2144:Iranian
2113:Persian
2070:Persian
2060:Abbasid
2045:Persian
2022:Persian
2008:Persian
1998:Persian
1988:Persian
1978:Persian
1961:Persian
1948:Persian
1935:Persian
1928:Persian
1915:Persian
1905:Persian
1895:Persian
1891:Persian
1866:Persian
1775:madrasa
1698:Taliban
1687:Karakul
1631::
1618:Persian
1598::
1585:Persian
1539:malaria
1499:of the
1391:Kartids
1333:Ghurids
1302:Khuttal
1288:at the
1270:Seljuks
1179:of the
1146:Umayyad
1122:Muawiya
1063:exegete
1036:of the
1026:dirhams
1024:of 500
999:Ezekiel
987:Muslims
970:
926:Judaism
852:Udayana
850:, Osh,
848:Kashgar
824:Valhika
820:Bahlika
816:Balhika
777:Bamiyan
719:by the
699:Anahita
664:Babylon
660:Nineveh
640:Seistan
629:Yaz III
627:times (
590:Bactria
586:Bactres
576:History
521:, i.e.
514:Balhika
509:Bahlīka
494:Avestan
477:, i.e.
443:, i.e.
414:Avestan
400:Bāxtri-
396:Βάκτρος
371:called
348:
298:Bactria
220:Climate
204:138,594
154:Country
7343:Parsis
7302:Burial
7262:Parsis
7229:Cities
7220:Duzakh
7139:Yashts
7066:Gathas
7061:Avesta
7040:Daevas
7035:Ahuras
6875:Mezana
6860:Atghar
6817:Jalrez
6789:Wardak
6731:Warsaj
6721:Rustaq
6676:Darqad
6648:Takhar
6633:Sayyad
6522:Salang
6497:Bagram
6489:Parwan
6479:Shotul
6469:Paryan
6391:Surobi
6341:Barmal
6323:Zurmat
6313:Zadran
6288:Gardez
6265:Paktia
6255:Waygal
6245:Paroon
6235:Mandol
6202:Zaranj
6169:Nimruz
6134:Nazyan
6089:Goshta
6064:Bihsud
6026:Khoshi
6016:Charkh
5945:Kunduz
5912:Kunduz
5882:Nurgal
5847:Dangam
5794:Shamal
5789:Sabari
5754:Gurbuz
5720:Nijrab
5695:Alasay
5687:Kapisa
5617:Ghorak
5584:Surobi
5486:Qarqin
5451:Darzab
5398:Kohsan
5393:Karukh
5378:Guzara
5373:Gulran
5335:Washir
5330:Sangin
5325:Nawzad
5295:Kajaki
5290:Grishk
5242:Saghar
5184:Waghaz
5124:Ghazni
5091:Ghazni
5071:Qaysar
5003:Faryab
4900:Khadir
4895:Kajran
4862:Shibar
4852:Panjab
4842:Bamyan
4834:Bamyan
4799:Marmul
4784:Kaldar
4721:Nahrin
4623:Jawand
4590:Yamgan
4580:Wurduj
4575:Wakhan
4555:Shekay
4530:Kuf Ab
4520:Kishim
4485:Maimay
4273:Marmul
4258:Kaldar
4077:
4012:
3989:
3979:
3955:500794
3953:
3945:
3841:
3814:1 July
3702:2 June
3674:
3581:15 May
3552:15 May
3541:UNESCO
3519:
3512:126866
3509:
3450:"BALḴ"
3416:
3391:
3321:
3291:
3234:
3194:
3122:
3114:
3098:
3090:
3045:. OUP.
2995:2 June
2923:15 May
2895:
2834:
2480:Báctra
2469:Βάκτρα
2460:Bákhlo
2434:Pashto
2347:mystic
2282:saints
2193:family
2018:Afghan
1984:Anvari
1938:Rubaʿi
1897:poetry
1882:Biruni
1755:stupas
1650:Arabic
1607:Mongol
1571:bazaar
1431:Uzbeks
1395:Tadjik
1363:khatun
1321:Termez
1298:Ghurid
1231:Sistan
1177:dirham
1118:Uthman
875:Hyecho
836:Faxian
828:vihara
812:stupas
808:Buddha
709:Roxana
620:Yaz II
601:Iranic
560:Median
539:Bactra
531:Baktra
511:(also
475:Bāxtri
445:Bakhlo
406:root *
321:Tajiks
294:Bactra
290:Greeks
270:Ariana
214:+ 4.30
163:
31:(moth)
29:Bactra
7423:Balkh
7374:Lists
7338:Irani
7236:Balkh
7124:Yasna
6885:Qalat
6870:Kakar
6847:Zabul
6832:Nirkh
6764:Gizab
6754:Chora
6661:Bangi
6560:Aybak
6474:Rokha
6464:Khenj
6459:Darah
6449:Anaba
6431:Zerok
6406:Urgun
6401:Terwa
6356:Gomal
6351:Gayan
6303:Shwak
6225:Du Ab
6144:Rodat
6054:Achin
5998:Logar
5819:Kunar
5799:Spera
5741:Khost
5725:Tagab
5677:Zhari
5632:Maruf
5612:Daman
5544:Kabul
5529:Farza
5506:Kabul
5446:Aqcha
5403:Kushk
5388:Injil
5383:Herat
5363:Farsi
5345:Herat
5280:Dishu
5257:Tulak
5169:Nawur
5159:Muqur
5119:Gelan
5109:Andar
5011:Almar
4958:Farah
4948:Bakwa
4935:Farah
4867:Waras
4789:Kholm
4754:Balkh
4746:Balkh
4691:Dushi
4676:Burka
4638:Qadis
4628:Muqur
4600:Zebak
4595:Yawan
4565:Tagab
4510:Khash
4490:Nusay
4263:Khulm
4228:Balkh
4212:Balkh
3951:JSTOR
3784:1 May
3729:1 May
2957:, in
2689:(PDF)
2682:(PDF)
2552:(PDF)
2541:(PDF)
2516:(PDF)
2509:(PDF)
2452:Βάχλο
2383:Notes
2272:saint
2259:Quran
2221:Timur
2183:wazir
2132:from
2118:from
1856:Poets
1826:Quran
1575:Akcha
1508:Khulm
1470:subah
1455:Kabul
1443:Babur
1379:Timur
1357:, by
1351:China
1347:India
1278:Atsiz
1034:Timur
844:Kucha
761:Arabs
609:Yaz I
564:*
562:name
523:Balkh
502:Bāxli
490:Bāxδi
457:Bakhl
455:i.e.
453:Baxl,
447:. In
440:βαχλο
427:bháj-
409:bhag-
235:Balkh
104:Balkh
43:Balkh
7246:Yazd
6980:Asha
6671:Chal
6381:Omna
6376:Nika
6346:Dila
6318:Zazi
6250:Wama
6192:Kang
6104:Kama
6006:Azra
5877:Nari
5804:Tani
5647:Nesh
5199:Ghor
5164:Nawa
5129:Giro
4915:Nili
4905:Kiti
4824:Zari
4505:Jurm
4470:Argo
4298:Zari
4075:ISBN
4010:ISBN
3987:OCLC
3977:ISBN
3943:ISSN
3908:2020
3882:2021
3857:2021
3839:ISBN
3816:2021
3786:2023
3761:2021
3731:2023
3704:2015
3672:ISBN
3653:2023
3583:2018
3554:2018
3539:The
3517:PMID
3472:2019
3414:ISBN
3389:ISBN
3319:ISBN
3289:ISBN
3265:2010
3232:ISBN
3192:ISBN
3155:2017
3120:ISBN
3112:ISBN
3096:ISBN
3088:ISBN
3028:2013
2997:2015
2925:2018
2893:ISBN
2832:ISBN
2777:2024
2731:2024
2697:2024
2665:2019
2639:2021
2613:2024
2588:2024
2560:2021
2524:2021
2438:Dari
2436:and
2323:sufi
2321:and
2319:poet
2297:and
2279:Sufi
2269:Sufi
2091:and
2054:and
1940:poet
1930:poet
1868:poet
1844:and
1772:The
1740:pisé
1567:Jews
1349:and
1317:Merv
1304:and
1235:Iran
1158:Oxus
1099:Umar
1065:and
1007:Iraq
967:lit.
955:Jews
854:and
755:and
662:and
638:and
636:Iran
527:Bahl
519:Balx
433:The
421:and
418:bag-
345:lit.
325:Dari
276:and
62:Town
6114:Kot
5749:Bak
5657:Reg
5413:Obe
4438:by
4118:on
3935:doi
3507:PMC
3499:doi
3058:by
2443:بلخ
1514:'s
1253:at
1055:."
822:or
430:).
292:as
284:as
241:of
225:BSk
50:بلخ
7419::
4210::
4140:.
4044:,
3985:.
3949:.
3941:.
3931:59
3929:.
3925:.
3847:,
3833:,
3806:.
3802:.
3777:.
3751:.
3747:.
3720:.
3625:,
3605:.
3569:.
3544:,
3537:,
3515:.
3505:.
3495:15
3493:.
3489:.
3462:.
3452:.
3361:^
3118:,
3094:,
3018:.
3014:.
2987:.
2946:^
2915:.
2865:^
2717:.
2713:.
2629:.
2604:.
2579:.
2568:^
2543:.
2497:^
2471:,
2467::
2463:;
2454:,
2450::
2446:;
2440::
2432:;
2317:,
2313:,
2223:,
2087:,
2083:,
2079:,
2075::
2050:,
2016:,
1832:.
1681:.
1652::
1626:,
1620::
1593:,
1587::
1503:.
1492:.
1292:.
1175:A
1081:.
881:.
846:,
818:,
763:.
751:,
747:,
743:,
739:,
735:,
731:,
666:.
658:,
613:c.
552::
541:.
504:,
496::
484::
465::
6948:e
6941:t
6934:v
4428:e
4421:t
4414:v
4189:e
4182:t
4175:v
4083:.
4018:.
3993:.
3957:.
3937::
3910:.
3884:.
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