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675:. He charged a glass tube with static electricity and used it to "excite the wonder and admiration of an audience". He shocked 52 people at once, fired spirits of wine and rum, and caused counterfeit spiders to move about as if they were alive. These were all experiments that had been performed before, and "Stiles seems to have had little genius for pushing back the frontiers of knowledge" and his observations "disclosed nothing new". He was more a learner and teacher than an experimenter. Nevertheless, he was elected a Fellow of the
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493:. In drafting the document, Stiles combined broad-minded public statements defining Rhode Island College as a "liberal and catholic institution" in which "shall never be admitted a religious test" with private partisanship: his draft charter packed the board of trustees and the fellows of the college with his fellow Congregationalists.
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According to Edmund Morgan, in Rhode Island's religious diversity Stiles "saw an opportunity to join with
Christians of other denominations in a project which would exemplify their common faith in free inquiry.... a college in which the major religious groups of the colony should unite in the pursuit
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Bell, Whitfield J., and
Charles Greifenstein Jr. Patriot-Improvers: Biographical Sketches of Members of the American Philosophical Society. 3 vols. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1997, I:119, 149, 152, 155, 156, 477, 487, 505, II:13, 209, 217, 219, 276, III:16, 52, 189, 296–392, 297,
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Baptist members of the Rhode Island
General Assembly, to Stiles' dismay, amended the charter to allow Baptists control of both branches of the College's Corporation. Stiles declined a seat on the College's Corporation, writing that Baptists had seized "the whole Power and Government of the College
497:
and thus by the
Immutability of the numbers establishing it a Party College." Stiles continued to work towards his vision of a non-sectarian institution after the establishment of Rhode Island College, presenting in 1770 a petition for the establishment of another college in Newport.
558:. Stiles additionally documented information on the languages and petroglyphs of New England's native peoples. According to archaeologist Edward J. Lenik, Stiles "produced one of the most important early records of petroglyphs and American Indian life in New England."
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to establish a "literary institution". The editor of Stiles's papers observes, "This draft of a petition connects itself with other evidence of Dr. Stiles's project for a
Collegiate Institution in Rhode Island, before the charter of what became Brown University."
384:—the largest Anglican congregation in New England—sought Stiles to serve as its minister, offering him a salary of £200 sterling. Stiles rejected the offer and departed from the city, writing "that all his Art and Address and fine offers were ineffectual."
488:
Stiles agreed to write the
Charter for the college, submitting a first draft to the General Assembly in August 1763. A revised version of the Charter written by Stiles and Ellery was adopted by the Rhode Island General Assembly on March 3, 1764, in
305:, the young Stiles read "a strange conglomeration of the first-rate and the third-rate" authors. He graduated in 1746. Stiles was conferred a perfunctory Master of Arts degree from Yale and became ordained in 1749 after further studies in theology.
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406:, a position that allowed him access to books at his discretion. During his years in Newport, Stiles kept an informative diary of his life and acquaintances, which detailed—among other things—his association with Portuguese merchant
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From my first accession to the
Presidency ... I have obliged all the Freshmen to study Hebrew. This has proved very disagreeable to a Number of the Students. This year I have determined to instruct only those who offer themselves
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There is further documentary evidence that Stiles was making plans for a college in 1762. On
January 20, Chauncey Whittelsey, pastor of the First Church of New Haven, answered a letter from Stiles:
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The week before last I sent you the Copy of Yale
College Charter ... Should you make any Progress in the Affair of a Colledge, I should be glad to hear of it; I heartily wish you Success therein.
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44:
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of rum along on a voyage to Africa and was repaid with a 10-year-old male slave, whom he renamed "Newport". Around the same time, he wrote a joint letter with fellow
Newport minister
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of Newport likewise sought out the young minister. In August, after serving in an interim capacity, he joined the church as for a salary of £65 Sterling. In the later months 1756, a
2066:
619:; he would in 1782 hire his former slave for $ 20 a year and the indenturing of Newport's two-year-old son until age 24. As president of Yale, Stiles became its first professor of
1762:
746:) to the Yale seal. Indeed, the Hebrew on the Yale seal appears on Stiles' own master's degree diploma from Yale in 1749, decades before he became president of Yale College.
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into English. Stiles believed, as did many Christian scholars of the time, that facility with the text in its original language was advantageous for proper interpretation.
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Stiles received his early education at home and matriculated at Yale College in September 1742, as one of 13 members of the college's freshman class. At Yale, he studied a
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696:. Stiles refers to the US as an "American Israel, high above all nations which He hath made, in numbers, and in praise, and in name, and in honor", suggesting that the
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Stiles married twice (Elizabeth Hubbard and Mary Checkley Cranston) and had eight children. Stiles' son Ezra Stiles, Esq., was educated first at Yale College, then at
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Stiles left Newport in 1776 prior to the arrival of British troops their subsequent occupation of the city. In 1776 and 1777, Stiles served briefly as minister of the
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538:, to the point where he and Carigal corresponded by mail in the language. Stiles' knowledge of Hebrew also enabled him to translate large portions of the Hebrew
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2011:
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712:"may gradually vanish", thus ensuring that "an unrighteous SLAVERY may at length, in God’s good providence, be abolished and cease in the land of LIBERTY."
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2016:
239:. According to religious historian Timothy L. Hall, Stiles' tenure at Yale distinguishes him as "one of the first great American college presidents."
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was constructed for Stiles on Clark Street, across from the meeting house of his congregation. Since 1972, the residence has been listed on the
2001:
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in 1783. He stated that "a monarchy conducted with infinite wisdom and infinite benevolence is the most perfect of all possible governments."
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In 1778, Stiles was appointed president of Yale, a post he held until his death. He freed Newport on June 9, 1778, as he prepared to move to
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Extracts From the Itineraries and Other Miscellanies of Ezra Stiles, D. D., Ll. D., 1755-1794: With a Selection From His Correspondence
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about scientific discoveries. Using equipment donated to the college by Franklin, Stiles conducted the electrical experiments in
324:, writing that he "was once on the point of conforming to the Church, but was dissuaded by his friends, and is become much of a
1996:
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curriculum characterized by an uncertain period of transition between moribund Puritan thought and that of newer thinkers like
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clergyman and historian and a 1783 graduate of Yale College. By his second marriage to Sarah Wendell, Abiel was the father of
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1986:
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The Stiles Family in America, Genealogies of the Connecticut Family, Henry Reed Stiles, Doan & Pilson, Jersey City, 1895
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2006:
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Stiles conducted research on the Native Americans of New England. In 1761, he visited a Native American village in
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From time to time, Stiles invested with the merchants and sea captains of his congregation; in 1756, he sent a
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796:, on August 22, 1784, and his two daughters by his wife Sylvia (Avery) Stiles of Vermont (and formerly of
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526:'s 1773 residence in Newport. Stiles' records note 28 meetings to discuss a wide variety of topics from
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1096:, edited by Herbert and Carol Schneider, New York: Columbia University Press, 1929, Volume 1, p. 321
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692:, on May 8, 1783. The sermon draws parallels between the United States and the Biblical nation of
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Betsey Stiles; Ruth (Stiles) Gannett; Emilia (Stiles) Leavitt; Polly (Stiles) Holmes; Isaac Stiles
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Ezra Stiles and the Jews; selected passages from his Literary diary concerning Jews and Judaism
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In 1753 Stiles resigned from his position as a tutor to pursue a career in law and practice at
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From 1749 to 1755, Stiles worked as a tutor at Yale. During this period, he drifted away from
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painted this portrait of Stiles in 1794, while he was serving as President of Yale College.
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Oren, Dan A. (2001) Joining the Club: A History of Jews and Yale, Revised edition, p. 347.
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1138:. Newport, RI: Davis & Pitman, Book and Job Printers. September 28, 1881. p. 11.
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A Speaking Aristocracy: Transforming Public Discourse in Eighteenth-Century Connecticut
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During his residence in Newport, Stiles played a major role in the establishment of
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Black Puritan, Black Republican: The Life and Thought of Lemuel Haynes, 1753–1833
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339:. After two years, he returned to his service as a Congregationalist minister.
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29 November] 1727 – May 12, 1795) was an American educator, academic,
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1557:(Vol. I, January 1, 1769 – March 13, 1776). New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
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1579:(Vol. III, January 1, 1782 – May 6, 1795). New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
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It is false that Stiles is responsible for the addition of the Hebrew words
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In 1757, Stiles married Elizabeth Hubbard, with whom he had eight children.
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1632:
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Creating the American Mind: Intellect and Politics in the Colonial Colleges
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of Connecticut, one of the first so honored, for his ardent support of the
274:, in 1668. Kezia Taylor Stiles died four days after giving birth to Ezra.
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was printed in 1783. The book is a transcript of a sermon given to the
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This article is about the theologian and educator. For other uses, see
1490:
The Rhode Island Furniture Archive at the Yale University Art Gallery
555:
554:, where he recorded notes on the traditional construction methods of
335:. Stiles qualified for the New Haven bar by November 13, 1753, after
1094:
Samuel Johnson, President of King's College; His Career and Writings
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1281:
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Making Pictures in Stone: American Indian Rock Art of the Northeast
1222:. Internet Archive. Providence, The University. pp. 346–347.
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671:, continuing a practice first begun by his predecessor, President
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246:
1604:
The Life of Ezra Stiles D.D. LL.D. ... President of Yale College.
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of 1785 and 1792, however, did deliver their speeches in Hebrew.
1149:
Dugdale, Antony; J. J. Fueser; J. Celso de Castro Alves (2001).
402:
In September of the same year, Stiles was made Librarian of the
1744:
1116:
R.I.), Trinity Church (Newport; Mason, George Champlin (1890).
844:
The Literary Diary of Ezra Stiles: Jan. 1, 1769l-Mar. 13, 1776
731:
Stiles died in New Haven in 1795, while serving as president.
1693:, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University.
788:, and served to establish the boundaries between Vermont and
753:. The college is noted for its design by modernist architect
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in September 1781 (no ceremonies having been held during the
1450:
Providence and the Invention of the United States, 1607-1876
749:
In 1961, Yale named a new residential college in his honor:
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Stiles moved to Newport in 1755 to serve as minister of the
1119:
Annals of Trinity Church, Newport, Rhode Island. 1698-1821
320:
notes that the young Stiles at one point nearly became an
1338:. University of California Libraries. New York, P. Cowen.
16:
American theologian, clergyman and Yale College president
807:
Stiles' daughter Emilia married Judge and State Senator
1179:
Stiles, Ezra (1916). Dexter, Franklin Bowditch (ed.).
859:
The Life of Ezra Stiles ... President of Yale College,
659:
Stiles was an amateur scientist who corresponded with
1645:
The gentle puritan: a life of Ezra Stiles, 1727–1795.
1643:
The Gentle Puritan: A Life of Ezra Stiles, 1727–1795.
1018:"Ezra Stiles: The Education of a Yale Man, 1742-1746"
815:, Massachusetts. His daughter Mary married, in 1790,
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of Israel. He opined that "in God’s good providence"
227:
minister, theologian, and author. He is noted as the
2037:
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
1391:
The Gentle Puritan: A Life of Ezra Stiles, 1727–1795
992:
The Gentle Puritan: A Life of Ezra Stiles, 1727-1795
892:
The Gentle Puritan: A Life of Ezra Stiles, 1727–1795
346:. In 1784, he was elected an honorary member of the
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1781:
1587:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
1363:"How Hebrew Came to Yale | Yale University Library"
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1135:Annual Report of the Redwood Library and Athenaeum
894:(New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1962), 205.
1393:, University of North Carolina Press, 2014, p. 91
1282:"The Rabbi from Hebron and the President of Yale"
760:Stiles' upholstered armchair is currently in the
444:condemning "the great inhumanity and cruelty" of
1428:Stiles, Ezra; Smolinski, Reiner (January 1783).
623:, and required all students to study Hebrew (as
1430:"The United States Elevated to Glory and Honor"
1308:"Hebron Rabbi Spoke on Shavuot in 1773 Newport"
534:. Stiles improved his rudimentary knowledge of
482:
1661:Welch, Lewis Sheldon and Walter Camp. (1899).
1332:Stiles, Ezra; Kohut, George Alexander (1902).
380:, for his health. During his trip, the city's
258:Ezra Stiles was born on 10 December [
2067:Religious leaders from New Haven, Connecticut
1756:
1664:Yale, Her Campus, Class-rooms, and Athletics.
878:Yale, Her Campus, Class-rooms, and Athletics,
685:The United States elevated to Glory and Honor
588:The United States elevated to Glory and Honor
8:
1567:Vol. II, March 14, 1776 – December 31, 1781.
594:General Assembly of the State of Connecticut
464:of knowledge." In 1761, Stiles, along with
1763:
1749:
1741:
1696:
1219:The History of Brown University, 1764-1914
1072:. University of Alabama Press. p. 9.
43:
27:
1453:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
518:Stiles struck up a close friendship with
2057:18th-century Congregationalist ministers
1271:, Rowman & Littlefield, 2007, p. 191
919:. New York: Facts On File. p. 343.
1409:. American Academy of Arts and Sciences
1404:"Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter S"
1352:, Oxford University Press, 2002, p. 131
834:
270:had emigrated to Colonial America from
235:(1778–1795) and one of the founders of
1691:Ezra Stiles Papers. General Collection
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989:Morgan, Edmund S. (January 1, 2014).
677:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
7:
2062:American Congregationalist ministers
2012:People from North Haven, Connecticut
1955:* indicates service in an acting or
1434:Electronic Texts in American Studies
1306:Geffen, Rabbi David (May 13, 2021).
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397:National Register of Historic Places
312:and preached to Native Americans in
1681:Brown University's John Hay Library
1569:New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
1553:Dexter, Franklin Bowditch. (1901).
1244:"Encyclopedia Brunoniana | Charter"
743:
342:In 1768, Stiles was elected to the
254:diploma, Ezra Stiles, Class of 1746
1649:University of North Carolina Press
14:
2052:Clergy in the American Revolution
1577:The Literary Diary of Ezra Stiles
1563:The Literary Diary of Ezra Stiles
1555:The Literary Diary of Ezra Stiles
1216:Bronson, Walter Cochrane (1914).
627:students already did); his first
577:In 1777, Stiles became pastor of
2032:Burials at Grove Street Cemetery
2017:People from colonial Connecticut
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1524:
995:. UNC Press Books. p. 206.
846:. C. Scribner's sons. p. 1.
202:
2042:University and college founders
1613:Kelley, Brooks Mather. (1999).
1486:"Upholdtered armchair, RIF5502"
289:. Stiles also studied works by
1607:Boston: Thomas & Andrews.
1286:the Jewish Community of Hebron
1155:Yale, Slavery, & Abolition
452:Foundation of Brown University
344:American Philosophical Society
262:29 November] 1727 in
1:
2002:Presidents of Yale University
1106:431, 481, 604, 607, 608, 613.
794:Chowan County, North Carolina
474:Rhode Island General Assembly
460:(then Rhode Island College).
404:Redwood Library and Athenaeum
1992:18th-century American people
1583:Grasso, Christopher (1999).
1022:Huntington Library Quarterly
690:Connecticut General Assembly
472:, drafted a petition to the
446:slavery in the United States
389:Second Congregational Church
376:In 1752, Stiles traveled to
371:Second Congregational Church
64:President of Yale University
21:Ezra Stiles (disambiguation)
1667:Boston: L. C. Page and Co.
762:Yale University Art Gallery
635:) was delivered in Hebrew,
546:Native American scholarship
2088:
1122:. G.C. Mason. p. 103.
1016:Morgan, Edmund S. (1954).
916:American Religious Leaders
804:appointed their guardian.
633:American Revolutionary War
314:Stockbridge, Massachusetts
301:. According to biographer
128:29 November] 1727
18:
1953:
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1716:
1704:
1699:
1447:Guyatt, Nicholas (2007).
1066:Lenik, Edward J. (2009).
913:Hall, Timothy L. (2003).
825:Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr.
792:. He died prematurely at
583:Portsmouth, New Hampshire
509:A 1756 portrait of Stiles
348:Society of the Cincinnati
210:
111:
69:
57:
42:
1686:Brown University Charter
1640:, Edmund Sears. (1983).
768:. The chair was made in
716:Death and legacy at Yale
568:Dighton Community Church
2047:Brown University people
1601:Holmes, Abiel. (1798).
1157:. The Amistad Committee
530:to the politics of the
272:Leicestershire, England
219:(10 December [
1997:Yale University alumni
1187:New Haven, Connecticut
856:Holmes, Abiel (1798).
766:New Haven, Connecticut
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572:Dighton, Massachusetts
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151:New Haven, Connecticut
124:10 December [
49:Stiles, 1770–1771, by
1987:American slave owners
1621:Yale University Press
1191:Yale University Press
1151:"Ezra Stiles College"
842:Stiles, Ezra (1901).
770:Newport, Rhode Island
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522:of Hebron during the
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431:Newport, Rhode Island
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378:Newport, Rhode Island
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2007:American theologians
1575:__________. (1901).
1560:__________. (1901).
1367:web.library.yale.edu
1312:Atlanta Jewish Times
1267:Hoeveler, David J.,
798:Norwich, Connecticut
736:"Urim" and "Thummim"
629:commencement address
552:Niantic, Connecticut
316:. In a 1762 letter,
2022:Christian Hebraists
1546:Rhode Island portal
751:Ezra Stiles College
725:Ezra Stiles College
562:American Revolution
514:Semitic scholarship
2027:American Hebraists
800:) had their uncle
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520:Haim Isaac Carigal
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466:William Ellery Jr.
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135:Connecticut Colony
2072:American Arabists
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1733:Timothy Dwight IV
1730:Succeeded by
1700:Academic offices
1657:978-0-8078-1231-0
1629:978-0-300-07843-5
1594:978-0-8078-4772-5
1460:978-0-521-86788-7
1229:978-0-405-03697-2
1092:Johnson, Samuel,
1079:978-0-8173-5509-8
1002:978-0-8078-3972-0
953:Poetry Foundation
890:Edmund S Morgan,
665:Benjamin Franklin
427:Ezra Stiles House
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229:seventh president
225:Congregationalist
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180:Ezra Stiles House
106:Timothy Dwight IV
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87:Naphtali Daggett
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1902:Brewster Jr.
1841:
1723:Yale College
1717:
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1669:OCLC 2191518
1663:
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1584:
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1562:
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1493:. Retrieved
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1411:. Retrieved
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1161:December 12,
1159:. Retrieved
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817:Abiel Holmes
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648:voluntarily.
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287:Isaac Newton
279:liberal arts
276:
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252:Yale College
233:Yale College
216:
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193:Yale College
146:(1795-05-12)
144:May 12, 1795
101:Succeeded by
92:
71:
33:The Reverend
25:
1982:1795 deaths
1977:1727 births
1957:pro tempore
1940:(2013-2024)
1934:(1993-2013)
1922:(1986-1992)
1920:Schmidt Jr.
1916:(1978-1986)
1904:(1963-1977)
1898:(1950-1963)
1892:(1937-1950)
1886:(1921-1937)
1880:(1899-1921)
1874:(1886-1899)
1868:(1871-1886)
1862:(1846-1871)
1856:(1817-1846)
1850:(1795-1817)
1844:(1778-1795)
1832:(1745-1766)
1815:(1740-1745)
1809:(1726-1739)
1803:(1719-1722)
1791:(1701-1707)
1712:pro tempore
1633:OCLC 810552
1619:New Haven:
1495:February 4,
744:אורים ותמים
673:Thomas Clap
669:New England
501:Scholarship
408:Aaron Lopez
360:(1755-1776)
337:reading law
295:Isaac Watts
264:North Haven
217:Ezra Stiles
183:(1756–1776)
131:North Haven
93:pro tempore
82:Preceded by
51:Samuel King
37:Ezra Stiles
1971:Categories
1823:Presidents
1727:1778–1795
830:References
813:Greenfield
283:John Locke
243:Early life
1848:Dwight IV
1719:President
1647:Raleigh:
1253:April 10,
1042:0018-7895
682:His book
679:in 1781.
617:New Haven
532:Holy Land
333:New Haven
310:Calvinism
299:John Ward
199:Signature
189:Education
176:Residence
157:Relations
76:1778–1795
72:In office
1959:capacity
1914:Giamatti
1896:Griswold
1872:Dwight V
1807:Williams
1413:July 28,
1372:June 25,
1206:, p. 25.
935:49284351
875:(1899).
710:Africans
621:Semitics
528:Kabbalah
438:hogshead
358:Newport
322:Anglican
168:Children
62:7th
1946:(2024–)
1944:McInnis
1938:Salovey
1890:Seymour
1860:Woolsey
1836:Daggett
1789:Pierson
1782:Rectors
1317:June 2,
1291:June 2,
1050:3816428
880:p. 445.
786:Vermont
727:at Yale
706:Indians
637:Aramaic
625:Harvard
592:to the
556:wigwams
417:Slavery
1884:Angell
1878:Hadley
1866:Porter
1842:Stiles
1801:Cutler
1795:Andrew
1655:
1638:Morgan
1627:
1591:
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959:May 2,
933:
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873:et al.
776:Family
740:Hebrew
694:Israel
641:Arabic
639:, and
536:Hebrew
297:, and
1932:Levin
1926:Lamar
1407:(PDF)
1046:JSTOR
861:p. 9.
524:Rabbi
1908:Gray
1830:Clap
1813:Clap
1653:ISBN
1625:ISBN
1589:ISBN
1497:2020
1455:ISBN
1415:2014
1374:2024
1319:2022
1293:2022
1255:2021
1224:ISBN
1163:2012
1074:ISBN
1038:ISSN
997:ISBN
961:2021
931:OCLC
921:ISBN
819:, a
708:and
663:and
652:The
468:and
425:The
285:and
260:O.S.
221:O.S.
141:Died
126:O.S.
121:Born
1854:Day
1721:of
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