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186:
1317:. Unbeknown to the Indonesians, Dutch Signals Intelligence had been able to intercept Indonesian communications, allowing Dutch forces to successfully anticipate Indonesia's infiltration attempts throughout 1962. Forced to regroup, the Indonesians relaunched their campaign of infiltrations in March 1962. In the coming months over 500 Indonesian paratroops and special forces were covertly inserted into Dutch New Guinea, only to be decisively defeated by Dutch forces with the assistance of the indigenous population.
159:
798:
Dutch first divided Papua into two afdeelings: Afdeeling Noord-Nieuw-Guinea (Manokwari), and
Afdeeling West-En-Zuid-Nieuw-Guinea (Fakfak), both led by controleurs under the Residentie Ternate. The afdeelings were led by controleurs normally responsible for onderafdeeling instead of the usual asistent-resident due to newly established nature of the land. The colonial government set Tanjung Goede Hoop or Jamoer Seba (Yamursba) as the boundary of the two afdeeling
628:
307:
589:
660:
872:, through familial relations with local rulers, although Tidore never exercised actual control over the interior and highlands of New Guinea. In 1872, Tidore recognised Dutch sovereignty and granted permission to the Kingdom of the Netherlands to establish administration in its territories whenever the Netherlands Indies authorities would want to do so. This allowed the Netherlands to legitimise a claim to the New Guinea area.
802:
surrounding islands, including the group of Radja Ampat, under a
Controller at Fakfak. While Afdeeling Zuid-New-Guinea consisted of the part of Dutch New Guinea from Cape Steenboom to the mouth of the Bensbach river and surrounding islands, under an assistent-resident with a to be determined capital. Later it would be Merauke which was founded on 12 February 1902 for the express purpose of being the capital.
826:
North New Guinea oversaw Fak-Fak, Central
Vogelkop, Inanwatan and Mimika, while Afdeeling West New Guinea oversaw Manokwari, Sorong, Serui and Hollandia. The return of West Guinea's Afdeeling status was related to the increase in private oil exploration activities carried out by the Nederlandsche Nieuw Guinea Petroleum Maatschappij (NNGPM) in Babo which began its activities in New Guinea on 23 April 1935.
1246:
166:
1404:
27:
781:, Indonesia launched a campaign of infiltrations designed to place pressure on the Dutch. Facing diplomatic pressure from the United States, fading domestic support and continual Indonesian threats to invade the territory, the Netherlands decided to relinquish control of the disputed territory in August 1962, agreeing to the Bunker Proposal on condition that a
762:
broader
Indonesian settlement, with the fate of the disputed territory to be decided by the close of 1950. However, the Dutch in coming years were able to argue successfully at the UN that the indigenous population of Dutch New Guinea represented a separate ethnic group from the people of Indonesia and thus should not be absorbed into the Indonesian state.
814:
were under the
Residentie Ternate. While only one, the Onderafdeeling of Zuid-Nieuw Guinea was under the Residentie Amboina. The reduction in the status of the three afdeelings in Papua to onderafdeeling, and before that the Residentie Nieuw Guinea into Amboina, was caused by the decline in the regional income since the ban of hunting Cendrawasih in 1922.
1209:(KVP) and the Labour Party, which was accepted by parliament, stated that the declaration of Jonkman in parliament should become a part of the Linggadjati agreement. Duly accepted, the Netherlands thus unilaterally 'amended' the Linggadjati agreement to the effect that New Guinea would remain Dutch. Labour parliamentary group leader
1139:(Extended Netherlands Action) send delegates to this conference, who opined that New Guinea should be declared as separate entities in a similar manner to Surinam. Furthermore, this conference stipulated specific territories could have special relations with the Kingdom of the Netherlands if they wanted to.
919:. Before the war, some 150,000 to 200,000 Eurasians were living in the Netherlands Indies. They were of mixed European and Indonesian descent and identified with the Netherlands and the Dutch way of life. In the colonial society of the Netherlands Indies, they held a higher social status than indigenous
825:
In 1937 Onderafdeeling Boven Digul and
Onderafdeeling Zuid-Nieuw-Guinea were placed back under Afdeeling Tual. The Afdeeling West-Niuew-Guinea was separated from the afdeeling of Zuid-Niuew-Guinea. Both Afdeling Noord-Niuew-Guinea and Afdeling West-Niuew-Guinea oversaw 4 onderafdeeling each. Afdeling
769:
to the
Netherlands East Indies, claimed Dutch New Guinea as part of its natural territorial bounds. The dispute over New Guinea was an important factor in the quick decline in bilateral relations between the Netherlands and Indonesia after Indonesian independence. The dispute escalated into low-level
906:
economic activity was limited. Only coastal and island dwellers traded to some extent, mostly with the Maluku
Islands. A development company was founded in 1938 to change this situation, but it was not very active. So, until World War II, New Guinea was a disregarded and unimportant territory within
813:
In 1925, the status of the
Residentie Amboina was upgraded to the Gouvernement der Molukken, which was divided into two residencies, namely Residentie Amboina and Residentie Ternate. Six onderafdeelings of New Guinea (Manokwari, Sorong, Schouteneilanden, Jappengroep, Hollandia dan West-Nieuw Guinea)
1329:
proposal on 28 July 1962, for a staged transition from Dutch to
Indonesian control via UN administration, on the condition that a plebiscite would be held in future in the territory. The agreement was signed on 15 August 1962 at the UN Headquarters in New York and the territory was placed under the
1261:
over Dutch New Guinea escalated in December 1957 following Indonesia's defeat in the UN General Assembly on 29 November 1957 to pass a resolution in favour of Indonesia's claim to the territory. Sukarno responded by allowing the seizure of Dutch enterprises operating in Indonesia and announcing the
1176:
To many Dutchmen, the idea of parting with Indonesia was shocking. Many Dutch thought their country had a mission to develop Indonesia. The Indonesian wish for independence to many Dutch came as a complete surprise. Because Indonesian nationalists, which had no electoral or official legitimacy—save
944:
These associations succeeded in sending settlers to New Guinea and lobbied successfully for the establishment of a government agency to subsidise these initiatives (in 1938). However, most settlements ended in failure because of the harsh climate and natural conditions, and because of the fact the
809:
In 1920, the three Afdeelings were made into its own residentie Nieuw Guinea. However it did not last as in August 1923 the Governor-General decided to merge the residency into Residentie Amboina. It followed the fate of Residentie Ternate which was also merged into Residentie Amboina in 1922. The
821:
In 1936 the Dutch colonial government shuffled a new territorial division in the residency. The residency was divided into two afdeelings, namely the Afdeeling Noord-Nieuw-Guinea which oversaw 5 onderafdeelings (Manokwari, Sorong, Central Vogelkop, Serui and Hollandia); and the West-En-Zuid-Nieuw
1300:
In 1962 Indonesia launched a significant campaign of airborne and seaborne infiltrations against the disputed territory, beginning with a seaborne infiltration launched by Indonesian forces on 15 January 1962. The Indonesian attack was comprehensively defeated by Dutch forces including the Dutch
797:
Before 1898, Papuans lived in isolated, competitive, and autonomous clan and tribal environments. However in 1898, the Dutch came and established their presence. Their claim, which was made in 1848, was based on the Sultanate of Ternate's claim on Papua based on Ternatean tributary relation. The
801:
In 1901 to subdue the headhunting Ugeris and increase colonial control, Afdeeling West-En-Zuid-Nieuw-Guinea was split into Afdeeling West-Nieuw-Guinea and Afdeeling Zuid-New-Guinea. Afdeeling West-Nieuw-Guinea consisted of the part of Dutch New Guinea from Cape Jamoer Seba to Cape Steenboom and
817:
In 1934, the status of the Gouvernement der Molukken was downgraded into Residentie der Molukken. The residency oversaw Afdeeling Ternate, Ambon, Tual, and North and West New Guinea. The Onderafdeeling Zuid-Nieuw-Guinea and Onderafdeeling Boven Digul were placed under Afdeeling Tual. Afdeeling
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to capture territory from the Indonesian Republic. However, the harsh methods of the Dutch had drawn international disapproval. With international opinion shifting towards support of the Indonesian Republic, the Dutch managed in 1949 to negotiate for the separation of Dutch New Guinea from the
1228:
Thus in 1949, when the rest of the Dutch East Indies became fully independent as Indonesia, the Dutch retained sovereignty over western New Guinea, and took steps to prepare it for independence as a separate country. Some five thousand teachers were flown there. The Dutch put an emphasis upon
898:
In reality, most of New Guinea remained outside colonial influence. Little was known about the interior; large areas on the map were white and the number of inhabitants of the island was unknown, and numerous explorations were made into the interior from the turn of the 20th century on. The
832:
In 1940 there was another shuffle, and Afdeeling Noord-Niuew-Guinea oversaw five onderafdeeling, namely Manokwari, Sorong, Serui, Sarmi and Hollandia. West New Guinea included three onderafdeelings, namely Fak-Fak, Inanwatan and Mimika. While Onderafdeeling Boven Digul and Onderafdeeling
929:"). They were mostly employed as office workers. As the educational level of indigenous Indonesians was on the rise, more and more Indonesians got jobs previously held by Eurasians. These had no other means of making a living, because, as Europeans, they were forbidden to buy land on
945:
settlers, previously office workers, were not skilled in agriculture. The number of settlers remained small. In the Netherlands proper, some organisations existed that promoted a kind of "tropical Holland" in New Guinea, but they were rather marginal. They were linked to the
805:
Since their creation, Afdeeling West-Nieuw-Guinea would remain part of the Residentie Ternate until it was transferred into Residentie Amboina in 1911. While the Afdeeling Zuid-Nieuw-Guinea would be an independent afdeeling until it was put under Residentie Amboina in 1913.
1070:
1119:. Van Mook decided to reform Indonesia on a federal basis. This was not a completely new idea, but it was contrary to the administrative practice in the Netherlands Indies until then and contrary to the ideas of the nationalists, who wanted a centralist Indonesia.
941:(Foundation Immigration and Settlement New Guinea). These organisations regarded New Guinea as an untouched, almost empty land that could serve as a homeland to the sidelined Eurasians, a kind of tropical Holland, where Eurasians could create an existence.
1262:
intended expulsion of Dutch residents from Indonesia. The increased tensions surrounding the dispute encouraged the Dutch to accelerate their plans to move the disputed territory towards an act of self-determination.
1204:
defended the Linggadjati Agreement in Parliament in 1946 by stating that the government wished for New Guinea to remain under Dutch sovereignty, arguing it could be a settlement for Eurasians. A motion entered by the
818:
Noord-Nieuw-Guinea and Afdeeling West-Nieuw-Guinea were combined into one afdeeling called Afdeeling Noord-En-West-New Guinea which oversaw 5 onderafdeeling namely Manokwari, Sorong, Serui, Hollandia and Fak-Fak.
1287:(People's Triple Command), calling the Indonesian people to defeat the formation of an independent state of West Papua, raise the Indonesian flag in that country, and be ready for mobilisation at any time.
785:
to determine the final fate of the territory be conducted at a later date. The territory was administered by the UN temporarily before being transferred to Indonesia on 1 May 1963. A plebiscite, the
933:. This situation caused mental and economic problems to the Eurasians. In 1923, the first plan to designate New Guinea as a settlement territory for Eurasians was devised. In 1926, a separate
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2657:
2682:
875:
The Dutch established the 141st meridian as the eastern frontier of the territory. In 1898, the Netherlands Indies government decided to establish administrative posts in
2672:
2652:
1349:. The result, which under strong pressure from the military, unanimously wanted to become part of Indonesia. The UN General Assembly later accepted the result via the
1115:, which was to encompass the whole of the Netherlands Indies. The Dutch authorities returned after several months under the leadership of Lieutenant-Governor-General
1325:
Facing mounting international diplomatic pressure and the prospect of an Indonesian invasion force, the Dutch conceded to re-entering negotiations and agreed to the
1625:
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1164:
in November 1946. Van Mook thought a federal structure would safeguard Indonesia's cultural and ethnic diversity. Van Mook and his supporters referred to the
1331:
1190:
621:
1216:
The Indonesians did not accept this unilateral amendment. In order not to jeopardise the scheduled transfer of sovereignty, the Indonesian vice-president
1366:
703:
1270:
officially took office on 5 April 1961, to prepare for full independence by the end of that decade. The Dutch endorsed the council's selection of a new
185:
1350:
1970:
1213:
said afterwards the Labour Party entered the motion with the KVP because it feared the Catholics otherwise might reject the Linggadjati agreements.
295:
1679:"Republic of Indonesia-Kingdom of the Netherlands. Agreement Concerning West New Guinea (West Irian). United Nations Headquarters, August 15, 1962"
1135:. During the Pangkalpinang conference, the right of self-determination of the Eurasian, Chinese, and Arab ethnic minorities was discussed. The new
2662:
1112:
868:, the inhabitants of New Guinea. Probably this referred to some Papuan islands (Raja Ampat) near the Maluku Islands as well as coastal areas like
2647:
1263:
191:
848:) governorate of the Dutch East Indies. The Netherlands claimed sovereignty over New Guinea within the colony through its protection over the
2596:
2361:
1843:
Misleiding of zelfbedrog. Een analyse van het Nederlandse Nieuw-Guinea-beleid aan de hand van gesprekken met betrokken politici en diplomaten
1650:
Platje, Weis; 'Dutch Sigint and the Conflict with Indonesia 1950–1962', Intelligence and National Security, Vol. 16, No. 1, 2001, pp. 285–312
1376:
1230:
457:
274:
1281:
Following the raising of the Papuan National Flag on 1 December 1961, tensions further escalated. On 19 December 1961 Sukarno issued the
296:
2135:
407:
306:
273:
110:
44:
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in 1902. The main reason for this was the expansion of British and German interests in the east. The Dutch wanted to make sure the
2667:
2033:
1210:
91:
603:
2642:
1860:
Ons laatste oorlogje. Nieuw-Guinea: de Pax Neerlandica, de diplomatieke kruistocht en de vervlogen droom van een Papoea-natie
1237:) of Dutch New Guinea. The first local naval cadets graduated in 1955 and the first army brigade become operational in 1956.
750:
63:
48:
2232:
829:
In 1938, Gouvernement Groote Oost was created to encompass all Dutch East Indies residencies east of Java and Kalimantan.
158:
1963:
1622:
1157:
70:
1107:. During the occupation the Indonesian nationalist movement went through a rapid development. After Japan's surrender,
1442:
1165:
1083:
2556:
2290:
2592:
2458:
2153:
2012:
1258:
1206:
1194:
1153:
707:
426:
330:
1104:
77:
2677:
2637:
822:
Guinea Afdeeling also oversaw 5 onderafdeeling (Fak-Fak, Inanwatan, Mimika, Boven Digul and South Nieuw Guinea)
2256:
1993:
1182:
861:
560:
59:
1956:
1815:
Een daad van vrije keuze. De Papoea’s van westelijk Nieuw-Guinea en de grenzen van het zelfbeschikkingsrecht
1462:
1457:
171:
37:
1220:
offered to maintain Dutch sovereignty over New Guinea for one year and reopen the negotiations afterwards.
1168:
in this respect: the different ethnic communities of Indonesia should have the right to govern themselves.
2561:
2320:
2285:
1879:
Idem, "`Het uitverkoren land'. De lotgevallen van de Indo-Europese kolonisten op Nieuw-Guinea 1949–1962",
1452:
1197:, which supported Indonesian independence in principle, was hesitant, because of the policies of Sukarno.
650:
363:
254:
1069:
1979:
1467:
1338:
1337:
The territory formally became part of Indonesia in 1969 after the Indonesian government, who shifted to
1310:
1161:
1088:
778:
735:
1177:
ethno-state nationalism, under Sukarno cooperated with the Japanese, they were branded as traitors and
1803:
2604:
2330:
2178:
2028:
1943:
1186:
766:
810:
merging process was done on 1 April 1924. The Afdeelings themselves were kept the same at the time.
2410:
2386:
2356:
1427:
1417:
895:
would not move the border to the west. This resulted in the partition of the island of New Guinea.
849:
683:
218:
2380:
2300:
1706:
1698:
1472:
1346:
1275:
1267:
925:
920:
899:
indigenous inhabitants of New Guinea were Papuans, living in tribes. They were hunter-gatherers.
786:
771:
756:
743:
691:
2540:
2366:
2310:
2217:
2038:
1916:
Een aanvechtbare en onzekere situatie. De Nederlandse Hervormde Kerk en Nieuw-Guinea 1949–1962
1437:
1422:
1409:
1283:
1271:
1128:
1116:
699:
594:
281:
175:
84:
2524:
2482:
2351:
2053:
1690:
1326:
1201:
1178:
982:
937:(Association for the Settlement of New Guinea) was founded. In 1930, it was followed by the
723:
359:
124:
1353:. This act has been criticised by some in the international community, including the group
659:
2212:
1902:
Patrouilleren voor de Papoea's: de Koninklijke Marine in Nederlands Nieuw-Guinea 1945–1960
1629:
1520:
731:
388:
1181:. Almost every Dutch political party was against Indonesian independence. The Protestant
2305:
2163:
2068:
1848:
1782:
Pouwer, Jan. "The colonisation, decolonisation and recolonisation of West New Guinea,"
1748:
1447:
1313:. Amongst the casualties was the Indonesian Deputy Chief of the Naval Staff; Commodore
1217:
1092:
888:
857:
719:
675:
351:
236:
915:
The group that was most interested in New Guinea before the war were the Eurasians or
2631:
2492:
2487:
2143:
2120:
2115:
2099:
2063:
2058:
2043:
1710:
1538:
1250:
1132:
892:
865:
715:
384:
1557:
2477:
2280:
2094:
2089:
2048:
1245:
903:
837:
374:
355:
312:
1938:
294:
272:
2434:
2315:
2173:
2148:
1822:
Patrouilleren voor de Papoea's: de Koninklijke Marine in Nederlands Nieuw-Guinea
1314:
1127:
The ethnic diversity of Indonesia was initially discussed at two conferences in
916:
727:
165:
26:
1933:
1928:
1829:
Operaties in de Oost: de Koninklijke Marine in de Indische archipel (1945–1951)
1103:. Behind Japanese lines in New Guinea, Dutch guerrilla fighters resisted under
2222:
2188:
1432:
1399:
841:
782:
695:
608:
316:
789:, was eventually held in 1969, but the fairness of the election is disputed.
2429:
2202:
2168:
1734:
Finney, B.R. "Partnership in developing the New Guinea Highlands 1948–68,"
1345:
starting from 1966, conducted a Bunker proposal-based plebiscite termed the
880:
853:
738:, which were administered as a single province prior to 2003 under the name
711:
646:
1853:
De Nieuw-Guinea kwestie. Aspecten van buitenlands beleid en militaire macht
1334:
in October 1962. It was subsequently transferred to Indonesia in May 1963.
2600:
2295:
2073:
1767:
The West New Guinea debacle. Dutch decolonisation and Indonesia 1945–1962
1373:
Jan Pieter Karel van Eechoud (29 December 1949 – 8 February 1950; acting)
484:
341:
1948:
2275:
2197:
2158:
1900:
van Holst-Pellekaan, R.E., de Regst, I.C. and Bastiaans, I.F.J. (ed.),
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The United Nations and the Indonesian Takeover of West Papua, 1962–1969
1702:
1678:
1342:
1108:
1021:
950:
884:
380:
1507:
Besluit van den Gouverneur-Generaal van Nederlandsch-Indie 1901 No. 25
1493:
Besluit van den Gouverneur-Generaal van Nederlandsch-Indie 1898 No. 19
2508:
2346:
2325:
2227:
2207:
2125:
1193:
campaigned for a hard-line policy against the nationalists. Even the
1148:
1142:
Van Mook's plan was to divide Indonesia into several federal states,
1047:
1034:
1008:
876:
869:
400:
1874:
Den Haag-Djakarta. De Nederlands Indonesische betrekkingen 1950–1962
1694:
663:
Steamboat connections in Ambon Residence, Dutch East Indies, in 1915
1770:
1244:
1100:
1091:, with Moluccan police and highland companions, on patrol east of
1082:
1895:
De liquidatie van een imperium. Nederland en Indonesië 1945–1962
995:
930:
2455:
2407:
2253:
1990:
1952:
1808:
Afscheid van Indië. De val van het Nederlandse imperium in Azië
1099:
In 1942, most parts of the Netherlands Indies were occupied by
840:, the western part of the island of New Guinea was part of the
864:(VOC) recognised the Sultanate of Tidore's supremacy over the
770:
conflict in 1962 following Dutch moves in 1961 to establish a
20:
1385:
Jan Christoffel Baarspul (31 March 1958 – 1 May 1958; acting)
1729:
The Dynamics of the Western New Guinea (Irian Barat) Problem
1562:
Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941–1942
1543:
Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941–1942
1068:
1753:
The trauma of decolonisation. The Dutch and West New Guinea
1229:
political, business, and civic skills. On 8 February 1950,
1929:
The Dutch New Guinea Dispute – Operation Trikora 1961–1962
1391:
Henk Veldkamp (28 September 1962 – 1 October 1962; acting)
1820:
Holst Pellekaan, R.E. van, I.C. de Regt, J.F. Bastiaans,
1388:
Pieter Johannes Platteel (1 May 1958 – 28 September 1962)
1775:
Ploeg, Anton. "Colonial land law in Dutch New Guinea,"
833:
Zuid-Nieuw-Guinea were placed under Afdeeling of Tual.
2603:
in 1975, Curaçao and Dependencies was renamed to the
1160:. The Indonesian side agreed to this plan during the
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2549:
2533:
2517:
2501:
2470:
2422:
2339:
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2187:
2134:
2108:
2082:
2021:
2005:
1611:
Twenty years of Indonesian Foreign Policy 1945–1965
1357:, which has termed the act "the act of no choice".
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51:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1156:and would remain linked to the Netherlands in the
1521:"Staatsblad van Nederlandsch-Indie, No. 239 1901"
1836:Nieuw-Guinea. Het einde van een koloniaal beleid
207:
1743:West New Guinea. The dispute and its settlement
1888:Besturen in Nederlands-Nieuw-Guinea 1945 -1962
1659:Penders,"The West New Guinea Debacle", p. 366.
1641:Penders, "The West New Guinea Debacle", p. 344
2688:States and territories disestablished in 1962
1964:
1668:Penders,"The West New Guinea Debacle", p. 375
1355:International Parliamentarians for West Papua
1278:as the new national flag on 1 December 1961.
939:Stichting Immigratie Kolonisatie Nieuw-Guinea
710:from 1949 to 1962. It contained what are now
8:
2658:1824 establishments in the Dutch East Indies
1632:. The commands are at the end of the speech.
1574:Penders,"The West New Guinea Debacle", p. 63
1382:Jan van Baal (24 April 1953 – 31 March 1958)
1332:United Nations Temporary Executive Authority
1189:in Indonesia. The newly established liberal
935:Vereniging tot Kolonisatie van Nieuw-Guinea
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622:United Nations Administered West New Guinea
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2683:States and territories established in 1949
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2419:
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2002:
1987:
1971:
1957:
1949:
1539:"The Fall of Dutch New Guinea, April 1942"
1367:List of governors of the Dutch East Indies
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131:
2607:, which was eventually dissolved in 2010.
1827:Holst Pellekaan, R.E. van, I.C. de Regt,
1683:The American Journal of International Law
1172:The unilateral amendment of 'Linggadjati'
765:In contrast, the Indonesian Republic, as
529:421,981 km (162,928 sq mi)
111:Learn how and when to remove this message
1191:People's Party for Freedom and Democracy
961:
658:
2673:1949 establishments in the Dutch Empire
2653:1660 establishments in the Dutch Empire
1484:
1113:Proclamation of Indonesian Independence
532:
522:
517:
1934:Dutch New Guinea in HD Color 1949–1962
1558:"The capture of Manokwari, April 1942"
1377:Stephan Lucien Joseph van Waardenburg
1231:Stephan Lucien Joseph van Waardenburg
1079:Origin of the dispute over New Guinea
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537:
503:
493:
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462:
458:Stephan Lucien Joseph van Waardenburg
447:
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435:
419:
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327:Colony of the Netherlands (1949–1954)
18:1949–1962 Dutch possession in Oceania
7:
1249:Dutch colonial civil servant in the
49:adding citations to reliable sources
2595:of the Kingdom of the Netherlands;
852:, a sultanate on an island west of
2255:Colonies and trading posts of the
1992:Colonies and trading posts of the
1939:Dutch New Guinea Dispute 1949–1962
1834:Huydecoper van Nigteveld, J.L.R.,
1266:were held in January 1961 and the
1233:was appointed the first Governor (
1185:(ARP) were very supportive of the
1146:, with possible autonomous areas,
14:
1379:(8 February 1950 – 24 April 1953)
1402:
1296:Escalation to low-level conflict
1152:. The whole would be called the
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25:
2316:Sint Eustatius and Dependencies
1365:For governors before 1949, see
1211:Marinus van der Goes van Naters
36:needs additional citations for
2663:1962 disestablishments in Asia
1869:, 3 dln. (Den Haag 1953/1954).
1585:Sukarno: A Political Biography
714:'s six easternmost provinces,
266:(English: "William of Nassau")
1:
2648:History of Western New Guinea
1881:Tijdschrift voor Geschiedenis
288:(English: "Oh My Land Papua")
242:"Loyal, Honest, Affectionate"
1762:(U of Michigan Press, 1996).
1158:Netherlands-Indonesian Union
1105:Mauritz Christiaan Kokkelink
1598:Asia in the Pacific Islands
1443:Papua (Indonesian province)
1166:right of self-determination
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1051:
1038:
1025:
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999:
986:
2704:
2459:Kingdom of the Netherlands
1944:Profile at World Statesman
1784:Journal of Pacific History
1777:Journal of Pacific History
1736:Journal of Pacific History
1623:Sukarno's "Trikora"-Speech
1609:Ide Anak Agung Gde Agung,
1364:
1171:
1154:United States of Indonesia
911:Homeland for the Eurasians
708:Kingdom of the Netherlands
331:Kingdom of the Netherlands
329:Overseas territory of the
122:
2586:
2466:
2451:
2418:
2403:
2375:
2264:
2249:
2001:
1986:
1321:Ellsworth Bunker proposal
566:
552:
538:
514:
490:
476:
444:
432:
416:
304:
252:
246:
202:
153:
148:
2557:Curaçao and Dependencies
2291:Curaçao and Dependencies
2269:Colonies in the Americas
2257:Dutch West India Company
1994:Dutch East India Company
1909:Papoea. Een geschiedenis
1858:Jansen van Galen, John,
1259:Dutch-Indonesian dispute
1183:Anti-Revolutionary Party
1005:3. Centraal Nieuw-Guinea
957:Administrative divisions
907:the Netherlands Indies.
862:Dutch East India Company
860:. In a 1660 treaty, the
472:Pieter Johannes Platteel
123:Not to be confused with
2668:Former colonies in Asia
2340:Trading posts in Africa
2074:Northeast coast of Java
1628:11 October 2017 at the
1537:Klemen, L (1999–2000).
1463:West New Guinea dispute
1458:Territory of New Guinea
1257:Tensions regarding the
1207:Catholic People's Party
1137:Grooter Nederland-Actie
1087:Dutch district officer
742:, and now comprise the
698:that was a part of the
680:Nederlands-Nieuw-Guinea
401:Colonial administration
172:Flag of the Netherlands
141:Nederlands-Nieuw-Guinea
1779:(1999) 34#2 pp 191–203
1760:The West Irian Dispute
1453:Republic of West Papua
1254:
1162:Linggadjati conference
1096:
1074:
755:
687:
679:
672:Netherlands New Guinea
664:
651:Republic of West Papua
506:• Disestablished
364:Austronesian languages
255:Wilhelmus van Nassouwe
226:
208:
140:
2643:Former Dutch colonies
2593:constituent countries
2126:West coast of Sumatra
1980:Dutch colonial empire
1886:Schoorl, Pim (red.),
1786:(1999) 34#2 pp 157–79
1468:West Papua (province)
1248:
1200:Minister of Colonies
1123:Linggadjati agreement
1089:Jean Victor de Bruijn
1086:
1072:
963:Departments of Papua
753:, the Dutch launched
751:Indonesian Revolution
702:until 1949, later an
662:
348:Common languages
227:Pius, Honestus, Amica
209:Setia, Djudjur, Mesra
2605:Netherlands Antilles
1741:Henderson, William,
1689:(2): 493–500. 1963.
1556:Womack, Tom (1999).
1311:Vlakke Hoek incident
1187:Dutch Ethical Policy
1073:Departments of Papua
1044:6. West Nieuw-Guinea
1018:4. Zuid Nieuw-Guinea
779:Vlakke Hoek incident
45:improve this article
2411:Noordsche Compagnie
2409:Settlements of the
2387:Society of Suriname
2233:Vietnam (1637–1643)
2006:Governorate General
1883:112 (1999) 353–384.
1731:(Cornell U.P. 1958)
1428:Kaiser-Wilhelmsland
1418:Free Papua Movement
964:
850:Sultanate of Tidore
496:• Established
2381:Society of Berbice
1914:Wal, Hans van de,
1904:(Amsterdam, 1989).
1865:Klein, W.C. e.a.,
1813:Drooglever, P.J.,
1804:Doel, H.W. van den
1758:Markin, Terence.
1713:– via Jstor.
1495:. 5 February 1898.
1473:Western New Guinea
1351:UN Resolution 2504
1347:Act of Free Choice
1284:Tri Komando Rakjat
1268:New Guinea Council
1255:
1097:
1075:
962:
787:Act of Free Choice
772:New Guinea Council
757:politionele acties
704:overseas territory
665:
60:"Dutch New Guinea"
2623:
2622:
2619:
2618:
2615:
2614:
2601:full independence
2541:Dutch East Indies
2447:
2446:
2443:
2442:
2399:
2398:
2395:
2394:
2245:
2244:
2241:
2240:
1918:(Hilversum 2006).
1911:(Amsterdam 2004).
1897:(Amsterdam 1962).
1831:(Amsterdam 2003).
1824:(Amsterdam 1989).
1817:(Amsterdam 2005).
1810:(Amsterdam 2001).
1765:Penders, C.L.M.,
1755:(New Haven 1966).
1438:Operation Trikora
1423:German New Guinea
1410:New Guinea portal
1117:Hubertus van Mook
1067:
1066:
700:Dutch East Indies
694:of the island of
657:
656:
638:
637:
634:
633:
614:
613:
595:Dutch East Indies
465:• 1958–1962
453:
450:• 1950–1953
422:• 1949–1962
378:
297:
282:Hai Tanahku Papua
275:
240:
222:
176:Morning Star flag
121:
120:
113:
95:
2695:
2678:Christian states
2638:Dutch New Guinea
2608:
2468:
2457:Colonies of the
2453:
2420:
2405:
2385:Governed by the
2379:Governed by the
2266:
2251:
2003:
1988:
1973:
1966:
1959:
1950:
1907:Vlasblom, Dirk,
1789:Saltford. John.
1727:Bone, Robert C.
1715:
1714:
1675:
1669:
1666:
1660:
1657:
1651:
1648:
1642:
1639:
1633:
1620:
1614:
1607:
1601:
1594:
1588:
1581:
1575:
1572:
1566:
1565:
1553:
1547:
1546:
1534:
1528:
1527:
1525:
1517:
1511:
1510:
1503:
1497:
1496:
1489:
1412:
1407:
1406:
1405:
1341:under President
1327:Ellsworth Bunker
1309:, the so-called
1202:Jan Anne Jonkman
974:1955 Population
965:
949:party and other
793:Pre-World War II
760:
746:of the country.
668:Dutch New Guinea
649:(claimed by the
630:
629:
618:
617:
605:
604:
591:
590:
584:
583:
568:
567:
500:27 December 1949
468:
451:
392:
377:
360:Papuan languages
313:Dutch possession
309:
299:
298:
289:
277:
276:
267:
263:
259:
258:
234:
233:
229:
216:
215:
211:
188:
168:
161:
143:
136:Dutch New Guinea
132:
116:
109:
105:
102:
96:
94:
53:
29:
21:
2703:
2702:
2698:
2697:
2696:
2694:
2693:
2692:
2628:
2627:
2624:
2611:
2590:
2582:
2566:
2545:
2529:
2513:
2497:
2462:
2439:
2414:
2391:
2371:
2335:
2260:
2237:
2183:
2130:
2104:
2078:
2017:
1997:
1982:
1977:
1925:
1890:(Leiden, 1996).
1876:(Utrecht 1994).
1849:Geus, P.B.R. de
1838:(Den Haag 1990)
1800:
1749:Lijphart, Arend
1724:
1722:Further reading
1719:
1718:
1695:10.2307/2196030
1677:
1676:
1672:
1667:
1663:
1658:
1654:
1649:
1645:
1640:
1636:
1630:Wayback Machine
1621:
1617:
1608:
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1569:
1555:
1554:
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1536:
1535:
1531:
1523:
1519:
1518:
1514:
1509:. 18 June 1901.
1505:
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1490:
1486:
1481:
1408:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1370:
1363:
1323:
1298:
1293:
1272:national anthem
1243:
1226:
1174:
1125:
1081:
1076:
992:2. Geelvinkbaai
959:
953:organisations.
913:
795:
767:successor state
732:Southwest Papua
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602:
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2331:Virgin Islands
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2306:New Netherland
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2019:
2018:
2016:
2015:
2009:
2007:
1999:
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1991:
1984:
1983:
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1961:
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1931:
1924:
1923:External links
1921:
1920:
1919:
1912:
1905:
1898:
1891:
1884:
1877:
1872:Meijer, Hans,
1870:
1863:
1856:
1855:(Leiden 1984).
1846:
1841:Gase, Ronald,
1839:
1832:
1825:
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1769:, Leiden 2002
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1448:Papua Conflict
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1218:Mohammad Hatta
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889:United Kingdom
883:, followed by
858:Maluku Islands
794:
791:
777:Following the
720:Highland Papua
688:Nugini Belanda
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2034:Banda Islands
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1862:(Weesp 1984).
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1600:, pp. 286–87.
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1251:Baliem Valley
1247:
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1235:De Gouverneur
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1179:collaborators
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867:
866:Papuan people
863:
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847:
843:
839:
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747:
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741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
716:Central Papua
713:
709:
705:
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697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
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673:
669:
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652:
648:
645:
643:Today part of
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62: –
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56:Find sources:
50:
46:
40:
39:
34:This article
32:
28:
23:
22:
16:
2625:
2577:
2109:Commandments
2083:Directorates
2022:Governorates
1915:
1908:
1901:
1894:
1887:
1880:
1873:
1867:Nieuw-Guinea
1866:
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1592:
1584:
1583:J.D. Legge,
1579:
1570:
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1551:
1542:
1532:
1515:
1506:
1501:
1492:
1487:
1354:
1336:
1324:
1306:
1302:
1299:
1282:
1280:
1276:Morning Star
1256:
1234:
1227:
1215:
1199:
1195:Labour Party
1175:
1147:
1143:
1141:
1136:
1126:
1098:
979:1. Hollandia
943:
938:
934:
924:
914:
904:World War II
901:
897:
874:
845:
838:World War II
836:Until after
835:
831:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
776:
764:
748:
744:Papua region
739:
692:western half
671:
667:
666:
577:Succeeded by
576:
571:
544:• 1955
525:• Total
387: /
375:Christianity
356:Papuan Malay
286:(Indonesian)
280:
247:
232:
224:
214:
206:
204:Motto:
203:
192:Coat of arms
129:
125:Dutch Guinea
107:
98:
88:
81:
74:
67:
55:
43:Please help
38:verification
35:
15:
2461:(1815–1975)
2435:Smeerenburg
2423:Settlements
2413:(1614–1642)
2367:Slave Coast
2259:(1621–1792)
2191:settlements
2149:Banjarmasin
2136:Residencies
2039:Cape Colony
1996:(1602–1798)
1315:Yos Sudarso
1301:destroyers
1111:issued the
1048:Sorong-Doom
968:Department
921:Indonesians
917:Indo people
846:Groote Oost
749:During the
728:South Papua
572:Preceded by
333:(1954–1962)
311:Map of the
194:(1961–1962)
179:(1961–1962)
2632:Categories
2578:New Guinea
2571:Until 1962
2550:Until 1954
2534:Until 1949
2525:Gold Coast
2518:Until 1872
2502:Until 1853
2483:Coromandel
2471:Until 1825
2362:Senegambia
2352:Gold Coast
2189:Opperhoofd
2054:Coromandel
1893:Smit, C.,
1479:References
1433:New Guinea
1291:Since 1962
1031:5. Fak-Fak
842:Great East
783:referendum
740:Irian Jaya
736:West Papua
696:New Guinea
690:) was the
684:Indonesian
609:Great East
561:NNG gulden
534:Population
397:Government
317:New Guinea
219:Indonesian
101:April 2024
71:newspapers
2430:Jan Mayen
2301:Essequibo
2213:Mauritius
2179:Pontianak
2169:Palembang
1738:5 (1970),
1711:246013207
1613:, p. 303.
1587:, 402–03.
1361:Governors
1339:New Order
1307:Kortenaer
1264:Elections
1241:1957–1961
1224:1949–1956
1095:, c. 1941
983:Hollandia
926:inlanders
881:Manokwari
854:Halmahera
712:Indonesia
647:Indonesia
370:Religion
342:Hollandia
149:1949–1962
2597:Suriname
2311:Pomeroon
2296:Demerara
2174:Preanger
2159:Cheribon
2069:Moluccas
1798:In Dutch
1626:Archived
1396:See also
1303:Evertsen
1274:and the
1063:420,000
971:Capital
557:Currency
485:Cold War
437:Governor
2599:gained
2591:Became
2562:Surinam
2493:Suratte
2488:Malacca
2321:Surinam
2286:Cayenne
2276:Berbice
2198:Myanmar
2154:Batavia
2121:Malabar
2100:Suratte
2064:Malacca
2059:Formosa
2044:Celebes
2013:Batavia
1745:(1973).
1703:2196030
1343:Suharto
1149:daerahs
1144:negaras
1109:Sukarno
1052:95,000
1039:28,000
1035:Fak-Fak
1026:78,000
1022:Merauke
1013:52,000
1000:78,000
987:57,000
951:fascist
893:Germany
885:Merauke
856:in the
706:of the
548:321,000
452:(first)
427:Juliana
408:Monarch
381:Animism
338:Capital
315:in the
262:(Dutch)
248:Anthem:
85:scholar
2509:Dejima
2478:Bengal
2347:Arguin
2326:Tobago
2281:Brazil
2228:Tonkin
2208:Dejima
2203:Canton
2164:Malang
2144:Bantam
2116:Bantam
2095:Persia
2090:Bengal
2049:Ceylon
1793:(2003)
1709:
1701:
1253:, 1958
1129:Malino
1057:Total:
1009:Wamena
877:Fakfak
870:Fakfak
734:, and
467:(last)
440:
412:
389:ethnic
324:Status
260:
250:
87:
80:
73:
66:
58:
2223:Timor
2029:Ambon
1771:KITLV
1707:S2CID
1699:JSTOR
1524:(PDF)
1101:Japan
1093:Beoga
724:Papua
676:Dutch
352:Dutch
237:Latin
92:JSTOR
78:books
2218:Siam
1305:and
1131:and
996:Biak
931:Java
902:Pre-
891:and
879:and
519:Area
385:folk
64:news
1691:doi
947:NSB
670:or
47:by
2634::
1851:,
1806:,
1751:,
1705:.
1697:.
1687:57
1685:.
1681:.
1560:.
1541:.
1060:--
923:("
774:.
730:,
726:,
722:,
718:,
686::
682:,
678::
1972:e
1965:t
1958:v
1693::
1564:.
1545:.
1526:.
1369:.
844:(
674:(
653:)
391:)
383:(
257:"
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114:)
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99:(
89:·
82:·
75:·
68:·
41:.
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