75:
666:
1513:
620:
364:
651:
766:. By the early 1970s, the picture changed: software costs were dramatically increasing, a growing software industry was competing with the hardware manufacturer's bundled software products (free in that the cost was included in the hardware cost), leased machines required software support while providing no revenue for software, and some customers able to better meet their own needs did not want the costs of "free" software bundled with hardware product costs. In
586:
1244:, and proprietary software systems can have undisclosed societal drawbacks, such as disenfranchising less fortunate would-be users of free programs. As users can analyse and trace the source code, many more people with no commercial constraints can inspect the code and find bugs and loopholes than a corporation would find practicable. According to Richard Stallman, user access to the source code makes deploying free software with undesirable hidden
1480:. With free software, businesses can fit software to their specific needs by changing the software themselves or by hiring programmers to modify it for them. Free software often has no warranty, and more importantly, generally does not assign legal liability to anyone. However, warranties are permitted between any two parties upon the condition of the software and its usage. Such an agreement is made separately from the free software license.
175:
601:
5048:
635:
5038:
1865:"In contrast to commercial software is a large and growing body of free software that exists in the public domain. Public-domain software is written by microcomputer hobbyists (also known as "hackers") many of whom are professional programmers in their work life. Since everybody has access to source code, many routines have not only been used but dramatically improved by other programmers."
1192:. Due to their restrictions on distribution, not everyone considers copyleft licenses to be free. Conversely, a permissive license may provide an incentive to create non-free software by reducing the cost of developing restricted software. Since this is incompatible with the spirit of software freedom, many people consider permissive licenses to be less free than copyleft licenses.
139:—the preferred format for making changes—be made available to users of that program. While this is often called "access to source code" or "public availability", the Free Software Foundation (FSF) recommends against thinking in those terms, because it might give the impression that users have an obligation (as opposed to a right) to give non-users a copy of the program.
41:
1201:
994:
1469:. Many companies whose core business is not in the IT sector choose free software for their Internet information and sales sites, due to the lower initial capital investment and ability to freely customize the application packages. Most companies in the software business include free software in their commercial products if the licenses allow that.
132:, not price; all users are legally free to do what they want with their copies of a free software (including profiting from them) regardless of how much is paid to obtain the program. Computer programs are deemed "free" if they give end-users (not just the developer) ultimate control over the software and, subsequently, over their devices.
2367:
1. MIT license 24%, 2. GNU General Public
License (GPL) 2.0 23%, 3. Apache License 16%, 4. GNU General Public License (GPL) 3.0 9%, 5. BSD License 2.0 (3-clause, New or Revised) License 6%, 6. GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL) 2.1 5%, 7. Artistic License (Perl) 4%, 8. GNU Lesser General Public
1364:
Proprietary software, on the other hand, tends to use a different business model, where a customer of the proprietary application pays a fee for a license to legally access and use it. This license may grant the customer the ability to configure some or no parts of the software themselves. Often some
2719:
We are back again, this time testing... Apple's Mac OS X. While the results were reasonable, we were disappointed to find that the reliability was no better than that of the Linux/GNU tools tested in 1995. We were less sure what to expect when testing the GUI- based applications; the results turned
1089:
in order to be officially recognized as open source software. Free software, on the other hand, is a more informal classification that does not rely on official recognition. Nevertheless, software licensed under licenses that do not meet the Free
Software Definition cannot rightly be considered free
3023:
In addition OSS's development process is creating innovative products that are reliable, secure, practical and have high usability and performance ratings. Users are now not only benefiting from the OSS revolution but also from the improved proprietary software development that is being forced upon
1344:
Since free software may be freely redistributed, it is generally available at little or no fee. Free software business models are usually based on adding value such as customization, accompanying hardware, support, training, integration, or certification. Exceptions exist however, where the user is
1084:
The FSF list is not prescriptive: free-software licenses can exist that the FSF has not heard about, or considered important enough to write about. So it is possible for a license to be free and not in the FSF list. The OSI list only lists licenses that have been submitted, considered and approved.
318:
and marketing free software to businesses, while taking the ethical issue of user rights very lightly or even antagonistically. Stallman has also stated that considering the practical advantages of free software is like considering the practical advantages of not being handcuffed, in that it is not
1163:
being the most prominent: the author retains copyright and permits redistribution under the restriction that all such redistribution is licensed under the same license. Additions and modifications by others must also be licensed under the same "copyleft" license whenever they are distributed with
322:
The FSF also notes that "Open Source" has exactly one specific meaning in common
English, namely that "you can look at the source code." It states that while the term "Free Software" can lead to two different interpretations, at least one of them is consistent with the intended meaning unlike the
1385:
licenses (like the GPL) that if one distributes modified versions of software, they must release the source and use the same license. This requirement does not extend to other software from the same developer. The claim of incompatibility between commercial companies and free software is also a
849:
for all. Some non-software industries are beginning to use techniques similar to those used in free software development for their research and development process; scientists, for example, are looking towards more open development processes, and hardware such as microchips are beginning to be
1348:
Fees are usually charged for distribution on compact discs and bootable USB drives, or for services of installing or maintaining the operation of free software. Development of large, commercially used free software is often funded by a combination of user donations,
824:
operating system, saying that he had become frustrated with the shift in climate surrounding the computer world and its users. In his initial declaration of the project and its purpose, he specifically cited as a motivation his opposition to being asked to agree to
1284:
whose kernel includes them. The proclaimed aim of the campaign against blobs is to collect hardware documentation that allows developers to write free software drivers for that hardware, ultimately enabling all free operating systems to become or remain blob-free.
1365:
level of support is included in the purchase of proprietary software, but additional support services (especially for enterprise applications) are usually available for an additional fee. Some proprietary software vendors will also customize software for a fee.
1239:
Free software advocates strongly believe that this methodology is biased by counting more vulnerabilities for the free software systems, since their source code is accessible and their community is more forthcoming about what problems exist as a part of
1380:
stated in 2001 that "open source is not available to commercial companies. The way the license is written, if you use any open-source software, you have to make the rest of your software open source." This misunderstanding is based on a requirement of
1236:. A popular quantitative test in computer security is to use relative counting of known unpatched security flaws. Generally, users of this method advise avoiding products that lack fixes for known security flaws, at least until a fix is available.
1275:
for hardware from vendors that do not reveal driver source code to users or developers. This restricts the users' freedom effectively to modify the software and distribute modified versions. Also, since the blobs are undocumented and may have
1368:
The Free
Software Foundation encourages selling free software. As the Foundation has written, "distributing free software is an opportunity to raise funds for development. Don't waste it!". For example, the FSF's own recommended license (the
1319:
The Linux community uses the term "blob" to refer to all nonfree firmware in a kernel whereas OpenBSD uses the term to refer to device drivers. The FSF does not consider OpenBSD to be blob free under the Linux community's definition of blob.
314:" (an alternative, yet similar, concept coined in 1998), because the goals and messaging are quite dissimilar. According to the Free Software Foundation, "Open source" and its associated campaign mostly focus on the technicalities of the
1004:
All free-software licenses must grant users all the freedoms discussed above. However, unless the applications' licenses are compatible, combining programs by mixing source code or directly linking binaries is problematic, because of
890:, announced the GNU Project, saying that he had become frustrated with the effects of the change in culture of the computer industry and its users. Software development for the GNU operating system began in January 1984, and the
378:, is still maintained today and states that software is free software if people who receive a copy of the software have the following four freedoms. The numbering begins with zero, not only as a spoof on the common usage of
711:
was commonly shared by individuals who used computers and by hardware manufacturers who welcomed the fact that people were making software that made their hardware useful. Organizations of users and suppliers, for example,
1439:"We migrated key functions from Windows to Linux because we needed an operating system that was stable and reliable – one that would give us in-house control. So if we needed to patch, adjust, or adapt, we could."
277:, modify, or redistribute proprietary software. Beyond copyright law, contracts and a lack of source code, there can exist additional obstacles keeping users from exercising freedom over a piece of software, such as
948:
1134:
statement (in countries where this is possible). Since public-domain software lacks copyright protection, it may be freely incorporated into any work, whether proprietary or free. The FSF recommends the
3047:
2001:
1069:
The Free
Software Foundation and the Open Source Initiative both publish lists of licenses that they find to comply with their own definitions of free software and open-source software respectively:
4541:
887:
4620:
3062:
4839:
4461:
1073:
4678:
2396:"1 MIT 44.69%, 2 Other 15.68%, 3 GPLv2 12.96%, 4 Apache 11.19%, 5 GPLv3 8.88%, 6 BSD 3-clause 4.53%, 7 Unlicense 1.87%, 8 BSD 2-clause 1.70%, 9 LGPLv3 1.30%, 10 AGPLv3 1.05%
650:
4610:
665:
420:(zero price) software, the Free Software Foundation says: "Free software is a matter of liberty, not price. To understand the concept, you should think of 'free' as in '
3743:
3267:
3164:"Study on the: Economic impact of open source software on innovation and the competitiveness of the Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) sector in the EU"
382:
in programming languages, but also because "Freedom 0" was not initially included in the list, but later added first in the list as it was considered very important.
3324:
395:
Freedom 3: The freedom to improve the program, and release your improvements (and modified versions in general) to the public, so that the whole community benefits.
1105:
licenses, so its judgments have to be tracked by checking what software they have allowed into their software archives. That is summarized at the Debian web site.
4630:
4516:
777:. While some software might always be free, there would henceforth be a growing amount of software produced primarily for sale. In the 1970s and early 1980s, the
503:
2937:
829:
and restrictive licenses which prohibited the free sharing of potentially profitable in-development software, a prohibition directly contrary to the traditional
4615:
4598:
470:, do not have their own formal definitions of free software. Users of these systems generally find the same set of software to be acceptable, but sometimes see
926:, was released as freely modifiable source code in 1991. The first licence was a proprietary software licence. However, with version 0.12 in February 1992, he
2557:
508:
There are thousands of free applications and many operating systems available on the
Internet. Users can easily download and install those applications via a
310:
Although both definitions refer to almost equivalent corpora of programs, the Free
Software Foundation recommends using the term "free software" rather than "
4568:
4466:
3038:
1582:
1149:
operating systems. The author retains copyright solely to disclaim warranty and require proper attribution of modified works, and permits redistribution and
2861:
4744:
4578:
4551:
4531:
128:
that allow users to run the software for any purpose as well as to study, change, and distribute it and any adapted versions. Free software is a matter of
2037:
4556:
1557:
4506:
4476:
1552:
4653:
2659:
1329:
688:
1316:
is not endorsed by the FSF and does not use Linux-libre, it is also a popular distribution available without kernel blobs by default since 2011.
2682:
1487:
estimates that adoption of free software has caused a drop in revenue to the proprietary software industry by about $ 60 billion per year.
5077:
1301:
813:
619:
367:
Diagram of free and nonfree software, as defined by the Free
Software Foundation. Left: free software, right: proprietary software, encircled:
4625:
4583:
4526:
3288:
2350:
2011:
1978:
1547:
1373:) states that " may charge any price or no price for each copy that you convey, and you may offer support or warranty protection for a fee."
5041:
4989:
4919:
4603:
3736:
1518:
3119:
410:
have the freedom to cooperate with whom they choose, and to control the software they use. To summarize this into a remark distinguishing
634:
4563:
4456:
3317:
1847:
1241:
439:
In the late 1990s, other groups published their own definitions that describe an almost identical set of software. The most notable are
403:
to be available because studying and modifying software without its source code can range from highly impractical to nearly impossible.
305:
4944:
4796:
4046:
2085:
59:
585:
4859:
4769:
4764:
2540:
2513:
2293:
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1527:
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2654:
Barton P. Miller; David Koski; Cjin Pheow Lee; Vivekananda
Maganty; Ravi Murthy; Ajitkumar Natarajan; Jeff Steidl (11 April 1995).
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whereby the author grants users the aforementioned rights. Software that is not covered by copyright law, such as software in the
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1142:
475:
4854:
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4073:
3956:
3729:
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3212:
2453:
1968:
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441:
354:
319:
necessary for an individual to consider practical reasons in order to realize that being handcuffed is undesirable in itself.
4433:
3310:
2705:
1146:
883:
809:
455:
163:
143:
21:
2323:
Carver, Brian W. (2005-04-05). "Share and Share Alike: Understanding and
Enforcing Open Source and Free Software Licenses".
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4844:
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4658:
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4400:
4207:
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1403:
988:
183:
54:
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Free software played a significant part in the development of the Internet, the World Wide Web and the infrastructure of
894:(FSF) was founded in October 1985. An article outlining the project and its goals was published in March 1985 titled the
5015:
4869:
4663:
4083:
2668:...The reliability of the basic utilities from GNU and Linux were noticeably better than those of the commercial systems
902:
656:
348:
5082:
4977:
4884:
4719:
3607:
3082:
3003:"Open Source Software implementation in the UK public sector: Evidence from the field and implications for the future"
1449:
956:
2977:
2565:
600:
4874:
4759:
4536:
3675:
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3192:"Total cost of ownership of open source software: a report for the UK Cabinet Office supported by OpenForum Europe"
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1113:
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1023:
931:
774:
447:
358:
255:
142:
Although the term "free software" had already been used loosely in the past and other permissive software like the
74:
1000:, a novel use of copyright law to ensure that works remain unrestricted, originates in the world of free software.
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4909:
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3670:
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3163:
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1617:
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under any free-software licence is permissible, as is commercial use. This is true for licenses with or without
374:
The first formal definition of free software was published by FSF in February 1986. That definition, written by
251:, is free as long as the source code is also in the public domain, or otherwise available without restrictions.
5004:
4801:
4754:
4739:
4691:
4501:
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3881:
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Puckette, Miller. "Who Owns our Software?: A first-person case study." eContact (September 2009). Montréal: CEC
3141:
2842:
2482:
2128:
2042:
1744:
1577:
1358:
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891:
838:
826:
3265:
Hancock, Terry. "The Jargon of Freedom: 60 Words and Phrases with Context". Free Software Magazine. 2010-20-24
2309:
1918:
1422:. Free software allows users to cooperate in enhancing and refining the programs they use; free software is a
363:
258:
and usually does not provide users with the source code. Users are thus legally or technically prevented from
1893:
1394:(IBM acquired RedHat in 2019), which do substantial commercial business in the development of free software.
5087:
4329:
4026:
3700:
1592:
1473:
717:
528:
520:
292:
Free software can be a for-profit, commercial activity or not. Some free software is developed by volunteer
235:
or gratis software, which is a category of proprietary software that does not require payment for basic use.
4939:
1620:
is a necessary but insufficient condition, according to both the Free Software and Open Source definitions.
1012:
The majority of free software falls under a small set of licenses. The most popular of these licenses are:
5072:
5051:
4786:
4749:
4648:
4302:
4271:
4237:
4214:
4202:
3519:
3391:
1587:
1184:
Proponents of permissive and copyleft licenses disagree on whether software freedom should be viewed as a
1109:
1108:
It is rare that a license announced as being in-compliance with the FSF guidelines does not also meet the
1086:
1063:
1056:
704:
151:
4914:
4709:
4701:
4640:
4573:
4322:
4078:
4021:
3786:
3539:
3381:
3333:
2033:
1445:
1006:
976:
867:
728:
was distributed to use these programs. Software was also shared and distributed as printed source code (
3243:"Eric S. Raymond's initial call to start using the term open source software, instead of free software"
1296:, a Linux-based distribution with all the binary blobs removed. The project received support from the
4999:
4934:
4929:
4491:
4164:
4063:
3817:
3630:
3514:
3504:
3386:
3369:
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2614:
2218:
1572:
1497:
1477:
1413:
927:
762:
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379:
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202:
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the software, and this results in reliance on the publisher to provide updates, help, and support. (
49:
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4342:
4334:
3995:
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3635:
3620:
3417:
2102:
1597:
1334:
1078:
982:
641:
513:
483:
431:
416:
334:
274:
191:
125:
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is the most popular FSF endorsed Linux distribution ranked by Distrowatch (over 12 months). While
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project is seen by some to provide useful advice on whether particular licenses comply with their
4426:
4232:
3943:
3766:
3695:
3685:
3640:
3354:
2735:
1213:
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960:
738:
591:
540:
389:
Freedom 1: The freedom to study how the program works, and change it to make it do what you wish.
85:
complying free-software operating system running some representative applications. Shown are the
2962:
2938:"IBM Closes Landmark Acquisition of Red Hat for $ 34 Billion; Defines Open, Hybrid Cloud Future"
1220:(shown here) is still provided for Linux and other Unix-based systems, so that users can detect
3123:
2821:
1823:
1663:
841:(FSF) was founded in October 1985. He developed a free software definition and the concept of "
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2701:
2536:
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2509:
2503:
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2007:
1974:
1452:(ISS), regarding their May 2013 decision to migrate ISS computer systems from Windows to Linux
1419:
1229:
1209:
1145:, also called BSD-style because they are applied to much of the software distributed with the
778:
733:
713:
523:
maintains a large database of free-software packages. Some of the best-known examples include
421:
315:
259:
210:
2892:"Ballmer calling open source a 'cancer', saying it's 'not available to commercial companies'"
2641:
1688:
4724:
4174:
4031:
3905:
3803:
3524:
3341:
3278:
3259:
3014:
2693:
2474:
2120:
1819:
1765:
1466:
1423:
1281:
1205:
1189:
1185:
1127:
879:
863:
801:
790:
786:
407:
375:
328:
244:
206:
159:
147:
98:
3063:"International Space Station adopts Debian Linux, drops Windows & Red Hat into airlock"
2381:
4994:
4385:
4108:
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3834:
3705:
3680:
3662:
3529:
3466:
3422:
3271:
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2368:
License (LGPL) 3.0 2%, 9. Microsoft Public License 2%, 10. Eclipse Public License (EPL) 2%
1542:
1488:
1457:
The economic viability of free software has been recognized by large corporations such as
729:
556:
509:
482:
to provide the source code. Their view is that this permissive approach is more free. The
278:
214:
78:
1472:
Free software is generally available at no cost and can result in permanently lower TCO (
1495:
is too ambiguous and intimidating for the business community. Raymond promoted the term
331:, and the ambiguity with the older usage of "free software" as public-domain software. (
174:
4791:
4714:
4368:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4103:
3170:
2899:
2629:
Why Open Source Software / Free Software (OSS/FS, FLOSS, or FOSS)? Look at the Numbers!
1532:
1484:
1409:
1030:
964:
923:
491:
265:
2764:
793:
from being able to study or adapt the software applications as they saw fit. In 1980,
716:, were formed to facilitate exchange of software. As software was often written in an
699:
From the 1950s up until the early 1970s, it was normal for computer users to have the
5066:
5022:
4983:
4889:
4546:
4419:
4149:
3585:
3137:
2655:
2426:
2283:
1922:
1567:
1377:
1272:
1165:
1123:
934:. Much like Unix, Torvalds' kernel attracted the attention of volunteer programmers.
896:
756:
532:
392:
Freedom 2: The freedom to redistribute and make copies so you can help your neighbor.
248:
187:
179:
3220:
3018:
2445:
1943:
1801:
1712:
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before 1988), or the author has released the software onto the public domain with a
1126:
software: the copyright has expired, the work was not copyrighted (released without
4864:
4821:
4734:
4363:
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4281:
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3434:
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1537:
1427:
1350:
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1277:
1043:
919:
830:
606:
4312:
2843:"[libreplanet-discuss] Is there any software that is libre but not gratis"
2786:
2656:
Fuzz Revisited: A Re-examination of the Reliability of UNIX Utilities and Services
1739:
2878:
2683:"An empirical study of the robustness of MacOS applications using random testing"
1642:
1232:
of free software in comparison to proprietary software, with a major issue being
4954:
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4411:
4395:
4276:
4242:
4224:
4189:
4179:
3985:
3923:
3918:
3839:
3827:
3690:
3615:
3565:
3429:
3002:
2760:
2124:
1878:
Levi, Ran. "Richard Stallman and The History of Free Software and Open Source".
1824:"Words to Avoid (or Use with Care) Because They Are Loaded or Confusing: Access"
1562:
1305:
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1017:
817:
725:
671:
560:
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487:
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286:
269:
226:
155:
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82:
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Free Software Free Society: Selected Essays of Richard M. Stallman, 2nd Edition
1770:
Free Software Free Society: Selected Essays of Richard M. Stallman, 3rd Edition
4197:
4051:
3597:
3570:
3534:
2658:(Report). Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin: Computer Sciences Department.
2593:
2385:
2171:
1787:
1508:
1431:
782:
293:
2736:"Links to Other Free Software Sites - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation"
2237:
478:, which allow others to use the software as they wish, without being legally
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4005:
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857:
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240:
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773:, filed January 17, 1969, the government charged that bundled software was
2984:
2192:
2149:
494:
software licenses are substantially similar in intent and implementation.
4849:
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4307:
4219:
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4000:
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is credited with tying it to the sense under discussion and starting the
121:
28:
3302:
2690:
Proceedings of the 1st international workshop on Random testing - RT '06
2532:
Real World Linux Security: Intrusion Prevention, Detection, and Recovery
2408:
1292:
and other device drivers motivated some developers in Ireland to launch
900:. The manifesto included significant explanation of the GNU philosophy,
4098:
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3928:
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463:
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129:
324:
4379:
3412:
2822:"Why you should use a BSD style license for your Open Source Project"
1848:"Free software - Free software is a junkyard of software spare parts"
1313:
1217:
1131:
1094:
943:
939:
610:
467:
993:
3101:
820:, the purpose of which was to produce a completely non-proprietary
4816:
3970:
3854:
3191:
3039:"International Space Station to boldly go with Linux over Windows"
1501:
as a friendlier alternative for the business and corporate world.
992:
805:
721:
659:
smartphone OS, an Android-based system that is 100% free software.
568:
548:
536:
173:
135:
The right to study and modify a computer program entails that the
90:
86:
2257:
Fisher, Franklin M.; McKie, James W.; Mancke, Richard B. (1983).
1430:. Companies that contribute to free software increase commercial
1112:, although the reverse is not necessarily true (for example, the
1009:. Programs indirectly connected together may avoid this problem.
870:
have also been largely influenced by the free software movement.
327:" is often used to avoid the ambiguity of the word "free" in the
194:
but not always. Freeware (green) seldom expose their source code.
2446:"Why Not Use the GPL? Thoughts on Free and Open-Source Software"
2285:
Free as in Freedom: Richard Stallman's Crusade for Free Software
1248:
functionality far more difficult than for proprietary software.
552:
94:
4415:
3725:
3306:
1740:"What is free software and why is it so important for society?"
1164:
part of the original licensed product. This is also known as a
162:, and to revive the spirit of cooperation once prevalent among
2259:
IBM and the U.S. Data Processing Industry: An Economic History
1458:
1391:
834:
769:
564:
34:
2681:
Miller, Barton P.; Cooksey, Gregory; Moore, Fredrick (2006).
2219:"Debian's "Social Contract" with the Free Software Community"
547:
mail transport agent. Other influential examples include the
16:
Software licensed to be freely used, modified and distributed
2730:
2728:
1116:
is an OSI-approved license, but non-free according to FSF).
190:
in 2010, open source / free software (orange) is most often
1361:
is an example of a federally funded free-software project.
343:
Definition and the Four Essential Freedoms of Free Software
296:
while other is developed by corporations; or even by both.
254:
Proprietary software uses restrictive software licences or
1386:
misunderstanding. There are several large companies, e.g.
781:
began using technical measures (such as only distributing
386:
Freedom 0: The freedom to use the program for any purpose.
2078:
Best Practices for commercial use of open source software
1345:
charged to obtain a copy of the free application itself.
1251:
Some quantitative studies have been done on the subject.
963:, commonly referred to as Apache, was released under the
182:
describes the typical relationship between freeware and
158:: a collaborative effort to create a freedom-respecting
2353:. Black Duck Software. 19 November 2015. Archived from
3024:
suppliers in order to maintain competitive advantage.
2692:. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press. pp. 1, 2.
2103:"Why "Open Source" misses the point of Free Software"
4462:
Comparison of open-source and closed-source software
4968:
4902:
4830:
4700:
4677:
4639:
4515:
4449:
4351:
4290:
4255:
4188:
4136:
4014:
3978:
3969:
3942:
3853:
3757:
3661:
3606:
3548:
3497:
3405:
3340:
3001:Waring, Teresa; Maddocks, Philip (1 October 2005).
703:associated with free software, which was typically
3037:
2615:"Transcript where Stallman explains about spyware"
2238:"David H. Ahl biography from Who's Who in America"
1119:There are different categories of free software.
1841:
1839:
1837:
3219:. Standishgroup.com. 2008-04-16. Archived from
3007:International Journal of Information Management
2787:"Explaining Why We Don't Endorse Other Systems"
2003:Legal battles that shaped the computer industry
1437:
1353:, corporate contributions, and tax money. The
1263:started the first campaign against the use of
989:Free and open-source software § Licensing
504:List of free and open-source software packages
225:. Users cannot study, change, and share their
4427:
3737:
3318:
1919:"Open-source software is not always freeware"
1448:, which manages the computer systems for the
1404:Free and open-source software § Adoption
850:developed with specifications released under
804:, one of the original authors of the popular
8:
4467:Comparison of source-code-hosting facilities
1583:Category:Free software lists and comparisons
2535:. Prentice Hall Professional. p. 365.
2505:Linux: Security, Audit and Control Features
2006:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 175.
1300:and stimulated the creation, headed by the
1255:Binary blobs and other proprietary software
48:It has been suggested that this article be
4827:
4434:
4420:
4412:
4142:
3975:
3859:
3744:
3730:
3722:
3325:
3311:
3303:
2427:"Various Licenses and Comments about Them"
2165:
2163:
1558:List of free software for Web 2.0 Services
1139:public domain dedication for this purpose.
952:lawsuit was settled out of court in 1993.
946:) were released as free software when the
3138:"Sun begins releasing Java under the GPL"
3102:"IBM invests in Brazil Linux Tech Center"
2580:"Firefox more secure than MSIE after all"
2382:"Open source license usage on GitHub.com"
2080:. Norderstedt, Germany: Books on Demand.
1553:List of free software project directories
1271:. Blobs are usually freely distributable
3162:Rishab Aiyer Ghosh (November 20, 2006).
3083:"IBM launches biggest Linux lineup ever"
2502:Mookhey, K.K.; Burghate, Nilesh (2005).
2071:
2069:
2067:
2065:
1330:Business models for open-source software
1199:
1093:Apart from these two organizations, the
689:History of free and open-source software
640:Creating a 3D car racing game using the
474:as restrictive. They generally advocate
362:
323:term "Open Source". The loan adjective "
73:
2558:"Why Linux Is More Secure Than Windows"
2150:"What is the Free Software Foundation?"
1800:Stallman, Richard (27 September 1983).
1633:
1610:
1085:All open-source licenses must meet the
959:from NetBSD in 1995. Also in 1995, The
797:law was extended to computer programs.
760:, etc.) and books, like the bestseller
581:
300:Naming and differences with open source
3120:"Interview: The Eclipse code donation"
2879:GNU General Public License, section 4.
2862:"The Five Open Source Business Models"
1302:Free Software Foundation Latin America
1153:modification, even closed-source ones.
1079:List of OSI approved software licenses
1074:List of FSF approved software licenses
888:MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory
814:MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory
674:is a free multi-platform office suite.
186:(FOSS): According to David Rosen from
2310:"Release notes for Linux kernel 0.12"
2156:. Vol. 1, no. 1. p. 8.
2038:"The Last Mile is Always the Hardest"
1734:
1732:
1548:List of formerly proprietary software
808:program and a longtime member of the
555:raster drawing and image editor; the
527:, Linux-based operating systems, the
7:
4990:Microsoft Open Specification Promise
3061:Bridgewater, Adrian (May 13, 2013).
2978:"Apache Strategy in the New Economy"
1783:
1781:
1779:
1658:
1656:
1519:Free and open-source software portal
1414:Open-source software § Adoption
1101:. Debian does not publish a list of
874:1980s: Foundation of the GNU Project
166:during the early days of computing.
4457:Alternative terms for free software
2665:from the original on 21 June 2010.
1280:, they pose a security risk to any
695:Open-source software § History
306:Alternative terms for free software
4797:Python Software Foundation License
4047:List of American independent films
1649:from the original on Nov 15, 2023.
914:1990s: Release of the Linux kernel
594:, a 3D computer graphics software.
458:-based operating systems, such as
239:For software under the purview of
14:
4860:Definition of Free Cultural Works
4477:Free software project directories
3122:. IBM. 2001-11-01. Archived from
3085:. IBM. 1999-03-02. Archived from
2763:. 30 October 2012. Archived from
2125:"The advantages of free software"
1528:Definition of Free Cultural Works
1288:The issue of binary blobs in the
1050:GNU Lesser General Public License
476:permissive free software licenses
5047:
5046:
5036:
4497:Open-source software development
3050:from the original on 2022-01-11.
2976:The Apache Software Foundation.
2556:Noyes, Katherine (Aug 3, 2010).
1511:
1224:that might infect Windows hosts.
664:
649:
633:
618:
599:
584:
39:
4855:Debian Free Software Guidelines
4687:Free Software Movement of India
3957:Experimental musical instrument
3019:10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2005.06.002
2456:from the original on 2020-01-24
2325:Berkeley Technology Law Journal
2076:Popp, Dr. Karl Michael (2015).
1713:"Philosophy of the GNU Project"
1099:Debian Free Software Guidelines
837:began in January 1984, and the
833:. Software development for the
442:Debian Free Software Guidelines
406:Thus, free software means that
355:Debian Free Software Guidelines
3277:Stallman, Richard M. (2010) .
2757:"DistroWatch Page Hit Ranking"
559:graphical-display system; the
512:that comes included with most
154:in 1983, when he launched the
144:Berkeley Software Distribution
22:Free software (disambiguation)
1:
5078:Free and open-source software
4845:Contributor License Agreement
4659:Open-source-software movement
4443:Free and open-source software
4401:Social peer-to-peer processes
3036:Gunter, Joel (May 10, 2013).
2898:. 1 June 2001. Archived from
2642:Linux: Fewer Bugs Than Rivals
2594:"The Benefits of Open Source"
1917:Rosen, David (May 16, 2010).
1398:Economic aspects and adoption
1357:project at the United States
1037:GNU General Public License v3
1024:GNU General Public License v2
184:free and open-source software
55:Free and open-source software
5016:The Cathedral and the Bazaar
4870:The Free Software Definition
3100:Hamid, Farrah (2006-05-24).
2223:debian-announce mailing list
2000:Graham, Lawrence D. (1999).
1645:. Free Software Foundation.
1308:kernel. As of October 2012,
349:The Free Software Definition
243:to be free, it must carry a
198:Free software differs from:
4920:Mozilla software rebranding
4885:Permissive software license
3608:Software release life cycle
2720:out worse than we expected.
2444:Palmer, Doug (2003-02-15).
2109:. Free Software Foundation.
1973:. Artech House. p. 4.
1808:. Free Software Foundation.
1450:International Space Station
118:freedom-respecting software
5104:
4925:Proprietary device drivers
4875:The Open Source Definition
3676:Software protection dongle
3556:Unwanted software bundling
2961:Netcraft (14 March 2023).
2380:Balter, Ben (2015-03-09).
2170:Free Software Foundation.
1444:Official statement of the
1407:
1401:
1327:
1234:security through obscurity
1161:GNU General Public License
1114:NASA Open Source Agreement
986:
980:
974:
932:GNU General Public License
692:
686:
501:
448:The Open Source Definition
359:The Open Source Definition
352:
346:
303:
146:released in 1978 existed,
18:
5032:
5010:Source-available software
4910:Digital rights management
4145:
4037:American eccentric cinema
3862:
3845:Amateur press association
3671:Digital rights management
2963:"Web Server Usage Survey"
2479:"The BSD License Problem"
1228:There is debate over the
882:, longtime member of the
827:non-disclosure agreements
539:relational database; the
399:Freedoms 1 and 3 require
283:digital rights management
89:desktop environment, the
5005:Shared Source Initiative
4802:Shared Source Initiative
4755:Free Software Foundation
4692:Free Software Foundation
4542:Configuration management
3549:Deceptive and/or illicit
3142:Free Software Foundation
2801:"BSD license definition"
2483:Free Software Foundation
2172:"What is free software?"
2129:Free Software Foundation
1970:Open Source Software Law
1846:Shea, Tom (1983-06-23).
1745:Free Software Foundation
1689:"Free Software Movement"
1643:"What is free software?"
1578:Outline of free software
1359:National Security Agency
1298:Free Software Foundation
1196:Security and reliability
903:Free Software Definition
892:Free Software Foundation
839:Free Software Foundation
414:(freedom) software from
316:public development model
65:Proposed since May 2024.
27:Not to be confused with
4940:SCO/Linux controversies
4027:Cinema of Transgression
3701:Software license server
2698:10.1145/1145735.1145743
1948:www.merriam-webster.com
1593:Sustainable Development
1474:total cost of ownership
529:GNU Compiler Collection
521:Free Software Directory
445:published in 1997, and
424:', not as in 'free beer
273:). Users often may not
4840:Comparison of licenses
4649:Free software movement
4343:Independent TV station
4272:Independent soft drink
4238:Open-source video game
3752:Independent production
3377:Freely redistributable
2508:. ISACA. p. 128.
2282:Williams, Sam (2002).
1944:"Definition of GRATIS"
1802:"Initial Announcement"
1588:Appropriate Technology
1441:
1225:
1110:Open Source Definition
1087:Open Source Definition
1064:Eclipse Public License
1057:Mozilla Public License
1007:license technicalities
1001:
930:the project under the
845:", designed to ensure
705:public-domain software
563:office suite; and the
371:
195:
152:free software movement
102:
97:image editor, and the
4915:License proliferation
4323:Visionary environment
4022:Independent animation
3540:Software as a service
3334:Software distribution
2409:"License information"
1880:Curious Minds Podcast
1788:Selling Free Software
1668:Internet Hall of Fame
1618:Access to source code
1491:argued that the term
1446:United Space Alliance
1203:
996:
981:Further information:
977:Free-software license
868:free-culture movement
860:project, for instance
687:Further information:
571:typesetting systems.
451:, published in 1998.
366:
177:
77:
5000:Open-source hardware
4935:Proprietary software
4930:Proprietary firmware
4631:Formerly open-source
4626:Formerly proprietary
4492:Open-source software
4335:Independent circuit
4165:Open-source software
4064:Guerrilla filmmaking
3631:Software maintenance
3505:Digital distribution
3360:Free and open-source
2868:on October 10, 2009.
2431:GNU Operating System
1766:Stallman, Richard M.
1573:Open-source hardware
1498:open-source software
1478:proprietary software
1204:Although nearly all
835:GNU operating system
763:BASIC Computer Games
718:interpreted language
543:web server; and the
380:zero-based numbering
312:open-source software
294:computer programmers
285:(more specifically,
203:proprietary software
20:For other uses, see
4880:Open-source license
4482:Gratis versus libre
4303:Amateur photography
3996:Amateur pornography
3944:Musical instruments
3924:Tracker (MOD) music
3636:Software maintainer
3418:Commercial software
3406:Compensation models
3144:. November 15, 2006
2529:Toxen, Bob (2003).
2148:Stallman, Richard.
2101:Stallman, Richard.
1967:Dixon, Rod (2004).
1598:Gratis versus libre
1159:licenses, with the
1143:Permissive licenses
983:Open-source license
942:(both derived from
642:Blender Game Engine
514:Linux distributions
432:Gratis versus libre
335:Gratis versus libre
116:or rarely known as
5083:Software licensing
3767:Alternative comics
3696:Software copyright
3686:Product activation
3641:Software publisher
3355:Floating licensing
3270:2012-06-06 at the
2627:David A. Wheeler:
2450:www.charvolant.org
2433:. 12 January 2022.
2288:. O'Reilly Media.
2050:on 28 October 2014
1664:"Richard Stallman"
1226:
1214:antivirus software
1002:
965:Apache License 1.0
961:Apache HTTP Server
768:United States vs.
739:Creative Computing
734:computer magazines
372:
196:
103:
81:. An example of a
5060:
5059:
4960:Trusted Computing
4950:Software security
4898:
4897:
4579:Operating systems
4487:Long-term support
4409:
4408:
4359:Independent media
4251:
4250:
4170:Software cracking
4132:
4131:
4059:Exploitation film
3965:
3964:
3934:Underground music
3882:Open-source label
3867:Independent music
3772:Alternative manga
3719:
3718:
3711:Torrent poisoning
3626:Long-term support
3450:Pay what you want
3290:978-0-9831592-0-9
3241:Eric S. Raymond.
3217:Standish Newsroom
2896:Chicago Sun-Times
2767:on 7 October 2011
2717:on 21 June 2010.
2475:Stallman, Richard
2351:"Top 20 licenses"
2121:Stallman, Richard
2013:978-1-56720-178-9
1980:978-1-58053-719-3
1820:Stallman, Richard
1420:dot-com companies
1210:Microsoft Windows
886:community at the
812:community at the
787:computer programs
779:software industry
701:software freedoms
551:text editor; the
93:text editor, the
72:
71:
67:
5095:
5050:
5049:
5040:
4945:Software patents
4828:
4740:Creative Commons
4599:Web applications
4436:
4429:
4422:
4413:
4391:
4338:
4175:Unofficial patch
4143:
4092:
4032:Independent film
3976:
3906:Cassette culture
3860:
3746:
3739:
3732:
3723:
3525:Product bundling
3498:Delivery methods
3397:Source-available
3327:
3320:
3313:
3304:
3294:
3247:
3246:
3238:
3232:
3231:
3229:
3228:
3209:
3203:
3202:
3200:
3198:
3188:
3182:
3181:
3179:
3178:
3168:
3159:
3153:
3152:
3150:
3149:
3134:
3128:
3127:
3116:
3110:
3109:
3097:
3091:
3090:
3079:
3073:
3072:
3058:
3052:
3051:
3041:
3033:
3027:
3026:
2998:
2992:
2991:
2989:
2983:. Archived from
2982:
2973:
2967:
2966:
2958:
2952:
2951:
2949:
2948:
2934:
2928:
2927:
2925:
2924:
2918:Choose a License
2910:
2904:
2903:
2888:
2882:
2876:
2870:
2869:
2864:. Archived from
2857:
2851:
2850:
2839:
2833:
2832:
2830:
2828:
2818:
2812:
2811:
2809:
2807:
2797:
2791:
2790:
2783:
2777:
2776:
2774:
2772:
2753:
2747:
2746:
2744:
2742:
2732:
2723:
2722:
2716:
2710:. Archived from
2687:
2678:
2672:
2671:
2664:
2651:
2645:
2640:Michelle Delio:
2638:
2632:
2625:
2619:
2618:
2611:
2605:
2604:
2602:
2600:
2590:
2584:
2583:
2576:
2570:
2569:
2564:. Archived from
2553:
2547:
2546:
2526:
2520:
2519:
2499:
2493:
2492:
2490:
2489:
2471:
2465:
2464:
2462:
2461:
2441:
2435:
2434:
2423:
2417:
2416:
2405:
2399:
2398:
2393:
2392:
2377:
2371:
2370:
2364:
2362:
2347:
2341:
2340:
2320:
2314:
2313:
2306:
2300:
2299:
2279:
2273:
2272:
2254:
2248:
2247:
2245:
2244:
2233:
2227:
2226:
2214:
2208:
2207:
2205:
2203:
2189:
2183:
2182:
2180:
2178:
2167:
2158:
2157:
2145:
2139:
2138:
2136:
2135:
2117:
2111:
2110:
2098:
2092:
2091:
2073:
2060:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2046:. Archived from
2036:(17 July 2008).
2030:
2024:
2023:
2021:
2020:
1997:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1987:
1964:
1958:
1957:
1955:
1954:
1940:
1934:
1933:
1931:
1930:
1914:
1908:
1907:
1905:
1904:
1890:
1884:
1883:
1875:
1869:
1868:
1861:
1860:
1843:
1832:
1831:
1816:
1810:
1809:
1797:
1791:
1785:
1774:
1773:
1762:
1756:
1755:
1753:
1752:
1736:
1727:
1726:
1724:
1723:
1709:
1703:
1702:
1700:
1699:
1685:
1679:
1678:
1676:
1674:
1660:
1651:
1650:
1638:
1621:
1615:
1521:
1516:
1515:
1514:
1467:Sun Microsystems
1453:
1424:pure public good
1335:Selling software
1282:operating system
1206:computer viruses
1190:positive liberty
1128:copyright notice
880:Richard Stallman
864:Creative Commons
847:software freedom
816:, announced the
802:Richard Stallman
775:anti-competitive
668:
653:
637:
622:
603:
588:
427:
376:Richard Stallman
329:English language
279:software patents
275:reverse engineer
245:software license
207:Microsoft Office
160:operating system
148:Richard Stallman
99:VLC media player
63:
43:
42:
35:
32:
25:
5103:
5102:
5098:
5097:
5096:
5094:
5093:
5092:
5063:
5062:
5061:
5056:
5028:
4995:Open-core model
4970:
4964:
4894:
4832:
4826:
4696:
4673:
4635:
4518:
4511:
4445:
4440:
4410:
4405:
4389:
4347:
4336:
4286:
4265:
4247:
4184:
4128:
4109:Low-budget film
4090:
4084:'60s–'70s
4010:
3961:
3952:Circuit bending
3938:
3849:
3835:Self-publishing
3753:
3750:
3720:
3715:
3706:Software patent
3681:License manager
3663:Copy protection
3657:
3602:
3544:
3530:Retail software
3493:
3467:Open-core model
3423:Retail software
3401:
3336:
3331:
3301:
3291:
3276:
3272:Wayback Machine
3256:
3254:Further reading
3251:
3250:
3240:
3239:
3235:
3226:
3224:
3211:
3210:
3206:
3196:
3194:
3190:
3189:
3185:
3176:
3174:
3166:
3161:
3160:
3156:
3147:
3145:
3136:
3135:
3131:
3118:
3117:
3113:
3099:
3098:
3094:
3081:
3080:
3076:
3068:Computer Weekly
3060:
3059:
3055:
3035:
3034:
3030:
3000:
2999:
2995:
2987:
2980:
2975:
2974:
2970:
2960:
2959:
2955:
2946:
2944:
2936:
2935:
2931:
2922:
2920:
2912:
2911:
2907:
2890:
2889:
2885:
2877:
2873:
2859:
2858:
2854:
2841:
2840:
2836:
2826:
2824:
2820:
2819:
2815:
2805:
2803:
2799:
2798:
2794:
2785:
2784:
2780:
2770:
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2714:
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2675:
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2653:
2652:
2648:
2639:
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2622:
2613:
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2608:
2598:
2596:
2592:
2591:
2587:
2578:
2577:
2573:
2555:
2554:
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2543:
2528:
2527:
2523:
2516:
2501:
2500:
2496:
2487:
2485:
2473:
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2468:
2459:
2457:
2443:
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2438:
2425:
2424:
2420:
2407:
2406:
2402:
2390:
2388:
2379:
2378:
2374:
2360:
2358:
2357:on 19 July 2016
2349:
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2269:
2256:
2255:
2251:
2242:
2240:
2235:
2234:
2230:
2217:Perens, Bruce.
2216:
2215:
2211:
2201:
2199:
2193:"Four Freedoms"
2191:
2190:
2186:
2176:
2174:
2169:
2168:
2161:
2147:
2146:
2142:
2133:
2131:
2119:
2118:
2114:
2100:
2099:
2095:
2088:
2075:
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2063:
2053:
2051:
2032:
2031:
2027:
2018:
2016:
2014:
1999:
1998:
1994:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1966:
1965:
1961:
1952:
1950:
1942:
1941:
1937:
1928:
1926:
1916:
1915:
1911:
1902:
1900:
1898:cs.stanford.edu
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1654:
1640:
1639:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1624:
1616:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1543:Libre knowledge
1517:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1489:Eric S. Raymond
1455:
1443:
1416:
1406:
1400:
1332:
1326:
1257:
1242:full disclosure
1198:
991:
985:
979:
973:
916:
876:
822:Unix-compatible
730:Type-in program
697:
691:
685:
680:
679:
678:
675:
669:
660:
654:
645:
638:
629:
628:'s manual page.
623:
614:
604:
595:
589:
578:
577:
557:X Window System
510:package manager
506:
500:
425:
369:gratis software
361:
351:
345:
308:
302:
215:Adobe Photoshop
172:
68:
44:
40:
33:
26:
19:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5101:
5099:
5091:
5090:
5088:Applied ethics
5085:
5080:
5075:
5065:
5064:
5058:
5057:
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5054:
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4706:
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4581:
4576:
4571:
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4561:
4560:
4559:
4554:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4532:Bioinformatics
4529:
4523:
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4510:
4509:
4504:
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4431:
4424:
4416:
4407:
4406:
4404:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4383:
4376:
4369:Do it yourself
4366:
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4157:
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4146:
4140:
4134:
4133:
4130:
4129:
4127:
4126:
4124:Double feature
4121:
4119:No wave cinema
4116:
4114:No-budget film
4111:
4106:
4104:Midnight movie
4101:
4096:
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3415:
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3400:
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3379:
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3357:
3352:
3346:
3344:
3338:
3337:
3332:
3330:
3329:
3322:
3315:
3307:
3300:
3299:External links
3297:
3296:
3295:
3289:
3274:
3262:
3255:
3252:
3249:
3248:
3233:
3204:
3183:
3171:European Union
3154:
3129:
3126:on 2009-12-18.
3111:
3092:
3089:on 1999-11-10.
3074:
3053:
3028:
3013:(5): 411–428.
2993:
2990:on 2008-02-16.
2968:
2953:
2929:
2905:
2902:on 2001-06-15.
2883:
2871:
2852:
2834:
2813:
2792:
2778:
2748:
2724:
2706:
2673:
2646:
2633:
2620:
2606:
2585:
2571:
2568:on 2013-09-01.
2548:
2541:
2521:
2514:
2494:
2477:(2021-12-25).
2466:
2436:
2418:
2400:
2372:
2342:
2315:
2301:
2294:
2274:
2267:
2249:
2228:
2209:
2184:
2159:
2154:GNU's Bulletin
2140:
2123:(2013-05-14).
2112:
2093:
2087:978-3738619096
2086:
2061:
2034:Sullivan, John
2025:
2012:
1992:
1979:
1959:
1935:
1909:
1885:
1870:
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1811:
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1545:
1540:
1535:
1533:Digital rights
1530:
1524:
1523:
1522:
1506:
1503:
1485:Standish Group
1476:) compared to
1436:
1426:rather than a
1410:Linux adoption
1402:Main article:
1399:
1396:
1376:Microsoft CEO
1325:
1324:Business model
1322:
1273:device drivers
1256:
1253:
1197:
1194:
1182:
1181:
1154:
1152:
1140:
1104:
1082:
1081:
1076:
1067:
1066:
1060:
1053:
1046:
1040:
1033:
1031:Apache License
1027:
1020:
975:Main article:
972:
969:
924:Linus Torvalds
915:
912:
875:
872:
791:computer users
684:
681:
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663:
661:
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648:
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617:
615:
605:
598:
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583:
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579:
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574:
573:
502:Main article:
499:
496:
408:computer users
397:
396:
393:
390:
387:
347:Main article:
344:
341:
304:Main article:
301:
298:
266:vendor lock-in
237:
236:
230:
171:
168:
110:libre software
70:
69:
47:
45:
38:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5100:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5073:Free software
5071:
5070:
5068:
5053:
5045:
5043:
5039:
5035:
5034:
5031:
5025:
5024:
5023:Revolution OS
5020:
5018:
5017:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4985:
4984:GNU Manifesto
4981:
4979:
4976:
4975:
4973:
4967:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4907:
4905:
4901:
4891:
4890:Public domain
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
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4858:
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4708:
4707:
4705:
4703:
4699:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4684:
4682:
4680:
4679:Organisations
4676:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
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4609:
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4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4574:Office suites
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
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4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4472:Free software
4470:
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4460:
4458:
4455:
4454:
4452:
4448:
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4173:
4171:
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4166:
4163:
4161:
4160:Free software
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4150:Cowboy coding
4148:
4147:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4135:
4125:
4122:
4120:
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4115:
4112:
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3551:
3547:
3541:
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3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3520:Pre-installed
3518:
3516:
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3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3502:
3500:
3496:
3490:
3487:
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3421:
3420:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3410:
3408:
3404:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3392:Public domain
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3362:
3361:
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3335:
3328:
3323:
3321:
3316:
3314:
3309:
3308:
3305:
3298:
3292:
3286:
3283:. GNU Press.
3282:
3281:
3275:
3273:
3269:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3257:
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3223:on 2012-01-18
3222:
3218:
3214:
3213:"Open Source"
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3044:The Telegraph
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2860:Andy Dornan.
2856:
2853:
2848:
2847:lists.gnu.org
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2515:9781893209787
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2415:. 2020-09-03.
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2319:
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2312:. Kernel.org.
2311:
2305:
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2297:
2295:0-596-00287-4
2291:
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2268:0-03-063059-2
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2015:
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1568:Open standard
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929:
925:
922:, started by
921:
913:
911:
909:
905:
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899:
898:
897:GNU Manifesto
893:
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789:) to prevent
788:
784:
783:binary copies
780:
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576:Free Software
572:
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246:
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188:Wolfire Games
185:
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180:Euler diagram
176:
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133:
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106:Free software
100:
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66:
61:
57:
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51:
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36:
30:
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4982:
4865:Free license
4611:Android apps
4471:
4386:
4378:
4364:Indie design
4318:Outsider art
4282:Microbrewery
4225:
4159:
4015:Professional
3991:Amateur film
3911:
3899:Pirate radio
3872:Record label
3810:
3581:Trojan horse
3510:File sharing
3472:Postcardware
3460:Donationware
3435:Crowdfunding
3382:License-free
3364:
3279:
3236:
3225:. Retrieved
3221:the original
3216:
3207:
3195:. Retrieved
3186:
3175:. Retrieved
3173:. p. 51
3157:
3146:. Retrieved
3132:
3124:the original
3114:
3095:
3087:the original
3077:
3066:
3056:
3043:
3031:
3022:
3010:
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2996:
2985:the original
2971:
2956:
2945:. Retrieved
2942:IBM Newsroom
2941:
2932:
2921:. Retrieved
2917:
2908:
2900:the original
2895:
2886:
2874:
2866:the original
2855:
2846:
2837:
2825:. Retrieved
2816:
2804:. Retrieved
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2781:
2769:. Retrieved
2765:the original
2751:
2739:. Retrieved
2718:
2712:the original
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2667:
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2597:. Retrieved
2588:
2574:
2566:the original
2561:
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2469:
2458:. Retrieved
2449:
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2430:
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2375:
2366:
2359:. Retrieved
2355:the original
2345:
2328:
2324:
2318:
2304:
2284:
2277:
2258:
2252:
2241:. Retrieved
2236:Ahl, David.
2231:
2222:
2212:
2200:. Retrieved
2196:
2187:
2175:. Retrieved
2153:
2143:
2132:. Retrieved
2115:
2106:
2096:
2077:
2052:. Retrieved
2048:the original
2041:
2028:
2017:. Retrieved
2002:
1995:
1984:. Retrieved
1969:
1962:
1951:. Retrieved
1947:
1938:
1927:. Retrieved
1912:
1901:. Retrieved
1897:
1888:
1879:
1873:
1864:
1863:
1857:. Retrieved
1851:
1827:
1814:
1805:
1795:
1769:
1760:
1749:. Retrieved
1743:
1720:. Retrieved
1716:
1707:
1696:. Retrieved
1692:
1683:
1671:. Retrieved
1667:
1636:
1613:
1538:Free content
1496:
1492:
1483:A report by
1482:
1471:
1456:
1442:
1438:
1428:private good
1417:
1375:
1367:
1363:
1351:crowdfunding
1347:
1343:
1333:
1318:
1290:Linux kernel
1287:
1265:binary blobs
1258:
1250:
1238:
1227:
1208:only affect
1183:
1177:
1171:
1166:
1118:
1107:
1092:
1083:
1068:
1011:
1003:
947:
920:Linux kernel
917:
901:
895:
877:
855:
846:
831:hacker ethic
799:
767:
761:
755:
749:
743:
737:
700:
698:
518:
507:
479:
453:
446:
440:
438:
429:
415:
411:
405:
398:
373:
332:
321:
309:
291:
263:
253:
238:
197:
141:
134:
124:distributed
120:is computer
117:
113:
109:
105:
104:
64:
53:
4955:Tivoization
4594:Video games
4569:Mathematics
4396:Maker Faire
4337:(wrestling)
4277:Homebrewing
4203:development
4198:Indie games
4190:Video games
4180:Warez scene
4089:'80s–
3986:Home movies
3919:Lo-fi music
3840:Small press
3818:conventions
3691:Product key
3621:End-of-life
3616:Abandonware
3566:Infostealer
3515:On-premises
3430:Crippleware
3387:Proprietary
3370:Open source
2761:DistroWatch
2582:. News.com.
2361:19 November
2261:. Praeger.
2177:14 December
2107:GNU Project
2054:29 December
1828:www.gnu.org
1806:GNU Project
1563:Open format
1306:Linux-libre
1044:BSD License
1018:MIT License
949:USL v. BSDi
818:GNU Project
726:source code
672:LibreOffice
609:desktop on
561:LibreOffice
525:Linux-libre
422:free speech
401:source code
287:tivoization
270:abandonware
227:source code
156:GNU Project
137:source code
126:under terms
5067:Categories
4903:Challenges
4621:Commercial
4604:E-commerce
4589:Television
4390:(magazine)
4208:developers
4074:Golden Age
4052:Mumblecore
3598:Shovelware
3571:Ransomware
3535:Sneakernet
3227:2010-08-22
3177:2007-01-25
3148:2007-09-23
2947:2022-10-19
2923:2022-10-19
2914:"Licenses"
2771:30 October
2707:159593457X
2644:Wired 2004
2488:2024-03-29
2460:2020-01-24
2391:2015-11-21
2386:github.com
2243:2009-11-23
2134:2013-08-12
2019:2009-03-16
1986:2009-03-16
1953:2023-05-08
1929:2016-01-18
1903:2017-10-17
1859:2016-02-10
1751:2021-01-11
1722:2021-01-11
1698:2021-01-11
1628:References
1432:innovation
1408:See also:
1328:See also:
1178:reciprocal
1173:protective
1090:software.
987:See also:
928:relicensed
854:licenses (
693:See also:
607:KDE Plasma
353:See also:
205:, such as
4833:standards
4831:Types and
4812:Unlicense
4807:Sleepycat
4641:Community
4373:DIY ethic
4330:Indie RPG
4313:Naïve art
4298:Indie art
4155:Demoscene
4042:Indiewood
4006:Machinima
3812:Doujinshi
3799:Minicomic
3646:Vaporware
3593:Scareware
3489:Trialware
3477:Shareware
2202:March 22,
1853:InfoWorld
1304:, of the
1294:gNewSense
1259:In 2006,
971:Licensing
910:" ideas.
878:In 1983,
858:OpenCores
800:In 1983,
795:copyright
657:Replicant
533:C library
264:See also
241:copyright
114:libreware
91:GNU Emacs
5052:Category
4969:Related
4850:Copyleft
4770:GNU LGPL
4765:GNU AGPL
4730:Beerware
4725:Artistic
4702:Licenses
4669:Advocacy
4616:iOS apps
4557:Wireless
4552:Graphics
4519:packages
4517:Software
4507:Timeline
4308:Mail art
4243:ROM hack
4220:Fan game
4215:Homebrew
4138:Software
4001:Fan film
3877:Netlabel
3823:printers
3787:business
3782:Webcomic
3455:Careware
3445:Freeware
3440:Freemium
3350:Beerware
3342:Licenses
3268:Archived
3197:19 March
3048:Archived
2827:19 March
2806:19 March
2741:19 March
2660:Archived
2599:19 March
2454:Archived
2197:fsfe.org
1768:(2015).
1673:26 March
1647:Archived
1505:See also
1383:copyleft
1339:copyleft
1310:Trisquel
1230:security
1216:such as
1186:negative
1180:license.
1157:Copyleft
1103:approved
998:Copyleft
908:copyleft
866:and the
856:see the
852:copyleft
843:copyleft
751:Compute!
745:SoftSide
720:such as
709:Software
545:Sendmail
498:Examples
484:Kerberos
472:copyleft
260:changing
233:freeware
223:FaceTime
219:Facebook
122:software
83:GNU FSDG
79:GNU Guix
29:Freeware
4978:Forking
4760:GNU GPL
4654:History
4584:Routing
4547:Drivers
4502:Outline
4450:General
4352:General
4099:Z movie
4091:present
4069:B movie
3979:Amateur
3929:Podsafe
3894:Station
3794:Webtoon
3777:Fanzine
3759:Reading
3576:Spyware
3561:Malware
3482:Nagware
3106:LWN.net
2881:gnu.org
2562:PCWorld
2337:1586574
2043:fsf.org
1923:wolfire
1463:Red Hat
1388:Red Hat
1371:GNU GPL
1355:SELinux
1269:kernels
1261:OpenBSD
1246:spyware
1222:malware
1039:(GPLv3)
1026:(GPLv2)
954:OpenBSD
936:FreeBSD
683:History
626:OpenSSL
592:Blender
464:OpenBSD
460:FreeBSD
211:Windows
170:Context
164:hackers
130:liberty
60:Discuss
5042:Portal
4971:topics
4792:Python
4715:Apache
4664:Events
4564:Health
4537:Codecs
4380:Doujin
4262:Drinks
4226:Doujin
3912:Doujin
3804:Co-ops
3413:Adware
3287:
2704:
2539:
2512:
2413:Debian
2335:
2331:: 39.
2292:
2265:
2084:
2010:
1977:
1465:, and
1314:Debian
1218:ClamTk
1132:waiver
1095:Debian
1052:(LGPL)
957:forked
944:386BSD
940:NetBSD
884:hacker
810:hacker
736:(like
724:, the
611:Debian
541:Apache
535:; the
492:Apache
490:, and
480:forced
468:NetBSD
466:, and
417:gratis
192:gratis
50:merged
4817:WTFPL
4527:Audio
4291:Other
3971:Video
3914:music
3889:Radio
3855:Audio
3828:shops
3167:(PDF)
2988:(PDF)
2981:(PDF)
2715:(PDF)
2686:(PDF)
2663:(PDF)
1894:"GNU"
1790:(GNU)
1605:Notes
1176:, or
1167:viral
1059:(MPL)
906:and "
806:Emacs
732:) in
722:BASIC
714:SHARE
569:LaTeX
549:Emacs
537:MySQL
412:libre
325:libre
256:EULAs
178:This
87:GNOME
52:into
4822:zlib
4745:CDDL
4720:APSL
4387:Make
4259:Food
4228:soft
4079:'50s
3651:list
3586:Worm
3365:Free
3285:ISBN
3199:2015
2829:2015
2808:2015
2773:2012
2743:2015
2702:ISBN
2631:2007
2601:2015
2537:ISBN
2510:ISBN
2363:2015
2333:SSRN
2290:ISBN
2263:ISBN
2204:2022
2179:2011
2082:ISBN
2056:2014
2008:ISBN
1975:ISBN
1925:.com
1675:2017
1412:and
1390:and
1278:bugs
1062:The
1055:The
1048:The
1042:The
1035:The
1029:The
1022:The
1016:The
938:and
918:The
757:Byte
567:and
553:GIMP
531:and
519:The
454:The
430:See
428:". (
357:and
333:See
281:and
268:and
95:GIMP
4787:MPL
4782:MIT
4777:ISC
4750:EPL
4735:BSD
4710:AFL
4233:Mod
3015:doi
2694:doi
1717:GNU
1693:GNU
1459:IBM
1392:IBM
1267:in
1188:or
1151:any
1147:BSD
1137:CC0
862:).
785:of
770:IBM
565:TeX
488:X11
456:BSD
289:).
221:or
58:. (
5069::
3215:.
3169:.
3140:.
3104:.
3065:.
3046:.
3042:.
3021:.
3011:25
3009:.
3005:.
2940:.
2916:.
2894:.
2845:.
2759:.
2727:^
2700:.
2688:.
2560:.
2481:.
2452:.
2448:.
2429:.
2411:.
2394:.
2384:.
2365:.
2329:20
2327:.
2221:.
2195:.
2162:^
2152:.
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