Colchester - Knowledge (XXG)

1699:) like the rest of the United Kingdom. Its easterly position within the British Isles makes Colchester less prone to Atlantic depressions and weather fronts but more prone to droughts. This is because, like most areas in southeast England, Colchester's weather is influenced more by Continental weather patterns than by Atlantic weather systems. This leads to a dry climate compared to the rest of the UK all year round and occasional (relative) extremes of temperatures during the year (occasional high 20 °Cs/low 30 °Cs during the summer) and quite a few nights below freezing during the winter months (daytime high temperatures are seldom below freezing). Any rainfall that does come from Atlantic weather systems is usually light, but a few heavy showers and 2489: 2223: 1012: 113: 2452: 97: 3758: 2421:, losing some 1,248 in the conflict. As early as 1918 prominent voices were calling for a war memorial, with Councillor Edgar A. Hunt making the first formal proposition in an open letter to the press published on Christmas Day of that year. Shortly after the publication of the letter, a committee was set up to decide the form of the monument, with several practical schemes favoured by the working class. The committee formed to choose a proposal decided on a sculptural monument on 16 May 1919 with a vote of 7 to 9. Following a visit to the 1351: 1273: 53: 2069: 125: 83: 148: 7464: 69: 1063:. Colchester's city walls c. 3,000 yd. long were built c.65–80 A.D. when the Roman town was rebuilt after the Boudicca rebellion. In 2004, Colchester Archaeological Trust discovered the remains of a Roman Circus (chariot race track) underneath the Garrison in Colchester, a unique find in Britain. The city reached its peak in the second and third centuries AD. It may have reached a population of 30,000 in that period. 1234: 1147: 7416: 2945:. She is now the patron saint of Colchester. This is recognised in the emblem of Colchester: a cross and three crowns. The Mayor's medallion contains a Byzantine style icon of Saint Helena. A local secondary school – St Helena's – is named after her, and her statue is atop the town hall, although local legend is that it was originally a statue of Blessed Virgin Mary which was later fitted with a cross. 2143: 6844: 7779: 2210:, and the Natural History Museum, located in the former All Saints' Church. The Colchester Archaeological Trust have opened a visitor centre and museum at the former Cavalry Barracks to display finds from the Roman Circus, with replicas and models of the circus, as well as finds from the nearby Roman cemeteries. In 2014 brick and marble columns from the monumental façade of the precinct of the 3101: 6900: 7840: 924: 7483: 3707: 2818: 1447: 3724: 1586: 3741: 155: 5965: 4031:. 23 November 2022This citation, although from a source that is usually reliable, contains a material error of fact in its claim that "Colchester was named one of eight towns to be made cities to mark the Queen's Platinum Jubilee". That status was awarded to eight local authority areas, none of which was a town. 358: 1572:

business has been associated with Colchester since 1865 when James Noah Paxman founded a partnership with the brothers Henry and Charles Davey ('Davey, Paxman, and Davey') and opened the Standard Ironworks. In 1925, Paxman produced its first spring injection oil engine and joined the English Electric

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In 2014 a hoard of jewellery, known as The Fenwick Hoard, named for the shop it was found beneath, was discovered in the town centre. The director of Colchester Archaeological Trust, Philip Crummy, described the hoard as being of "national importance and one of the finest ever uncovered in Britain".

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In the 2nd World War Colchester's main significance lay in its infantry and light-anti-aircraft training units, and in the Paxman factory, which supplied a large proportion of the engines for British submarines and landing craft. Occasionally hit by stray single German aircraft in 1940 and 1941, in

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In the reign of "Bloody Mary" (1553–1558) Colchester became a centre of Protestant "heresy" and in consequence at least 19 local people were burned at the stake at the castle, at first in front, later within the walls. They are commemorated on a tablet near the altar of St Peter's Church. (Sources:

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Between 1797 and 1815 Colchester was the HQ of the Army's Eastern District, had a garrison of up to 6,000, and played a main role in defence against a threatened French or Dutch invasion, At various times it was the base of such celebrated officers as Lord Cornwallis, Generals Sir James Craig and

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could indicate a 'sub-Roman triangle' where British rule continued after the arrival of the Anglo-Saxons. Since then excavations have revealed some early Saxon occupation, including a fifth-century wooden hut built on the ruins of a Roman house in present-day Lion Walk. Archaeological excavations

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Other sports teams based in the area include Colchester United Women Football Club, Colchester School of Gymnastics, Colchester Rugby Football Club, Colchester Swimming Club, Colchester Gladiators American Football Club, Colchester Weight Lifting Club, Colchester Powerlifting Club (ColPower) and

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who represented the borough to the king were now expected to consult sixteen ordinary councillors and eight auditors (later called aldermen). Even though Colchester's fortunes were more mixed during the 15th century, it was still a more important place by the 16th century than it had been in the

5123:(Sources:--Eastern Command, 11 Corps, various divisional, brigade and battalion, and Colchester Garrison war diaries in WO 166 series at National Archives, Kew; 4 Civil Defence Region reports in HO 192/193 series at National Archives; CW 1 Police Incident records at Essex County Record Office). 2766:

Colchester was historically a port, with a regular weekly shipping service to London by 1637, and about 3,000 vessels per year using the port in 1892. The former quay of The Hythe is no longer in use, partly because the river has silted up, although Colchester is still a registered port (code

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A film festival, showcasing a selection of new feature and short films from around the world and centred at the VAF, was held from to 2012 to 2017 (excluding 2016). There are 12 cinema screens spread across the 8 screen Odeon, 3 screen Curzon and 1 screen in the firstsite gallery.

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Colchester developed rapidly during the later 14th century as a centre of the woollen cloth industry, and became famous in many parts of Europe for its russets (fabrics of a grey-brown colour). This allowed the population to recover exceptionally rapidly from the effects of the

1434:. Flemish refugees in the 1560s brought innovations that revived the local cloth trade, establishing the Dutch Bay Hall for quality control of the textiles for which Colchester became famous. The old Roman wall runs along Northgate Street in the Dutch Quarter. 2469:

by Boudicca, and they continued in use until after the Siege of Colchester in 1648. Two large stretches of the wall are still standing on the west and north sides and a number of fragments are visible along the rest of the circuit. A notable survival is the

1669:, the ceremony was postponed. On 29 September 2022, the letters patent was made public, with Colchester receiving city status dated 5 September 2022 by the late Queen. Colchester officially received city status on 23 November 2022. Colchester was visited by 4652: 1642:, marking a considerable rise from the previous census and with considerable development since 2001 and ongoing building plans; it has been named as one of Britain's fastest growing towns. The local football team, Colchester United, moved into a 2264:

In 2009, an art collective called 'Slack Space' took up some of the closed-down shops in the centre and converted them into art galleries with the hope of promoting art and design. The Colchester School of Art, opened in 1885, is based in the

1620:, and killed 38 elderly patients. In February 1944 a single raider caused a huge fire in the St Botolph's area which gutted warehouses, shops and part of Paxman's Britannia Works. The total wartime bombing death toll in the borough was 55. 6337: 792:... this derivation is ruled out of court by the fact that Colne is the name of several old villages situated a good many miles from Colchester and on the Colne. The identification of Colonia with Colchester is doubtful." 1195:'Jesus entered a certain castle and a woman there welcomed him' (Luke 10.38). This is a commonplace allegory in which a castle is likened to Mary's womb, and explains the name of Maidenburgh St, neighbouring the castle. 1687:

Colchester is in one of the driest regions of the United Kingdom with average annual precipitation at 635 mm (25.0 inches), although among the wetter places in Essex. Colchester is generally regarded as having an

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The area that is the subject of this article does not have legal city status of itself, but is widely regarded as a city since it is the main and nominate settlement in the City of Colchester local government

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13th. In 1334 it would not have ranked among England's wealthiest fifty towns, to judge from the taxation levied that year. By 1524, however, it ranked twelfth, as measured by its assessment to a lay subsidy.

594: 2916:(fortified place). In folk etymology the name Colchester was thought of as meaning Cole's Castle , though this theory does not have academic support. In the legend Helena, the daughter of Cole, married the 1425:

although surviving examples show that they were rather different from their modern equivalents. An area in Colchester town centre is still known as the Dutch Quarter and many buildings there date from the

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in AD 43, a Roman legionary fortress was established, the first in Britain. Later, when the Roman frontier moved outwards and the twentieth legion had moved to the west (c. AD 49), Camulodunum became a

4158: 2968:) Another version says that Humpty Dumpty was a cannon on the top of the church. The church of St Mary-at-the-Walls still retains its Norman tower until the top few feet, which are a Georgian repair. 2258:

houses The Minories Galleries, which is managed by Colchester Institute and presents contemporary exhibitions by artists from the region. The building is owned by the Victor Batte-Lay Foundation.

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Crummy, Philip (1992) Colchester Archaeological Report 6: Excavations at Culver Street, the Gilberd School, and other sites in Colchester 1971–85. Published by Colchester Archaeological Trust (

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Colchester and the surrounding area is currently undergoing significant regeneration, including controversial greenfield residential development in Mile End and Braiswick. At the time of the

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An Act for the payringe and mainteyninge of the Haven River and Channell runing unto the Borowgh and Towne of Colchester in the Countie of Essex, and alsoe for the paveing of the said Towne.

4554: 2474:, which is the earliest and most complete Roman gateway in the United Kingdom. A circular walk of nearly 2 miles (3 kilometres) follows the course of the wall and the surviving portions. 7430: 398: 4391:

Brugger, Ernst "Beiträge zur Erklärung der arthurischen Geographie II: Gorre", in: Zeitschrift für französische Sprache und Literatur, Volume 28, Berlin, 1905, pp. 1-71 (p. 22-23).

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Other etymologists are confident that the Colne's name is pre-Roman, sharing its origin with several other rivers Colne or Clun around Britain, and that Colchester is derived from

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David Baird, and Captain William Napier. It was in a state of alarm during the invasion threat of 1803/4, a period well chronicled by the contemporary local author Jane Taylor.

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The Late QUEEN was pleased by Letters Patent under the Great Seal of the Realm dated 5 September 2022 to ordain that the Borough of Colchester shall have the status of a City.

2242:, a multi-function arts venue located in the former St Mary-at-the-Walls church, and home of the Colchester Beer Festival. The Headgate Theatre is also located in Colchester. 4360: 6623: 5507: 2107:

land was sold for private housing development and parts of the garrison were moved. Many parts of the garrison now stand empty awaiting the second phase of the development.

6239: 3873: 2529:, first recorded in 1277 and demolished in 1843. Replacing a Victorian town hall which had become unstable, work on the present building started in 1897 to the design of 1107:

have shown that public buildings were abandoned, and is very doubtful whether Colchester survived as a settlement with any urban characteristics after the sixth century.

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There is evidence of hasty re-organisation of Colchester's defences around 268–82 AD, followed later, during the fourth century, by the blocking of the Balkerne Gate.

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of Colchester) holding the True Cross; a local story says that a councillor was dispatched to Italy to find a statue of the saint, but could only find one of the

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A P Baggs; Beryl Board; Philip Crummy; Claude Dove; Shirley Durgan; N R Goose; R B Pugh; Pamela Studd; C C Thornton (1994). Janet Cooper; C R Elrington (eds.).

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A P Baggs; Beryl Board; Philip Crummy; Claude Dove; Shirley Durgan; N R Goose; R B Pugh; Pamela Studd; C C Thornton (1994). Janet Cooper; C R Elrington (eds.).

3814: 6523: 5102: 4922: 2404:(still referred to by locals by its former name of Williams & Griffin (Willie Gees)), Primark, H&M, Boots, WH Smith and many local independent stores. 4166: 221: 6399: 3601: 1639: 2832: 2787:. In Book XIV he describes how '...the Roman ex-soldiers...had recently established a settlement at Camulodunum', later burned down in the Iceni rebellion. 4142: 2096:, is in Berechurch Hall Road, on the outskirts of Colchester. The centre holds men and women from all three services who are sentenced to serve periods of 2429:

was chosen to undertake the work, for which he was paid £3,000. The memorial consists of three human figures on a sculptural pedestal. The figures are of

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Diesel Group in 1966 – later becoming part of the GEC Group. Since the 1930s the Paxman company's main business has been the production of

5049:(Sources--Records of Army's Eastern Command at National Archives, Kew; Julian Foynes "East Anglia against the Tricolor 1793-1815", Poppyland Press, 2016) 2952:. During the siege of Colchester in the Civil War, a Royalist sniper known as One-Eyed Thompson sat in the belfry of the church of St Mary-at-the-Walls ( 1497:. It started on 13 June. The Royalists surrendered in the late summer (on 27 August Lord Goring signed the surrender document in the Kings Head Inn) and 2314: 5949: 2488: 3239: 2085: 1616:

1942 more serious attempts to bomb its industries were made by the Luftwaffe. None of these attacks hit their targets, but a raid on 11 August bombed

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representing engineering, military defence, agriculture and fishery. At the top of the tower is a large bronze figure representing Saint Helena (the

2715: 2542: 1466: 2545:. The building dominates the High Street and the 192-foot (58.5-metre) Victoria Tower is widely visible. The tower was intended to commemorate the 8070: 6437: 5203: 2591: 2133: 406: 344: 3953: 2586:

As is the case for the rest of Essex, Colchester's state schooling operates a two-tier system. Two of the local secondary schools are selective,

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settlement with rights equivalent to those of Roman citizens, one of which was believed to have been founded in the vicinity of Colchester) and

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and Panther Travel (Essex). The bus station is located in Osborne Street, on the southern edge of the centre. Key routes include the 371 to

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Crummy, Philip (1997) City of Victory; the story of Colchester – Britain's first Roman town. Published by Colchester Archaeological Trust (

3445: 2828: 2538: 2104: 375: 458: 7452: 370: 6559: 6183: 5898: 4882: 4482: 971:" by Roman writers. Camulodunon is sometimes popularly considered one of many possible sites around Britain for the legendary (perhaps 8060: 5959: 5932: 5068: 2252:, and opened in September 2011, at a total cost of approximately £25.5 million, £9 million more than the original estimate. 2222: 2114:

are fired to mark Royal anniversaries and visits by foreign heads of state. From 2009, these salutes have taken place in Castle Park.

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emigrated to Colchester and the surrounding areas. They were famed for the production of "Bays and Says" cloths which were woven from

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name, Camulodunon, variously represented as CA, CAM, CAMV, CAMVL and CAMVLODVNO on the coins of Cunobelinus, means 'the fortress of

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and its first capital. Colchester therefore claims to be Britain's first city. It has been an important military base since the

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Strachan, David (1998) Essex from the Air, Archaeology and history from aerial photographs. Published by Essex County Council (

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Ashdown-Hill, John (2009). Mediaeval Colchester's Lost Landmarks. Published by The Breedon Books Publishing Company Limited. (

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Ashdown-Hill, John (2009) Mediaeval Colchester's Lost Landmarks. Published by The Breedon Books Publishing Company Limited. (

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At Colchester School of Art we are proud to have a history dating from 1885, the year the original Art School was founded.

3654: 3437: 3338: 3313: 2707: 2651: 2451: 1682: 1530:. By the time he wrote this in 1722, however, he estimated its population to be around 40,000 (including "out-villages"). 214: 4346:(Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 2004), p. 113; T. W. Potter, 'The Transformation of Britain', in P. Salway, ed., 3165: 2847: 7950: 5837: 3257: 3243: 3084: 2607: 2361: 2298: 6261: 5529: 3137: 1430:

period. During this period Colchester was one of the most prosperous wool towns in England, and was also famed for its

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was constructed in the eleventh century on earlier Roman foundations; it now contains a museum. The main campus of the

7691: 7681: 3874:"Towns and cities, characteristics of built-up areas, England and Wales: Census 2021 - Office for National Statistics" 3118: 2972: 2880: 2235: 1666: 20: 6671: 2843: 6534: 5094: 4914: 8020: 6653: 3784: 3449: 2719: 2401: 2381: 2330: 2171: 2137: 1558: 967:'. During the 30s AD Camulodunon controlled a large swathe of Southern and Eastern Britain, with Cunobelin called " 613: 5467: 3144: 3111: 96: 8035: 7973: 3043: 2615: 2326: 2089: 1041: 1020: 445: 6697: 5133: 2068: 6712: 5335: 4945:"Colchester Archaeological Trust Online Report Library – Colchester Bays, Says and Perpetuanas by Eliot Howard" 3819: 3523: 3375: 2934: 2530: 2389: 2373: 2255: 2227: 2097: 1470: 1227: 891:. Colchester is surrounded by Neolithic and Bronze Age monuments that pre-date the town, including a Neolithic 312: 124: 8025: 7963: 7942: 7445: 7301: 6926: 6855: 6425: 5891:"A History of the County of Essex: Volume 9, the Borough of Colchester – Municipal buildings, Pages 274–277" 5410:"We celebrate – Roman circus site, centre and cafe re-open, with cakes! | the Colchester Archaeologist" 4645:"'Fenwick Treasure': Hoard of Roman jewellery buried to save it from Boudicca goes on display in Colchester" 4555:"'Fenwick Treasure': Hoard of Roman jewellery buried to save it from Boudicca goes on display in Colchester" 3927: 3496: 3151: 3037: 2926:, who had been sent by Rome as an ambassador and was named as Cole's successor. Helena's son became Emperor 2680: 2511:

at its peak. The tower was decommissioned in 1987 and has had several private owners pending redevelopment.

2302: 2152: 2088:. The Army's only military corrective training centre, known colloquially within the forces and locally as " 1707: 1551: 1502: 1455: 1076: 888: 667: 663: 450: 5185: 5159: 3948: 6977: 6843: 3809: 3678: 3672: 3416: 2631: 2290: 2239: 1523: 1181: 1040:

in Britain, as well as at least seven other Romano-British temples. Colchester is home to two of the five

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from Middlewick. In the 1980s an archaeological inventory showed that over 800 shards of pottery from the

678: 88: 52: 5489: 2230:, Balkerne Heights, Colchester – made in 2006 and inspired by a Roman mosaic flooring found in Colchester 7641: 7221: 3551: 2990:: this is not considered likely by academics, as in Arthurian times Colchester was under Saxon control. 2422: 2385: 1706:

The highest temperature recorded in Colchester was 36.1 °C (97 °F) in August 2003 (during the

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can take place during the summer. Snow falls on average 13 days a year during winter and early spring.

1122:, in a list of the thirty most important cities in Britain. Colchester was in the area assigned to the 984: 5745:

Report of the memorial hall and Albert School Site sub-committee (undated) no. I, Essex Records Office

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Completed in 1883 when the Town Council took over Colchester's water supply, the 110-foot (34-metre)

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in c.880, and remained in Danish hands until 917 when it was besieged and recaptured by the army of

1059:'s rebellion in AD 61. Sometime after the destruction, London became the capital of the province of 741:(referring to the city walls, the oldest in Britain). The earliest forms of the name Colchester are 7936: 7906: 7746: 7646: 7576: 6947: 6881: 6705: 4365: 3632: 3421: 3366: 3324: 3300: 3291: 3233: 3205: 2923: 2711: 2643: 2337: 2294: 2129: 2081: 2063: 1624: 1494: 1406: 1185: 1055:

Camulodunum served as a provincial Roman capital of Britain, but was attacked and destroyed during

690: 644: 6473: 6236:"Colchester Castle and the Temple of Claudius, Non Civil Parish - 1002217 | Historic England" 6065: 4056: 947:

in the period 20–10 BC. Before the Roman conquest of Britain it was already a centre of power for

612:, England. It is the second-largest settlement in the county, with a population of 130,245 at the 82: 7983: 7761: 7751: 7726: 7596: 7536: 7526: 7438: 7336: 7251: 6972: 6967: 6952: 6758: 6729: 4036: 3779: 3663: 3597: 3484: 3457:(1915–2001), football referee, responsible for many important developments in football refereeing 3425: 3370: 3309: 3278: 3229: 3060: 2976: 2739: 2599: 2595: 2558: 2426: 2183: 1617: 1462: 838: 827: 819: 754: 698: 659: 655: 280: 252: 196: 2340:

Athletics Stadium (a co-operative facility used by both the army and civilian population) and a

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Wymer, J. (ed.) "Gazetteer of Mesolithic sites in England and Wales", in CBA Research Report 20

2562: 658:, Colchester is 50 miles (80 kilometres) northeast of London. It is connected to London by the 7968: 7736: 7706: 7601: 7566: 7511: 7104: 7055: 6997: 6992: 6320: 6163: 5955: 5928: 5774: 5728: 5718: 5635: 4809: 4533: 4286: 4260: 4232: 4215: 4195: 3984: 3644: 3460: 3441: 3360: 3346: 3287: 3077: 3023: 2676: 2534: 2483: 2203: 2199: 2163: 1594: 1547: 1518: 1506: 1206:), although the wording suggests that it was based on an earlier one. It granted Colchester's 1155: 989: 686: 130: 58: 2248:

is a contemporary art organisation, based in the Visual Arts Facility, which was designed by

7893: 7621: 7506: 7226: 7065: 7040: 7035: 6571: 6468: 6294: 5890: 5610: 5229:"Revealed: When Colchester will officially be named a city (but we won't get a royal visit)" 5059: 4874: 4478: 4427: 3789: 3490: 3385: 3381: 3356: 3350: 3328: 2751: 2434: 2310: 2249: 2050:

Source: 1981–2010 estimated average (records began in 1988) for COL station Colchester NE 2

1127: 1095: 994: 497: 337: 4803: 4777: 4109: 2742:, which bypasses the town to the north and east, and is the region's main trunk route. The 2289:, which was formed in 1867 and dissolved in 1937. They were succeeded by professional club 1368:

An Act for the regulating of the Trade of Bay-making, in the Dutch Bay Hall, in Colchester.

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Colchester is reputed to be the home of three of the best known English nursery rhymes: '

1162:. There are notable medieval ruins in Colchester, including the surviving gateway of the 788:

went as far as to say "it has often been held that Colchester contains as first element

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The impact of catastrophe : the people of Essex and the First World War (1914-1920)

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Eilert Ekwall (1928). English River-names. Published by Oxford at the Clarendon Press. (

3469:(1926–1991), actor and director, former German POW in Colchester during the World War II 3158: 68: 7863: 7721: 7631: 7496: 7471: 7463: 7419: 7209: 7204: 7194: 7119: 7087: 7082: 7050: 6874: 6803: 6601: 6117: 5979: 5859: 5436: 5409: 4614: 4584: 3638: 3408: 3396: 3342: 3269: 2692: 2214:

were discovered behind the High Street, with plans to make them visible to the public.

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Minutes of the War Memorial Executive Committee (4 January 1921) Essex Records Office

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Radio broadcasts from studios on the base on 107.0FM as part of its UK Bases network

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John Foxe, Book of Martyrs; Mark Byford, The Process of Reformation in a Tudor Town)

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Ford, L.L. "Audley, Thomas, Baron Audley of Walden (1487/8–1544), lord chancellor".

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Faulkner, Neil. (1994) Late Roman Colchester, In Oxford Journal of Archaeology 13(1)

3369:, aka Henri Le Caron (1841–1894), spy, who did much to thwart the objectives of the 2309:

stadium until 2008. The club reached its highest league finish of 10th place in the

2142: 883:. This included a pit found at Culver Street containing a ritually placed Neolithic 7766: 7376: 7361: 7341: 7199: 7154: 7129: 7124: 6962: 6763: 6209: 6132: 4024: 3614: 3541: 3535: 3508: 3466: 3412: 3223: 3210: 3076:). The uniforms worn during the match in the book are similar to the modern kit of 2994: 2917: 2776: 2755: 2566: 2508: 2430: 2377: 2103:

From 1998 to 2008, the garrison area underwent massive redevelopment. A lot of the

1700: 1512: 1490: 1394: 1316: 1170: 1159: 1099: 1037: 993:, a now unknown location first mentioned in the 10th century Welsh annalistic text 956: 884: 864: 728: 640: 363: 102: 6624:"Atlas français de la coopération décentralisée et des autres actions extérieures" 6306: 5754:

Minutes of the war memorial executive committee (16 May 1919) Essex Records Office

4749:, trans. G. N. Garmondsway, 2nd edition (Dent: London, 1954), p. 103; F, Stenton, 2966:

all the king's horses and all the king's men / couldn't put Humpty together again.

1158:, which is an 11th-century Norman keep, and built on top of the vaults of the old 5951:

Round About Colchester: Exploring Local History With the East Anglian Daily Times

5365: 5013: 4980: 4527: 3226:(died 1120), oversaw the building of Colchester Castle and was its first steward. 2986:, on account of having been the capital of Roman Britain and its ancient name of 2979:

who lived in the Dutch Quarter, and published in 1806 with the title "The Star".

7802: 7711: 7396: 7386: 7381: 7371: 7326: 7306: 7256: 7236: 7169: 6813: 6778: 6091: 3697: 3667: 3585: 3563: 3557: 3545: 3518: 3502: 3265: 3214: 3100: 3065: 2735: 2672: 2570: 2500: 2446: 2418: 1670: 1223: 1163: 1084: 1045: 1006: 944: 842: 628: 6184:"Colchester's Viking past is stunningly recreated in Assassin's Creed Valhalla" 2507:" because of its large size, which prompted the addition of an elephant-shaped 1673:

on 7 March 2023, in order to congratulate Colchester on receiving city status.

7676: 7656: 7636: 7586: 7546: 7501: 7109: 7092: 7071: 7030: 7002: 6783: 5204:"Record number of city status winners announced to celebrate Platinum Jubilee" 4007: 3591: 3579: 3529: 3248: 3073: 3069: 3031: 2938: 2688: 2646:

is located to the east of Colchester in Wivenhoe Park, in the civil parish of

2594:, the remainder being comprehensives. Comprehensive secondary schools include 2369: 2357: 2318: 2306: 1241:

By the 'New Constitutions' of 1372, a borough council was instituted; the two

1177: 923: 880: 872: 860: 845: 834: 831: 6464:"Relative Values: Stella Creasy and her mum, Corinna | The Sunday Times" 6298: 5732: 5686:"50 years on...when Colchester United defied all the odds to lift silverware" 5280: 2956:) and was given the nickname Humpty Dumpty, most likely because of his size, 473: 460: 7958: 7873: 7817: 7807: 7701: 7626: 7616: 7611: 7521: 7401: 7346: 7316: 7311: 6798: 6788: 6654:"Essex's twin towns across the world and how similar they are to each other" 5778: 5533: 5010:

The English Civil War: a military history of the three civil wars, 1642–1651

4159:"King Commute: the best new property deals within an hour of central London" 4146:. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 660–661. 3454: 3261: 3201: 2887: 2743: 2526: 2503:

was originally called the "Balkerne Water Tower", but soon became known as "

2365: 2341: 2245: 2093: 1628: 1608:. The bid was unsuccessful, with county town Chelmsford forming the seat of 1482: 1446: 1378: 1300: 1103: 1088: 1060: 972: 952: 948: 868: 849: 796: 322: 1627:

was established at Wivenhoe Park in 1961. The £22.7M 8-mile (13-kilometre)

1585: 1528:"more in proportion than any of its neighbours, or than the city of London" 1226:, particularly by immigration into the town. Rovers Tye Farm, now a pub on 753:

being found in the 15th century. In this way of interpreting the name, the

4675:

The Victoria History of the County of Essex, IX: The Borough of Colchester

7868: 7827: 7792: 7784: 7671: 7591: 7556: 7531: 7276: 7266: 7189: 7179: 7159: 7139: 7077: 7025: 6931: 6818: 3762: 3567: 3218: 2647: 2353: 2206:, a social history museum with children's exhibits in the former home of 1474: 1410: 876: 852: 694: 7921: 7911: 7883: 7878: 7858: 7812: 7651: 7541: 7516: 7488: 7241: 7231: 7149: 6808: 6737: 5463: 5388:"Honour of Royal Salute switches to Colchester town centre – Colc" 3728: 3715: 3711: 3626: 3125: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 3055: 3048: 2983: 2920: 2912: 2780: 2747: 2159: 1597: 1493:

surrounded the town for eleven and a half weeks, a period known as the

1242: 1218:. The borough celebrated the 800th anniversary of its charter in 1989. 1211: 1123: 1115: 1080: 1056: 976: 964: 900: 762: 617: 304: 6004: 3919: 3662:(born ?) West End and Broadway Playwright, Writer of the Musical 1593:

In the early 20th century Colchester lobbied to be the seat for a new

7901: 7797: 7661: 7581: 7271: 7174: 7164: 7144: 7020: 6982: 6793: 6438:"Horrible Histories role turns into dream part for Colchester's Tony" 6210:"Cunobelinus | Celtic King, Iron Age, Britain | Britannica" 5712: 5255:"Queen Elizabeth II: Colchester city status ceremony plans postponed" 5099:

A History of the County of Essex: Volume 9: The Borough of Colchester

4919:

A History of the County of Essex: Volume 9: The Borough of Colchester

3732: 2731: 2459:

Construction of the walls of Colchester took place between 65 and 80

1431: 1173: 769:) also gained its name from a similar etymology (from its Roman name 733: 231: 5768: 5504:"Colchester: £2 m more to finish off new art gallery (From Gazette)" 5137: 3800:

List of natural disasters in the United Kingdom and preceding states

3493:(born 1960), member of the Welsh Senedd (1993 to 2011 and 2018–2021) 3384:(1883–1950), senior officer of the British Army and the penultimate 2982:

Colchester has also been suggested as one of the potential sites of

2790:

It is the only town in Britain to have been explicitly mentioned in

1138:

of 'Nennius'. The tower of Holy Trinity Church is late Saxon work.

4086: 2894:, a legendary ancient king of Britain. The name Colchester is from 2198:

Colchester houses several museums. The Castle Museum, found within

1638:, Colchester and its surrounding built up area had a population of 7926: 7916: 7845: 7731: 7686: 7561: 6911: 6899: 6733: 4728:, ed. J. Morris (Phillimore: London and Chichester, 1980); Watts, 3766: 3749: 3745: 3007: 2960:

being a common insult for the overweight. Thompson was shot down (

2931: 2895: 2504: 2487: 2450: 2336:

Sports facilities in Colchester include Colchester Leisure World,

2221: 2141: 2067: 1710:), and the lowest was −9.4 °C (15 °F) in December 2010. 1601: 1584: 1445: 1418: 1232: 1215: 1145: 1010: 983:(first mentioned by the 12th century French Arthurian storyteller 922: 892: 718: 609: 270: 168: 5332:"The Glasshouse – The Aldershot Military Detention Barracks" 5012:, Young, Peter and Holmes, Richard (1974) p. 290. Available here 4808:. Vol. IX. London: Victoria County History. pp. 48–57. 4688:

The Age of Arthur: A History of the British Isles from 350 to 650

4135: 2964:) and, shortly after, the town was lost to the Parliamentarians ( 2110:

Since 2006, Colchester has been one of 12 places in the UK where

1193:

Intravit ihc: in quoddam castellum et mulier quedam excepit illum

818:

The gravel hill upon which Colchester is built was formed in the

6692: 3217:, lead vocals, keyboards, rhythm guitar, piano, melodica in the 2202:, features an extensive exhibit on Roman Colchester. Nearby are 2117: 1414: 1110:

The chronology of its revival is obscure. But the ninth-century

960: 7434: 6870: 6701: 5306:"King Charles and Camilla visit Colchester to mark city status" 5163: 4361:"Camelot: discovering the legend of King Arthur around Britain" 3378:(1868–1931), Secretary of State for War, and Postmaster General 1191:

Colchester's medieval town seal incorporated the biblical text

879:

have been found within Colchester, along with many examples of

3094: 2811: 959:(c. 5 BC – AD 40), who minted coins there. Its 524: 6400:"John Cooper Clarke: The punk poet whose time has come again" 3898: 2076:

Colchester has been an important military garrison since the

574: 553: 512: 3499:(born 1962), English satirical comedian, writer and director 3393:(1895–1981), businessman, philanthropist and clock collector 3242:(1488–1544), Lord Chancellor of England 1533–44, founder of 2883:', although the legitimacy of all three claims is disputed. 997:, identified as the place where Arthur was slain in battle. 666:

railway. Colchester is less than 30 miles (50 km) from

420: 5860:"Colchester's 'Jumbo' water tower bought by poultry farmer" 4832:. Oysterfayre.flyer.co.uk. 27 December 2002. Archived from 4805:

A History of the County of Essex: The Borough of Colchester

2460: 2400:

The commercial centre is home to upmarket department store

1169:(known locally as "St John's Abbey"), and the ruins of the 939:, who died in AD 79, although the Celtic name of the town, 577: 538: 515: 6355:

Hughson, David; Stratford, William; Stratford, J. (1809).

5437:"The Trust's investigation of Roman arcade in local press" 3805:

Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II

3692:

List of twin towns and sister cities in the United Kingdom

3481:(born 1946), MP for Colchester, High Steward of Colchester 506: 6524:"Twin Town News – Colchester, Avignon, Imola and Wetzlar" 4753:, 2nd edition, (Clarendon Press: Oxford, 1947), pp. 324–5 2433:, an allegorical representation of peace and the goddess 556: 2455:

A surviving fragment of the Roman Town Wall in East Hill

713:

There are several theories about the origin of the name

6517: 6515: 6513: 6511: 4677:(Oxford University Press: Oxford, 1995), pp. 16–17, 248 2839: 2305:

in 1950, originally playing home games at their former

1044:

found in Britain; the example at Gosbecks (site of the

5802:"Walk Colchester – A Guide to Colchester's Roman Wall" 5490:"Headgate Theatre - Theatre in Colchester, Colchester" 4853: 4851: 4404:, IX (Oxford University Press: Oxford, 1994), pp. 7–10 4255: 4253: 4251: 4249: 4247: 4245: 4190: 4188: 4186: 4184: 4182: 4180: 4178: 4176: 3681:(born 1753) Writer, Animal Welfare and rights advocate 3197:

People of note that have lived in Colchester include:

2971:

The third rhyme said to have come from Colchester is

2492:

The Balkerne Water Tower or "Jumbo", viewed from the

2352:

Local news and television programmes are provided by

1649:

On 20 May 2022, it was announced that as part of the

601: 580: 568: 559: 547: 535: 527: 518: 503: 3305:

The History & Antiquities of the County of Essex

3087:, recreated as it was in the early medieval period. 3047:

are set in Colchester, although they were filmed in

2948:

Colchester is a widely credited source of the rhyme

2671:

Colchester's bus services are operated primarily by

2364:

TV transmitter. The city's local radio stations are

1230:, has been documented as being established by 1353. 583: 562: 541: 521: 509: 7982: 7949: 7935: 7892: 7836: 7775: 7479: 7294: 7011: 6940: 6919: 5088: 5086: 4778:"Maidenburgh, Geoffrey of Wells and Rabanus Maurus" 4505:

An Imperial Possession; Britain in the Roman Empire

4002: 4000: 3623:(born 1970) radio presenter, musician and composer. 3475:(born 1931), mathematical physicist and philosopher 2525:The town hall is built on the site of the original 1469:was attacked by a large crowd. In 1648, during the 1393: 1388: 1372: 1362: 1332: 1315: 1310: 1294: 1284: 1254: 1102:finds in a triangle between London, Colchester and 935:in Britain on the grounds that it was mentioned by 749:from the 10th century, with the modern spelling of 532: 500: 415: 397: 381: 369: 357: 343: 331: 321: 311: 297: 279: 261: 243: 229: 213: 205: 194: 186: 178: 33: 6594:"Jumelages et Relations Internationales – Avignon" 4690:, 3 vols (Phillimore: Chichester, 1977), I, p. 138 3213:(Born 1968), lead vocals, keyboards, guitarist in 2463:, shortly after the destruction of the undefended 1661:. It was slated to receive the status formally by 1509:. A small obelisk marks the spot where they fell. 6358:London, Being an Accurate History and Description 5897:. British History Online – University of London. 4881:. 9, the Borough of Colchester. London: 233–237. 4830:"Oyster Fayre – 1989 News Reports" 4585:"The Fenwick Treasure at Williams & Griffin!" 4333:(Oxford University Press: Oxford, 1981), pp. 55–6 4025:"UK's oldest town officially becomes newest city" 3635:(born 1898) Urologist, Cancer Researcher, Surgeon 2804:during the (fictional) Atomic Wars of the 1950s. 2380:which broadcast online. The local newspapers are 4428:"Temple of Claudius at Camulodunon (Colchester)" 3260:(1544–1603), scientist, pioneer in the field of 1198:In 1189, Colchester was granted its first known 1098:was the first to propose that the lack of early 1083:of Arthurian legend was probably a reference to 757:which runs through the area takes its name from 697:. Local government is the responsibility of the 605:-chest-ər, KOHL-, -⁠chist-, -⁠chəst- 4716:(Oxford University Press: Oxford, 1986), p. 214 4344:The Cambridge Dictionary of English Place-Names 1631:Colchester Eastern Bypass opened in June 1982. 855:, have been found. Further flint tools made by 6373:"MT at 80 | Margaret Thatcher Foundation" 4802:Cooper, Janet; Elrington, C. R., eds. (1994). 4350:(Oxford University Press: Oxford, 2002), p. 21 3312:(1783–1824), poet and author of the lyrics to 2886:Local legend places Colchester as the seat of 2297:(as of season 2023–24) and play home games at 927:Flag of Colchester as flown from the City Hall 7446: 6882: 6713: 6496:"Stella Creasy: The MP who 'won't back down'" 5918: 5916: 4615:"'the Fenwick treasure' reveals more gems..." 4106:"Colchester – Britain's Oldest Recorded Town" 3815:Church of St Leonard at the Hythe, Colchester 8: 6293:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 5889:Cooper, Janet; Elrington, C R, eds. (1994). 5134:"Homepage – Colchester Borough Council" 4873:Cooper, Janet; Elrington, C R, eds. (1994). 3363:preacher, known as the "Prince of Preachers" 1665:on 12 September 2022, however following the 943:appears on coins minted by tribal chieftain 887:pot, as well as find spots containing later 6262:"John Ball | Colchester Civic Society" 6212:. Encyclopedia Britannica. 1 January 2023. 5927:. Yale University Press. pp. 276–277. 5838:"Municipal Water Tower (Jumbo), Colchester" 4860:Growth and Decline in Colchester, 1300–1525 4764:Cambridge Dictionary of English Place-Names 4730:Cambridge Dictionary of English Place-Names 4402:The Victoria History of the County of Essex 3532:(born 1968), actor and television presenter 2718:, and linked to the rest of the network at 2317:, and were one of the few teams to win the 2158:The Member of Parliament for Colchester is 1130:. The tenth-century Saxons called the town 951: – known to Shakespeare as 677:Attractions in and around the city include 7946: 7453: 7439: 7431: 6889: 6875: 6867: 6720: 6706: 6698: 6162:. Asterix #3. Hodder Dargaud. p. 38. 5923:Bettley, James; Pevsner, Nicholas (2007). 4210: 4208: 3434:(1910–2001), Christian morality campaigner 3424:(1907–1979), scientist. He discovered the 2325:Colchester & East Essex Cricket Club. 2238:is a repertory theatre. Located nearby is 1713: 1329: 1251: 30: 6560:"British towns twinned with French towns 4908: 4906: 4904: 4902: 4900: 4745:(Blackwell: Oxford, 1981), pp. 47, 56–8; 4507:(Penguin Books: London, 2007), pp. 269–70 3538:(born 1969), TV personality and presenter 3185:Learn how and when to remove this message 2573:, which then had to be modified locally. 1405:Between 1550 and 1600, a large number of 1028:named in a second-century inscription as 795:The popular association of the name with 717:. Some contend that is derived from the 6158:Goscinny, René; Underzo, Albert (1973). 5506:. Gazette-news.co.uk. 18 November 2008. 5136:. Colchester-regen.co.uk. Archived from 5030:, J.M. Dent and Sons Ltd, London (1959) 5022: 5020: 3582:(born 1979), professional snooker player 2537:style, and was opened in 1902 by former 2301:. Founded in 1937, the club entered the 2261:There are several bars with live music. 2092:" after the original military prison in 1542:Significant Victorian landmarks include 1467:John Lucas, 1st Baron Lucas of Shenfield 6290:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 5762: 5760: 3868: 3866: 3862: 3831: 3795:Geography of the United Kingdom#Geology 3608:(born 1970) Extreme Metal Guitarist in 3554:(born 1969), actor and theatre director 3526:(born 1967), sculptor and mosaic artist 2592:Colchester County High School for Girls 2333:, home of Colchester & East Essex. 2134:Colchester (UK Parliament constituency) 2072:The military corrective training centre 1154:Medieval Colchester's main landmark is 1150:Colchester Castle, completed c. 1100 AD 1032:. This contained a large and elaborate 915:consisting of a cluster of 22 barrows. 414: 396: 352: 320: 296: 228: 212: 177: 44: 5980:"Colchester and the Thames Estuary..." 5532:. Colchester-Institute. Archived from 5416:from the original on 13 September 2014 4885:from the original on 19 September 2015 4373:from the original on 26 September 2015 4067:from the original on 24 September 2015 4034: 3341:(1816–1890), Physician-in-Ordinary to 2650:. Other tertiary institutions include 2626:Private schools in Colchester include 2425:War Memorial Exhibition, the sculptor 1522:that the town lost 5259 people to the 1134:, which is directly equivalent to the 859:living in the Colne Valley during the 8066:Roman legionary fortresses in England 8056:Trading posts of the Hanseatic League 6242:from the original on 6 September 2023 6216:from the original on 23 February 2023 6072:from the original on 11 February 2012 5870:from the original on 17 November 2015 5362:"Military Corrective Training Centre" 4961:from the original on 12 December 2012 4108:. visitcolchester.com. Archived from 3286:(1613–1648), Royalist soldier in the 3083:Colchester appears in the video game 2783:mentions Colchester (Camulodunum) in 2722:, which lies just outside this area. 2618:, Paxman Academy and Trinity School. 1336:Bays Regulation (Colchester) Act 1660 1015:Part of the Roman walls in Colchester 380: 368: 356: 342: 330: 310: 278: 260: 242: 204: 193: 182:31.52 km (12.17 sq mi) 7: 6672:"Town set to twin with Chinese City" 6379:from the original on 13 October 2009 6098:from the original on 2 November 2010 6066:"Early British Kingdoms: Colchester" 5968:from the original on 2 October 2016. 5770:The Colchester war memorial souvenir 5470:from the original on 22 January 2010 5105:from the original on 2 November 2012 5101:. Institute of Historical Research. 4991:from the original on 9 February 2018 4925:from the original on 2 November 2012 4921:. Institute of Historical Research. 4485:from the original on 2 November 2012 3954:Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary 3588:(born 1990), freeride mountain biker 3566:(born 1974), author, historian, and 3446:Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland 3123:adding citations to reliable sources 3006:Colchester was also a named line of 2184:City of Colchester § Demography 1604:, to be split off from the existing 1561:, estimated to have been 4.7 on the 1557:In 1884, the area was struck by the 1118:, mentions the town, which it calls 6398:Duerden, Nick (23 September 2012). 5901:from the original on 2 October 2016 5186:"Concerns over 'fast-growing' town" 4157:Prophet, Sheila (12 October 2006). 3517:(born 1964), musician, drummer for 2166:. The former MP, Liberal Democrat 1565:causing extensive regional damage. 1048:royal farmstead) is the largest in 670:and 20 miles (30 km) from the 5925:Essex: Buildings of England Series 5443:from the original on 16 March 2017 5069:National Heritage List for England 4655:from the original on 23 March 2016 4624:from the original on 20 March 2016 4595:from the original on 20 March 2016 3321:(1797–1870), early rocket engineer 2842:by removing the content or adding 2549:and was funded by a donation from 2170:, has held the ceremonial role of 863:have been discovered, including a 771:Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium 693:is located between Colchester and 154: 14: 6628:Ministère des affaires étrangères 6139:from the original on 17 June 2010 5954:. Wharncliffe Books. p. 42. 5510:from the original on 29 June 2009 5095:"Modern Colchester: Introduction" 4479:"Walls and Gates British History" 4104:Colchester Tourist Board (2011). 3924:Oxford English Dictionary Gateway 3576:(born 1977), MP for Walthamstow. 3399:(1898–1979), British army officer 2937:and is credited with finding the 2547:Diamond Jubilee of Queen Victoria 2329:play some of their home games at 1417:and are normally associated with 987:) is most likely a corruption of 7838: 7777: 7481: 7462: 7415: 7414: 6898: 6842: 6562:[via WaybackMachine.com] 6268:from the original on 28 May 2022 5028:A tour through England and Wales 4985:Colchester: Britain's First City 4879:A History of the County of Essex 4526:McCloy, A.; Midgley, A. (2008). 3981:Longman Pronunciation Dictionary 3756: 3739: 3722: 3705: 3099: 3019:, Colchester was the scene of a 2816: 2604:Philip Morant School and College 1505:were executed in the grounds of 1465:of 1642, when the town house of 1349: 1271: 979:of King Arthur, though the name 627:Colchester occupies the site of 496: 153: 146: 123: 111: 95: 81: 67: 51: 7285:List of civil parishes in Essex 6531:The Colchester Twinning Society 6361:. W. Stratford. pp. 293–4. 5983:Colchester Archaeological Trust 4743:An Atlas of Anglo-Saxon History 3899:"CUBE pronunciation dictionary" 3440:(1912–1998), Cabinet Minister, 3333:Colchester Royal Grammar School 3110:needs additional citations for 3068:rugby team wins a game against 2838:Please help Knowledge (XXG) to 2588:Colchester Royal Grammar School 1258:Colchester Improvement Act 1623 955: – king of the 837:by an ancient precursor to the 8071:Former civil parishes in Essex 7352:River Lee Flood Relief Channel 6472:. 4 March 2016. Archived from 5364:. British Army. Archived from 4553:Boyle, Danny (23 March 2016). 3653:(born 1602) religious writer, 3560:(Born 1982), MP for Colchester 3299:(1700–1770), parish priest of 2962:Humpty Dumpty had a great fall 2612:St Benedict's Catholic College 1651:Platinum Jubilee Civic Honours 1461:The town saw the start of the 1450:The place of the execution of 822:period, and was shaped into a 1: 8031:Cities in the East of England 6338:"Gilbert, William (GLBT558W)" 5162:. Love Myland. Archived from 4643:Danny Boyle (23 March 2016). 3617:(born 1974) Singer Songwriter 3487:(born 1949), performance poet 3314:Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star 2954:Humpty Dumpty sat on the wall 2652:Colchester Sixth Form College 1694:Köppen climate classification 1683:Climate of the United Kingdom 1589:A map of Colchester from 1940 1481:entered the town. A pursuing 1034:Temple to the Divine Claudius 931:Colchester is said to be the 685:, and several art galleries. 236:56 mi (90 km) 7951:British Overseas Territories 6307:UK public library membership 5717:. ERO, Essex Record Office. 4618:The Colchester Archaeologist 4589:The Colchester Archaeologist 4008:"Crown Office - The Gazette" 3698:twin towns and sister cities 3244:Magdalene College, Cambridge 2881:Twinkle, Twinkle Little Star 2299:Colchester Community Stadium 2285:began with the amateur club 2226:'Balkerne Star' designed by 1717:Climate data for Colchester 1186:Colchester's parish churches 1167:abbey of St John the Baptist 901:Bronze Age barrow cemeteries 608:) is a city in northeastern 201:4,132/km (10,700/sq mi) 8051:Ports and harbours of Essex 6630:(in French). Archived from 6600:(in French). Archived from 6568:Archant Community Media Ltd 6342:A Cambridge Alumni Database 6131:Matt Wales (14 June 2010). 6005:"Ports.org.uk / Colchester" 5661:"Championship (Sky Sports)" 5064:"The Albert Hall (1337737)" 4915:"The Borough of Colchester" 4532:. New Holland. p. 60. 3463:(1925–2013), Prime Minister 3253:St John's Abbey, Colchester 3251:(died 1539), last abbot of 3232:(died 1381), leader of the 2973:Twinkle Twinkle Little Star 2910:derive from the Latin word 2785:The Annals of Imperial Rome 2417:Colchester suffered in the 1906:Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 1766:Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 1667:death of Queen Elizabeth II 889:Deverel-Rimbury bucket urns 215:OS grid reference 21:Colchester (disambiguation) 8087: 6693:Colchester Borough Council 6344:. University of Cambridge. 5840:. British Listed Buildings 5556:"Colchester School of Art" 5466:. Colchester Arts Centre. 4041:: CS1 maint: postscript ( 3785:Coat of arms of Colchester 3689: 3544:(born 1969), musician and 3450:High Steward of Colchester 3349:. He researched and named 2930:. Helena was canonised as 2898:: the place-name suffixes 2630:, Oxford House School and 2518: 2481: 2444: 2331:Castle Park Cricket Ground 2181: 2172:High Steward of Colchester 2138:Colchester local elections 2127: 2061: 2049: 1716: 1680: 1327:United Kingdom legislation 1249:United Kingdom legislation 1142:Medieval and Tudor periods 1071:Sub-Roman and Saxon period 1004: 911:, and a larger example at 806: 190:130,245 (2021 Census) 18: 8061:Unparished areas in Essex 7410: 6851: 6840: 6744: 6728:Human settlements of the 5281:"Colchester City Council" 4858:Britnell, R. H. (2009) . 4747:The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 4529:Discovering Roman Britain 4481:. British-history.ac.uk. 4061:Essexcountystandard.co.uk 3983:(2nd ed.). Longman. 3957:. Oxford University Press 3417:Quetta earthquake of 1935 3411:(1905–1989), awarded the 3405:(1898-1982), poet, critic 3085:Assassin's Creed Valhalla 2800:as being the target of a 2746:connects Colchester with 2616:Thomas Lord Audley School 2327:Essex County Cricket Club 2155:is the local authority. 2084:is currently home to the 1975: 1905: 1835: 1765: 1760: 1757: 1754: 1751: 1748: 1745: 1742: 1739: 1736: 1733: 1730: 1727: 1724: 1721: 1348: 1343: 1270: 1265: 1021:Roman conquest of Britain 848:, including at least six 431: 393: 353: 141: 45: 38: 8041:Former national capitals 7474:and overseas territories 6375:. Margaretthatcher.org. 5948:Denney, Patrick (2006). 5711:Paul., Rusiecki (2008). 5530:"The Minories Galleries" 5453:. Retrieved 26 July 2014 5426:. Retrieved 22 July 2014 5336:Hampshire County Council 3820:Colchester power station 3780:Statistics of Colchester 3655:Nonconformist Protestant 3641:(born 1720) story writer 3524:Anne Schwegmann-Fielding 3376:Laming Worthington-Evans 3277:(1561–1631), writer and 2935:Helena of Constantinople 2771:References in literature 2730:Colchester is linked to 2720:Colchester North station 2681:Hedingham & Chambers 2447:Camulodunum § Walls 2390:East Anglian Daily Times 2374:Greatest Hits Radio East 2228:Anne Schwegmann-Fielding 2086:16th Air Assault Brigade 1646:at Cuckoo Farm in 2008. 1471:Second English Civil War 1079:suggested that the name 727:(referring to a type of 649:16th Air Assault Brigade 7943:British overseas cities 6856:List of places in Essex 6426:Chris Morris (satirist) 5767:Hunt, Edgar A. (1923). 4714:The English Settlements 4143:Encyclopædia Britannica 4087:"Welcome to Colchester" 3928:Oxford University Press 3264:and court physician to 3003:was set in Colchester. 2975:, which was written by 2890:(or Coel) of the rhyme 2413:Colchester War Memorial 2153:Colchester City Council 1708:2003 European heat wave 1188:date from this period. 799:has no academic merit. 668:London Stansted Airport 664:Great Eastern Main Line 6118:"George Orwell - 1984" 4776:Briggs, Keith (2010). 3979:(2000). "Colchester". 3594:(born 1993), cricketer 3505:(born 1962), cricketer 2632:Colchester High School 2555:Davey, Paxman & Co 2496: 2456: 2240:Colchester Arts Centre 2231: 2149: 2073: 1590: 1581:20th century and later 1458: 1238: 1151: 1052:, able to seat 5,000. 1038:classical-style temple 1016: 928: 841:. From these deposits 647:currently housing the 333:Postcode district 16:City in Essex, England 8046:Market towns in Essex 8016:Borough of Colchester 7937:Dependent territories 7222:South Woodham Ferrers 6941:Boroughs or districts 5895:british-history.ac.uk 5809:Walkcolchester.org.uk 5636:"The 1990s and 2000s" 5611:"The 1950s and 1960s" 5285:www.colchester.gov.uk 5032:Available online here 4701:London and the Saxons 4010:. 29 September 2022. 3629:(born 1985) Violinist 3552:Crispin Bonham-Carter 3204:(died before 43 AD), 2491: 2454: 2386:Essex County Standard 2225: 2182:Further information: 2145: 2071: 1655:Borough of Colchester 1588: 1559:Colchester earthquake 1449: 1442:17th and 18th century 1409:and clothmakers from 1356:Parliament of England 1278:Parliament of England 1237:Colchester in 1500 AD 1236: 1204:Richard the Lionheart 1149: 1014: 926: 809:History of Colchester 6299:10.1093/ref:odnb/896 5561:Colchester Institute 5037:3 March 2016 at the 3301:St Mary-at-the-Walls 3119:improve this article 3016:Nineteen Eighty-Four 2840:improve this section 2797:Nineteen Eighty-Four 2710:stations are on the 2656:Colchester Institute 2521:Colchester Town Hall 2515:Colchester Town Hall 2267:Colchester Institute 2234:Opened in 1972, the 2147:Colchester Town Hall 1653:, what was then the 1606:Diocese of Rochester 1544:Colchester Town Hall 1096:Sir Mortimer Wheeler 1030:Colonia Victricensis 933:oldest recorded town 703:Essex County Council 313:Sovereign state 19:For other uses, see 7647:Newcastle upon Tyne 7014:(cities in italics) 6920:Unitary authorities 6678:. 2 September 2015. 6634:on 26 February 2013 5985:. 18 September 2016 5536:on 11 November 2013 5390:. Colchester.gov.uk 5140:on 21 November 2008 4751:Anglo-Saxon England 4649:The Daily Telegraph 4455:, pp. 89–90, 117–18 4432:Roman-britain.co.uk 4366:The Daily Telegraph 4163:The Daily Telegraph 3810:Colchester churches 3633:H. A. Morton Whitby 3422:Hermann Arthur Jahn 3367:Thomas Miller Beach 3325:George Biddell Airy 3292:Siege of Colchester 3206:King of the Britons 2941:and the remains of 2924:Constantius Chlorus 2852:independent sources 2712:Sunshine Coast Line 2644:University of Essex 2582:Secondary education 2559:allegorical figures 2557:. It features four 2478:"Jumbo" water tower 2338:Colchester Garrison 2295:Football League Two 2269:, near the centre. 2130:Mayor of Colchester 2105:Ministry of Defence 2082:Colchester Garrison 2064:Colchester Garrison 1836:Daily mean °C (°F) 1625:University of Essex 1495:Siege of Colchester 1210:the right to elect 1202:by King Richard I ( 1182:St Botolph's Priory 1180:(known locally as " 969:King of the Britons 691:University of Essex 679:St Botolph's Priory 645:Colchester Garrison 470: / 118:St Botolph's Church 89:St Botolph's Priory 7984:Crown Dependencies 7597:Kingston upon Hull 7252:Walton-on-the-Naze 6730:City of Colchester 6676:Gazette-news.co.uk 6522:Francis, Valerie. 6160:Asterix in Britain 6092:"As detailed here" 6064:Nash Ford, David. 5368:on 8 December 2008 5342:on 2 December 2008 5261:. 9 September 2022 4699:R. E. M. Wheeler, 4318:Naturalis Historia 4137:"Colchester" 3664:End of the Rainbow 3598:John Cooper Clarke 3511:(born 1964), actor 3485:John Cooper Clarke 3426:Jahn-Teller effect 3361:Particular Baptist 3345:, and Governor of 3279:Archbishop of York 3061:Asterix in Britain 2993:The first part of 2808:In popular culture 2600:Colchester Academy 2596:The Gilberd School 2497: 2457: 2427:Henry Charles Fehr 2382:Colchester Gazette 2232: 2212:Temple of Claudius 2150: 2074: 1618:Severalls Hospital 1591: 1463:Stour Valley riots 1459: 1239: 1152: 1112:Historia Brittonum 1094:The archaeologist 1017: 985:Chrétien de Troyes 929: 828:Anglian glaciation 820:Middle Pleistocene 699:City of Colchester 399:UK Parliament 345:Dialling code 253:City of Colchester 8021:Colchester (town) 8000: 7999: 7996: 7995: 7512:Brighton and Hove 7428: 7427: 7056:Burnham-on-Crouch 7012:Major settlements 6906:Ceremonial county 6864: 6863: 6325:978-1-85983-686-6 6305:(Subscription or 6190:. 15 January 2021 5724:978-1-898529-28-6 4836:on 29 August 2008 4815:978-0-19-722784-8 4591:. 23 March 2016. 4304:"Colchester Flag" 4220:978-1-85983-686-6 4169:on 12 April 2014. 4112:on 5 January 2013 3461:Margaret Thatcher 3442:High Commissioner 3288:English Civil War 3195: 3194: 3187: 3169: 3078:Colchester United 2869: 2868: 2677:Arriva Colchester 2628:St. Mary's School 2553:, the founder of 2551:James Noah Paxman 2535:Edwardian Baroque 2484:Jumbo Water Tower 2293:, who compete in 2291:Colchester United 2281:Local links with 2204:Hollytrees Museum 2200:Colchester Castle 2054: 2053: 1644:brand new stadium 1595:Church of England 1548:Jumbo Water Tower 1519:England and Wales 1507:Colchester Castle 1403: 1402: 1399:13 September 1660 1344:Act of Parliament 1325: 1324: 1266:Act of Parliament 1156:Colchester Castle 1087:, the capital of 687:Colchester Castle 489: 488: 474:51.8917°N 0.903°E 263:Shire county 131:Hollytrees Museum 59:Colchester Castle 8078: 8036:Coloniae (Roman) 7947: 7894:Northern Ireland 7844: 7842: 7841: 7783: 7781: 7780: 7487: 7485: 7484: 7467: 7466: 7455: 7448: 7441: 7432: 7418: 7417: 7227:Stanford-le-Hope 7066:Chadwell St Mary 6914: 6908: 6903: 6902: 6891: 6884: 6877: 6868: 6846: 6722: 6715: 6708: 6699: 6680: 6679: 6668: 6662: 6661: 6650: 6644: 6643: 6641: 6639: 6620: 6614: 6613: 6611: 6609: 6590: 6584: 6583: 6581: 6579: 6570:. 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August 2013. 6487: 6455: 6444:. 27 July 2019 6429: 6418: 6390: 6364: 6347: 6329: 6312: 6279: 6253: 6227: 6201: 6175: 6168: 6150: 6123: 6109: 6083: 6056: 6043: 6021: 5996: 5971: 5961:978-1845630058 5960: 5940: 5934:978-0300116144 5933: 5912: 5881: 5851: 5829: 5793: 5784: 5756: 5747: 5738: 5723: 5703: 5677: 5652: 5627: 5602: 5586:"Club Records" 5577: 5547: 5521: 5495: 5481: 5455: 5428: 5401: 5379: 5353: 5323: 5312:. 7 March 2023 5297: 5272: 5246: 5220: 5195: 5177: 5151: 5125: 5116: 5082: 5051: 5042: 5026:Daniel Defoe, 5016: 5002: 4972: 4936: 4896: 4865: 4847: 4821: 4814: 4794: 4768: 4755: 4734: 4718: 4705: 4703:(London, 1935) 4692: 4679: 4666: 4635: 4606: 4576: 4545: 4538: 4518: 4509: 4503:D. Mattingly, 4496: 4470: 4457: 4444: 4419: 4406: 4393: 4384: 4352: 4335: 4322: 4309: 4295: 4278: 4269: 4241: 4224: 4204: 4172: 4149: 4134:, ed. (1911). 4132:Chisholm, Hugh 4123: 4096: 4078: 4048: 4016: 3996: 3989: 3977:Wells, John C. 3968: 3940: 3911: 3890: 3878:www.ons.gov.uk 3861: 3860: 3858: 3855: 3852: 3851: 3841: 3830: 3829: 3827: 3824: 3823: 3822: 3817: 3812: 3807: 3802: 3797: 3792: 3787: 3782: 3775: 3772: 3771: 3770: 3753: 3736: 3719: 3687: 3684: 3683: 3682: 3676: 3670: 3657: 3648: 3642: 3639:Susan Smythies 3636: 3630: 3624: 3618: 3612: 3603: 3595: 3589: 3583: 3577: 3571: 3561: 3555: 3549: 3548:lead guitarist 3539: 3533: 3527: 3521: 3512: 3506: 3500: 3494: 3488: 3482: 3476: 3470: 3464: 3458: 3452: 3435: 3429: 3419: 3409:Alfred Lungley 3406: 3400: 3397:Gerald Templer 3394: 3388: 3379: 3373: 3364: 3354: 3347:Guy's Hospital 3343:Queen Victoria 3336: 3331:. He attended 3322: 3316: 3307: 3294: 3281: 3272: 3255: 3246: 3237: 3227: 3221: 3208: 3193: 3192: 3107: 3105: 3098: 3092: 3089: 2867: 2866: 2831:references to 2824: 2822: 2815: 2809: 2806: 2802:nuclear attack 2772: 2769: 2763: 2760: 2727: 2724: 2716:Greater Anglia 2700: 2697: 2693:Clacton-on-Sea 2691:and the 74 to 2668: 2665: 2663: 2660: 2639: 2636: 2623: 2620: 2583: 2580: 2578: 2575: 2539:prime minister 2519:Main article: 2516: 2513: 2494:Ballerine Gate 2482:Main article: 2479: 2476: 2442: 2439: 2414: 2411: 2409: 2406: 2397: 2394: 2349: 2346: 2278: 2275: 2219: 2216: 2195: 2192: 2190: 2187: 2179: 2176: 2125: 2122: 2090:The Glasshouse 2062:Main article: 2059: 2056: 2052: 2051: 2047: 2046: 2041: 2036: 2031: 2026: 2021: 2016: 2011: 2006: 2001: 1996: 1991: 1986: 1981: 1973: 1972: 1967: 1962: 1957: 1952: 1947: 1942: 1937: 1932: 1927: 1922: 1917: 1912: 1907: 1903: 1902: 1897: 1892: 1887: 1882: 1877: 1872: 1867: 1862: 1857: 1852: 1847: 1842: 1837: 1833: 1832: 1827: 1822: 1817: 1812: 1807: 1802: 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4580: 4577: 4564: 4560: 4559:The Telegraph 4556: 4549: 4546: 4541: 4539:9781847731289 4535: 4531: 4530: 4522: 4519: 4513: 4510: 4506: 4500: 4497: 4484: 4480: 4474: 4471: 4467: 4466:Roman Britain 4461: 4458: 4454: 4453:Roman Britain 4448: 4445: 4433: 4429: 4423: 4420: 4416: 4410: 4407: 4403: 4397: 4394: 4388: 4385: 4372: 4368: 4367: 4362: 4356: 4353: 4349: 4348:The Roman Era 4345: 4339: 4336: 4332: 4331:Roman Britain 4326: 4323: 4319: 4313: 4310: 4305: 4299: 4296: 4292: 4291:1 85281 165 X 4288: 4282: 4279: 4273: 4270: 4266: 4265:0-9503727-9-X 4262: 4256: 4254: 4252: 4250: 4248: 4246: 4242: 4238: 4237:9780198691198 4234: 4228: 4225: 4221: 4217: 4211: 4209: 4205: 4201: 4200:1 897719 04 3 4197: 4191: 4189: 4187: 4185: 4183: 4181: 4179: 4177: 4173: 4168: 4164: 4160: 4153: 4150: 4145: 4144: 4138: 4133: 4127: 4124: 4111: 4107: 4100: 4097: 4092: 4088: 4082: 4079: 4066: 4062: 4058: 4052: 4049: 4044: 4038: 4030: 4026: 4020: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4003: 4001: 3997: 3992: 3990:0-582-36467-1 3986: 3982: 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Retrieved 3877: 3844: 3834: 3769:, since 2015 3752:, since 1997 3735:, since 1972 3718:, since 1969 3695: 3615:Shahin Badar 3600:(born 1949), 3542:Graham Coxon 3536:Jeremy Spake 3509:Tony Gardner 3497:Chris Morris 3467:Klaus Kinski 3413:George Cross 3339:William Gull 3319:William Hale 3304: 3303:, author of 3224:Eudo Dapifer 3211:Damon Albarn 3196: 3181: 3172: 3162: 3155: 3148: 3141: 3134:"Colchester" 3129: 3117:Please help 3112:verification 3109: 3091:Colcestrians 3082: 3059: 3053: 3044:Closing Time 3042: 3036: 3030: 3028: 3014: 3013:In the book 3012: 3005: 2998: 2995:Daniel Defoe 2992: 2987: 2981: 2970: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2947: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2891: 2885: 2870: 2857: 2827:may contain 2826: 2795: 2789: 2784: 2774: 2765: 2756:M11 motorway 2729: 2714:operated by 2702: 2670: 2641: 2625: 2585: 2567:patron saint 2531:John Belcher 2524: 2509:weather vane 2498: 2464: 2458: 2431:Saint George 2416: 2399: 2378:Actual Radio 2372:on 96.1 FM, 2351: 2335: 2323: 2311:Championship 2280: 2271: 2263: 2260: 2256:The Minories 2254: 2244: 2233: 2208:Charles Gray 2197: 2174:since 2015. 2164:Labour Party 2157: 2151: 2116: 2109: 2102: 2075: 1980:mm (inches) 1705: 1696: 1686: 1648: 1633: 1622: 1614: 1592: 1567: 1556: 1541: 1532: 1527: 1516: 1515:mentions in 1513:Daniel Defoe 1511: 1503:George Lisle 1491:Henry Ireton 1485:army led by 1477:army led by 1460: 1456:George Lisle 1436: 1404: 1395:Royal assent 1382: 1317:Royal assent 1304: 1240: 1228:Ipswich Road 1220: 1197: 1192: 1190: 1184:"). 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Salway, 3961:2 September 3904:6 September 3668:Judy (film) 3586:Sam Pilgrim 3564:Mark Felton 3558:Will Quince 3503:Neil Foster 3479:Bob Russell 3310:Jane Taylor 3266:Elizabeth I 3066:Camulodunum 3058:comic book 3010:machinery. 2988:Camulodunum 2977:Jane Taylor 2736:East Anglia 2673:First Essex 2571:Virgin Mary 2501:water tower 2441:Roman walls 2321:, in 1971. 1659:city status 1552:Albert Hall 1479:Lord Goring 1321:29 May 1624 1224:Black Death 1171:Augustinian 1164:Benedictine 1100:Anglo-Saxon 1085:Camulodunum 1077:John Morris 1007:Camulodunum 945:Tasciovanus 941:Camulodunon 846:flint tools 839:River Colne 755:River Colne 656:River Colne 629:Camulodunum 622:Colcestrian 614:2021 Census 477: / 8010:Categories 7752:Winchester 7727:Sunderland 7677:Portsmouth 7657:Nottingham 7637:Manchester 7587:Gloucester 7552:Colchester 7547:Chichester 7537:Chelmsford 7527:Canterbury 7502:Birmingham 7302:Blackwater 7110:Dovercourt 7105:Corringham 7099:Colchester 7093:Coggeshall 7072:Chelmsford 7031:Billericay 7003:Uttlesford 6973:Colchester 6968:Chelmsford 6784:Fordstreet 6774:Colchester 6598:Avignon.fr 6383:17 January 6309:required.) 6032:. 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